I-Chlormequat isilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo okusetshenziswa kwayo ezitshalweni zokusanhlamvu kuyanda eNyakatho Melika.Ucwaningo lwe-Toxicology lubonise ukuthi ukuchayeka ku-chlormequat kunganciphisa inzalo futhi kubangele ukulimala kumntwana osakhulayo ngemithamo engaphansi komthamo wansuku zonke ovunyelwe osungulwe iziphathimandla ezilawulayo.Lapha, sibika ukuba khona kwe-chlormequat kumasampula omchamo aqoqwe kubantu base-US, ngamanani okutholwa angu-69%, 74%, kanye nama-90% kumasampuli aqoqwe ngo-2017, 2018–2022, nango-2023, ngokulandelana.Kusukela ngo-2017 kuya ku-2022, ukugxila okuphansi kwe-chlormequat kutholwe kumasampula, futhi kusukela ngo-2023, ukugxila kwe-chlormequat kumasampuli kukhuphuke kakhulu.Siphinde saqaphela ukuthi i-chlormequat itholakala kaningi emikhiqizweni ye-oat.Le miphumela kanye nedatha yobuthi ye-chlormequat iphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana namazinga amanje okuchayeka futhi idinga ukuhlolwa okubanzi kobuthi, ukubhekwa kokudla, kanye nezifundo ze-epidemiological ukuze kuhlolwe umthelela wokuchayeka kwe-chlormequat empilweni yomuntu.
Lolu cwaningo lubika ukutholwa kokuqala kwe-chlormequat, i-agrochemical enobuthi bokuthuthuka nokuzala, kubantu base-US kanye nasekuphakeleni kokudla kwase-US.Nakuba amazinga afanayo amakhemikhali atholakala kumasampula omchamo kusukela ngo-2017 kuya ku-2022, amazinga aphakeme kakhulu atholakala kusampula ka-2023.Lo msebenzi ugqamisa isidingo sokuqapha okubanzi kwe-chlormequat ekudleni namasampula abantu e-United States, kanye ne-toxicology kanye ne-toxicology.Izifundo ze-Epidemiological ze-chlormequat, njengoba leli khemikhali liwukungcola okuvelayo okunemiphumela emibi yezempilo ebhaliwe ngemithamo ephansi ezifundweni zezilwane.
I-Chlormequat ikhemikhali yezolimo eyabhaliswa okokuqala e-United States ngo-1962 njengesilawuli sokukhula kwezitshalo.Nakuba okwamanje kuvunyelwe kuphela ukusetshenziswa ezitshalweni zokuhlobisa e-United States, isinqumo sango-2018 se-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) savumela ukungeniswa kwemikhiqizo yokudla (ikakhulukazi okusanhlamvu) ephathwe nge-chlormequat .E-EU, e-UK naseCanada, i-chlormequat ivunyelwe ukusetshenziswa ezitshalweni zokudla, ikakhulukazi ukolweni, i-oats nebhali.I-Chlormequat inganciphisa ubude besiqu, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise amathuba okuthi isitshalo sisonte, kwenze ukuvuna kube nzima.E-UK nase-EU, i-chlormequat ngokuvamile iyinsalela yesibulala-zinambuzane etholakala kakhulu kokusanhlamvu nokusanhlamvu, njengoba kubhalwe ocwaningweni lokuqapha lwesikhathi eside .
Nakuba i-chlormequat ivunyelwe ukuthi isetshenziswe ezitshalweni ezingxenyeni ezithile ze-Europe naseNyakatho Melika, ibonisa izakhiwo ezinobuthi ezisekelwe ezifundweni zokuhlola zezilwane ezingokomlando nezisanda kushicilelwa.Imiphumela yokuchayeka kwe-chlormequat kubuthi bokuzala nokuzala yachazwa okokuqala ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1980 abalimi bezingulube base-Danish ababone ukwehla kokuzala ezingulubeni ezikhuliswe kokusanhlamvu okugaywe nge-chlormequat.Lokhu okuqashelwe kamuva kwahlolwa ocwaningweni olulawulwayo lwaselabhorethri ezingulubeni namagundane, lapho izingulube zesifazane zaziphakela okusanhlamvu okulashwe nge-chlormequat zibonise ukuphazamiseka emijikelezweni ye-estrous nokukhwelana uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula izilwane ezidla ukudla ngaphandle kwe-chlormequat.Ukwengeza, amagundane abesilisa adalulwe ku-chlormequat ngokudla noma amanzi okuphuza ngesikhathi sokuthuthuka abonise ukuncipha kwekhono lokuvundisa isidoda ku-vitro.Ucwaningo lwakamuva lobuthi bokuzala lwe-chlormequat lubonise ukuthi ukuchayeka kwamagundane ku-chlormequat ngezikhathi ezibucayi zokukhula, okuhlanganisa ukukhulelwa nokuphila kwasebusheni, kubangele ukubambezeleka kokuthomba, ukuncipha kokuhamba kwesidoda, kwehle isisindo sesitho sowesilisa sokuzala, kanye nokwehla kwamazinga e-testosterone.Ucwaningo lobuthi obuthuthukayo luphinde lubonise ukuthi ukuchayeka ku-chlormequat ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kungase kubangele ukukhula kwengane kanye nokungajwayelekile komzimba.Olunye ucwaningo alutholanga umthelela we-chlormequat ekusebenzeni kokuzala kumagundane esifazane nezingulube zesilisa, futhi alukho ucwaningo olwalandela oluthole umphumela we-chlormequat ekuzaleni kwamagundane abesilisa achayeka ku-chlormequat ngesikhathi sokukhula nempilo yangemva kokubeletha.Idatha elinganayo nge-chlormequat emibhalweni ye-toxicological ingase ibe ngenxa yomehluko kumithamo yokuhlola nezilinganiso, kanye nokukhethwa kwezinto eziphilayo eziyimodeli kanye nobulili bezilwane ezihlolwayo.Ngakho-ke, uphenyo olwengeziwe luyafaneleka.
Nakuba ucwaningo lwakamuva lwe-toxicological luye lwabonisa imiphumela yokuthuthuka, yokuzala kanye ne-endocrine ye-chlormequat, izindlela ezenzeka ngayo le miphumela yobuthi azicacile.Olunye ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi i-chlormequat ingase ingasebenzi ngezindlela ezichazwe kahle zamakhemikhali aphazamisa i-endocrine, okuhlanganisa ama-estrogen noma ama-androgen receptors, futhi ayiwushintshi umsebenzi we-aromatase.Obunye ubufakazi buphakamisa ukuthi i-chlormequat ingase ibangele imiphumela engemihle ngokushintsha i-steroid biosynthesis futhi ibangele ukucindezeleka kwe-endoplasmic reticulum.
Nakuba i-chlormequat ikhona yonke indawo ekudleni okuvamile kwaseYurophu, inani lezifundo ze-biomonitoring ezihlola ukuchayeka komuntu ku-chlormequat lincane uma kuqhathaniswa.I-Chlormequat ine-half-life emfushane emzimbeni, cishe amahora angu-2-3, futhi ezifundweni ezibandakanya amavolontiya abantu, imithamo eminingi yokuhlola yasuswa emzimbeni phakathi namahora angu-24 [14].Ngokujwayelekile amasampula abantu abavela e-UK naseSweden, i-chlormequat yatholwa emchameni ocishe ube ngu-100% wabahlanganyeli bocwaningo ngamaza kanye nokugxila okuphezulu kakhulu kunezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ezifana ne-chlorpyrifos, i-pyrethroids, i-thiabendazole ne-mancozeb metabolites.Ucwaningo ezingulubeni lubonise ukuthi i-chlormequat ingatholwa ku-serum futhi idluliselwe obisini, kodwa lawa matrices awazange afundwe kubantu noma ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlolwayo, nakuba kungase kube khona iminonjana ye-chlormequat ku-serum nobisi ehambisana nokulimala kokuzala.impahla.Kunemiphumela ebalulekile yokuchayeka ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nasezinsaneni .
Ngo-Ephreli 2018, i-US Environmental Protection Agency yamemezela amazinga amukelekayo okubekezelela ukudla kwe-chlormequat kuma-oats angenisiwe, ukolweni, ibhali, nemikhiqizo ethile yezilwane, okuvumela ukuthi i-chlormequat ingeniswe ekudleni kwase-US.Okuqukethwe kwe-oat okuvunyelwe kwanda kamuva ngo-2020. Ukuze kubonakale umthelela walezi zinqumo ekuveleni nasekusakazekeni kwe-chlormequat kubantu abadala base-US, lolu cwaningo lokuhlola lulinganise inani le-chlormequat emchameni wabantu abavela ezindaweni ezintathu zase-US kusukela ngo-2017. kuya ku-2023 futhi futhi ngo-2022. kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-chlormequat kwe-oat kanye nemikhiqizo kakolweni ethengwe e-United States ngo-2023.
Amasampuli aqoqwe ezifundeni ezintathu zendawo phakathi kuka-2017 no-2023 asetshenziswa ukukala amazinga omchamo we-chlormequat ezakhamuzini zase-US.Amasampula omchamo angamashumi amabili nanye aqoqwa kwabesifazane abakhulelwe abangazange bahlonzwe abavuma ngesikhathi sokubeletha ngokuvumelana ne-2017 Institutional Review Board (IRB) -iphrothokholi egunyazwe yi-Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC, Charleston, SC, USA).Amasampula agcinwa ku-4°C kuze kufinyelele emahoreni ama-4, abese e-aliquote futhi eqandiswe ku--80°C.Kwathengwa amasampula omchamo wabantu abadala angamashumi amabili nanhlanu kwa-Lee Biosolutions, Inc (Maryland Heights, MO, USA) ngoNovemba 2022, amele isampula eyodwa eyaqoqwa kusukela ngo-Okthoba 2017 kuya kuSepthemba 2022, futhi aqoqwa kumavolontiya (abesilisa abayi-13 nabesifazane abayi-12).) ebolekwe iqoqo leMaryland Heights, eMissouri.Amasampula agcinwa ku -20°C ngokushesha ngemva kokuqoqwa.Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasampula omchamo angama-50 aqoqwe kumavolontiya aseFlorida (abesilisa abangama-25, abesifazane abangama-25) ngoJuni 2023 athengwa kwa-BioIVT, LLC (Westbury, NY, USA).Amasampula agcinwe ku-4°C kuze kube yilapho wonke amasampula eqoqwa bese ekhishwa futhi eqandiswe ku--20°C.Inkampani yabaphakeli ithole imvume edingekayo ye-IRB ukuze icubungule amasampula abantu kanye nemvume yokuqoqwa kwesampula.Alukho ulwazi lomuntu siqu olunikeziwe kunoma imaphi amasampula ahloliwe.Wonke amasampula athunyelwe efriziwe ukuze ahlaziywe.Imininingwane yesampula enemininingwane ingatholakala kuThebula Lolwazi Olusekelayo S1.
Ukulinganisa kwe-chlormequat kumasampula omchamo womuntu kwanqunywa yi-LC-MS/MS e-HSE Research Laboratory (Buxton, UK) ngokwendlela eshicilelwe ngu-Lindh et al.Kushintshwe kancane ngo-2011. Kafushane, amasampuli alungiswa ngokuxuba u-200 μl womchamo ongahlungiwe no-1.8 ml we-0.01 M ammonium acetate equkethe izinga langaphakathi.Isampula libe selikhishwa kusetshenziswa ikholomu ye-HCX-Q, eyafakwa esimweni sokuqala nge-methanol, kwase kuba ngu-0.01 M ammonium acetate, yagezwa nge-0.01 M ammonium acetate, futhi yakhishwa nge-1% ye-formic acid ku-methanol.Amasampuli abe eselayishwa kukholamu ye-C18 LC (Synergi 4 µ Hydro-RP 150 × 2 mm; Phenomenex, UK) futhi ahlukaniswa kusetshenziswa isigaba seselula se-isocratic esihlanganisa u-0.1% we-formic acid:methanol 80:20 ngesilinganiso sokugeleza esingu-0.2.ml/min.Ukuguqulwa kokusabela okukhethwe yi-mass spectrometry kwachazwa uLindh et al.2011. Umkhawulo wokutholwa wawungu-0.1 μg/L njengoba kubikwe kwezinye izifundo.
Ukugxila kwe-chlormequat yomchamo kuvezwa njenge-μmol chlormequat/mol creatinine futhi kuguqulelwe ku-μg chlormequat/g creatinine njengoba kubikwe ezifundweni zangaphambilini (phindaphindeka ngo-1.08).
I-Anresco Laboratories, LLC ihlole amasampula okudla ama-oats (angama-25 avamile nangu-8 emvelo) nokolweni (okuvamile angu-9) we-chlormequat (eSan Francisco, CA, USA).Amasampula ahlaziywa ngokulungiswa ngokwezindlela ezishicilelwe.I-LOD/LOQ yamasampula e-oat ngo-2022 kanye nawo wonke amasampula kakolweni nama-oat ngo-2023 abekwe ku-10/100 ppb naku-3/40 ppb, ngokulandelana.Imininingwane yesampula enemininingwane ingatholakala kuThebula Lolwazi Olusekelayo S2.
Ukugxiliswa kwe-chlormequat yomchamo kwahlanganiswa ngendawo kanye nonyaka wokuqoqwa, ngaphandle kwamasampula amabili aqoqwe ngo-2017 avela eMaryland Heights, eMissouri, ahlanganiswe namanye amasampula ka-2017 asuka eCharleston, eSouth Carolina.Amasampuli angaphansi komkhawulo wokutholwa we-chlormequat athathwe njengokutholwa kwephesenti ehlukaniswa yimpande eyisikwele yokungu-2. Idatha ayizange isatshalaliswe ngokuvamile, ngakho-ke ukuhlolwa kwe-Kruskal-Wallis okungeyona i-parametric kanye nokuhlola okuningi kokuqhathanisa kuka-Dunn kusetshenziswe ukuze kuqhathaniswe abamaphakathi phakathi kwamaqembu.Zonke izibalo zenziwe ku-GraphPad Prism (Boston, MA).
I-Chlormequat itholwe kumasampula omchamo angama-77 kwangu-96, amele u-80% wawo wonke amasampula omchamo.Uma kuqhathaniswa no-2017 no-2018-2022, amasampula angu-2023 atholwe kaningi: amasampuli angu-16 kwangu-23 (noma ama-69%) kanye namasampuli angu-17 kwangu-23 (noma angu-74%), ngokulandelana, namasampuli angu-45 kwangu-50 (okungukuthi 90%). .) zahlolwa.Ngaphambi kuka-2023, ukugxila kwe-chlormequat okutholwe kula maqembu womabili bekulingana, kanti ukugxila kwe-chlormequat okutholwe kumasampula ka-2023 bekuphezulu kakhulu kunakumasampula eminyaka edlule (Umfanekiso 1A, B).Ububanzi bokugxiliswa obubonakalayo bamasampuli ango-2017, 2018–2022, kanye no-2023 babungu-0.22 kuye ku-5.4, 0.11 kuye ku-4.3, kanye nama-microgram angu-0.27 kuye kwangu-52.8 we-chlormequat ngegremu ngalinye le-creatinine, ngokulandelana.Amanani amaphakathi awo wonke amasampuli ngo-2017, 2018–2022, kanye no-2023 angu-0.46, 0.30, kanye no-1.4, ngokulandelana .Le datha iphakamisa ukuthi ukuchayeka kungaqhubeka uma kubhekwa isigamu sempilo ye-chlormequat emzimbeni, ngamaleveli okuchayeka aphansi phakathi kuka-2017 no-2022 kanye namazinga aphezulu okuchayeka ngo-2023.
Ukugxiliswa kwe-chlormequat kwesampula ngayinye yomchamo kuvezwa njengephuzu elilodwa elinemigoqo engaphezu kwesilinganiso namabha amaphutha amelela iphutha elivamile elithi +/-.Ukugxiliswa kwe-chlormequat yomchamo kuvezwa nge-mcg ye-chlormequat ngegremu ngayinye ye-creatinine esikalini esiwumugqa (A) kanye nesikali se-logarithmic (B).Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis kokuhluka nokuhlola kokuqhathanisa okuningi kuka-Dunn kusetshenziswe ukuhlola ukubaluleka kwezibalo.
Amasampula okudla athengwa e-United States ngo-2022 nango-2023 abonisa amazinga atholakalayo e-chlormequat kuyo yonke imikhiqizo ye-oat yendabuko emibili ngaphandle kwemibili kwengama-25, enokugxila okusuka kokungabonakali kuye ku-291 μg/kg, okubonisa i-chlormequat ku-oats.Ukusabalala kwe-vegetarianism kuphezulu.Amasampuli aqoqwe ngo-2022 nango-2023 abe namaleveli amaphakathi afanayo: 90 µg/kg no-114 µg/kg, ngokulandelanayo.Isampula eyodwa kuphela yemikhiqizo ye-organic oat eyisishiyagalombili yayinokuqukethwe kwe-chlormequat okubonakalayo okungu-17 µg/kg.Siphinde sabona ukugxila okuphansi kwe-chlormequat emikhiqizweni kakolweni emibili kweyisishiyagalolunye ehloliwe: 3.5 kanye no-12.6 μg/kg, ngokulandelana (Ithebula 2).
Lona umbiko wokuqala wokukalwa kwe-chlormequat yomchamo kubantu abadala abahlala e-United States nasezindimeni ezingaphandle kwe-United Kingdom ne-Sweden.Amathrendi okuhlola izibulala-zinambuzane phakathi kwentsha engaphezu kuka-1,000 e-Sweden aqophe izinga lokutholwa kwe-chlormequat elingu-100% kusukela ngo-2000 kuya ku-2017. Isilinganiso sokuhlushwa ngo-2017 sasingu-0.86 micrograms we-chlormequat ngegremu ngalinye le-creatinine futhi kubonakala sengathi lehle izinga eliphezulu kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngokuba 2.77 ngo-2009 [16].E-UK, i-biomonitoring ithole isilinganiso esiphezulu kakhulu sesilinganiso se-chlormequat esingu-15.1 micrograms we-chlormequat ngegremu ngalinye le-creatinine phakathi kuka-2011 no-2012, nakuba lawa masampula aqoqwa kubantu abahlala ezindaweni zezolimo.kwakungekho mehluko ekuvezweni.Isigameko sokufutha[15].Ucwaningo lwethu lwesampula yase-US kusukela ngo-2017 kuya ku-2022 luthole amazinga amaphakathi aphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezifundo zangaphambilini zase-Europe, kuyilapho kusampula yamazinga amaphakathi esampula ka-2023 aqhathaniswa nesampula yase-Swedish kodwa aphansi kunesampula yase-UK (Ithebula 1).
Lo mehluko wokuchayeka phakathi kwezifunda nezikhathi zesikhathi ungase ubonise umehluko wezinqubo zezolimo kanye nesimo sokulawula se-chlormequat, ekugcineni sibe nomthelela kumazinga e-chlormequat emikhiqizweni yokudla.Isibonelo, ukugxila kwe-chlormequat kumasampula omchamo kwakuphezulu kakhulu ngo-2023 uma kuqhathaniswa neminyaka edlule, okungase kubonise izinguquko ezihlobene nezenzo zokulawula ze-EPA ezihlobene ne-chlormequat (kuhlanganise nemikhawulo yokudla ye-chlormequat ngo-2018).Izimpahla zokudla zase-US maduze nje.Phakamisa amazinga okusetshenziswa kwe-oat ngo-2020. Lezi zenzo zivumela ukungeniswa nokudayiswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo ephathwe nge-chlormequat, isibonelo, evela e-Canada.I-lag phakathi kwezinguquko zokulawula ze-EPA kanye nokugxila okuphezulu kwe-chlormequat etholakala kumasampula omchamo ngo-2023 kungachazwa ngezimo ezimbalwa, njengokubambezeleka kokwamukelwa kwezinqubo zezolimo ezisebenzisa i-chlormequat, ukubambezeleka kwezinkampani zaseMelika ekuphothuleni izivumelwano zohwebo, futhi sihlangabezane nokubambezeleka ekuthengeni i-oat ngenxa yokuncipha kwempahla emidala yemikhiqizo kanye/noma isikhathi eside seshelufu semikhiqizo ye-oat.
Ukuze sinqume ukuthi ingabe ukugxila okubonwe kumasampula omchamo wase-US kubonisa ukuchayeka kokudla okungaba khona ku-chlormequat, silinganise i-chlormequat nge-oat kanye nemikhiqizo kakolweni eyathengwa e-US ngo-2022 nango-2023. Imikhiqizo ye-oat iqukethe i-chlormequat kaningi kunemikhiqizo kakolweni, kanye nenani le-chlormequat imikhiqizo ehlukene ye-oat iyahlukahluka, ngezinga elimaphakathi elingu-104 ppb, okungenzeka ngenxa yokuhlinzekwa okuvela e-United States nase-Canada, okungase kubonise umehluko ekusetshenzisweni noma ukungasasetshenziswa.phakathi kwemikhiqizo ekhiqizwe ku-oats ephathwa nge-chlormequat.Ngokuphambene, kumasampuli okudla e-UK, i-chlormequat igcwele kakhulu emikhiqizweni esekelwe kukolo njengesinkwa, ne-chlormequat itholwe ku-90% wamasampuli aqoqwe e-UK phakathi kukaJulayi noSepthemba 2022. Ukuhlushwa okumaphakathi ngu-60 ppb.Ngokufanayo, i-chlormequat iphinde yatholwa kumasampuli angu-82% we-oat yase-UK ekuhlanganiseni okumaphakathi okungu-1650 ppb, izikhathi ezingaphezu kweziyi-15 kunamasampula ase-US, okungase kuchaze ukugxila okuphezulu komchamo okubonwa kumasampula ase-UK.
Imiphumela yethu ye-biomonitoring ikhombisa ukuthi ukuchayeka ku-chlormequat kwenzeka ngaphambi kuka-2018, nakuba ukubekezelela ukudla ku-chlormequat kungakasungulwa.Nakuba i-chlormequat ingalawulwa ekudleni e-United States, futhi ayikho idatha yomlando yokugxila kwe-chlormequat ekudleni okuthengiswa e-United States, uma kubhekwa isigamu sempilo ye-chlormequat, sisola ukuthi lokhu kuvezwa kungase kube ukudla.Ukwengeza, izandulela ze-choline emikhiqizweni kakolweni nezimpushana zamaqanda ngokwemvelo zakha i-chlormequat emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, njengalawo asetshenziswa ekucubunguleni nasekukhiqizeni ukudla, okuholela ekugxilweni kwe-chlormequat kusuka ku-5 kuya ku-40 ng/g. Imiphumela yethu yokuhlola ukudla ibonisa ukuthi amanye amasampula, okuhlanganisa umkhiqizo we-organic oat, wawuqukethe i-chlormequat emazingeni afana nalawo abikwe ocwaningweni lwe-chlormequat eyenzeka ngokwemvelo, kuyilapho amanye amasampula amaningi equkethe amazinga aphezulu e-chlormequat.Ngakho-ke, amazinga esiwabonile emchameni ngo-2023 kungenzeka abengenxa yokuchayeka kokudla ku-chlormequat ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokucubungula nokukhiqiza ukudla.Amazinga abhekiwe ngo-2023 kungenzeka ngenxa yokuchayeka kokudla ku-chlormequat ekhiqizwa ngokuzenzekelayo kanye nemikhiqizo evela kwamanye amazwe ephathwa nge-chlormequat kwezolimo.Umehluko wokuchayeka kwe-chlormequat phakathi kwamasampuli ethu ungase futhi ube ngenxa yendawo yendawo, amaphethini ezidlo ahlukene, noma ukuchayeka emsebenzini ku-chlormequat uma isetshenziswa ezindlini zokugcina izithombo nasezinkulisa.
Ucwaningo lwethu luphakamisa ukuthi osayizi besampula abakhudlwana kanye nesampula ehlukahlukene kakhulu yokudla okwelashwa nge-chlormequat kuyadingeka ukuze kuhlolwe ngokugcwele imithombo yokudla engaba khona ye-chlormequat kubantu abangachayeka kangako.Izifundo zesikhathi esizayo ezihlanganisa ukuhlaziywa komchamo ongokomlando namasampula okudla, uhlu lwemibuzo lwezokudla nelomsebenzi, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwe-chlormequat ekudleni okuvamile nokuphilayo e-United States, namasampula e-biomonitoring kuzosiza ukucacisa izici ezivamile zokuchayeka kwe-chlormequat kubantu base-US.
Amathuba okwanda kwamazinga e-chlormequat kumchamo namasampula okudla e-United States eminyakeni ezayo kusazonqunywa.E-United States, i-chlormequat okwamanje ivunyelwe kuphela emikhiqizweni ye-oat kanye nokolweni, kodwa i-Environmental Protection Agency okwamanje icubungula ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezolimo ezitshalweni ezingezona eziphilayo zasekhaya.Uma ukusetshenziswa okunjalo kwasekhaya kuvunywa ngokuhambisana nomkhuba wezolimo osabalele we-chlormequat phesheya nasekhaya, amazinga e-chlormequat ku-oats, ukolweni, neminye imikhiqizo yokusanhlamvu angaqhubeka nokukhuphuka, okuholela emazingeni aphezulu okuchayeka kwe-chlormequat.Isamba sabantu base-US.
Ukugxila kwamanje komchamo we-chlormequat kulolu cwaningo nolunye kubonisa ukuthi abanikeli besampula ngabanye bachayeka ku-chlormequat emazingeni ayengaphansi komthamo wenkomba we-US Environmental Protection Agency (RfD) oshicilelwe (0.05 mg/kg wesisindo somzimba ngosuku), ngakho ayamukeleka. .Ukudla kwansuku zonke ama-oda amaningana e-magnitude aphansi kunevelu yokudla eshicilelwe yi-European Food Safety Authority (ADI) (0.04 mg/kg isisindo somzimba/ngosuku).Kodwa-ke, siyaqaphela ukuthi izifundo ze-toxicology ezishicilelwe ze-chlormequat ziphakamisa ukuthi ukuhlolwa kabusha kwale mikhawulo yokuphepha kungase kudingeke.Isibonelo, amagundane nezingulube ezichayeke kumithamo engaphansi kwe-RfD yamanje kanye ne-ADI (0.024 kanye ne-0.0023 mg/kg isisindo somzimba/usuku, ngokulandelana) kubonise ukuncipha kokuzala .Kolunye ucwaningo lwe-toxicology, ukuchayeka ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa imithamo elingana neleveli yomphumela omubi ongabonwa (NOAEL) we-5 mg/kg (esetshenziselwa ukubala umthamo wereferensi we-Environmental Protection Agency yase-US) kubangele izinguquko ekukhuleni kwengane kanye nokugayeka kokudla emzimbeni, kanye. njengezinguquko ekubunjweni komzimba.Amagundane asanda kuzalwa .Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhawulo elawulayo ayibali imiphumela emibi yezingxube zamakhemikhali ezingase zibe nomthelela ohlelweni lokuzala, okuboniswe ukuthi anemiphumela engeziwe noma ehambisanayo ngemithamo ephansi kunokuchayeka kumakhemikhali ngamanye, okubangela izinkinga zempilo ezingaba khona .Ukukhathazeka mayelana nemiphumela ehlotshaniswa namazinga amanje okuchayeka, ikakhulukazi lawo anamazinga aphezulu okuchayeka kubantu abaningi eYurophu nase-US.
Lolu cwaningo lokuhlola lokuchayeka kwamakhemikhali amasha e-United States lubonisa ukuthi i-chlormequat ikhona ekudleni kwase-US, ikakhulukazi emikhiqizweni ye-oat, kanye nakumasampula amaningi omchamo atholiwe aqoqwe cishe kubantu abayi-100 e-US, okubonisa ukuchayeka okuqhubekayo ku-chlormequat.Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathrendi kule datha aphakamisa ukuthi amazinga okuchayeka anyukile futhi angase aqhubeke anda esikhathini esizayo.Uma kubhekwa ukukhathazeka okunobuthi okuhlobene nokuchayeka kwe-chlormequat ezifundweni zezilwane, kanye nokuchayeka kabanzi kwenani labantu ku-chlormequat emazweni aseYurophu (futhi okungenzeka ukuthi ase-United States manje), kuhambisana nezifundo ze-epidemiological kanye nezilwane, kunesidingo esiphuthumayo Ukuqapha i-chlormequat ukudla kanye nabantu Chlormequat.Kubalulekile ukuqonda izingozi zempilo ezingaba khona zaleli khemikhali yezolimo emazingeni okuchayeka emvelweni, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-29-2024