I-Chlormequat iyi-umlawuli wokukhula kwezitshaloUkusetshenziswa kwazo ezitshalweni zokusanhlamvu kuyanda eNyakatho Melika. Izifundo zobuthi zibonise ukuthi ukuchayeka ku-chlormequat kunganciphisa ukuzala futhi kubangele umonakalo kumntwana osakhula ngemithamo engaphansi komthamo wansuku zonke ovunyelwe yiziphathimandla ezilawulayo. Lapha, sibika ukuba khona kwe-chlormequat kumasampula omchamo aqoqwe kubantu base-US, ngamazinga okutholakala angu-69%, 74%, kanye no-90% kumasampula aqoqwe ngo-2017, 2018-2022, kanye no-2023, ngokulandelana. Kusukela ngo-2017 kuya ku-2022, amazinga aphansi e-chlormequat atholakale kumasampula, kanti kusukela ngo-2023, amazinga e-chlormequat kumasampula akhuphuke kakhulu. Siphinde saphawula ukuthi i-chlormequat itholakale kaningi emikhiqizweni ye-oat. Le miphumela kanye nedatha yobuthi ye-chlormequat kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngamazinga okuvezwa kwamanje futhi kudinga ukuhlolwa okubanzi kobuthi, ukubhekwa kokudla, kanye nezifundo ze-epidemiological ukuhlola umthelela wokuchayeka kwe-chlormequat empilweni yabantu.
Lolu cwaningo lubika ukutholwa kokuqala kwe-chlormequat, i-agrochemical enobuthi bokukhula nokuzala, kubantu base-US kanye nasekuhlinzekweni kokudla kwase-US. Ngenkathi amazinga afanayo amakhemikhali atholakala kumasampula omchamo kusukela ngo-2017 kuya ku-2022, amazinga aphezulu kakhulu atholakale kusampula ka-2023. Lo msebenzi uqokomisa isidingo sokuqapha kabanzi kwe-chlormequat ekudleni nasemasampula abantu e-United States, kanye ne-toxicology kanye ne-toxicology. Izifundo ze-epidemiological ze-chlormequat, njengoba leli khemikhali liyinto engcolile evelayo enemiphumela emibi yezempilo ebhalwe phansi ngamanani aphansi ezifundweni zezilwane.
I-Chlormequat iyikhemikhali yezolimo eyabhaliswa okokuqala e-United States ngo-1962 njengomlawuli wokukhula kwezitshalo. Nakuba okwamanje ivunyelwe ukusetshenziswa ezitshalweni zokuhlobisa e-United States kuphela, isinqumo se-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sango-2018 savumela ukungeniswa kwemikhiqizo yokudla (ikakhulukazi okusanhlamvu) ephathwe nge-chlormequat [1]. E-EU, e-UK naseCanada, i-chlormequat ivunyelwe ukusetshenziswa ezitshalweni zokudla, ikakhulukazi ukolweni, i-oats kanye nebhali. I-Chlormequat inganciphisa ukuphakama kwesiqu, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise amathuba okuba isivuno sisonteke, okwenza ukuvuna kube nzima. E-UK nase-EU, i-chlormequat ngokuvamile iyinsalela yezibulala-zinambuzane etholakala kakhulu ezitshalweni nasezitshalweni, njengoba kubhalwe ezifundweni zokuqapha zesikhathi eside [2, 3].
Nakuba i-chlormequat ivunyelwe ukusetshenziswa ezitshalweni ezingxenyeni zaseYurophu naseNyakatho Melika, ikhombisa izakhiwo ezinobuthi ngokusekelwe ezifundweni zezilwane zokuhlola zomlando nezanyatheliswa muva nje. Imiphumela yokuchayeka kwe-chlormequat ebuthini bokuzala kanye nokuzala yachazwa okokuqala ekuqaleni kwawo-1980 ngabalimi bezingulube baseDenmark ababone ukusebenza kokuzala okunciphile ezingulubeni ezikhuliswe kokusanhlamvu okuphathwe nge-chlormequat. Lokhu okubonwe kamuva kwahlolwa ekuhlolweni kwelabhorethri okulawulwayo ezingulubeni nasezimpuku, lapho izingulube zesifazane eziphakelwa okusanhlamvu okuphathwe nge-chlormequat zabonisa ukuphazamiseka emijikelezweni ye-estrous kanye nokuzalana uma kuqhathaniswa nezilwane ezilawulayo eziphakelwa ukudla ngaphandle kwe-chlormequat. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagundane amaduna atholakele ku-chlormequat ngokudla noma emanzini okuphuza ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa abonise ukwehla kwamandla okuvundisa isidoda ngaphakathi kwe-vitro. Izifundo zakamuva zobuthi bokuzala ze-chlormequat zibonise ukuthi ukuchayeka kwamagundane ku-chlormequat ngezikhathi ezibucayi zokukhula, okuhlanganisa ukukhulelwa nokuphila kwasekuqaleni, kwaholela ekuphusheni okulibazisekeni, ukwehla kokunyakaza kwesidoda, ukwehla kwesisindo sezitho zokuzala zesilisa, kanye nokwehla kwamazinga e-testosterone. Izifundo zobuthi bokukhula nazo zibonisa ukuthi ukuchayeka ku-chlormequat ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kungabangela ukukhula kwengane kanye nokuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic. Ezinye izifundo azitholanga mphumela we-chlormequat emsebenzini wokuzala kumagundane esifazane nezingulube zesilisa, futhi azikho izifundo ezalandela ezithole umphumela we-chlormequat ekuzaleni kwamagundane esilisa atholakale ku-chlormequat ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa nokuphila kwangemva kokubeletha. Idatha engalingani ku-chlormequat ezincwadini ezinobuthi ingase ibangelwe umehluko emithamo yokuhlolwa kanye nokulinganisa, kanye nokukhethwa kwezinto eziphilayo eziyimodeli kanye nobulili bezilwane ezihlolwayo. Ngakho-ke, uphenyo olwengeziwe luyadingeka.
Nakuba izifundo zakamuva zobuthi zibonise imiphumela ye-chlormequat ekuthuthukisweni, ekuzaleni kanye nasesimisweni se-endocrine, izindlela ezenzeka ngazo lezi zinkinga zobuthi azaziwa. Ezinye izifundo ziphakamisa ukuthi i-chlormequat ingase ingasebenzi ngezindlela ezichazwe kahle zamakhemikhali aphazamisa i-endocrine, okuhlanganisa i-estrogen noma ama-receptor e-androgen, futhi ayishintshi umsebenzi we-aromatase. Obunye ubufakazi busikisela ukuthi i-chlormequat ingabangela imiphumela emibi ngokushintsha i-steroid biosynthesis futhi ibangele ukucindezeleka kwe-endoplasmic reticulum.
Nakuba i-chlormequat ikhona yonke indawo ekudleni okuvamile kwaseYurophu, inani lezifundo zokuqapha i-bio ezihlola ukuchayeka kwabantu ku-chlormequat lincane kakhulu. I-Chlormequat inokuphila okufushane kwesigamu emzimbeni, cishe amahora angu-2-3, futhi ezifundweni ezibandakanya abantu abazithandelayo, imithamo eminingi yokuhlola yasuswa emzimbeni zingakapheli amahora angu-24. Emasampeleni ajwayelekile abantu abavela e-UK naseSweden, i-chlormequat yatholakala emchameni wabahlanganyeli abacishe babe yi-100% ocwaningweni ngezikhathi eziphakeme kakhulu kanye nokugxila kunezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ezifana ne-chlorpyrifos, i-pyrethroids, i-thiabendazole kanye ne-mancozeb metabolites. Izifundo ezingulubeni zibonise ukuthi i-chlormequat ingatholakala nase-serum futhi ingadluliselwa ebisini, kodwa lawa ma-matrices awazange afundwe kubantu noma kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zokuhlola, yize ukuba khona kwayo ku-serum nobisi kungahlotshaniswa nokulimala kokuzala okuvela kumakhemikhali. . Kunemiphumela ebalulekile yokuchayeka ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kanye nasezinsaneni.
Ngo-Ephreli 2018, i-US Environmental Protection Agency yamemezela amazinga amukelekayo okubekezelela ukudla kwe-chlormequat kuma-oats angenisiwe, ukolweni, ibhali, kanye nemikhiqizo ethile yezilwane, okuvumela i-chlormequat ukuthi ingeniswe ekudleni kwase-US. Okuqukethwe kwe-oat okuvunyelwe kwanda kamuva ngo-2020. Ukuze kuchazwe umthelela walezi zinqumo ekuveleni nasekusabalaleni kwe-chlormequat kubantu abadala base-US, lolu cwaningo lokuhlola lwalinganisa inani le-chlormequat emchameni wabantu abavela ezifundeni ezintathu zase-US kusukela ngo-2017 kuya ku-2023 futhi ngo-2022. kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-chlormequat kwemikhiqizo ye-oat kanye nokolweni ethengwe e-United States ngo-2023.
Amasampula aqoqwe ezindaweni ezintathu zezwe phakathi kuka-2017 no-2023 asetshenziselwa ukukala amazinga e-chlormequat emchameni kubantu base-US. Amasampula omchamo angamashumi amabili nanye aqoqwe kwabesifazane abakhulelwe abangaziwa abavuma ngesikhathi sokubeletha ngokwesivumelwano esivunyiwe yiBhodi Yokubuyekeza Izikhungo (IRB) ka-2017 esivela eMedical University of South Carolina (MUSC, Charleston, SC, USA). Amasampula agcinwa ku-4°C kuze kube amahora ama-4, abese eqoqwa futhi eqandisiwe ku--80°C. Amasampula omchamo wabantu abadala angamashumi amabili nanhlanu athengwe kwa-Lee Biosolutions, Inc (Maryland Heights, MO, USA) ngoNovemba 2022, okumelela isampula elilodwa eliqoqwe kusukela ngo-Okthoba 2017 kuya kuSepthemba 2022, futhi aqoqwa kubantu abazithandelayo (amadoda ayi-13 nabesifazane abayi-12). ) abolekwe eqoqweni laseMaryland Heights, eMissouri. Amasampula agcinwe ku--20°C ngokushesha ngemva kokuqoqwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasampula omchamo angu-50 aqoqwe kubantu abazithandelayo baseFlorida (amadoda angu-25, abesifazane abangu-25) ngoJuni 2023 athengwe kwa-BioIVT, LLC (Westbury, NY, USA). Amasampula agcinwa ku-4°C kwaze kwaba yilapho wonke amasampula eseqoqwe, abese ekhishwa futhi eqandisiwe ku--20°C. Inkampani yomhlinzeki ithole imvume ye-IRB edingekayo yokucubungula amasampula abantu kanye nemvume yokuqoqwa kwamasampula. Akukho lwazi lomuntu siqu olunikezwe kunoma yimaphi amasampula ahlolwe. Wonke amasampula athunyelwe eqandisiwe ukuze ahlaziywe. Ulwazi oluningiliziwe lwesampula lungatholakala kuThebula Lolwazi Olusekelayo S1.
Ukulinganiswa kwe-chlormequat kumasampula omchamo womuntu kunqunywe yi-LC-MS/MS e-HSE Research Laboratory (eBuxton, e-UK) ngokwendlela eyanyatheliswa nguLindh et al. Kushintshwe kancane ngo-2011. Kafushane, amasampula alungiswa ngokuxuba ama-200 μl omchamo ongahlungiwe ne-1.8 ml ye-0.01 M ammonium acetate equkethe indinganiso yangaphakathi. Isampula yabe isikhishwa kusetshenziswa ikholomu ye-HCX-Q, yafakwa kuqala nge-methanol, yabe isifakwa ne-0.01 M ammonium acetate, yagezwa nge-0.01 M ammonium acetate, yabe isisuswa nge-1% formic acid ku-methanol. Amasampula alayishwa kukholomu ye-C18 LC (Synergi 4 µ Hydro-RP 150 × 2 mm; Phenomenex, e-UK) futhi ahlukaniswa kusetshenziswa isigaba se-isocratic mobile esiqukethe i-0.1% formic acid:methanol 80:20 ngesilinganiso sokugeleza esingu-0.2. ml/min. Ukuguquka kokusabela okukhethwe yi-mass spectrometry kuchazwe nguLindh et al. 2011. Umkhawulo wokuthola wawungu-0.1 μg/L njengoba kubikwe kwezinye izifundo.
Amazinga e-chlormequat yomchamo abonakala njenge-μmol chlormequat/mol creatinine bese eguqulwa abe yi-μg chlormequat/g creatinine njengoba kubikiwe ezifundweni zangaphambilini (phindaphinda ngo-1.08).
I-Anresco Laboratories, LLC ihlole amasampula okudla e-oats (angu-25 ajwayelekile kanye nangu-8 angokwemvelo) kanye nokolweni (angu-9 ajwayelekile) we-chlormequat (eSan Francisco, CA, e-USA). Amasampula ahlaziywe ngokuguqulwa ngokwezindlela ezishicilelwe [19]. I-LOD/LOQ yamasampula e-oat ngo-2022 kanye nawo wonke amasampula kakolweni kanye ne-oat ngo-2023 abekwe ku-10/100 ppb kanye no-3/40 ppb, ngokulandelana. Ulwazi oluningiliziwe lwesampula lungatholakala kuThebula Lolwazi Olusekelayo S2.
Ukuhlushwa kwe-chlormequat yomchamo kwahlukaniswa ngokwendawo kanye nonyaka wokuqoqwa, ngaphandle kwamasampula amabili aqoqwe ngo-2017 avela eMaryland Heights, eMissouri, aqoqwa namanye amasampula ka-2017 avela eCharleston, eSouth Carolina. Amasampula angaphansi komkhawulo wokutholwa kwe-chlormequat aphathwa njengokutholwa kwephesenti okuhlukaniswe impande yesikwele engu-2. Idatha yayingasatshalaliswa ngokuvamile, ngakho-ke ukuhlolwa kwe-Kruskal-Wallis okungeyona ipharamitha kanye nokuhlolwa kokuqhathanisa okuningi kukaDunn kwasetshenziswa ukuqhathanisa ama-median phakathi kwamaqembu. Zonke izibalo zenziwa ku-GraphPad Prism (eBoston, MA).
I-Chlormequat itholakale kumasampula omchamo angu-77 kwangu-96, amele u-80% wawo wonke amasampula omchamo. Uma kuqhathaniswa no-2017 no-2018-2022, amasampula angu-2023 atholakale kaningi: amasampula angu-16 kwangu-23 (noma u-69%) kanye namasampula angu-17 kwangu-23 (noma u-74%), ngokulandelana, kanye namasampula angu-45 kwangu-50 (okungukuthi u-90%). ) ahlolwe (Ithebula 1). Ngaphambi kuka-2023, amazinga e-chlormequat atholakale emaqenjini amabili ayelingana, kanti amazinga e-chlormequat atholakale kumasampula ka-2023 ayephezulu kakhulu kunakumasampula eminyaka edlule (Isithombe 1A,B). Amazinga okuhlushwa atholakalayo kumasampula ka-2017, 2018-2022, kanye no-2023 ayengama-microgram angu-0.22 kuya ku-5.4, 0.11 kuya ku-4.3, kanye no-0.27 kuya ku-52.8 e-chlormequat ngegremu ngayinye ye-creatinine, ngokulandelana. Amanani aphakathi kwawo wonke amasampula ngo-2017, 2018-2022, kanye no-2023 angama-0.46, 0.30, kanye no-1.4, ngokulandelana. Le datha iphakamisa ukuthi ukuvezwa kungaqhubeka uma kucatshangelwa isigamu sempilo esifushane se-chlormequat emzimbeni, kanye namazinga aphansi okuvezwa phakathi kuka-2017 no-2022 kanye namazinga aphezulu okuvezwa ngo-2023.
Ukuhlushwa kwe-chlormequat kwesampula ngayinye yomchamo kwethulwa njengephuzu elilodwa elinemigqa engaphezu kwemigqa ephakathi nephutha emele iphutha elijwayelekile le-+/-. Ukuhlushwa kwe-chlormequat yomchamo kuvezwa ku-mcg ye-chlormequat ngegremu ngayinye ye-creatinine esikalini esiqondile kanye nesilinganiso se-logarithmic. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Kruskal-Wallis okungeyona i-parametric kokuhlukahluka ngesivivinyo sikaDunn sokuqhathanisa okuningi kwasetshenziswa ukuhlola ukubaluleka kwezibalo.
Amasampula okudla athengwe e-United States ngo-2022 nango-2023 abonise amazinga atholakalayo e-chlormequat kuyo yonke imikhiqizo ye-oat yendabuko ngaphandle kwemibili kwengu-25, kanye namazinga asukela kokungatholakali kuya ku-291 μg/kg, okubonisa i-chlormequat kuma-oats. Ukusabalala kokudla kwemifino kuphezulu. Amasampula aqoqwe ngo-2022 nango-2023 ayenamazinga ajwayelekile afanayo: 90 µg/kg kanye no-114 µg/kg, ngokulandelana. Isampula elilodwa kuphela lemikhiqizo ye-oat ye-organic eyisishiyagalombili lalinokuqukethwe kwe-chlormequat okutholakalayo okungu-17 µg/kg. Siphinde sabona amazinga aphansi e-chlormequat emikhiqizweni emibili kakolweni eyisishiyagalolunye ehlolwe: 3.5 kanye no-12.6 μg/kg, ngokulandelana.
Lona umbiko wokuqala wokulinganiswa kwe-chlormequat yomchamo kubantu abadala abahlala e-United States nasezindaweni ezingaphandle kwe-United Kingdom neSweden. Imikhuba yokuqapha i-biosafety phakathi kwentsha engaphezu kwe-1,000 eSweden iqophe izinga lokutholakala kwe-chlormequat elingu-100% kusukela ngo-2000 kuya ku-2017. Isilinganiso sokuhlushwa ngo-2017 sasingu-0.86 micrograms ye-chlormequat ngegremu ngayinye ye-creatinine futhi kubonakala sengathi sehlile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kanti isilinganiso esiphezulu kakhulu sasingu-2.77 ngo-2009. E-UK, i-biomonitoring ithole isilinganiso esiphezulu kakhulu sokuhlushwa kwe-chlormequat esingu-15.1 micrograms ye-chlormequat ngegremu ngayinye ye-creatinine phakathi kuka-2011 no-2012, yize lawa masampula aqoqwe kubantu abahlala ezindaweni zezolimo. kwakungekho mehluko ekuvezweni. Isigameko sokufafaza[15]. Ucwaningo lwethu lwesampula yase-US kusukela ngo-2017 kuya ku-2022 luthole amazinga aphansi aphakathi uma kuqhathaniswa nezifundo zangaphambilini eYurophu, kanti esampula ka-2023 amazinga aphakathi ayefana nesampula yaseSweden kodwa aphansi kunesampula yase-UK.
Lo mehluko ekuvezweni phakathi kwezifunda kanye nezikhathi ungabonisa umehluko emikhubeni yezolimo kanye nesimo sokulawula se-chlormequat, ekugcineni esithinta amazinga e-chlormequat emikhiqizweni yokudla. Isibonelo, ukugcwala kwe-chlormequat kumasampula omchamo kwakuphakeme kakhulu ngo-2023 uma kuqhathaniswa neminyaka edlule, okungabonisa izinguquko ezihlobene nezenzo zokulawula ze-EPA ezihlobene ne-chlormequat (kufaka phakathi imikhawulo yokudla ye-chlormequat ngo-2018). Ukuphakelwa kokudla e-US maduze nje. Phakamisa amazinga okusetshenziswa kwe-oat ngo-2020. Lezi zenzo zivumela ukungeniswa nokuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo ephathwe nge-chlormequat, isibonelo, evela eCanada. Ukubambezeleka phakathi kwezinguquko zokulawula ze-EPA kanye nokugcwala okuphezulu kwe-chlormequat okutholakala kumasampula omchamo ngo-2023 kungachazwa yizimo eziningana, njengokulibaziseka ekwamukelweni kwemikhuba yezolimo esebenzisa i-chlormequat, ukubambezeleka kwezinkampani zase-US ekuxoxisaneni ngezivumelwano zokuhweba, kanye nabantu abazimele. babhekene nokubambezeleka ekuthengeni ama-oats ngenxa yokuncipha kwamasheya omkhiqizo omdala kanye/noma ngenxa yokuphila isikhathi eside kwemikhiqizo ye-oat.
Ukuze sinqume ukuthi amazinga abonwe kumasampula omchamo wase-US abonisa yini ukuchayeka kokudla okungenzeka ku-chlormequat, silinganise i-chlormequat emikhiqizweni ye-oat kanye nekakolweni ethengwe e-US ngo-2022 nango-2023. Imikhiqizo ye-oat iqukethe i-chlormequat kaningi kunemikhiqizo kakolweni, futhi inani le-chlormequat emikhiqizweni ehlukene ye-oat liyahlukahluka, ngezinga elimaphakathi elingu-104 ppb, okungenzeka ukuthi kungenxa yokutholakala okuvela e-United States naseCanada, okungase kubonise umehluko ekusetshenzisweni noma ekungasetshenziswani. phakathi kwemikhiqizo ekhiqizwe kuma-oats aphathwe nge-chlormequat. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kumasampula okudla ase-UK, i-chlormequat itholakala kakhulu emikhiqizweni esekelwe kukolweni njengesinkwa, kanti i-chlormequat itholakale kumasampula angu-90% aqoqwe e-UK phakathi kukaJulayi noSepthemba 2022. Isilinganiso sokuhlushwa singama-60 ppb. Ngokufanayo, i-chlormequat yatholakala futhi kuma-82% amasampula e-oat ase-UK ngesilinganiso sokuhlushwa okungu-1650 ppb, okungaphezu kokuphindwe ka-15 kunakumasampula ase-US, okungachaza amazinga aphezulu omchamo abonwe kumasampula ase-UK.
Imiphumela yethu yokuqapha ikhombisa ukuthi ukuchayeka ku-chlormequat kwenzeka ngaphambi kuka-2018, yize ukubekezelela i-chlormequat ekudleni kungakaqinisekiswa. Nakuba i-chlormequat ingalawulwa ekudleni e-United States, futhi akukho datha yomlando mayelana nokugcwala kwe-chlormequat ekudleni okuthengiswa e-United States, uma sibheka impilo emfushane yengxenye ye-chlormequat, sisola ukuthi lokhu kuvezwa kungaba ukudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izandulela ze-choline emikhiqizweni kakolweni kanye nama-egg powders ngokwemvelo zakha i-chlormequat emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, njengalawo asetshenziswa ekucubungulweni nasekukhiqizweni kokudla, okuholela ekugcwaleni kwe-chlormequat okusukela ku-5 kuya ku-40 ng/g. Imiphumela yethu yokuhlola ukudla ikhombisa ukuthi amanye amasampula, kufaka phakathi umkhiqizo we-oat we-organic, aqukethe i-chlormequat emazingeni afana nalawo abikwe ezifundweni ze-chlormequat eyenzeka ngokwemvelo, kanti amanye amasampula amaningi aqukethe amazinga aphezulu e-chlormequat. Ngakho-ke, amazinga esiwabonile emchameni kuze kube ngu-2023 kungenzeka ukuthi abangelwa ukuchayeka ekudleni ku-chlormequat ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokucubungula nokukhiqiza ukudla. Amazinga aqashelwe ngo-2023 kungenzeka ukuthi abangelwa ukuchayeka ekudleni ku-chlormequat ekhiqizwe ngokuzenzakalelayo kanye nemikhiqizo engenisiwe ephathwe nge-chlormequat kwezolimo. Umehluko ekuchayekeni kwe-chlormequat phakathi kwamasampula ethu ungase ube ngenxa yendawo, amaphethini ahlukene okudla, noma ukuchayeka emsebenzini ku-chlormequat uma isetshenziswa ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo nasezindaweni zokugcina izithombo.
Ucwaningo lwethu lusikisela ukuthi kudingeka amasampula amakhulu kanye nesampula ehlukahlukene yokudla okuphathwe nge-chlormequat ukuze kuhlolwe ngokugcwele imithombo yokudla engaba khona ye-chlormequat kubantu abasengozini encane yokutheleleka. Izifundo zesikhathi esizayo ezifaka phakathi ukuhlaziywa kwamasampula omchamo nokudla omlando, imibuzo yokudla kanye nomsebenzi, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwe-chlormequat ekudleni okuvamile nokungokwemvelo e-United States, kanye namasampula okuqapha i-bio kuzosiza ekuchazeni izici ezivamile zokutheleleka kwe-chlormequat kubantu base-US.
Amathuba okwanda kwamazinga e-chlormequat kumasampula omchamo nokudla e-United States eminyakeni ezayo asazonqunywa. E-United States, i-chlormequat okwamanje ivunyelwe kuphela emikhiqizweni ye-oat nekakolweni engenisiwe, kodwa i-Environmental Protection Agency okwamanje icabangela ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezolimo ezitshalweni zasekhaya ezingezona ezemvelo. Uma ukusetshenziswa okunjalo kwasekhaya kuvunyiwe kanye nomkhuba wezolimo osakazekile we-chlormequat kwamanye amazwe kanye nasekhaya, amazinga e-chlormequat kuma-oats, ukolweni, kanye neminye imikhiqizo yokusanhlamvu angaqhubeka nokukhuphuka, okuholela emazingeni aphezulu okuchayeka kwe-chlormequat. Inani labantu base-US.
Ukugxila kwamanje kwe-chlormequat kumchamo kulolu cwaningo nakwezinye kubonisa ukuthi abanikeli besampula ngabanye babevezwe ku-chlormequat emazingeni angaphansi komthamo wereferensi we-US Environmental Protection Agency (RfD) oshicilelwe (0.05 mg/kg isisindo somzimba ngosuku), ngakho-ke kuyamukeleka. Ukudla kwansuku zonke kuphansi kakhulu kunenani lokudla elishicilelwe yi-European Food Safety Authority (ADI) (0.04 mg/kg isisindo somzimba ngosuku). Kodwa-ke, siqaphela ukuthi izifundo ze-toxicology ezishicilelwe ze-chlormequat zisikisela ukuthi ukuhlolwa kabusha kwale mingcele yokuphepha kungadingeka. Isibonelo, amagundane nezingulube ezivezwe kumthamo ongaphansi kwe-RfD yamanje kanye ne-ADI (0.024 kanye no-0.0023 mg/kg isisindo somzimba ngosuku, ngokulandelana) kubonise ukwehla kokuzala. Kolunye ucwaningo lwe-toxicology, ukuvezwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kumthamo olingana nezinga lomphumela omubi elingabonwanga (NOAEL) elingu-5 mg/kg (elisetshenziselwa ukubala umthamo wereferensi we-US Environmental Protection Agency) kuholele ekushintsheni ekukhuleni nasekusetshenzisweni komzimba kwengane, kanye nezinguquko ekwakhekeni komzimba. Amagundane asanda kuzalwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhawulo yokulawula ayicabangi imiphumela emibi yezingxube zamakhemikhali ezingathinta uhlelo lokuzala, okuye kwabonakala kunemiphumela eyengeziwe noma ehambisanayo kumthamo ophansi kunokuvezwa kumakhemikhali ngamanye, okubangela izinkinga ezingaba khona ngempilo yokuzala. Ukukhathazeka ngemiphumela ehlotshaniswa namazinga okuvezwa kwamanje, ikakhulukazi kulabo abanamazinga aphezulu okuvezwa kubantu abaningi eYurophu nase-US.
Lolu cwaningo lokuhlola ukuvezwa kwamakhemikhali amasha e-United States lubonisa ukuthi i-chlormequat ikhona ekudleni kwase-US, ikakhulukazi emikhiqizweni ye-oat, kanye naseningi lamasampula omchamo atholakele aqoqwe kubantu abacishe babe yi-100 e-US, okubonisa ukuvezwa okuqhubekayo ku-chlormequat. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitayela kule datha ziphakamisa ukuthi amazinga okuvezwa akhuphukile futhi angaqhubeka nokwanda esikhathini esizayo. Njengoba kunikezwe ukukhathazeka okunobuthi okuhlobene nokuvezwa kwe-chlormequat ezifundweni zezilwane, kanye nokuvezwa okubanzi kwabantu abaningi ku-chlormequat emazweni aseYurophu (futhi manje okungenzeka ukuthi ase-United States), kanye nezifundo ze-epidemiological kanye nezilwane, kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuqapha i-chlormequat ekudleni nakubantu i-Chlormequat. Kubalulekile ukuqonda izingozi ezingaba khona zempilo zale khemikhali yezolimo emazingeni okuvezwa okubalulekile emvelweni, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-04-2024