Ukufakaukwelashwa ngezibulala-zinambuzaneAmanethi amafasitela (ama-ITN) ezindongeni ezivulekile, emafasiteleni, nasezindongeni ezivulekile emakhaya angaqiniswanga kuyindlela engaba khona yokulawula umalaleveva.vimbela omiyaneekungeneni ekhaya, okuhlinzeka ngemiphumela ebulalayo nengabulali ezifweni ezithwala umalaleveva futhi okungenzeka kunciphise ukudluliswa komalaleveva. Ngakho-ke, senze ucwaningo lwezifo emakhaya aseTanzania ukuze sihlole ukusebenza kahle kwamanethi okuvikela ama-insecticide-treated window (ITNs) ekuvikeleni ekuthelelekeni komalaleveva nasezifweni ezithwala umalaleveva ngaphakathi.
ESifundeni saseCharinze, eTanzania, imindeni engu-421 yabelwa ngokungahleliwe emaqenjini amabili. Kusukela ngoJuni kuya kuJulayi 2021, amanethi omiyane aqukethe i-deltamethrin kanye ne-synergist afakwa emaphahleni, emafasiteleni, nasezindongeni eqenjini elilodwa, kanti elinye iqembu alizange lifakwe. Ngemva kokufakwa, ekupheleni kwesizini ende yemvula (Juni/Julayi 2022, umphumela oyinhloko) kanye nesizini emfushane yemvula (Januwari/Febhuwari 2022, umphumela wesibili), wonke amalungu omndeni abambe iqhaza (aneminyaka engu-≥ izinyanga ezingu-6) ahlolwe i-PCR yokutheleleka nge-malaria. Imiphumela yesibili yayihlanganisa inani lomiyane eliphelele ngesicupho ngobusuku ngabunye (Juni/Julayi 2022), ukusabela okubi inyanga eyodwa ngemva kokufakwa kwenethi (Agasti 2021), kanye nokutholakala kwe-chemobioavailability kanye nezinsalela ngonyaka owodwa ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kwenethi (Juni/Julayi 2022). Ekupheleni kokuhlolwa, iqembu lokulawula nalo lathola amanethi omiyane.
Ucwaningo alukwazanga ukuthola iziphetho ngenxa yobukhulu obunganele besampula ngenxa yokwenqaba kwabanye abahlali ukubamba iqhaza. Kudingeka ukuhlolwa okukhulu okulawulwa ngokungahleliwe kweqembu, okubandakanya ukufakwa kwezikrini zamafasitela eziphathwe ngesibulala-zinambuzane esihlala isikhathi eside, ukuze kuhlolwe lokhu kungenelela.
Idatha yokusabalala komalaleveva ihlaziywe kusetshenziswa indlela yephrothokholi ngayinye, okusho ukuthi abantu ababehambe zingakapheli amasonto amabili ngaphambi kocwaningo noma abathathe imithi yokulwa nomalaleveva bakhishwe ekuhlaziyweni.
Ngenxa yokuthi inani lomiyane ababanjwe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa lalilincane, imodeli yokubuyela emuva kwe-binomial engalungile engalungisiwe kuphela yenani lomiyane ababanjwe ubusuku ngabunye ngogibe ngalunye yasetshenziswa ukunquma inani lomiyane egumbini.
Emindenini engu-450 efanelekile ekhethiwe kuzo zonke izindawo eziyisishiyagalolunye, eziyisishiyagalolunye zakhishwa ngoba zazingenawo uphahla noma amafasitela avulekile ngaphambi kokwenziwa ngokungahleliwe. NgoMeyi 2021, imindeni engu-441 yabhekana nokuhlelwa okungahleliwe okulula okuhlukaniswe ngokwezigaba zemizi: imindeni engu-221 yabelwa eqenjini lesistimu yomoya ehlakaniphile (IVS), kanti eminye engu-220 yabelwa eqenjini lokulawula. Ekugcineni, imindeni engu-208 ekhethiwe yaqeda ukufakwa kwe-IVS, kanti engu-195 yahlala eqenjini lokulawula (Isithombe 3).
Ezinye izifundo zisikisela ukuthi i-ITS ingaba nempumelelo enkulu ekuvikeleni i-malaria emaqenjini athile eminyaka, ezakhiweni zezindlu, noma uma isetshenziswa namanethi omiyane. Kubikwe ukuthi ukufinyelela ezintweni zokulawula i-malaria, ikakhulukazi amanethi omiyane, kunciphile, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezingane ezifunda esikoleni.[46] Ukutholakala okuphansi kwamanethi emindenini kunegalelo ekusetshenzisweni okulinganiselwe kwamanethi emindenini, futhi izingane ezifunda esikoleni zivame ukunganakwa, ngaleyo ndlela zibe umthombo wokudluliswa kwe-malaria okuqhubekayo.[16, 47, 48] ITanzania isebenzisa izinhlelo zokusabalalisa eziqhubekayo, okuhlanganisa nohlelo lwenethi yesikole, ukwandisa ukufinyelela kwamanethi omiyane ezinganeni ezifunda esikoleni.[14, 49] Njengoba izinga eliphansi lokutholakala kwenethi (50%) ngesikhathi socwaningo kanye neqiniso lokuthi leli qembu lingase libhekane nobunzima obukhulu ekufinyeleleni amanethi, i-ITS kungenzeka ukuthi ihlinzeke ngesivikelo kuleli qembu, ngaleyo ndlela igcwalisa igebe lokuvikela ekusetshenzisweni kwenethi. Izakhiwo zezindlu bezilokhu zihlotshaniswa nokwanda kokudluliswa kwe-malaria; isibonelo, imifantu ezindongeni zodaka kanye nemigodi ophahleni lwendabuko yenza kube lula ukungena komiyane.[8] Kodwa-ke, abukho ubufakazi obusekela lesi simangalo; Ukuhlaziywa kwamaqembu ocwaningo ngohlobo lodonga, uhlobo lophahla, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwangaphambilini kwama-ITN akuvezi mehluko phakathi kweqembu lokulawula kanye neqembu le-ITN.
Nakuba imindeni esebenzisa uhlelo lokulawula omiyane lwangaphakathi (ITS) yayinomiyane abambalwa be-Anopheles ababanjwe ngesicupho ngobusuku ngabunye, umehluko wawumncane uma uqhathaniswa nemindeni engenayo i-ITS. Izinga eliphansi lokubamba emindenini esebenzisa i-ITS lingase libe ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo ngokumelene nezinhlobo ezibalulekile zomiyane ezondla futhi zihlale endlini (isb., i-Anopheles gambiae [50]) kodwa lingase lingasebenzi kahle ngokumelene nezinhlobo zomiyane okungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi zisebenze ngaphandle (isb., i-Anopheles africanus). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-ITS amanje angase angabi namazinga afanele futhi alinganisiwe e-pyrethroids kanye ne-PBO futhi, ngenxa yalokho, angase angasebenzi ngokwanele ngokumelene ne-Anopheles gambiae engamelana ne-pyrethroid, njengoba kuboniswe ocwaningweni lwe-semi-field [Odufuwa, oluzayo]. Lo mphumela ungase ube ngenxa yamandla anele ezibalo. Ukuze kutholakale umehluko ongu-10% phakathi kweqembu le-ITS kanye neqembu lokulawula elinamandla angu-80% ezibalo, kwakudingeka imindeni engu-500 eqenjini ngalinye. Okwenza izinto zibe zimbi kakhulu, lolu cwaningo luhambisane nesimo sezulu esingavamile eTanzania ngalowo nyaka, kanye nokwenyuka kwamazinga okushisa kanye nokwehla kwemvula [51], okwakungaba nomthelela omubi ekubeni khona kanye nokusinda komiyane be-Anopheles [52] futhi okwakungaholela ekwehleni kwenani lomiyane lilonke ngesikhathi socwaningo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kwakungekho mehluko omkhulu ekuminyaneni kwansuku zonke kwama-pallen e-Culex pipiens ezindlini ezine-ITS uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlu ezingenayo. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili [Odufuwa, ezayo], lesi simo singase sibe ngenxa yobuchwepheshe obuthile bokufaka ama-pyrethroids kanye ne-PBO ku-ITS, okunciphisa umphumela wazo wokubulala izinambuzane kuma-Culex pipiens. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokungafani nomiyane be-Anopheles, ama-Culex pipiens angangena ezakhiweni ngeminyango, njengoba kutholakale ocwaningweni lwaseKenya [24] kanye nocwaningo lwezinambuzane eTanzania [53]. Ukufaka iminyango yesikrini kungase kungabi wusizo futhi kuzokwandisa ingozi yokuchayeka kwabakhileyo ezidakamizweni zokubulala izinambuzane. Omiyane be-Anopheles bangena kakhulu ngama-eves[54], futhi ukungenelela okukhulu kungaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuminyaneni komiyane, njengoba kuboniswe ngokumodela okusekelwe kudatha ye-SFS[Odufuwa, ezayo].
Ukusabela okubi okubikwe ochwepheshe kanye nabahlanganyeli bekuhambisana nokusabela okwaziwayo ekuvezweni yi-pyrethroid [55]. Okuphawulekayo ukuthi ukusabela okubi okuningi okubikiwe kuxazululwe zingakapheli amahora angu-72 ngemuva kokuvezwa, njengoba inani elincane kakhulu (6%) lamalungu omndeni kuphela afuna usizo lwezokwelapha, futhi bonke abahlanganyeli bathole ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha mahhala. Ukwanda kokuthimula okubonwe phakathi kochwepheshe abangu-13 (65%) kuhlotshaniswa nokwehluleka ukusebenzisa imaski enikeziwe, kucashunwa ukungakhululeki kanye nokuxhumana okungenzeka ne-COVID-19. Izifundo zesikhathi esizayo zingase zicabangele ukuphoqelela ukugqoka imaski.
ESifundeni saseCharinze, akukho mehluko obalulekile owabonwa emazingeni okusabalala kwemalariya noma emindenini enabantu abasebenzisa amafasitela aphathwe ngezinambuzane (i-ITS) nabangenazo. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yomklamo wocwaningo, izakhiwo zezinambuzane kanye nezinsalela, kanye nokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwabahlanganyeli. Naphezu kokuntuleka komehluko obalulekile, ukwehla kwesibalo sezinambuzane ezitholakala emakhaya kwabonakala ngesikhathi semvula ende, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni ezifunda esikoleni. Isibalo sezinambuzane ezitholakala endlini i-Anopheles naso sehlile, okuphakamisa isidingo socwaningo olwengeziwe. Ngakho-ke, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abahlanganyeli bayaqhubeka nokubamba iqhaza, kunconywa umklamo olawulwa ngokungahleliwe weqembu, ohlanganiswe nokuzibandakanya komphakathi okusebenzayo kanye nokufinyelela umphakathi,.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-21-2025