Uma sithatha unyaka ka-2014 njengesibonelo, ukuthengiswa komhlaba wonke kwemithi yokubulala ukhula i-aryloxyphenoxypropionate bekuyi-US$1.217 billion, okulinganiselwa ku-4.6% wemakethe yokubulala ukhula eyizigidigidi ezingama-US $26.440 kanye no-1.9% wemakethe yomhlaba wonke yama-US$63.212 billion. Nakuba ingezinhle njengemithi yokubulala ukhula njengama-amino acid kanye ne-sulfonylureas, inendawo emakethe yokubulala ukhula (ikleliswe endaweni yesithupha ekuthengisweni komhlaba wonke).
Imithi yokubulala ukhula i-Aryloxy phenoxy propionate (APP) isetshenziswa kakhulu ekulawuleni ukhula lotshani. Kwatholakala ngeminyaka yawo-1960 lapho u-Hoechst (eJalimane) eshintsha iqembu le-phenyl esakhiweni se-2,4-D nge-diphenyl ether futhi wasungula isizukulwane sokuqala semithi yokubulala ukhula i-aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid. "Grass Ling". Ngo-1971, kwanqunywa ukuthi isakhiwo esiyindandatho siqukethe u-A no-B. Imichiza yokubulala ukhula eyalandela yalolu hlobo yashintshwa ngokusekelwe kuyo, ishintsha iringi ye-benzene ohlangothini olulodwa yaba iringi eyi-heterocyclic noma ehlanganisiwe, futhi kwethulwa amaqembu asebenzayo afana no-F. ama-athomu eringini, okuholela ochungechungeni lwemikhiqizo enomsebenzi ophezulu. , imithi yokubulala ukhula ekhethwa kakhulu.
Isakhiwo se-APP ye-herbicide
Umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwe-propionic acid herbicides
Indlela yokwenza
I-Aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid herbicides ikakhulukazi inhibitor esebenzayo ye-acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACCase), ngaleyo ndlela ivimbele ukuhlanganiswa kwamafutha acid, okuholela ekuhlanganiseni kwe-oleic acid, i-linoleic acid, i-linolenic acid, nezingqimba ze-waxy kanye nezinqubo ze-cuticle zivimbe ukucekelwa phansi kwesakhiwo solwelwesi lwesitshalo, ukwanda kokungena, futhi ekugcineni nokufa kwe isitshalo.
Izici zayo zokusebenza kahle kakhulu, ubuthi obuphansi, ukukhetha okuphezulu, ukuphepha kwezitshalo kanye nokuwohloka kalula kuye kwakhuthaza kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwemichilo yokubulala ukhula ekhethiwe.
Esinye isici semithi yokubulala ukhula ye-AAP ukuthi iyasebenza ngokubonakalayo, ebonakala ngama-isomer ahlukene ngaphansi kwesakhiwo samakhemikhali esifanayo, futhi ama-isomer ahlukene anemisebenzi ehlukene yokubulala ukhula. Phakathi kwazo, i-R(-)-isomer ingavimbela ngokuphumelelayo umsebenzi we-enzyme eqondiwe, ivimbele ukwakheka kwe-auxin ne-gibberellin okhula, futhi ibonise umsebenzi omuhle we-herbicidal, kuyilapho i-S (+) -isomer ingasebenzi ngokuyisisekelo. Umehluko ekusebenzeni phakathi kokubili izikhathi ezingu-8-12.
Imithi yokubulala ukhula ye-APP yezentengiselwano ivamise ukucutshungulwa ibe ama-ester, okwenza ukuthi imuncwe kalula ukhula; kodwa-ke, ama-ester ngokuvamile ane-solubility encane kanye nokukhanga okunamandla, ngakho akulula ukuvuthwa futhi angena kalula okhula. emhlabathini.
I-Clodinafop-propargyl
I-Propargyl i-phenoxypropionate herbicide eyakhiwe yi-ciba-Geigy ngo-1981. Igama layo lokuhweba lithi Isihloko futhi igama layo lekhemikhali lithi (R) -2-[4-(5-chloro-3-fluoro). -2-Pyridyloxy)propargyl propionate.
I-Propargyl i-fluorine-containing, i-optically active aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicide. Isetshenziselwa ukwelapha isiqu sangemuva kokuhluma kanye namaqabunga ukulawula ukhula lwe-gramineous kakolweni, i-rye, i-triticale namanye amasimu okusanhlamvu, ikakhulukazi utshani be-wheatgrass kanye ne-wheatgrass. Ngokuphumelelayo ekulawuleni ukhula olunzima njenge-oats yasendle. Isetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwesiqu kanye namaqabunga emva kokuhluma ukuze kulawuleke ukhula lotshani lwaminyaka yonke, njenge-oats yasendle, i-black oat grass, i-foxtail grass, utshani basendle kanye ne-wheatgrass. Umthamo ngu-30 ~ 60g/hm2. Indlela eqondile yokusetshenziswa yilena: kusukela esigabeni samaqabunga ama-2 kakolweni ukuya esigabeni sokuhlangana, gcoba isibulala-zinambuzane okhulani olusesigabeni samaqabunga ama-2-8. Ebusika, sebenzisa amagremu angu-20-30 e-Maiji (15% clofenacetate powder wettable) ngehektare ngalinye. 30-40g wempushana emanzi engu-15% ye-clodinafop-propargyl), engeza u-15-30kg wamanzi bese ufafaza ngokulinganayo.
Indlela yokusebenza nezici ze-clodinafop-propargyl i-acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors kanye nama-systemic conductive herbicides. Umuthi udonswa ngamaqabunga namashethi amaqabunga esitshalo, oqhutshwa nge-phloem, futhi aqoqwe ku-meristem yesitshalo, ukuvimbela i-acetyl-coenzyme A inhibitor ye-carboxylase. I-Coenzyme A carboxylase imisa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-fatty acid, ivimbele ukukhula nokuhlukana kwamangqamuzana okuvamile, futhi ibhubhise izakhiwo eziqukethe i-lipid njengezinhlelo zolwelwesi, ekugcineni kuholele ekufeni kwezitshalo. Isikhathi esisuka ku-clodinafop-propargyl kuya ekufeni kokhula sihamba kancane, ngokuvamile sithatha isonto eli-1 kuye kwayi-3.
Ukwakhiwa okujwayelekile kwe-clodinafop-propargyl kungama-8%, 15%, 20%, kanye nama-emulsion anamanzi angama-30%, ama-microemulsions angama-15% nama-24%, ama-microemulsions angama-15% nama-20%, kanye no-8% no-14% wokumiswa kukawoyela ahlakazekayo. 24% ukhilimu.
I-synthesis
(R) -2-(p-hydroxyphenoxy) i-propionic acid iqala ukukhiqizwa ngokusabela kwe-α-chloropropionic acid ne-hydroquinone, bese i-etherified ngokungeza i-5-chloro-2,3-difluoropyridine ngaphandle kokuhlukana. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ihlangana ne-chloropropyne ukuze ithole i-clodinafop-propargyl. Ngemuva kwe-crystallization, okuqukethwe komkhiqizo kufinyelela ku-97% kuya ku-98%, futhi isivuno esiphelele sifinyelela ku-85%.
Thekelisa isimo
Idatha yeCustoms ibonisa ukuthi ngo-2019, izwe lami lathumela ngaphandle isamba sezigidi ezingu-35.77 zamadola aseMelika (izibalo ezingaphelele, okuhlanganisa amalungiselelo nezidakamizwa zobuchwepheshe). Phakathi kwabo, izwe lokuqala lokungenisa amazwe yiKazakhstan, elingenisa ngokuyinhloko amalungiselelo, elinenani lezigidi ezingu-8.6515 zamaRandi aseMelika, lilandelwa yiRussia, ngamalungiselelo Kunesidingo sakho kokubili imithi nezinto zokusetshenziswa, ezinomthamo wokungenisa wezigidi ezingu-3.6481 zamaRandi. Indawo yesithathu yiNetherlands, enenani lemali yokungenisa e-US $3.582 million. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iCanada, i-India, i-Israel, iSudan namanye amazwe nawo ayizindawo eziphambili zokuthumela ngaphandle kwe-clodinafop-propargyl.
I-Cyhalofop-butyl
I-Cyhalofop-ethyl isibulala-zinambuzane esiqondene nerayisi esakhiwe futhi sakhiqizwa yi-Dow AgroSciences e-United States ngo-1987. Futhi ukuphela komuthi we-aryloxyphenoxycarboxylic acid ophephe kakhulu elayisi. Ngo-1998, i-Dow AgroSciences yase-United States yaba ngeyokuqala ukubhalisa ubuchwepheshe be-cyhalofop ezweni lami. Ilungelo lobunikazi laphelelwa yisikhathi ngo-2006, futhi ukubhaliswa kwasekhaya kwaqala ngokulandelana. Ngo-2007, ibhizinisi lasekhaya (i-Shanghai Shengnong Biochemical Products Co., Ltd.) labhaliswa okokuqala ngqa.
Igama lezohwebo le-Dow yi-Clincher, futhi igama layo lekhemikhali lithi (R) -2-[4-(4-cyano-2-fluorophenoxy)phenoxy]butylpropionate.
Eminyakeni yakamuva, i-Dow AgroSciences' Qianjin (isithako esisebenzayo: 10% cyhalomefen EC) kanye ne-Daoxi (60g/L cyhalofop + penoxsulam), eseyidumile emakethe yaseShayina, asebenza kahle kakhulu futhi aphephile. Isebenzisa imakethe evamile yemithi yokubulala ukhula yasensimini yerayisi ezweni lami.
I-Cyhalofop-ethyl, efana namanye ama-aryloxyphenoxycarboxylic acid herbicides, iyi-fatty acid synthesis inhibitor futhi ivimbela i-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase). Imuncwa kakhulu ngamahlamvu futhi ayinamsebenzi wenhlabathi. I-Cyhalofop-ethyl i-systemic futhi imuncwa ngokushesha ngezicubu zezitshalo. Ngemuva kokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali, ukhula lotshani luyayeka ukukhula ngokushesha, ukuphuzi kwenzeka phakathi kwezinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezingu-7, futhi sonke isitshalo siba necrotic futhi sife phakathi namasonto amabili kuya kwangu-3.
I-Cyhalofop isetshenziswa ngemuva kokuvela ukuze kulawulwe ukhula oluyi-gramineous emasimini erayisi. Umthamo werayisi wasezindaweni ezishisayo ngu-75-100g/hm2, futhi umthamo werayisi elipholile ngu-180-310g/hm2. Isebenza kahle kakhulu ngokumelene ne-Echinacea, i-Stephanotis, i-Amaranthus aestivum, utshani obuncane, i-Crabgrass, i-Setaria, i-brangrass, i-Heart-leaf millet, i-Pennisetum, i-Zea mays, i-Goosegrass, njll.
Thatha ukusetshenziswa kwe-15% ye-cyhalofop-ethyl EC njengesibonelo. Esigabeni seqabunga esingu-1.5-2.5 se-barnyardgrass emasimini ezithombo zerayisi kanye nesigaba samaqabunga angu-2-3 se-stephanotis emasimini erayisi anembewu eqondile, iziqu namaqabunga afafazwa futhi afuthwe ngokulinganayo ngenkungu enhle. Khipha amanzi ngaphambi kokufaka isibulala-zinambuzane ukuze ngaphezu kwe-2/3 yeziqu zokhula namaqabunga avele emanzini. Nisela emahoreni angama-24 kuya kwangama-72 ngemuva kokufakwa kwesibulala-zinambuzane, futhi ugcine ungqimba lwamanzi oluyi-3-5 cm izinsuku ezingama-5-7. Ungasebenzisi isikhathi esingaphezu kwesisodwa ngenkathi yokutshala irayisi. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lesi sidakamizwa sinobuthi kakhulu kuma-arthropods asemanzini, ngakho-ke gwema ukugeleza ezindaweni ze-aquaculture. Uma ixubene neminye imithi yokubulala ukhula ebanzi, ingase ibonise imiphumela ephikisayo, okuholela ekwehleni kokusebenza kwe-cyhalofop.
Amafomu omthamo wawo ayinhloko yilawa: i-cyhalofop-methyl emulsifiable concentrate (10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 100g/L), cyhalofop-methyl wettable powder (20%), cyhalofop-methyl aqueous emulsion (10%, 15% , 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%), I-cyhalofop microemulsion (10%, 15%, 250g/L), ukumiswa kukawoyela we-cyhalofop (10%, 20%, 30% , 40%), ukumiswa kukawoyela we-cyhalofop-ethyl dispersible (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%), 30%, 40%); ama-compounding agents ahlanganisa i-oxafop-propyl ne-penoxsufen Compound ye-amine, i-pyrazosulfuron-methyl, i-bispyrfen, njll.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jan-24-2024