Uma sibheka u-2014 njengesibonelo, ukuthengiswa komhlaba wonke kwemithi yokubulala ukhula ye-aryloxyphenoxypropionate kwakuyi-US$1.217 billion, okubalwa u-4.6% wemakethe yokubulala ukhula yomhlaba wonke eyi-US$26.440 billion kanye no-1.9% wemakethe yokubulala ukhula yomhlaba wonke eyi-US$63.212 billion. Nakuba ingeyona enhle njengemithi yokubulala ukhula efana nama-amino acid kanye nama-sulfonylurea, inendawo futhi emakethe yokubulala ukhula (ibekwe endaweni yesithupha ekuthengisweni komhlaba wonke).
Ama-herbicides e-Aryloxy phenoxy propionate (APP) asetshenziswa kakhulu ukulawula ukhula lotshani. Atholakala ngawo-1960 lapho uHoechst (eJalimane) ethatha indawo yeqembu le-phenyl esakhiweni se-2,4-D nge-diphenyl ether futhi athuthukisa isizukulwane sokuqala sama-herbicides e-aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid. "Grass Ling". Ngo-1971, kwatholakala ukuthi isakhiwo sendandatho yomzali siqukethe u-A no-B. Ama-herbicides alandelayo alolu hlobo aguqulwa ngokusekelwe kuso, ashintsha indandatho ye-A benzene ohlangothini olulodwa ibe yindandatho ye-heterocyclic noma ehlanganisiwe, futhi angenisa amaqembu asebenzayo njenge-athomu ze-F endandatho, okwaholela ochungechungeni lwemikhiqizo enomsebenzi ophezulu. , ama-herbicides akhetheke kakhulu.
Isakhiwo se-APP sokubulala ukhula
Umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwemithi yokubulala ukhula ye-propionic acid
Indlela yokwenza
Ama-herbicides e-Aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid ayisivimbeli esisebenzayo se-acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACCase), ngaleyo ndlela avimbela ukwakheka kwama-fatty acid, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwe-oleic acid, i-linoleic acid, i-linolenic acid, kanye nezendlalelo ze-waxy kanye nezinqubo ze-cuticle ziyavinjelwa, okuholela ekubhujisweni okusheshayo kwesakhiwo se-membrane yesitshalo, ukwanda kokungena kwamanzi, futhi ekugcineni ukufa kwesitshalo.
Izici zayo zokusebenza kahle kakhulu, ubuthi obuphansi, ukukhetha okuphezulu, ukuphepha kwezitshalo kanye nokuwohloka kalula kuye kwakhuthaza kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwemithi yokubulala ukhula ekhethiwe.
Esinye isici semithi yokubulala ukhula ye-AAP ukuthi isebenza ngokubonakalayo, ebonakala ngama-isomers ahlukene ngaphansi kwesakhiwo samakhemikhali esifanayo, futhi ama-isomers ahlukene anemisebenzi ehlukene yokubulala ukhula. Phakathi kwawo, i-isomer ye-R(-) ingavimbela ngempumelelo umsebenzi we-enzyme eqondiwe, ivimbele ukwakheka kwe-auxin ne-gibberellin otshanini, futhi ibonise umsebenzi omuhle wokubulala ukhula, kuyilapho i-isomer ye-S(+) ngokuyisisekelo ingasebenzi kahle. Umehluko ekusebenzeni kahle phakathi kwalokhu okubili uphindwe izikhathi ezingu-8-12.
Ama-herbicides e-APP athengiswayo avame ukucutshungulwa abe ama-ester, okwenza ukuthi amuncwe kalula ukhula; noma kunjalo, ama-ester avame ukuba nokuncibilika okuncane kanye nokumuncwa okunamandla, ngakho-ke akulula ukuwakhipha futhi amuncwa kalula okhula.
I-Clodinafop-propargyl
I-Propargyl iyi-herbicide ye-phenoxypropionate eyasungulwa yi-ciba-Geigy ngo-1981. Igama layo lokuhweba yi-Topic kanti igama layo lamakhemikhali yi-(R)-2-[4-(5-chloro-3-fluoro). -2-Pyridyloxy)propargyl propionate.
I-Propargyl iyi-herbicide equkethe i-fluorine, esebenza ngokubonakalayo ye-aryloxyphenoxypropionate. Isetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwesiqu namaqabunga ngemva kokuhluma ukulawula ukhula oluyi-gramine kuma-gramineous kakolweni, i-rye, i-triticale nakwamanye amasimu okusanhlamvu, ikakhulukazi kotshani be-wheat kanye notshani be-wheat. Isebenza kahle ekulawuleni ukhula olunzima njenge-wild oats. Isetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwesiqu namaqabunga ngemva kokuhluma ukulawula ukhula lotshani lwaminyaka yonke, njenge-wild oats, utshani be-black oat, utshani be-foxtail, utshani bensimu, kanye notshani be-wheat. Umthamo ungama-30~60g/hm2. Indlela ethile yokusebenzisa yile: kusukela esigabeni sama-2 kakolweni kuya esigabeni sokuhlangana, faka umuthi wokubulala izinambuzane otshanini esigabeni sama-2-8 samaqabunga. Ebusika, sebenzisa amagremu angu-20-30 e-Maiji (15% clofenacetate wettable powder) ngehektare ngalinye. 30-40g we-extremely (15% clodinafop-propargyl wettable powder), engeza u-15-30kg wamanzi bese ufafaza ngokulinganayo.
Indlela yokusebenza kanye nezici ze-clodinafop-propargyl yizithibi ze-acetyl-CoA carboxylase kanye nemithi yokubulala ukhula eqhuba uhlelo lwe-systemic. Umuthi umuncwa ngamaqabunga kanye nezingxenyana zamaqabunga esitshalo, oqhutshwa yi-phloem, futhi uqongelelwe ku-meristem yesitshalo, uvimbela i-acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitor. I-Coenzyme A carboxylase iyeka ukwenziwa kwe-fatty acid, ivimbela ukukhula nokuhlukana kwamaseli okuvamile, futhi ibhubhisa izakhiwo eziqukethe amafutha njengezinhlelo ze-membrane, ekugcineni ziholele ekufeni kwesitshalo. Isikhathi kusukela ku-clodinafop-propargyl kuya ekufeni kokhula sihamba kancane, ngokuvamile sithatha isonto eli-1 kuya kwele-3.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-clodinafop-propargyl yi-8%, 15%, 20%, kanye ne-30% ye-emulsions yamanzi, i-15% kanye ne-24% ye-microemulsions, i-15% kanye ne-20% ye-powders emanzi, kanye ne-8% kanye ne-14% ye-dispersible oil suspensions. Ukhilimu ongu-24%.
Ukwenziwa
I-(R)-2-(p-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid ikhiqizwa okokuqala ngokuphendula kwe-α-chloropropionic acid kanye ne-hydroquinone, bese iqiniswa ngokungeza i-5-chloro-2,3-difluoropyridine ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, isabela ne-chloropropyne ukuze ithole i-clodinafop-propargyl. Ngemva kokwakheka kwekristalu, okuqukethwe komkhiqizo kufinyelela ku-97% kuya ku-98%, kanti isivuno esiphelele sifinyelela ku-85%.
Isimo sokuthumela ngaphandle
Idatha yentela ikhombisa ukuthi ngo-2019, izwe lami lithumele kwamanye amazwe inani lamaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-35.77 (izibalo ezingaphelele, okuhlanganisa amalungiselelo nemithi yobuchwepheshe). Phakathi kwazo, izwe lokuqala elithumela kwamanye amazwe yiKazakhstan, ethumela kwamanye amazwe ikakhulukazi amalungiselelo, ngenani lamaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-8.6515, kulandele iRussia, ngamalungiselelo Kukhona isidingo semithi nezinto zokusetshenziswa, ngenani lokungenisa elingamaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-3.6481. Indawo yesithathu yiNetherlands, ngenani lokungenisa elingamaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-3.582. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iCanada, iNdiya, i-Israel, iSudan namanye amazwe nawo ayizindawo eziyinhloko zokuthumela kwamanye amazwe i-clodinafop-propargyl.
I-Cyhalofop-butyl
I-Cyhalofop-ethyl iyi-herbicide ekhethekile yelayisi eyasungulwa futhi yakhiqizwa yi-Dow AgroSciences e-United States ngo-1987. Futhi iyona kuphela i-herbicide ye-aryloxyphenoxycarboxylic acid ephephile kakhulu elayisini. Ngo-1998, i-Dow AgroSciences yase-United States yaba ngeyokuqala ukubhalisa i-cyhalofop technical ezweni lakithi. Ilungelo lobunikazi laphelelwa yisikhathi ngo-2006, futhi ukubhaliswa kwasekhaya kwaqala ngokulandelana. Ngo-2007, ibhizinisi lasekhaya (i-Shanghai Shengnong Biochemical Products Co., Ltd.) labhalisa okokuqala.
Igama lokuhweba likaDow yiClincher, kanti igama lalo lamakhemikhali yi-(R)-2-[4-(4-cyano-2-fluorophenoxy)phenoxy]butylpropionate.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-Dow AgroSciences' Qianjin (isithako esisebenzayo: 10% cyhalomefen EC) kanye ne-Daoxi (60g/L cyhalofop + penoxsulam), esezidumile emakethe yaseShayina, zisebenza kahle kakhulu futhi ziphephile. Zithatha imakethe eyinhloko yemithi yokubulala ukhula yasensimini yelayisi ezweni lakithi.
I-Cyhalofop-ethyl, efana neminye imithi yokubulala ukhula ye-aryloxyphenoxycarboxylic acid, iyisithiyo sokwenziwa kwe-fatty acid futhi ivimbela i-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase). Imuncwa kakhulu ngamaqabunga futhi ayinawo umsebenzi wenhlabathi. I-Cyhalofop-ethyl iyasebenza emzimbeni futhi imuncwa ngokushesha ngezicubu zezitshalo. Ngemva kokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali, ukhula lotshani luyayeka ukukhula ngokushesha, kuvela ubuphuzi phakathi kwezinsuku ezimbili kuya kweziyi-7, futhi sonke isitshalo siyafa futhi sife phakathi kwamasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu.
I-Cyhalofop isetshenziswa ngemuva kokuhluma ukulawula ukhula oluyi-gramine emasimini elayisi. Umthamo welayisi elishisayo ungama-75-100g/hm2, kanti umthamo welayisi elifudumele ungama-180-310g/hm2. Isebenza kahle kakhulu ngokumelene ne-Echinacea, i-Stephanotis, i-Amaranthus aestivum, utshani obuncane, i-Crabgrass, i-Setaria, i-brangrass, i-Heart-leaf millet, i-Pennisetum, i-Zea mays, i-Goosegrass, njll.
Thatha ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyhalofop-ethyl EC engu-15% njengesibonelo. Esigabeni samaqabunga angu-1.5-2.5 se-barnyard grass emasimini ezithombo zerayisi kanye nesigaba samaqabunga angu-2-3 se-stephanotis emasimini erayisi ahlwanyelwe ngqo, iziqu namaqabunga kuyafuthwa futhi kufuthwe ngokulinganayo ngenkungu encane. Khipha amanzi ngaphambi kokufaka umuthi wokubulala izinambuzane ukuze iziqu namaqabunga okhula ezingaphezu kuka-2/3 zivezwe emanzini. Nisela zingakapheli amahora angu-24 kuya emahoreni angu-72 ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwesibulala-zinambuzane, bese ugcina ungqimba lwamanzi oluyi-3-5 cm izinsuku ezingu-5-7. Sebenzisa okungaphezu kwesisodwa ngesikhathi sokutshala irayisi. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lo muthi unobuthi kakhulu kuma-arthropod asemanzini, ngakho gwema ukugeleza ezindaweni zokufuya izinhlanzi. Uma uxutshwe neminye imithi yokubulala ukhula enamaqabunga abanzi, ingabonisa imiphumela ephikisayo, okuholela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kahle kwe-cyhalofop.
Izinhlobo zayo eziyinhloko zomthamo yilezi: i-cyhalofop-methyl emulsifiable concentrate (10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 100g/L), i-cyhalofop-methyl wettable powder (20%), i-cyhalofop-methyl aqueous emulsion (10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%), i-cyhalofop microemulsion (10%, 15%, 250g/L), i-cyhalofop oil suspension (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%), i-cyhalofop-ethyl dispersible oil suspension (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%); izinto ezihlanganisayo zifaka i-oxafop-propyl kanye ne-penoxsufen Compound of amine, pyrazosulfuron-methyl, bispyrfen, njll.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Jan-24-2024