Ukufutha okusele endlini (i-IRS) kuyisisekelo semizamo yokulawula i-visceral leishmaniasis (VL) vector eNdiya. Kuncane okwaziwayo ngomthelela wokulawulwa kwe-IRS ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zemindeni. Lapha sihlola ukuthi i-IRS esebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane inemiphumela efanayo yokusele kanye nokungenelela kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemindeni edolobhaneni. Siphinde sakha amamephu ahlanganisiwe engozi yendawo kanye namamodeli okuhlaziya ubuningi bomiyane ngokusekelwe ezicini zasekhaya, ukuzwela kwezibulala-zinambuzane, kanye nesimo se-IRS ukuhlola ukusatshalaliswa kwe-spatiotemporal kwama-vector ezingeni le-microscale.
Ucwaningo lwenziwe emadolobheni amabili aseMahnar block esifundeni saseVaishali eBihar. Ukulawulwa kwe-VL vectors (P. argentipes) yi-IRS isebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane ezimbili [i-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50%) kanye ne-synthetic pyrethroids (SP 5%)] kwahlolwa. Ukusebenza kahle kwesikhashana kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezindonga kwahlolwa kusetshenziswa indlela ye-cone bioassay njengoba kunconywe yi-World Health Organization. Ukuzwela kwe-silverfish yendawo ezibulala-zinambuzane kwahlolwa kusetshenziswa i-in vitro bioassay. Ubuningi bomiyane bangaphambi nangemva kwe-IRS ezindaweni zokuhlala nasezindaweni zokukhosela izilwane kwaqashwa kusetshenziswa izicupho zokukhanya ezifakwe yi-Centers for Disease Control kusukela ngo-6:00 ntambama kuya ku-6:00 ekuseni Imodeli efaneleka kakhulu yokuhlaziywa kobuningi bomiyane yathuthukiswa kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kokuhlehla kwe-logistic regression okuningi. Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlaziywa kwendawo obusekelwe ku-GIS busetshenziswe ukumaka ukusatshalaliswa kokuzwela kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-vector ngohlobo lwasekhaya, kanti isimo se-IRS sasekhaya sasetshenziswa ukuchaza ukusatshalaliswa kwe-spatiotemporal kwe-silver shrimp.
Omiyane besiliva bazwela kakhulu ku-SP (100%), kodwa babonisa ukumelana okuphezulu ne-DDT, ngesilinganiso sokufa esingu-49.1%. I-SP-IRS kubikwe ukuthi yamukelwa kangcono ngumphakathi kune-DDT-IRS phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zemindeni. Ukusebenza kahle kwensalela kwahlukahluka ezindaweni ezahlukene zodonga; awekho ama-insecticide ahlangabezana nesikhathi sokusebenza esinconywe yi-IRS ye-World Health Organization. Kuzo zonke izikhathi zangemva kwe-IRS, ukunciphisa ama-stink bug ngenxa ye-SP-IRS kwakukhulu phakathi kwamaqembu emindeni (okungukuthi, ama-sprayer nama-sentinels) kune-DDT-IRS. Imephu yengozi yendawo ehlanganisiwe ikhombisa ukuthi i-SP-IRS inomphumela wokulawula ongcono komiyane kune-DDT-IRS kuzo zonke izindawo zengozi zemindeni. Ukuhlaziywa kokuhlehla kwe-logistic kwe-Multilevel kuthole izici ezinhlanu zengozi ezihlotshaniswa kakhulu nobuningi be-silver shrimp.
Imiphumela izohlinzeka ngokuqonda okungcono kwemikhuba ye-IRS ekulawuleni i-visceral leishmaniasis eBihar, okungasiza ekuqondiseni imizamo yesikhathi esizayo yokuthuthukisa isimo.
I-Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-kala-azar, yisifo esithwalwa yizilwane ezishisayo esinganakwa esibangelwa yizilokazane ze-protozoan zohlobo lwe-Leishmania. E-Indian subcontinent (IS), lapho abantu beyibo kuphela abaphethe khona amanzi, i-parasite (okungukuthi i-Leishmania donovani) idluliselwa kubantu ngokulunywa omiyane besifazane abathelelekile (i-Phlebotomus argentipes) [1, 2]. E-India, i-VL itholakala kakhulu ezifundazweni ezine eziphakathi nezisempumalanga: i-Bihar, i-Jharkhand, i-West Bengal kanye ne-Uttar Pradesh. Okunye ukuqubuka kwalesi sifo kubikwe naseMadhya Pradesh (Central India), eGujarat (Western India), eTamil Nadu naseKerala (South India), kanye nasezindaweni ezingaphansi kwe-Himalayan enyakatho ye-India, okuhlanganisa i-Himachal Pradesh kanye ne-Jammu ne-Kashmir. 3]. Phakathi kwezifundazwe ezivame ukuba khona, i-Bihar ivame ukuba khona kakhulu, kanti izifunda ezingu-33 ezithintwe yi-VL zingaphezu kuka-70% wamacala aphelele e-India minyaka yonke [4]. Abantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezingu-99 kulesi sifunda basengozini, kanti isilinganiso samacala anjalo ngonyaka singu-6,752 (2013-2017).
E-Bihar nakwezinye izingxenye zaseNdiya, imizamo yokulawula i-VL incike emasu amathathu ayinhloko: ukutholwa kwamacala kusenesikhathi, ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo, kanye nokulawulwa kwe-vector kusetshenziswa ukufutha izinambuzane zasendlini (i-IRS) emakhaya nasezindaweni zokukhosela izilwane [4, 5]. Njengomphumela omubi wemikhankaso yokulwa nomalaleveva, i-IRS yalawula ngempumelelo i-VL ngawo-1960 isebenzisa i-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai/m2), kanye nokulawulwa kohlelo kwalawula ngempumelelo i-VL ngo-1977 nango-1992 [5, 6]. Kodwa-ke, izifundo zamuva ziqinisekisile ukuthi i-silverbellied shrimp ithuthukise ukumelana okubanzi ne-DDT [4,7,8]. Ngo-2015, i-National Vector Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP, New Delhi) yashintsha i-IRS kusuka ku-DDT yaya kuma-synthetic pyrethroids (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% WP, 25 mg ai/m2) [7, 9]. I-World Health Organization (WHO) ibeke umgomo wokuqeda i-VL ngo-2020 (okungukuthi <1 icala kubantu abayi-10,000 ngonyaka ezingeni lomgwaqo/ibhulokhi) [10]. Izifundo eziningana zikhombisile ukuthi i-IRS isebenza kangcono kunezinye izindlela zokulawula ama-vector ekunciphiseni ubuningi bezimpukane zesihlabathi [11,12,13]. Imodeli yakamuva ibikezela nokuthi ezindaweni eziphezulu zobhubhane (okungukuthi, izinga lobhubhane langaphambi kokulawula elingu-5/10,000), i-IRS esebenzayo ehlanganisa ama-80% emindeni ingafinyelela imigomo yokuqeda ngonyaka owodwa kuya kwemithathu ngaphambili [14]. I-VL ithinta imiphakathi yasemakhaya empofu kakhulu ezindaweni ezivame kakhulu futhi ukulawulwa kwayo ama-vector kuncike kuphela ku-IRS, kodwa umthelela osele walesi silinganiso sokulawula ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zemindeni awukaze ufundwe ensimini ezindaweni zokungenelela [15, 16]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemuva komsebenzi onzima wokulwa ne-VL, ubhubhane kwezinye izindawo luhlale iminyaka eminingana futhi lwaphenduka izindawo ezishisayo [17]. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuhlola umthelela osele we-IRS ekuqapheni ubuningi bomiyane ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zemindeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumepha ingozi ye-geospatial nge-microscale kuzosiza ukuqonda kangcono nokulawula inani lomiyane ngisho nangemva kokungenelela. Izinhlelo zolwazi lwe-geographic (GIS) ziyinhlanganisela yobuchwepheshe be-digital mapping obuvumela ukugcinwa, ukumbozwa, ukuphathwa, ukuhlaziywa, ukutholwa kanye nokubonwa kwamasethi ahlukene edatha yezemvelo neyezenhlalo ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene [18, 19, 20]. . Uhlelo lokubeka umhlaba wonke (i-GPS) lusetshenziselwa ukutadisha indawo yezingxenye zomhlaba [21, 22]. Amathuluzi namasu okulingisa indawo asekelwe ku-GIS kanye ne-GPS asetshenziswe ezicini eziningana ze-epidemiological, njengokuhlolwa kwezifo zendawo nezesikhathi kanye nokubikezela ukuqubuka, ukusetshenziswa kanye nokuhlolwa kwamasu okulawula, ukusebenzisana kwamagciwane nezici zemvelo, kanye nokumepha ingozi yendawo. [20,23,24,25,26]. Ulwazi oluqoqwe futhi olutholakala kumamephu engozi ye-geospatial lungasiza ngezinyathelo zokulawula ezifika ngesikhathi nezisebenzayo.
Lolu cwaningo luhlole ukusebenza kahle kanye nomphumela wokungenelela kwe-DDT kanye ne-SP-IRS ezingeni lomndeni ngaphansi koHlelo Lukazwelonke Lokulawula Ama-Vector e-Bihar, eNdiya. Izinhloso ezengeziwe kwakuwukuthuthukisa imephu ehlanganisiwe yengozi yendawo kanye nemodeli yokuhlaziywa kobuningi bomiyane ngokusekelwe ezicini zokuhlala, ukuthambekela kwe-vector yezinambuzane, kanye nesimo se-IRS sasekhaya ukuhlola uhla lokusatshalaliswa kwe-spatiotemporal komiyane abancane.
Ucwaningo lwenziwe ebhulokhi laseMahnar esifundeni saseVaishali ogwini olusenyakatho yeGanga (Isithombe 1). IMakhnar iyindawo evame kakhulu ukusabalala kwalesi sifo, enesilinganiso samacala angu-56.7 e-VL ngonyaka (amacala angu-170 ngo-2012-2014), izinga lokwenzeka kwalesi sifo minyaka yonke liyimacala angu-2.5–3.7 kubantu abayi-10,000; Kwakhethwa amadolobhana amabili: iChakeso njengendawo yokulawula (Isithombe 1d1; akukho macala e-VL eminyakeni emihlanu edlule) kanye neLavapur Mahanar njengendawo evame ukusabalala kwalesi sifo (Isithombe 1d2; evame ukusabalala kwalesi sifo, enamacala angu-5 noma ngaphezulu kubantu abayi-1000 ngonyaka). eminyakeni emi-5 edlule). Amadolobhana akhethwe ngokusekelwe ezicini ezintathu eziyinhloko: indawo kanye nokufinyeleleka (okungukuthi, atholakala emfuleni okulula ukuwufinyelela unyaka wonke), izici zabantu kanye nenani lemindeni (okungukuthi okungenani imindeni engu-200; iChaqueso inemindeni engu-202 kanye nengu-204 enobukhulu bemindeni obujwayelekile). Abantu abangu-4.9 kanye no-5.1) kanye neLavapur Mahanar ngokulandelana) kanye nohlobo lwasekhaya (HT) kanye nohlobo lokusabalala kwazo (okungukuthi i-HT exubile esakazwa ngokungahleliwe). Zombili izindawo zokutadisha zitholakala ngaphakathi kwamamitha angu-500 ukusuka edolobheni laseMakhnar kanye nesibhedlela sesifunda. Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi izakhamuzi zasezindaweni zokutadisha zazihileleke kakhulu emisebenzini yocwaningo. Izindlu ezisezindaweni zokuqeqesha [eziqukethe amakamelo okulala angu-1-2 anebhalkhoni elilodwa elinamathiselwe, ikhishi elilodwa, indlu yokugezela eyodwa kanye nendlu eyodwa yokugcina impahla (enamathiselwe noma ehlukanisiwe)] zakhiwe izindonga zezitini/zodaka kanye nezitezi zodaka, izindonga zezitini ezine-plaster yesamente yelime. kanye nezitezi zesimende, izindonga zezitini ezingaplasthiwe nezingapendwanga, izitezi zobumba kanye nophahla olufulelwe ngotshani. Isifunda sonke saseVaishali sinesimo sezulu esinomswakama esishisayo esinesizini yemvula (Julayi kuya ku-Agasti) kanye nesizini eyomile (Novemba kuya kuDisemba). Imvula ejwayelekile yonyaka ingu-720.4 mm (ububanzi obungu-736.5-1076.7 mm), umswakama ohlobene ongu-65±5% (ububanzi obungu-16-79%), izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nenyanga lingu-17.2-32.4°C. UMeyi noJuni yizinyanga ezifudumele kakhulu (izinga lokushisa elingu-39–44°C), kanti uJanuwari ubanda kakhulu (7–22°C).
Imephu yendawo yocwaningo ikhombisa indawo yeBihar ebalazweni laseNdiya (a) kanye nendawo yesifunda saseVaishali ebalazweni laseBihar (b). Ibhulokhi laseMakhnar (c) Kwakhethwa amadolobhana amabili ocwaningo: iChakeso njengendawo yokulawula kanye neLavapur Makhnar njengendawo yokungenelela.
Njengengxenye yoHlelo Lukazwelonke Lokulawula I-Kalaazar, i-Bihar Society Health Board (SHSB) yenze imijikelezo emibili ye-IRS yonyaka phakathi kuka-2015 no-2016 (umzuliswano wokuqala, uFebhuwari-Mashi; umzuliswano wesibili, uJuni-Julayi)[4]. Ukuqinisekisa ukuqaliswa okuphumelelayo kwayo yonke imisebenzi ye-IRS, kulungiselelwe uhlelo lwesenzo esincane yi-Rajendra Memorial Medical Institute (RMRIMS; Bihar), i-Patna, inkampani engaphansi kwe-Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR; New Delhi). Imizi ye-IRS yakhethwa ngokusekelwe ezicini ezimbili eziyinhloko: umlando wamacala e-VL kanye ne-retrodermal kala-azar (RPKDL) edolobhaneni (okungukuthi, imizi enamacala angu-1 noma ngaphezulu phakathi nanoma yisiphi isikhathi eminyakeni emi-3 edlule, kufaka phakathi nonyaka wokuqaliswa). , imizi engeyona evame ukusabalala eduze "kwezindawo ezishisayo" (okungukuthi imizi ebilokhu ibika amacala iminyaka engu-≥ 2 noma amacala angu-≥ 2 kubantu abayi-1000) kanye nemizana emisha evame ukusabalala (akukho macala eminyakeni emi-3 edlule) imizana ngonyaka wokugcina wonyaka wokuqaliswa okubikwe ku-[17]. Emadolobhaneni angomakhelwane asebenzisa umzuliswano wokuqala wentela kazwelonke, amadolobhana amasha nawo afakiwe emzuliswaneni wesibili wohlelo lwesenzo sentela kazwelonke. Ngo-2015, imizuliswano emibili ye-IRS esebenzisa i-DDT (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai/m2) yenziwa emadolobhaneni okufunda ngokungenelela. Kusukela ngo-2016, i-IRS ibilokhu yenziwa kusetshenziswa ama-pyrethroids okwenziwa (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% VP, 25 mg ai/m2). Ukufutha kwenziwa kusetshenziswa ipompo ye-Hudson Xpert (13.4 L) enesikrini sokucindezela, i-valve yokugeleza eguquguqukayo (ibha eli-1.5) kanye nozzle we-jet flat 8002 wezindawo ezinezimbobo [27]. I-ICMR-RMRIMS, i-Patna (Bihar) iqaphe i-IRS ezingeni lasekhaya nelasemadolobheni futhi yanikeza ulwazi lokuqala mayelana ne-IRS kubantu basemakhaya ngamamakrofoni zingakapheli izinsuku ezingu-1-2 zokuqala. Ithimba ngalinye le-IRS lihlonyiswe nge-monitor (ehlinzekwe yi-RMRIMS) ukuqapha ukusebenza kwethimba le-IRS. Abameli be-Ombuds, kanye namaqembu e-IRS, bathunyelwa kuyo yonke imindeni ukwazisa nokuqinisekisa izinhloko zemindeni ngemiphumela emihle ye-IRS. Phakathi nezikhathi ezimbili zokuhlola ze-IRS, ukumbozwa kwemindeni iyonke ezindaweni zokucwaninga kufinyelele okungenani ku-80% [4]. Isimo sokufafaza (okungukuthi, akukho ukufafaza, ukufafaza okuyingxenye, kanye nokufafaza okugcwele; kuchazwe kufayela elingeziwe 1: Ithebula S1) saqoshwa kuyo yonke imindeni endaweni yokungenelela phakathi nezikhathi zombili ze-IRS.
Ucwaningo lwenziwe kusukela ngoJuni 2015 kuya kuJulayi 2016. I-IRS isebenzise izikhungo zezifo ngaphambi kokungenelela (okungukuthi, amasonto ama-2 ngaphambi kokungenelela; ucwaningo oluyisisekelo) kanye nokungenelela ngemva kokungenelela (okungukuthi, amasonto ama-2, ama-4, kanye nama-12 ngemuva kokungenelela; ucwaningo lokulandelela) ukuqapha, ukulawula ubuningi, kanye nokuvimbela izimpukane zesihlabathi emzuliswaneni ngamunye we-IRS. emndenini ngamunye Ubusuku obubodwa (okungukuthi kusukela ngo-18:00 kuya ku-6:00) isicupho sokukhanya [28]. Izicupho zokukhanya zifakiwe emakamelweni okulala nasezindaweni zokukhosela izilwane. Edolobhaneni lapho kwenziwa khona ucwaningo lokungenelela, imindeni engama-48 yahlolwa ubuningi bezimpukane zesihlabathi ngaphambi kwe-IRS (imindeni eyi-12 ngosuku izinsuku ezi-4 zilandelana kuze kube usuku olungaphambi kosuku lwe-IRS). Eziyi-12 zakhethwa eqenjini ngalinye lamaqembu amane amakhulu emindeni (okungukuthi, iplasta yobumba engenalutho (PMP), iplasta yesimende kanye ne-lime cladding (CPLC), imindeni engaplasta futhi engapendiwe (BUU) kanye nemindeni efulelwe ngotshani (TH). Ngemva kwalokho, imindeni eyi-12 kuphela (emindenini engama-48 yangaphambi kwe-IRS) yakhethwa ukuqhubeka nokuqoqa idatha yobuningi bomiyane ngemva komhlangano we-IRS. Ngokwezincomo ze-WHO, imindeni eyi-6 yakhethwa eqenjini lokungenelela (imindeni ethola ukwelashwa kwe-IRS) kanye neqembu labagcini (imindeni emizini yokungenelela, labo abanikazi abenqaba imvume ye-IRS) [28]. Phakathi kweqembu lokulawula (imindeni emizini eseduze engazange idlule kwi-IRS ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-VL), imindeni eyi-6 kuphela yakhethwa ukuqapha ubuningi bomiyane ngaphambi nangemva kwezikhathi ezimbili ze-IRS. Kuwo wonke amaqembu amathathu okuqapha ubuningi bomiyane (okungukuthi ukungenelela, abagcini kanye nokulawula), imindeni yakhethwa emaqenjini amathathu asezingeni lobungozi (okungukuthi aphansi, aphakathi kanye naphezulu; imindeni emibili kusuka ezingeni ngalinye lobungozi) kanye nezici zobungozi be-HT zahlukaniswa (amamojula nezakhiwo ziboniswe kuThebula 1 kanye neThebula 2, ngokulandelana) [29, 30]. Imindeni emibili ngezinga ngalinye lobungozi yakhethwa ukuze kugwenywe ukulinganisa ubuningi bomiyane obubandlululayo kanye nokuqhathaniswa phakathi kwamaqembu. Eqenjini lokungenelela, ubuningi bomiyane ngemva kwe-IRS baqashwe ezinhlotsheni ezimbili zemindeni ye-IRS: ukwelashwa okuphelele (n = 3; umndeni owodwa ngezinga ngalinye leqembu elisengozini) kanye nokwelashwa kancane (n = 3; umndeni owodwa ngezinga ngalinye leqembu elisengozini). ). iqembu elisengozini).
Bonke omiyane ababanjwe ensimini abaqoqwe kumashubhu okuhlola badluliselwa elabhorethri, kanti amashubhu okuhlola abulawa kusetshenziswa uboya bekotini obucwiliswe ku-chloroform. Izimpukane zesiliva zahlukaniswa ngokobulili nezinye izinambuzane kanye nomiyane ngokusekelwe ezicini zesimo kusetshenziswa amakhodi okuhlonza ajwayelekile [31]. Zonke izimfanzi zesiliva zesilisa nezesifazane zabe sezifakwa emathinini ngokwehlukana ku-80% utshwala. Ubuningi bomiyane ngomgibe/ngobusuku babalwe kusetshenziswa ifomula elandelayo: inani eliphelele lomiyane abaqoqiwe/inani lezicupho zokukhanya ezibekwe ngobusuku. Ushintsho lwamaphesenti ebuningini bomiyane (SFC) ngenxa ye-IRS esebenzisa i-DDT kanye ne-SP lulinganiswe kusetshenziswa ifomula elandelayo [32]:
lapho u-A eyi-baseline mean SFC yemindeni yokungenelela, u-B uyi-IRS mean SFC yemindeni yokungenelela, u-C uyi-baseline mean SFC yemindeni yokulawula/ye-sentinel, kanye no-D iyi-SFC eyi-baseline yemindeni yokulawula/ye-sentinel.
Imiphumela yomphumela wokungenelela, eqoshwe njengenani elibi nelihle, ikhombisa ukwehla nokwenyuka kwe-SFC ngemuva kwe-IRS, ngokulandelana. Uma i-SFC ngemuva kwe-IRS ihlala ifana ne-SFC eyisisekelo, umphumela wokungenelela ubalwe njengo-zero.
Ngokusho kwe-World Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES), ukuzwela kwe-silverleg shrimp yemvelo ku-pesticides DDT kanye ne-SP kuhlolwe kusetshenziswa i-bioassays ejwayelekile ye-in vitro [33]. I-silver shrimp yesifazane enempilo nengaphakelwanga (18-25 SF ngeqembu) ivezwe ezibulala-zinambuzane ezitholwe e-Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM, Malaysia; ehlanganiswe yi-World Health Organization) kusetshenziswa i-World Health Organization Pesticide Sensitivity Test Kit [4,9, 33,34]. Isethi ngayinye ye-bioassays ye-pesticide yahlolwa izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili (izivivinyo ezine eziphindaphindwayo, ngasinye siqhutshwa ngesikhathi esisodwa nokulawula). Ukuhlolwa kokulawula kwenziwe kusetshenziswa iphepha elifakwe i-risella (ye-DDT) kanye namafutha e-silicone (ye-SP) anikezwe yi-USM. Ngemva kwemizuzu engama-60 yokuchayeka, omiyane bafakwa emapayipini e-WHO futhi banikezwa uboya bekotini obumuncayo obucwiliswe esixazululweni sikashukela esingu-10%. Inani lomiyane ababulewe ngemuva kwehora eli-1 kanye nokufa kokugcina ngemva kwamahora angama-24 kwabonwa. Isimo sokumelana sichazwa ngokweziqondiso ze-World Health Organisation: ukufa okungu-98–100% kubonisa ukuzwela, okungu-90–98% kubonisa ukumelana okungenzeka okudinga ukuqinisekiswa, kanti okungaphansi kuka-90% kubonisa ukumelana [33, 34]. Ngenxa yokuthi ukufa eqenjini lokulawula kwakusukela ku-0 kuya ku-5%, akukho ukulungiswa kokufa okwenziwe.
Ukusebenza kahle kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nemiphumela eseleyo yemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ezintuthwaneni zendabuko ngaphansi kwezimo zasensimini kwahlolwa. Emizini emithathu yokungenelela (eyodwa ngayinye ine-plaster yobumba noma i-PMP, i-plaster yesamente kanye ne-lime coating noma i-CPLC, izitini ezingaplastwanga futhi ezingapendwanga noma i-BUU) emavikini angu-2, 4 kanye ne-12 ngemva kokufutha. Ukuhlolwa kwe-bioassay ejwayelekile ye-WHO kwenziwa kuma-cones aqukethe izithiyo zokukhanya. Kwasungulwa [27, 32]. Ukushisa kwasekhaya kwakhishwa ngenxa yodonga olungalingani. Ekuhlaziyweni ngakunye, kwasetshenziswa ama-cones angu-12 kuzo zonke izindlu zokuhlola (ama-cones amane ngekhaya ngalinye, elilodwa lohlobo ngalunye lobuso bodonga). Namathisela ama-cones odongeni ngalunye lwegumbi ngokuphakama okuhlukile: elilodwa ezingeni lekhanda (kusukela ku-1.7 kuya ku-1.8 m), amabili ezingeni lesinqe (kusukela ku-0.9 kuya ku-1 m) kanye nelinye ngaphansi kwedolo (kusukela ku-0.3 kuya ku-0.5 m). Omiyane besifazane abayishumi abangadliwe (abayi-10 nge-cone; abaqoqwe endaweni yokulawula kusetshenziswa i-aspirator) bafakwa ekamelweni ngalinye le-cone yepulasitiki ye-WHO (i-cone eyodwa ngohlobo lomndeni) njengezilawuli. Ngemva kwemizuzu engama-30 yokuchayeka, susa ngokucophelela omiyane kuwo; faka igumbi eliyindilinga usebenzisa i-elbow aspirator bese ubadlulisela emashubhu e-WHO aqukethe isisombululo sikashukela esingu-10% sokuphakela. Ukufa kokugcina ngemva kwamahora angama-24 kwaqoshwa ku-27 ± 2°C kanye nomswakama ohlobene ongu-80 ± 10%. Amazinga okufa anamaphuzu aphakathi kuka-5% no-20% alungiswa kusetshenziswa ifomula ye-Abbott [27] kanje:
lapho i-P iyinani lokufa elilungisiwe, i-P1 iyinani lokufa elibonwe, kanti i-C iyinani lokufa elilawulwayo. Izivivinyo ezinenani lokufa elilawulwayo >20% zalahlwa futhi zaphinde zenziwa [27, 33].
Ucwaningo oluphelele lwemindeni lwenziwe edolobhaneni elingenelelayo. Indawo ye-GPS yomndeni ngamunye yaqoshwa kanye nomklamo wayo kanye nohlobo lwezinto, indawo yokuhlala, kanye nesimo sokungenelela. Ipulatifomu ye-GIS isungule i-geodatabase yedijithali ehlanganisa izendlalelo zemingcele emazingeni edolobha, esifundeni, esifundeni kanye nasesifundazweni. Zonke izindawo zomndeni zifakwe amathegi kusetshenziswa izendlalelo zamaphuzu e-GIS ezingeni lomuzi, futhi ulwazi lwazo lwezimfanelo luxhunyiwe futhi lubuyekeziwe. Endaweni ngayinye yomuzi, ingozi yahlolwa ngokusekelwe ku-HT, ukuzwela kwe-insecticide vector, kanye nesimo se-IRS (Ithebula 1) [11, 26, 29, 30]. Wonke amaphuzu endawo yomuzi abe eseguqulwa abe amamephu anezihloko kusetshenziswa isisindo sebanga eliphambene (IDW; isinqumo ngokusekelwe endaweni evamile yomuzi engu-6 m2, amandla 2, inombolo eqondile yamaphuzu azungezile = 10, kusetshenziswa i-variable search radius, isihlungi se-low pass). kanye ne-cubic convolution mapping) spatial interpolation technology [35]. Kwadalwa izinhlobo ezimbili zamamephu anezihloko anezihloko: amamephu anezihloko asekelwe ku-HT kanye nokuzwela kwe-pesticide vector kanye namamephu anezihloko zesimo se-IRS (ISV kanye ne-IRSS). Amamephu amabili engozi anesihloko ahlanganiswa kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kwe-overlay enesisindo [36]. Phakathi nale nqubo, izendlalelo ze-raster zahlelwa kabusha zaba yizigaba ezivamile zokukhetha amazinga ahlukene engozi (okungukuthi, ingozi ephezulu, ephakathi, kanye nephansi/engenalo). Isendlalelo ngasinye se-raster esihlelwe kabusha sabe sesiphindaphindwa ngesisindo esinikezwe sona ngokusekelwe ekubalulekeni okuhlobene kwemingcele esekela ukugcwala komiyane (ngokusekelwe ekusabalaleni ezindaweni zokutadisha, izindawo zokuzalela omiyane, kanye nokuziphatha kokuphumula nokondla) [26, 29]. , 30, 37]. Womabili amamephu engozi anesihloko alinganiswe ngo-50:50 njengoba enegalelo ngokulinganayo ebuningini bomiyane (Ifayela elengeziwe 1: Ithebula S2). Ngokufingqa amamephu e-overlay anesisindo anesihloko, kudalwa imephu yokugcina yengozi ehlanganisiwe futhi iboniswe epulatifomu ye-GIS. Imephu yokugcina yengozi ivezwa futhi ichazwe ngokwezindinganiso ze-Sand Fly Risk Index (SFRI) ezibalwe kusetshenziswa ifomula elandelayo:
Kule fomula, u-P uyinani lenkomba yengozi, u-L uyinani lengozi iyonke yendawo yomndeni ngamunye, kanti u-H uyinani lengozi ephezulu kakhulu yomndeni endaweni yocwaningo. Silungiselele futhi senza izendlalelo ze-GIS kanye nokuhlaziya sisebenzisa i-ESRI ArcGIS v.9.3 (Redlands, CA, USA) ukudala amamephu engozi.
Senze ukuhlaziya okuningi kokubuyela emuva ukuhlola imiphumela ehlanganisiwe ye-HT, i-ISV, ne-IRSS (njengoba kuchaziwe kuThebula 1) ekuminyaneni komiyane endlini (n = 24). Izici zezindlu kanye nezici zengozi ezisekelwe ekungeneleleni kwe-IRS okulotshwe ocwaningweni kwaphathwa njengezinguquko ezichazayo, kanti ubuningi bomiyane basetshenziswa njengenguquko yempendulo. Ukuhlaziywa kokubuyela emuva kwe-Univariate Poisson kwenziwa kunguquko ngayinye echazayo ehlotshaniswa nobuningi be-sandfly. Ngesikhathi sokuhlaziywa kwe-univariate, izinguquko ezazingabalulekile futhi ezinenani le-P elingaphezu kuka-15% zasuswa ekuhlaziyeni kokubuyela emuva okuningi. Ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenzisana, amagama okuxhumana azo zonke izinhlanganisela ezingenzeka zezinguquko ezibalulekile (ezitholakala ekuhlaziyeni kwe-univariate) afakwe ngasikhathi sinye ekuhlaziyeni kokubuyela emuva okuningi, kanti amagama angabalulekile asuswa kumodeli ngendlela elandelanayo ukuze kudalwe imodeli yokugcina.
Ukuhlolwa kwengozi yezinga lomndeni kwenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili: ukuhlolwa kwengozi yezinga lomndeni kanye nokuhlolwa kwendawo okuhlanganisiwe kwezindawo eziyingozi kumephu. Izilinganiso zengozi yezinga lomndeni zalinganiswa kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kokuhlobana phakathi kwezilinganiso zengozi yomndeni kanye nobuningi bezinambuzane zesihlabathi (eziqoqwe emindenini engu-6 yama-sentinel kanye nemindeni engu-6 yokungenelela; amasonto ngaphambi nangemva kokuqaliswa kwe-IRS). Izindawo zengozi yesikhala zalinganiswa kusetshenziswa inani elimaphakathi lomiyane abaqoqwe emindenini ehlukene futhi zaqhathaniswa phakathi kwamaqembu engozi (okungukuthi izindawo eziphansi, eziphakathi nendawo kanye neziphezulu). Kumjikelezo ngamunye we-IRS, imindeni engu-12 (imindeni engu-4 kulelo nalelo zinga lezindawo ezintathu zengozi; ukuqoqwa kobusuku kwenziwa njalo emavikini angu-2, 4, kanye nangu-12 ngemuva kwe-IRS) yakhethwa ngokungahleliwe ukuqoqa omiyane ukuze kuhlolwe imephu yengozi ephelele. Idatha efanayo yomndeni (okungukuthi i-HT, i-VSI, i-IRSS kanye nobuningi bomiyane obumaphakathi) yasetshenziswa ukuhlola imodeli yokugcina yokubuyela emuva. Ukuhlaziywa okulula kokuhlobana kwenziwa phakathi kokuqashelwa kwensimu kanye nobuningi bomiyane basekhaya obubikezelwe ngemodeli.
Izibalo ezichazayo ezifana nesilinganiso, ubuncane, ubukhulu, izikhawu zokuzethemba ezingama-95% (CI) kanye namaphesenti zibalwe ukuze kufinyezwe idatha ehlobene nezinambuzane kanye ne-IRS. Inani/ubuningi obumaphakathi kanye nokufa kwezimbungulu zesiliva (izinsalela ze-insecticide agent residues) kusetshenziswa izivivinyo ze-parametric [amasampula abhangqiwe i-t-test (yedatha evame ukusatshalaliswa)] kanye nezivivinyo ezingezona eze-parametric (izinga elisayinwe yi-Wilcoxon) ukuze kuqhathaniswe ukusebenza kahle phakathi kwezinhlobo zobuso emakhaya (isib., isivivinyo se-BUU vs. CPLC, i-BUU vs. PMP, kanye ne-CPLC vs. PMP) sedatha engavamile ukusatshalaliswa). Konke ukuhlaziya kwenziwe kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-SPSS v.20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Ukumbozwa kwemindeni ezindaweni zokungenelela ngesikhathi semijikelezo ye-IRS DDT kanye ne-SP kubalwe. Imindeni engu-205 ithole i-IRS emjikelezweni ngamunye, okuhlanganisa imindeni engu-179 (87.3%) emjikelezweni we-DDT kanye nemindeni engu-194 (94.6%) emjikelezweni we-SP wokulawula i-VL vector. Ingxenye yemindeni elashwe ngokugcwele ngezibulala-zinambuzane yayiphezulu ngesikhathi se-SP-IRS (86.3%) kunangesikhathi se-DDT-IRS (52.7%). Inani lemindeni ekhethe ukuphuma kwi-IRS ngesikhathi se-DDT lalingu-26 (12.7%) kanti inani lemindeni ekhethe ukuphuma kwi-IRS ngesikhathi se-SP lalingu-11 (5.4%). Ngesikhathi semijikelezo ye-DDT kanye ne-SP, inani lemindeni elashwe kancane ebhalisiwe lalingu-71 (34.6% wemindeni elashwe iyonke) kanye nemindeni engu-17 (8.3% wemindeni elashwe iyonke), ngokulandelana.
Ngokusho kweziqondiso ze-WHO zokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane, inani lama-silver shrimp endaweni yokungenelela lalisengozini enkulu ye-alpha-cypermethrin (0.05%) njengoba isilinganiso sokufa okubikwe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa (amahora angu-24) sasingu-100%. Izinga lokugoba elibonwe lalingu-85.9% (95% CI: 81.1–90.6%). Ku-DDT, izinga lokugoba emahoreni angu-24 lalingu-22.8% (95% CI: 11.5–34.1%), kanti isilinganiso sokufa kokuhlolwa kwe-elekthronikhi sasingu-49.1% (95% CI: 41.9–56.3%). Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi ama-silverfoot amelana ngokuphelele ne-DDT endaweni yokungenelela.
Kuthebula Ithebula 3 lifingqa imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwe-bio kwama-cone ezinhlobo ezahlukene zezindawo (izikhawu zesikhathi ezahlukene ngemva kwe-IRS) eziphathwe nge-DDT kanye ne-SP. Idatha yethu ikhombisile ukuthi ngemva kwamahora angama-24, zombili izibulala-zinambuzane (BUU vs. CPLC: t(2)= – 6.42, P = 0.02; BUU vs. PMP: t(2) = 0.25, P = 0.83; CPLC vs. PMP: t(2)= 1.03, P = 0.41 (ye-DDT-IRS kanye ne-BUU) CPLC: t(2)= − 5.86, P = 0.03 kanye ne-PMP: t(2) = 1.42, P = 0.29; IRS, CPLC kanye ne-PMP: t(2) = 3.01, P = 0.10 kanye ne-SP: t(2) = 9.70, P = 0.01; amazinga okufa ehla kancane kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ku-SP-IRS: amasonto ama-2 ngemuva kokufuthwa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zodonga (okungukuthi ama-95.6% iyonke) kanye namasonto ama-4 ngemuva kokufutha kwezindonga ze-CPLC kuphela (okungukuthi 82.5). Eqenjini le-DDT, ukufa kwakungaphansi kuka-70% kuzo zonke izinhlobo zodonga kuzo zonke izikhathi ngemuva kokuhlolwa kwe-bioassay ye-IRS. Amazinga okufa ajwayelekile okuhlola i-DDT kanye ne-SP ngemuva kwamasonto ayi-12 okufutha ayengu-25.1% kanye no-63.2%, ngokulandelana. Izinhlobo ezintathu zobuso, amazinga okufa aphakathi aphezulu kakhulu nge-DDT ayengu-61.1% (kwe-PMP amasonto ama-2 ngemuva kwe-IRS), 36.9% (kwe-CPLC amasonto ama-4 ngemuva kwe-IRS), kanye no-28.9% (kwe-CPLC amasonto ama-4 ngemuva kwe-IRS). Amanani amancane angama-55% (kwe-BUU, amasonto ama-2 ngemuva kwe-IRS), 32.5% (kwe-PMP, amasonto ama-4 ngemuva kwe-IRS) kanye no-20% (kwe-PMP, amasonto ama-4 ngemuva kwe-IRS); i-US IRS). Ku-SP, amazinga aphezulu okufa aphakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zobuso ayengu-97.2% (ku-CPLC, amasonto ama-2 ngemva kwe-IRS), 82.5% (ku-CPLC, amasonto ama-4 ngemva kwe-IRS), kanye no-67.5% (ku-CPLC, amasonto ama-4 ngemva kwe-IRS). Amasonto ayi-12 ngemva kwe-IRS). I-US IRS). amasonto ngemuva kwe-IRS); amazinga aphansi kakhulu ayengu-94.4% (ku-BUU, amasonto ama-2 ngemva kwe-IRS), 75% (ku-PMP, amasonto ama-4 ngemva kwe-IRS), kanye no-58.3% (ku-PMP, amasonto ayi-12 ngemva kwe-IRS). Kuzo zombili izibulala-zinambuzane, ukufa ezindaweni eziphathwe nge-PMP kwahlukahluka ngokushesha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kunasezindaweni eziphathwe nge-CPLC kanye ne-BUU.
Ithebula 4 lifingqa imiphumela yokungenelela (okungukuthi, izinguquko zangemuva kwe-IRS ebuningini bomiyane) zemijikelezo ye-IRS esekelwe ku-DDT kanye ne-SP (Ifayela elengeziwe 1: Umfanekiso S1). Ku-DDT-IRS, ukwehla kwamaphesenti kumabhungane e-silverlegged ngemva kwesikhathi se-IRS kwakungu-34.1% (emasontweni ama-2), 25.9% (emasontweni ama-4), kanye no-14.1% (emasontweni ayi-12). Ku-SP-IRS, amazinga okunciphisa ayengu-90.5% (emasontweni ama-2), 66.7% (emasontweni ama-4), kanye no-55.6% (emasontweni ayi-12). Ukwehla okukhulu kakhulu ebuningini be-silver shrimp emindenini yama-sentinel ngesikhathi sokubika kwe-DDT kanye ne-SP IRS kwakungu-2.8% (emasontweni ama-2) kanye no-49.1% (emasontweni ama-2), ngokulandelana. Ngesikhathi se-SP-IRS, ukwehla (ngaphambi nangemva) kwama-pheasant anesisu esimhlophe kwakufana emakhaya afafazwayo (t(2)= – 9.09, P < 0.001) kanye nasemakhaya asele (t(2) = – 1.29, P = 0.33). Kuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa ne-DDT-IRS kuzo zonke izikhawu ezintathu ngemuva kwe-IRS. Kuzo zombili izibulala-zinambuzane, ukugcwala kwama-silver bug kwanda emakhaya asele amasonto ayi-12 ngemuva kwe-IRS (okungukuthi, 3.6% kanye no-9.9% we-SP kanye ne-DDT, ngokulandelana). Ngesikhathi se-SP kanye ne-DDT ngemuva kwemihlangano ye-IRS, ama-silver shrimp ayi-112 kanye no-161 aqoqwe emapulazini asele, ngokulandelana.
Akukho mehluko obalulekile ekubunjweni kwezinhlanzi zesiliva phakathi kwamaqembu emindeni (okungukuthi, i-spray vs sentinel: t(2)= – 3.47, P = 0.07; i-spray vs control: t(2) = – 2.03, P = 0.18; i-sentinel vs. control: phakathi kwamasonto e-IRS ngemva kwe-DDT, t(2) = - 0.59, P = 0.62). Ngokuphambene nalokho, umehluko obalulekile ekubunjweni kwezinhlanzi zesiliva wabonwa phakathi kweqembu le-spray kanye neqembu lokulawula (t(2) = – 11.28, P = 0.01) kanye naphakathi kweqembu le-spray kanye neqembu lokulawula (t(2) = – 4, 42, P = 0.05). IRS emavikini ambalwa ngemva kwe-SP. Ku-SP-IRS, akukho mehluko obalulekile owabonwa phakathi kwemindeni ye-sentinel kanye neyokulawula (t(2)= -0.48, P = 0.68). Isibalo 2 sibonisa ubuningi be-pheasant yesiliva ebonakala emapulazini aphathwe ngokugcwele nangokungaphelele ngamasondo e-IRS. Kwakungekho mehluko obalulekile ekubuneni kwe-pheasant ephethwe ngokugcwele phakathi kwemindeni ephethwe ngokugcwele nangokungaphelele (isilinganiso esingu-7.3 no-2.7 ngogibe/ngobusuku). I-DDT-IRS kanye ne-SP-IRS, ngokulandelana), kanti eminye imindeni yafuthwa ngezibulala-zinambuzane zombili (isilinganiso esingu-7.5 no-4.4 ngobusuku be-DDT-IRS kanye ne-SP-IRS, ngokulandelana) (t(2) ≤ 1.0, P > 0.2). Kodwa-ke, ubuningi be-shrimp yesiliva emapulazini afuthwe ngokugcwele nangokungaphelele buhluke kakhulu phakathi kwe-SP kanye ne-DDT IRS rounds (t(2) ≥ 4.54, P ≤ 0.05).
Ubuningi obulinganiselwe bezimbungulu ezinukayo ezinamaphiko esiliva emindenini ephathwe ngokuphelele nangokungaphelele eMahanar village, eLavapur, phakathi namasonto amabili ngaphambi kwe-IRS kanye namasonto amabili, amane kanye nayishumi nambili ngemuva kwemijikelezo ye-IRS, DDT kanye ne-SP.
Imephu ebanzi yengozi yendawo (idolobhana laseLavapur Mahanar; indawo iyonke: 26,723 km2) yasungulwa ukuze kutholakale izindawo ezinobungozi zendawo eziphansi, eziphakathi nendawo neziphezulu ukuze kuqashwe ukuvela nokuvuka kabusha kwezinhlanzi zesiliva ngaphambi kanye namasonto ambalwa ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwe-IRS (Izithombe 3, 4). . . Isilinganiso sengozi esiphezulu semindeni ngesikhathi sokudalwa kwemephu yengozi yendawo salinganiswa ngokuthi “12” (okungukuthi, “8” yamamephu engozi asekelwe ku-HT kanye “4” kumamephu engozi asekelwe ku-VSI kanye ne-IRSS). Isilinganiso sengozi esincane esibaliwe “singu-zero” noma “akukho bungozi” ngaphandle kwamamephu e-DDT-VSI kanye ne-IRSS anamaphuzu amancane angu-1. Imephu yengozi esekelwe ku-HT ikhombisile ukuthi indawo enkulu (okungukuthi 19,994.3 km2; 74.8%) yedolobhana laseLavapur Mahanar iyindawo enobungozi obukhulu lapho izakhamuzi zingase zihlangane khona futhi ziphinde zivele khona omiyane. Ukumbozwa kwendawo kuyahlukahluka phakathi kwezindawo eziphezulu (DDT 20.2%; SP 4.9%), eziphakathi (DDT 22.3%; SP 4.6%) kanye nezindawo eziphansi/ezingenangozi (DDT 57.5%; SP 90.5) %) (t (2) = 12.7, P < 0.05) phakathi kwamagrafu engozi e-DDT kanye ne-SP-IS kanye ne-IRSS (Isithombe 3, 4). Imephu yokugcina yengozi ehlanganisiwe eyathuthukiswa ibonise ukuthi i-SP-IRS yayinamandla okuvikela angcono kune-DDT-IRS kuwo wonke amazinga ezindawo eziyingozi ze-HT. Indawo enobungozi obukhulu be-HT yehliswe yaba ngaphansi kuka-7% (1837.3 km2) ngemuva kokuthi i-SP-IRS kanye neningi lendawo (okungukuthi 53.6%) libe yindawo enobungozi obuphansi. Ngesikhathi se-DDT-IRS, iphesenti lezindawo ezinengozi ephezulu nephansi ezihlolwe yimephu yengozi ehlanganisiwe yayingu-35.5% (9498.1 km2) kanye no-16.2% (4342.4 km2), ngokulandelana. Ubuningi bezimpukane zesihlabathi ezilinganiswe emindenini elashwe kanye neyabalindi ngaphambi kanye namasonto ambalwa ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwe-IRS kwadwetshwa futhi kwabonakala kumephu yengozi ehlanganisiwe yomzuliswano ngamunye we-IRS (okungukuthi, i-DDT kanye ne-SP) (Izithombe 3, 4). Kwakukhona ukuvumelana okuhle phakathi kwamaphuzu engozi yasekhaya kanye nobuningi bezinhlanzi zesiliva ezijwayelekile ezibhalwe ngaphambi nangemva kwe-IRS (Isithombe 5). Amanani e-R2 (P < 0.05) okuhlaziywa kokuvumelana okubalwe kusukela emijikelezweni emibili ye-IRS ayengu: 0.78 amasonto ama-2 ngaphambi kwe-DDT, 0.81 amasonto ama-2 ngemuva kwe-DDT, 0.78 amasonto ama-4 ngemuva kwe-DDT, 0.83 ngemuva kwe-DDT-DDT amasonto ayi-12, i-DDT Total ngemuva kwe-SP yayingu-0.85, 0.82 amasonto ama-2 ngaphambi kwe-SP, 0.38 amasonto ama-2 ngemuva kwe-SP, 0.56 amasonto ama-4 ngemuva kwe-SP, 0.81 amasonto ayi-12 ngemuva kwe-SP kanye no-0.79 amasonto ama-2 ngemuva kwe-SP iyonke (Ifayela elengeziwe 1: Ithebula S3). Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi umphumela wokungenelela kwe-SP-IRS kuwo wonke ama-HT ukhuliswe emavikini ama-4 ngemuva kwe-IRS. I-DDT-IRS yahlala ingasebenzi kuwo wonke ama-HT kuzo zonke izikhathi ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kwe-IRS. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwensimu yendawo yemephu yengozi ehlanganisiwe ifingqiwe kuThebula 5. Ngemijikelezo ye-IRS, isilinganiso senani lezinkambi zesiliva kanye nephesenti yenani eliphelele ezindaweni ezinobungozi obukhulu (okungukuthi, >55%) laliphezulu kunezindawo ezinobungozi obuphansi kanye nobuphakathi kuzo zonke izikhathi ze-IRS. Izindawo zemindeni yezinambuzane (okungukuthi lezo ezikhethiwe ukuqoqwa komiyane) zidwetshwe futhi ziboniswe kufayela elingeziwe 1: Umfanekiso S2.
Izinhlobo ezintathu zamamephu engozi yendawo asekelwe ku-GIS (okungukuthi i-HT, i-IS ne-IRSS kanye nenhlanganisela ye-HT, i-IS ne-IRSS) ukuhlonza izindawo eziyingozi yezimbungulu ngaphambi nangemva kwe-DDT-IRS edolobhaneni laseMahnar, eLavapur, esifundeni saseVaishali (eBihar)
Izinhlobo ezintathu zamamephu engozi yendawo asekelwe ku-GIS (okungukuthi i-HT, i-IS ne-IRSS kanye nenhlanganisela ye-HT, i-IS ne-IRSS) ukuhlonza izindawo eziyingozi ze-shrimp ezinamabala esiliva (uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Kharbang)
Umthelela we-DDT-(a, c, e, g, i) kanye ne-SP-IRS (b, d, f, h, j) emazingeni ahlukene amaqembu engozi yohlobo lomndeni ubalwa ngokulinganisa "u-R2" phakathi kwezingozi zomndeni. Ukulinganiselwa kwezinkomba zomndeni kanye nobuningi obumaphakathi be-P. argentipes amasonto ama-2 ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kwe-IRS kanye namasonto ama-2, ama-4 kanye nama-12 ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kwe-IRS edolobhaneni laseLavapur Mahnar, esifundeni saseVaishali, eBihar
Ithebula 6 lifingqa imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwe-univariate yazo zonke izici eziyingozi ezithinta ukuminyana kwe-flake. Zonke izici eziyingozi (n = 6) zitholakale zihlotshaniswa kakhulu nokuminyana komiyane basekhaya. Kwabonwa ukuthi izinga lokubaluleka kwazo zonke iziguquguquko ezifanele likhiqize amanani e-P angaphansi kuka-0.15. Ngakho-ke, zonke iziguquguquko ezichazayo zigcinwe ukuze kuhlaziywe ukuhlaziywa kokuhlehla okuningi. Inhlanganisela efaneleke kakhulu yemodeli yokugcina yadalwa ngokusekelwe ezintweni ezinhlanu eziyingozi: i-TF, i-TW, i-DS, i-ISV, kanye ne-IRSS. Ithebula 7 libala imininingwane yamapharamitha akhethiwe kumodeli yokugcina, kanye nezilinganiso ezilungisiwe ze-odds, izikhawu zokuzethemba ezingama-95% (ama-CI), kanye namanani e-P. Imodeli yokugcina ibaluleke kakhulu, enenani le-R2 elingu-0.89 (F(5)=27 .9, P<0.001).
I-TR ayifakwanga kumodeli wokugcina ngoba yayingabalulekile kangako (P = 0.46) nezinye iziguquguquko ezichazayo. Imodeli ethuthukisiwe yasetshenziswa ukubikezela ubuningi bezinambuzane zesihlabathi ngokusekelwe kudatha evela emindenini eyi-12 ehlukene. Imiphumela yokuqinisekisa ibonise ubudlelwano obuqinile phakathi kobuningi bezinambuzane ezibonwe ensimini kanye nobuningi bezinambuzane obubikezelwe yimodeli (r = 0.91, P < 0.001).
Umgomo uwukuqeda i-VL ezifundazweni zaseNdiya ezisabalele ngo-2020 [10]. Kusukela ngo-2012, i-India yenze intuthuko enkulu ekunciphiseni ukwanda nokufa kwe-VL [10]. Ukushintsha kusuka ku-DDT kuya ku-SP ngo-2015 kwaba ushintsho olukhulu emlandweni we-IRS eBihar, eNdiya [38]. Ukuze kuqondwe ingozi yendawo ye-VL kanye nobuningi be-vectors yayo, kwenziwe izifundo eziningana zezinga eliphezulu. Kodwa-ke, yize ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo kokusabalala kwe-VL kuthole ukunakwa okwandayo ezweni lonke, kwenziwe ucwaningo oluncane ezingeni elincane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezingeni elincane, idatha ayihambisani kahle futhi kunzima ukuyihlaziya nokuyiqonda. Ngokwazi kwethu, lolu cwaningo luwumbiko wokuqala wokuhlola ukusebenza kahle okusele kanye nomphumela wokungenelela we-IRS usebenzisa ama-insecticide i-DDT kanye ne-SP phakathi kwama-HT ngaphansi koHlelo Lukazwelonke Lokulawula Ama-Vector e-VL eBihar (eNdiya). Lona futhi umzamo wokuqala wokuthuthukisa imephu yengozi yendawo kanye nemodeli yokuhlaziya ubuningi bomiyane ukuze kwembulwe ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo komiyane endaweni encane ngaphansi kwezimo zokungenelela ze-IRS.
Imiphumela yethu ikhombisile ukuthi ukwamukelwa kwe-SP-IRS emakhaya kwakuphezulu kuyo yonke imindeni nokuthi imindeni eminingi yayicutshungulwe ngokugcwele. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-bioassay ikhombisile ukuthi izimpukane ze-silver sand edolobhaneni elicwaningwayo zazizwela kakhulu ku-beta-cypermethrin kodwa ziphansi kakhulu ku-DDT. Izinga lokufa elijwayelekile le-silver shrimp evela ku-DDT lingaphansi kuka-50%, okubonisa izinga eliphezulu lokumelana ne-DDT. Lokhu kuhambisana nemiphumela yezifundo zangaphambilini ezenziwe ngezikhathi ezahlukene emadolobhaneni ahlukene ezifundazweni zase-India ezivame ukuba yi-VL, okuhlanganisa ne-Bihar [8,9,39,40]. Ngaphezu kokuzwela kwezibulala-zinambuzane, ukusebenza kahle kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nemiphumela yokungenelela nakho kuyimininingwane ebalulekile. Ubude bemiphumela eseleyo bubalulekile emjikelezweni wohlelo. Kunquma izikhawu phakathi kwemijikelezo ye-IRS ukuze abantu bahlale bevikelekile kuze kube yilapho kuphuma isifutho esilandelayo. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-bioassay yekhoni iveze umehluko omkhulu ekufeni phakathi kwezinhlobo zobuso bodonga ngezikhathi ezahlukene ngemuva kwe-IRS. Ukufa ezindaweni eziphathwe yi-DDT bekulokhu kungaphansi kwezinga eligculisayo le-WHO (okungukuthi, ≥80%), kanti ezindongeni eziphathwe yi-SP, ukufa kwahlala kwanelisa kuze kube yisonto lesine ngemuva kwe-IRS; Kusukela kule miphumela, kusobala ukuthi yize i-silverleg shrimp etholakala endaweni yocwaningo ibucayi kakhulu ku-SP, ukusebenza okusele kwe-SP kuyahlukahluka kuye nge-HT. Njenge-DDT, i-SP nayo ayihlangabezani nesikhathi sokusebenza esichazwe kuziqondiso ze-WHO [41, 42]. Lokhu kungasebenzi kahle kungase kubangelwe ukusetshenziswa kabi kwe-IRS (okungukuthi ukuhambisa ipompo ngesivinini esifanele, ibanga ukusuka odongeni, izinga lokukhipha kanye nosayizi wamaconsi amanzi kanye nokufakwa kwawo odongeni), kanye nokusetshenziswa okungahlakaniphile kwezibulala-zinambuzane (okungukuthi ukulungiselela isixazululo) [11,28,43]. Kodwa-ke, njengoba lolu cwaningo lwenziwe ngaphansi kokuqapha nokulawula okuqinile, esinye isizathu sokungahlangabezani nosuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi olunconywe yi-World Health Organisation kungaba ikhwalithi ye-SP (okungukuthi, iphesenti lesithako esisebenzayo noma i-“AI”) eyakha i-QC.
Ezinhlotsheni ezintathu zobuso ezisetshenziswa ukuhlola ukuqhubeka kwezibulala-zinambuzane, umehluko omkhulu ekufeni kwabonwa phakathi kwe-BUU ne-CPLC yezibulala-zinambuzane ezimbili. Okunye okusha okutholakele ukuthi i-CPLC ibonise ukusebenza okungcono okusele cishe kuzo zonke izikhawu zesikhathi ngemva kokufutha kulandelwe izindawo ze-BUU ne-PMP. Kodwa-ke, emavikini amabili ngemuva kwe-IRS, i-PMP iqophe amazinga aphezulu kakhulu futhi esibili aphezulu okufa avela ku-DDT kanye ne-SP, ngokulandelana. Lo mphumela ubonisa ukuthi isibulala-zinambuzane esibekwe ebusweni be-PMP asihlali isikhathi eside. Lo mehluko ekusebenzeni kahle kwezinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane phakathi kwezinhlobo zodonga ungase ube ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene, njengokwakheka kwamakhemikhali odonga (i-pH eyandayo ebangela ukuthi ezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ziqhekeke ngokushesha), izinga lokumuncwa (liphezulu ezindongeni zomhlabathi), ukutholakala kokubola kwamagciwane kanye nezinga lokuwohloka kwezinto zodonga, kanye nokushisa nomswakama [44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49]. Imiphumela yethu isekela ezinye izifundo eziningana mayelana nokusebenza kahle okusele kwezindawo eziphathwe izibulala-zinambuzane ngokumelene nezifo ezahlukahlukene [45, 46, 50, 51].
Izilinganiso zokunciphisa omiyane emindenini elashwe zibonise ukuthi i-SP-IRS yayisebenza kangcono kune-DDT-IRS ekulawuleni omiyane kuzo zonke izikhawu zangemva kwe-IRS (P < 0.001). Ngemijikelezo ye-SP-IRS kanye ne-DDT-IRS, amazinga okwehla emindenini elashwe kusukela emavikini ama-2 kuya kwangu-12 ayengu-55.6-90.5% kanye no-14.1-34.1%, ngokulandelana. Le miphumela iphinde yabonisa ukuthi imiphumela ebalulekile enanini le-P. argentipes emindenini ye-sentinel yabonwa zingakapheli amasonto ama-4 kusukela ekuqalisweni kwe-IRS; ama-argentipes akhuphuke kuzo zombili imijikelezo ye-IRS emavikini ayi-12 ngemuva kwe-IRS; Kodwa-ke, kwakungekho mehluko obalulekile enanini lomiyane emindenini ye-sentinel phakathi kwemijikelezo emibili ye-IRS (P = 0.33). Imiphumela evela ekuhlaziyweni kwezibalo kobuningi be-silver shrimp phakathi kwamaqembu emindeni emjikelezweni ngamunye nayo ayibonisanga mehluko obalulekile ku-DDT kuwo wonke amaqembu emindeni amane (okungukuthi, okufuthwe vs. sentinel; okufuthwe vs. ukulawula; sentinel vs. ukulawula; okuphelele vs. okungaphelele).). Amaqembu amabili emindeni i-IRS kanye ne-SP-IRS (okungukuthi, i-sentinel vs. control kanye ne-full vs. partial). Kodwa-ke, umehluko omkhulu ekuminyaneni kwe-silver shrimp phakathi kwe-DDT kanye ne-SP-IRS rounds kwabonwa emapulazini afuthwe kancane futhi agcwele. Lokhu kuqaphela, kuhlanganiswe neqiniso lokuthi imiphumela yokungenelela yabalwa izikhathi eziningi ngemuva kwe-IRS, kusikisela ukuthi i-SP iyasebenza ekulawuleni omiyane emakhaya aphathwe kancane noma ngokugcwele, kodwa angelashwanga. Kodwa-ke, yize kungekho mehluko obalulekile ngokwezibalo enanini lomiyane ezindlini zabalindi phakathi kwe-DDT-IRS rounds kanye ne-SP IRS, inani elimaphakathi lomiyane abaqoqwe ngesikhathi se-DDT-IRS round laliphansi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-SP-IRS round. .Ubuningi budlula ubuningi. Lo mphumela usikisela ukuthi isibulala-zinambuzane esizwela i-vector esinomkhawulo ophezulu we-IRS phakathi kwabantu basekhaya singaba nomthelela kubantu ekulawuleni omiyane emakhaya angazange afuthwe. Ngokusho kwemiphumela, i-SP yayinomphumela wokuvimbela ongcono ngokumelene nokulunywa omiyane kune-DDT ezinsukwini zokuqala ngemuva kwe-IRS. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-alpha-cypermethrin ingeqembu le-SP, inokucasuka kokuthintana kanye nobuthi obuqondile komiyane futhi ifaneleka kwi-IRS [51, 52]. Lokhu kungaba esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zokuthi kungani i-alpha-cypermethrin inomthelela omncane ezindaweni zangaphandle. Olunye ucwaningo [52] luthole ukuthi yize i-alpha-cypermethrin ibonise izimpendulo ezikhona kanye namazinga aphezulu okuwa ekuhlolweni kwelabhorethri nasemaqhugwaneni, le nhlanganisela ayizange ikhiqize impendulo yokuxosha omiyane ngaphansi kwezimo zelebhu ezilawulwayo.
Kulolu cwaningo, kwakhiwe izinhlobo ezintathu zamamephu engozi yendawo; Izilinganiso zengozi yendawo ezingeni lekhaya kanye nendawo zihlolwe ngokubuka insimu yobuningi bezinhlanzi ze-silverleg. Ukuhlaziywa kwezindawo eziyingozi ngokusekelwe ku-HT kubonise ukuthi iningi lezindawo zasemakhaya (>78%) zaseLavapur-Mahanara zisezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu lobungozi bokuvela kwezinambuzane zesihlabathi kanye nokuvela kabusha. Mhlawumbe lesi yisona sizathu esiyinhloko esenza iRawalpur Mahanar VL ithandwe kangaka. I-ISV iyonke kanye ne-IRSS, kanye nemephu yokugcina yengozi ehlanganisiwe, kutholakale ukuthi ikhiqiza iphesenti eliphansi lezindawo ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezinobungozi obukhulu ngesikhathi somjikelezo we-SP-IRS (kodwa hhayi umjikelezo we-DDT-IRS). Ngemuva kwe-SP-IRS, izindawo ezinkulu zezindawo ezinobungozi obukhulu nobuphakathi ezisekelwe ku-GT zaguqulwa zaba izindawo ezinobungozi obuphansi (okungukuthi ama-60.5%; izilinganiso zemephu yengozi ehlanganisiwe), okucishe kube phansi ngokuphindwe kane (16.2%) kune-DDT. - Isimo siseshadini lengozi yephothifoliyo ye-IRS ngenhla. Lo mphumela ubonisa ukuthi i-IRS iyisinqumo esifanele sokulawula omiyane, kodwa izinga lokuvikelwa lincike ekhwalithini yesibulala-zinambuzane, ukuzwela (ku-vector eqondiwe), ukwamukelwa (ngesikhathi se-IRS) kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo;
Imiphumela yokuhlola ubungozi bomndeni ibonise ukuvumelana okuhle (P < 0.05) phakathi kokulinganiselwa kobungozi kanye nobuningi be-silverleg shrimp eqoqwe emindenini ehlukene. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi imingcele yobungozi bomndeni ekhonjiwe kanye namaphuzu ayo obungozi asezingeni afaneleka kahle ekulinganiseni ubuningi bendawo be-silver shrimp. Inani le-R2 lokuhlaziywa kwesivumelwano se-IRS DDT ngemuva kokuhlaziywa kwakungu-≥ 0.78, okwakulingana noma okukhulu kunenani langaphambi kwe-IRS (okungukuthi, 0.78). Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi i-DDT-IRS yayisebenza kuzo zonke izindawo zobungozi ze-HT (okungukuthi, ephezulu, ephakathi, nephansi). Kumjikelezo we-SP-IRS, sithole ukuthi inani le-R2 lashintshashintsha emasontweni esibili nawesine ngemuva kokuqaliswa kwe-IRS, amanani amasonto amabili ngaphambi kokuqaliswa kwe-IRS kanye namasonto ayi-12 ngemuva kokuqaliswa kwe-IRS ayecishe afane; Lo mphumela ubonisa umphumela obalulekile wokuvezwa kwe-SP-IRS komiyane, obonise ukuthambekela okwehlayo ngesikhathi esiphakathi ngemuva kwe-IRS. Umthelela we-SP-IRS uqokonyiswe futhi waxoxwa ngawo ezahlukweni ezedlule.
Imiphumela evela ekuhlolweni kwensimu kwezindawo eziyingozi zemephu ehlanganisiwe ikhombisile ukuthi ngesikhathi se-IRS round, inani eliphakeme kakhulu lezinhlanzi zesiliva laqoqwa ezindaweni ezinobungozi obukhulu (okungukuthi, >55%), kulandelwe izindawo ezinobungozi obuphakathi nobuphansi. Ngamafuphi, ukuhlolwa kwengozi yendawo okusekelwe ku-GIS kuye kwabonakala kuyithuluzi eliphumelelayo lokwenza izinqumo lokuhlanganisa izendlalelo ezahlukene zedatha yendawo ngayinye noma ngokuhlanganiswa ukuze kutholakale izindawo eziyingozi zempukane yesihlabathi. Imephu yengozi ethuthukisiwe inikeza ukuqonda okuphelele kwezimo zangaphambi nangemuva kokungenelela (okungukuthi, uhlobo lomndeni, isimo se-IRS, kanye nemiphumela yokungenelela) endaweni yokutadisha edinga isinyathelo noma ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo, ikakhulukazi ezingeni elincane. Isimo esidumile kakhulu. Eqinisweni, izifundo eziningana zisebenzise amathuluzi e-GIS ukudweba ingozi yezindawo zokuzalanisa izinambuzane kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezifo endaweni enkulu [24, 26, 37].
Izici zezindlu kanye nezici zengozi zokungenelela okusekelwe ku-IRS zihlolwe ngokwezibalo ukuze zisetshenziswe ekuhlaziyeni kobuningi bezinhlanzi zesiliva. Nakuba zonke izici eziyisithupha (okungukuthi, i-TF, i-TW, i-TR, i-DS, i-ISV, kanye ne-IRSS) zihlotshaniswa kakhulu nobuningi bendawo bezinhlanzi zesiliva ezihlaziyweni ezingafani, eyodwa kuphela yazo ekhethwe kumodeli wokugcina we-multiple regression kwezinhlanu. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi izici zokuphatha ezithunjiwe kanye nezici zokungenelela ze-IRS TF, i-TW, i-DS, i-ISV, i-IRSS, njll. endaweni yokucwaninga zifanelekile ukuqapha ukuvela, ukululama kanye nokuzala kwezinhlanzi zesiliva. Ekuhlaziyeni kokubuyiselwa okuningi, i-TR ayitholakalanga ibalulekile ngakho-ke ayikhethwanga kumodeli wokugcina. Imodeli yokugcina yayibaluleke kakhulu, kanti amapharamitha akhethiwe achaza u-89% wobuningi bezinhlanzi zesiliva. Imiphumela yokunemba kwemodeli ibonise ubudlelwano obuqinile phakathi kobuningi bezinhlanzi zesiliva obubikezelwe nobubonwe. Imiphumela yethu iphinde isekele izifundo zangaphambilini ezixoxe ngezinto zezomnotho kanye nezingozi zezindlu ezihlobene nokusabalala kwe-VL kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwendawo kwe-vector eBihar yasemakhaya [15, 29].
Kulesi sifundo, asizange sihlole ukufakwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezindongeni ezifuthwe kanye nekhwalithi (okungukuthi) yesibulala-zinambuzane esisetshenziselwa i-IRS. Ukwehluka kwekhwalithi kanye nobuningi bezibulala-zinambuzane kungathinta ukufa komiyane kanye nokusebenza kahle kokungenelela kwe-IRS. Ngakho-ke, ukufa okulinganiselwe phakathi kwezinhlobo zomhlaba kanye nemiphumela yokungenelela phakathi kwamaqembu emindeni kungahluka emiphumeleni yangempela. Uma sicabangela la maphuzu, kungahlelwa isifundo esisha. Ukuhlolwa kwendawo yonke esengozini (kusetshenziswa imephu yengozi ye-GIS) yezindawo ezifundwayo kuhlanganisa izindawo ezivulekile phakathi kwezindawo ezifundwayo, okuthonya ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo eziyingozi (okungukuthi ukuhlonza izindawo) futhi kudlulela ezindaweni eziyingozi ezahlukene; Kodwa-ke, lolu cwaningo lwenziwe ezingeni elincane, ngakho-ke indawo engenalutho inomthelela omncane ekuhlukanisweni kwezindawo eziyingozi; Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlonza nokuhlola izindawo eziyingozi ezahlukene ngaphakathi kwendawo yonke yedolobhana kunganikeza ithuba lokukhetha izindawo zokwakha izindlu ezintsha zesikhathi esizayo (ikakhulukazi ukukhethwa kwezindawo ezinobungozi obuphansi). Sekukonke, imiphumela yalolu cwaningo inikeza ulwazi oluhlukahlukene olungakaze lufundwe ezingeni le-microscopic ngaphambili. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukumelwa kwendawo kwemephu yengozi yedolobhana kusiza ukuhlonza nokuqoqa imindeni ezindaweni ezahlukene zengozi, uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlolwa komhlaba okujwayelekile, le ndlela ilula, ilula, ayibizi kakhulu futhi ayidingi abasebenzi abaningi, inikeza ulwazi kubenzi bezinqumo.
Imiphumela yethu ikhombisa ukuthi izinhlanzi zasemakhaya esigodini socwaningo ziye zathola ukumelana (okungukuthi, zimelana kakhulu) ne-DDT, futhi ukuvela komiyane kwabonakala ngokushesha ngemva kwe-IRS; I-Alpha-cypermethrin ibonakala iyisinqumo esifanele sokulawula i-IRS ama-vector e-VL ngenxa yokufa kwayo okungu-100% kanye nokusebenza kahle kokungenelela ngokumelene nezimpukane zesiliva, kanye nokwamukelwa kwayo okungcono komphakathi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-DDT-IRS. Kodwa-ke, sithole ukuthi ukufa komiyane ezindongeni eziphathwe nge-SP kwahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lobuso; ukusebenza okungekuhle okusele kwabonwa futhi isikhathi esinconyiwe yi-WHO ngemuva kwe-IRS asizange sifinyelelwe. Lolu cwaningo lunikeza indawo enhle yokuqala ingxoxo, futhi imiphumela yalo idinga ucwaningo olwengeziwe ukuze kutholakale izimbangela zangempela. Ukunemba kokubikezela kwemodeli yokuhlaziywa kobuningi bezimpukane zesanti kubonise ukuthi inhlanganisela yezici zezindlu, ukuzwela kwezibulala-zinambuzane zama-vector kanye nesimo se-IRS kungasetshenziswa ukulinganisa ubuningi bezimpukane zesanti ezindaweni ezihlala abantu e-VL eBihar. Ucwaningo lwethu luphinde lubonise ukuthi imephu yengozi yendawo esekwe ku-GIS (izinga elikhulu) ingaba ithuluzi eliwusizo lokuhlonza izindawo eziyingozi ukuqapha ukuvela nokuvela kabusha kwezinqwaba zesihlabathi ngaphambi nangemva kwemihlangano ye-IRS. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amamephu engozi yendawo anikeza ukuqonda okuphelele ngobukhulu kanye nohlobo lwezindawo eziyingozi emazingeni ahlukene, okungenakufundwa ngezinhlolovo zendabuko zasensimini kanye nezindlela ezivamile zokuqoqwa kwedatha. Ulwazi lwengozi ye-microspatial oluqoqwe ngamamephu e-GIS lungasiza ososayensi nabacwaningi bezempilo yomphakathi ukuthuthukisa nokusebenzisa amasu amasha okulawula (okungukuthi ukungenelela okukodwa noma ukulawulwa kwe-vector okuhlanganisiwe) ukuze kufinyelelwe amaqembu ahlukene emindeni kuye ngohlobo lwamazinga engozi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imephu yengozi isiza ukuthuthukisa ukwabiwa nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zokulawula ngesikhathi nendawo efanele ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kohlelo.
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