I-Indoor residual spraying (IRS) iyinsika yemizamo yokulawula i-visceral leishmaniasis (VL) e-India.Kuncane okwaziwayo ngomthelela wezilawuli ze-IRS ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene zemizi.Lapha sihlola ukuthi ingabe i-IRS isebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane inemiphumela efanayo eyinsalela kanye neyokungenelela kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemizi esigodini.Siphinde sakha amamephu ezingozi zendawo ahlanganisiwe kanye namamodeli okuhlaziya ukuminyana komiyane ngokusekelwe ezicini zasendlini, ukuzwela kwezibulala-zinambuzane, kanye nesimo se-IRS ukuze sihlole ukusatshalaliswa kwe-spatiotemporal kwama-vectors ezingeni le-microscale.
Ucwaningo lwenziwe ezigodini ezimbili zaseMahnar block esifundeni saseVaishali eBihar.Ukulawulwa kwama-VL vectors (P. argentipes) nge-IRS kusetshenziswa izibulala-zinambuzane ezimbili [dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50%) kanye nama-synthetic pyrethroids (SP 5%)] kwahlolwa.Ukusebenza kwesikhashana kwensalela yezibulala-zinambuzane ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene zezindonga kwahlolwa kusetshenziswa indlela ye-cone bioassay njengoba kunconywe yiNhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba.Ukuzwela kwe-silverfish yomdabu kuzibulala-zinambuzane kwahlolwa kusetshenziswa i-in vitro bioassay.Ukuminyana komiyane ngaphambi nangemuva kwe-IRS ezindaweni zokuhlala nasezindaweni zokukhosela izilwane kwaqashwa kusetshenziswa izicupho ezilula ezifakwe yiCenters for Disease Control kusukela ngo-6:00 ntambama kuya ku-6:00 am Imodeli efaneleke kakhulu yokuhlaziywa komiyane yathuthukiswa kusetshenziswa ukuhlehliswa kwezinto eziningi. ukuhlaziywa.Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlaziya indawo okusekelwe ku-GIS busetshenziswe ukwenza imephu ukusatshalaliswa kwesibulala-zinambuzane esithwala izinambuzane ngohlobo lwasendlini, futhi isimo se-IRS sasendlini sasetshenziswa ukuchaza ukusatshalaliswa kwe-spatiotemporal kwezimfanzi eziyisiliva.
Omiyane abasiliva bazwela kakhulu ku-SP (100%), kodwa bakhombisa ukumelana ne-DDT, nezinga lokufa elingu-49.1%.I-SP-IRS kubikwe ukuthi inokwamukelwa kangcono ngumphakathi kune-DDT-IRS phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zemizi.Ukusebenza kwensalela kwahlukahluka ezindaweni ezihlukene zodonga;awekho ama-insecticide ahlangabezane ne-IRS enconyiwe ye-IRS yesikhathi sokusebenza.Kuzo zonke izikhathi ze-post-IRS, ukuncipha kweziphazamisi ezinukayo ngenxa ye-SP-IRS bekukukhulu phakathi kwamaqembu omndeni (okungukuthi, izifutho nabalindi) kune-DDT-IRS.Imephu yengozi yendawo ehlanganisiwe ibonisa ukuthi i-SP-IRS inomphumela ongcono wokulawula omiyane kune-DDT-IRS kuzo zonke izindawo eziyingozi zohlobo lwasekhaya.Ukuhlaziywa kokuhlehla kokuhleleka kwe-Multilevel kuhlonze izici ezinhlanu zobungozi ezazihlotshaniswa kakhulu nokuminyana kwezimfanzi ezisiliva.
Imiphumela izonikeza ukuqonda okungcono kwezinqubo ze-IRS ekulawuleni i-visceral leishmaniasis e-Bihar, engasiza ukuqondisa imizamo yesikhathi esizayo yokuthuthukisa isimo.
I-Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-kala-azar, isifo esinganakwa esitholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo esibangelwa ama-protozoan parasites ohlobo lwe-Leishmania.Ezwenikazi lase-Indian (IS), lapho abantu yibona kuphela ababamba ichibi, i-parasite (okungukuthi i-Leishmania donovani) idluliselwa kubantu ngokulunywa omiyane besifazane abanalesi sifo (Phlebotomus argentipes) [1, 2].E-India, i-VL itholakala kakhulu ezifundazweni ezine ezimaphakathi nasempumalanga: i-Bihar, i-Jharkhand, i-West Bengal ne-Uttar Pradesh.Okunye ukuqubuka kwezifo kuphinde kwabikwa eMadhya Pradesh (Central India), Gujarat (Western India), Tamil Nadu kanye neKerala (South India), kanye nasezindaweni ezingaphansi kweHimalayan enyakatho yeNdiya, okuhlanganisa i-Himachal Pradesh neJammu neKashmir.3].Ezifundeni eziwumqedazwe, i-Bihar ihlasele kakhulu njengoba izifunda ezingama-33 ezithintwe yi-VL zibalelwa ngaphezu kuka-70% wesibalo samacala e-India minyaka yonke [4].Cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingama-99 esifundeni basengozini, ngesilinganiso sonyaka sezehlakalo ze-6,752 (2013-2017).
E-Bihar nakwezinye izingxenye zaseNdiya, imizamo yokulawula i-VL incike kumasu amathathu ayinhloko: ukutholwa kwecala kusenesikhathi, ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo, nokulawulwa kwe-vector usebenzisa i-spraying insecticide spraying (IRS) emakhaya nasezindlini zokukhosela izilwane [4, 5].Njengomphumela ongemuhle wemikhankaso yokulwa nomalaleveva, i-IRS yalawula ngempumelelo i-VL ngeminyaka yawo-1960 isebenzisa i-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai/m2), kanye nokulawula okuhleliwe kwalawula ngempumelelo i-VL ngo-1977 no-1992 [5, 6].Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwakamuva luye lwaqinisekisa ukuthi ama-shrimp ane-silverbellied athuthukile ukumelana ne-DDT [4,7,8].Ngo-2015, iNational Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP, New Delhi) yashintsha i-IRS isuka ku-DDT yayisa kuma-synthetic pyrethroids (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% WP, 25 mg ai/m2) [7, 9].I-World Health Organization (WHO) izibekele umgomo wokuqeda i-VL ngo-2020 (okungukuthi
Ucwaningo lwenziwa eMahnar block yesifunda saseVaishali ebhange elisenyakatho yeGanga (Fig. 1).I-Makhnar iyindawo evame kakhulu, enesilinganiso samacala angu-56.7 we-VL ngonyaka (amacala angu-170 ngo-2012-2014), izinga lezehlakalo zonyaka zingamacala angu-2.5-3.7 kubantu abayi-10,000;Kukhethwe amadolobhana amabili: i-Chakeso njengendawo yokulawula (Umdwebo 1d1; awekho amacala e-VL eminyakeni emihlanu edlule) kanye neLavapur Mahanar njengendawo ewugwadule (Fig. 1d2; etholakala kakhulu, ngamacala ayi-5 noma ngaphezulu kubantu abayi-1000 ngonyaka. ).eminyakeni engu-5 edlule).Amadolobhana akhethwa ngokusekelwe ezicini ezintathu eziyinhloko: indawo kanye nokufinyeleleka (okungukuthi etholakala emfuleni okufinyelela kalula unyaka wonke), izici zezibalo kanye nenani lemizi (okungukuthi imindeni engama-200; iChaqueso inemizi engama-202 kanye nama-204 enobukhulu obujwayelekile bemizi) .4.9 kanye nabantu abangu-5.1) kanye ne-Lavapur Mahanar ngokulandelanayo) kanye nohlobo lwasendlini (HT) kanye nohlobo lokusatshalaliswa kwabo (okungukuthi i-HT exutshwe ngokungahleliwe esatshalaliswa).Zombili lezi zindawo zokufunda zitholakala endaweni engamamitha angama-500 ukusuka edolobheni laseMakhnar kanye nesibhedlela sesifunda.Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi izakhamuzi zasezigodini zocwaningo zazibambe iqhaza kakhulu emisebenzini yocwaningo.Izindlu ezisesigodini sokuqeqesha [ezihlanganisa amagumbi okulala angu-1-2 anovulandi onamathiselwe, ikhishi elingu-1, indlu yokugezela engu-1 kanye nesibaya esi-1 (esinamathiselwe noma esihlukanisiwe)] sinezindonga zezitini/zodaka kanye nephansi le-adobe, izindonga zezitini ezinosimende ocakiwe.kanye nephansi likasimende, izindonga zezitini ezingaplashiwe nezingapendiwe, phansi ngobumba nophahla lotshani.Isifunda sonke saseVaishali sinesimo sezulu esishisayo esinenkathi yemvula (July kuya ku-August) kanye nenkathi eyomile (November kuya kuDisemba).Isilinganiso sonyaka semvula singu-720.4 mm (ububanzi obungu-736.5-1076.7 mm), umswakama ohlobene no-65±5% (ububanzi obungu-16-79%), isilinganiso sokushisa sanyanga zonke esingu-17.2-32.4°C.UMeyi noJuni yizinyanga ezifudumele kakhulu (izinga lokushisa elingu-39–44 °C), kanti uJanuwari kubanda kakhulu (7–22 °C).
Imephu yendawo yokufunda ibonisa indawo yase-Bihar kumephu yase-India (a) kanye nendawo yesifunda sase-Vaishali kumephu yase-Bihar (b).I-Makhnar Block (c) Kukhethwe amadolobhana amabili ocwaningo: i-Chakeso njengendawo yokulawula kanye ne-Lavapur Makhnar njengendawo yokungenelela.
Njengengxenye yoHlelo Lukazwelonke Lokulawula I-Kalaazar, i-Bihar Society Health Board (SHSB) yenza imizuliswano emibili ye-IRS yonyaka phakathi kuka-2015 no-2016 (umzuliswano wokuqala, ngoFebhuwari-Mashi; umzuliswano wesibili, ngoJuni-Julayi) [4].Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqaliswa ngempumelelo kwayo yonke imisebenzi ye-IRS, uhlelo lokusebenza oluncane lulungiswe yi-Rajendra Memorial Medical Institute (RMRIMS; Bihar), i-Patna, inkampani ephethwe yi-Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR; New Delhi).nodal Institute.Amadolobhana e-IRS akhethwe ngokusekelwe ezimweni ezimbili eziyinhloko: umlando wamacala e-VL kanye ne-retrodermal kala-azar (RPKDL) endaweni (okungukuthi, amadolobhana anecala elilodwa noma ngaphezulu nganoma isiphi isikhathi eminyakeni emi-3 edlule, okuhlanganisa unyaka wokuqalisa ukusebenza. )., izindawo ezingezona ezivamile ezizungeze “izindawo ezishisayo” (okungukuthi amadolobhana abike ngokuqhubekayo amacala ≥ iminyaka emi-2 noma ≥ izigameko ezi-2 kubantu abayi-1000) kanye nezindawo ezihlala njalo (akukho zigameko eminyakeni emi-3 edlule) onyakeni wokugcina we unyaka wokuqaliswa okubikwe ngawo [17].Amadolobhana angomakhelwane asebenzisa umzuliswano wokuqala wentela kazwelonke, amadolobhana amasha nawo afakiwe emzuliswaneni wesibili wohlelo lokusebenza lwentela lukazwelonke.Ngo-2015, imizuliswano emibili ye-IRS esebenzisa i-DDT (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai/m2) yenziwa ezigodini zocwaningo lokungenelela.Kusukela ngo-2016, i-IRS yenziwe kusetshenziswa ama-pyrethroids okwenziwa (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% VP, 25 mg ai/m2).Ukufafaza kwenziwa kusetshenziswa iphampu ye-Hudson Xpert (13.4 L) enesikrini sokucindezela, ivalvu yokugeleza eguquguqukayo (ibha engu-1.5) kanye nombhobho wejethi oyisicaba ongu-8002 wezindawo ezinezimbotshana [27].I-ICMR-RMRIMS, i-Patna (Bihar) yaqapha i-IRS ezingeni lasekhaya nelasesigodini futhi yanikeza ulwazi lokuqala mayelana ne-IRS kubantu basemaphandleni ngemibhobho phakathi kwezinsuku ezingu-1-2 zokuqala.Ithimba ngalinye le-IRS lifakwe imonitha (ehlinzekwa yi-RMRIMS) ukuze iqaphe ukusebenza kwethimba le-IRS.Ombudsmen, kanye namathimba e-IRS, kuthunyelwa kuyo yonke imindeni ukuze bazise futhi baqinisekise izinhloko zemizi mayelana nemiphumela emihle ye-IRS.Phakathi nemizuliswano emibili yocwaningo lwe-IRS, ukutholakala kwemizi yonke ezindaweni zocwaningo kufinyelele okungenani ku-80% [4].Isimo sokufafaza (okungukuthi, ukungafuthwa, ukufafaza ingxenye, kanye nokufuthwa okugcwele; kuchazwe efayeleni Lokwengeza 1: Ithebula S1) larekhodelwa yonke imizi endaweni yokungenelela phakathi nemizuliswano yomibili ye-IRS.
Ucwaningo lwenziwe kusukela ngoJuni 2015 kuya kuJulayi 2016. I-IRS yasebenzisa izikhungo zezifo zokungenelela kwangaphambili (okungukuthi, amasonto angu-2 ngaphambi kokungenelela; inhlolovo eyisisekelo) kanye nokungenelela ngemuva (okungukuthi, i-2, i-4, kanye ne-12 ngemva kwamaviki okungenelela; izinhlolovo zokulandelela) ukuqapha, ukulawula ukuminyana, nokuvimbela izimpukane zesihlabathi emzuliswaneni ngamunye we-IRS.endlini ngayinye Ubusuku obubodwa (okungukuthi kusukela ngo-18:00 kuya ku-6:00) isicupho esilula [28].Izicupho ezilula zifakwe emakamelweni okulala nasezindlini zokukhosela izilwane.Esigodini lapho kwenziwa khona ucwaningo lokungenelela, amakhaya angama-48 ahlolelwa ukuminyana kwezimpukane ngaphambi kwe-IRS (imizi eyi-12 ngosuku izinsuku ezi-4 zilandelana kuze kube usuku olungaphambi kosuku lwe-IRS).Eziyi-12 zakhethelwa ikhaya ngalinye kwamane amakhulu (okungukuthi, ukhonkolo wobumba olungenalutho (PMP), ukhonkolo lukasimende kanye nezindlu ezifakwe umcako (CPLC), izindlu zezitini ezingaplashiwe nezingapendiwe (BUU) kanye nemizi efulelwe ngotshani (TH).Ngemuva kwalokho, yimizi eyi-12 kuphela (emizini engama-48 yangaphambi kwe-IRS) eyakhethwa ukuthi iqhubeke nokuqoqa idatha yokuminyana komiyane ngemva komhlangano we-IRS.Ngokwezincomo ze-WHO, imindeni engu-6 yakhethwa eqenjini lokungenelela (imindeni ethola ukwelashwa kwe-IRS) kanye neqembu labalindi (imizi esezindaweni zokungenelela, labo abanikazi abenqaba imvume ye-IRS) [28].Phakathi kweqembu elilawulayo (imizi esezigodini ezingomakhelwane engazange ithole i-IRS ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-VL), yimizi engu-6 kuphela eyakhethwa ukuthi iqaphe ukuminyana komiyane ngaphambi nangemva kwezikhathi ezimbili ze-IRS.Kuwo womathathu amaqembu omiyane okuqapha ukuminyana komiyane (okungukuthi, ukungenelela, umlindi kanye nokulawula), amakhaya akhethwa emaqenjini amathathu ezinga lengozi (okungukuthi, okuphansi, okuphakathi nendawo naphezulu; imizi emibili ezingeni ngalinye lengozi) kanye nezici zengozi ye-HT zahlukaniswa (amamojula nezakhiwo zihlukaniswa. kukhonjiswe kuThebula 1 kanye neThebula 2, ngokulandelana) [29, 30].Imizi emibili ngokwezinga ngalinye lengozi yakhethwa ukuze kugwenywe izilinganiso zokuminyana komiyane nokuqhathaniswa phakathi kwamaqembu.Eqenjini lokungenelela, ukuminyana komiyane be-post-IRS kwaqashwa ezinhlotsheni ezimbili zemizi ye-IRS: belashwa ngokugcwele (n = 3; ikhaya elingu-1 ngezinga leqembu eliyingozi) futhi belashwa ngokwengxenye (n = 3; 1 ikhaya ngalinye izinga leqembu eliyingozi).).iqembu lengozi).
Bonke omiyane ababebanjwe ensimini baqoqwe kumashubhu okuhlola badluliselwa elabhorethri, futhi amashubhu okuhlola abulawa kusetshenziswa uboya bekotini obufakwe ku-chloroform.Ama-sandflies esiliva ayenziwa ubulili futhi ahlukaniswa nezinye izinambuzane nomiyane ngokusekelwe ezicini ze-morphological kusetshenziswa amakhodi okuhlonza ajwayelekile [31].Zonke izimfanzi zesiliva zesilisa nezinsikazi zase zifakwa ethinini ngokuhlukana ku-80% wotshwala.Ukuminyana komiyane ngesicupho/ngobusuku bubalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula elandelayo: inani lomiyane eliqoqwe/inani lezingibe ezilula ezibekwa ngobusuku ngabunye.Ushintsho lwephesenti lokuchichima komiyane (SFC) ngenxa ye-IRS esebenzisa i-DDT ne-SP lulinganiselwe kusetshenziswa ifomula elandelayo [32]:
lapho u-A eyisisekelo esisho i-SFC yemindeni yokungenelela, B iyi-IRS esho i-SFC yemindeni yokungenelela, u-C uyincazelo eyisisekelo ye-SFC yokulawula/abalindi bemizi, kanti u-D uyi-SFC esho ukuthi ye-IRS yokulawula/abalindi bemizi.
Imiphumela yomphumela wokungenela, erekhodwe njengamanani angemuhle futhi amahle, ikhombisa ukwehla nokwenyuka kwe-SFC ngemva kwe-IRS, ngokulandelanayo.Uma i-SFC ngemva kwe-IRS ihlala ifana ne-SFC yesisekelo, umphumela wokungenela ubalwa njengoziro.
Ngokwe-World Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES), ukuzwela kwezimfanzi zomdabu ze-silverleg kuzibulala-zinambuzane i-DDT kanye ne-SP kwahlolwa kusetshenziswa ukuhlolwa kwe-in vitro bioassays [33].Izimfanzi zesiliva ezinempilo nezingondlekile zesifazane (18–25 SF ngeqembu ngalinye) zachayeka ezibulala-zinambuzane ezitholwe e-Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM, Malaysia; kuhlanganiswe i-World Health Organization) kusetshenziswa i-World Health Organization Pesticide Sensitivity Test Kit [4,9, 33 ,34].Isethi ngayinye yama-bioassays e-pesticide ihlolwe izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili (izimpinda zokuhlola ezine, ngasinye sisebenza kanye kanye nesilawuli).Ukuhlolwa kokulawula kwenziwa kusetshenziswa iphepha elifakwe ngaphambili nge-risella (ye-DDT) namafutha abicah (ye-SP) anikezwe i-USM.Ngemuva kwemizuzu engama-60 yokuchayeka, omiyane bafakwa kumashubhu e-WHO futhi banikezwa uvolo kakotini omuncayo ofakwe kwisisombululo sikashukela esingu-10%.Inani lomiyane ababulewe ngemva kwehora elingu-1 kanye nokufa kokugcina ngemva kwamahora angu-24 kubonwe.Isimo sokumelana sichazwa ngokuvumelana neziqondiso ze-World Health Organization: ukufa kwe-98-100% kubonisa ukuthambekela, i-90-98% ibonisa ukumelana okungenzeka okudinga ukuqinisekiswa, futhi <90% ikhombisa ukumelana [33, 34].Ngenxa yokuthi ukufa eqenjini elilawulayo kwakusukela ku-0 kuye ku-5%, akukho ukulungiswa kokufa okwenziwe.
I-bioefficacy kanye nemiphumela eyinsalela yezibulala-zinambuzane emihlwa yendabuko ngaphansi kwezimo zasensimini yahlolwa.Emizini emithathu yokungenelela (owodwa ngamunye unokhonkolo wobumba olungenalutho noma i-PMP, ukhonkolo lukasimende kanye ne-lime enamathelayo noma i-CPLC, isitini esingaplashiwe noma esingapendiwe noma i-BUU) emavikini angu-2, 4 kanye nayi-12 ngemva kokufafaza.I-bioassay ye-WHO ejwayelekile yenziwa kumakhoni aqukethe izicupho ezikhanyayo.isungulwe [27, 32].Ukushisisa kwendlu akufakiwe ngenxa yezindonga ezingalingani.Ekuhlaziyeni ngakunye, kwasetshenziswa amakhoni angu-12 kuwo wonke amakhaya okuhlola (amakhoni amane ekhaya ngalinye, eyodwa yohlobo ngalunye lwendawo yodonga).Namathisela izigaxa odongeni ngalunye lwekamelo ezindaweni eziphakeme ezihlukene: eyodwa ezingeni lekhanda (kusuka ku-1.7 kuya ku-1.8 m), amabili okhalweni (kusuka ku-0.9 kuya ku-1 m) kanye neyodwa ngaphansi kwedolo (kusuka ku-0.3 kuya ku-0.5 m).Omiyane besifazane abayishumi abangaphakelwa (i-10 ngekhoni ngayinye; eqoqwe endaweni yokulawula kusetshenziswa i-aspirator) bafakwa egumbini ngalinye lepulasitiki le-WHO lekhoni lepulasitiki (ikhoni eyodwa ngohlobo ngalunye lwasekhaya) njengezilawuli.Ngemuva kwemizuzu engama-30 yokuchayeka, susa ngokucophelela omiyane kuyo;i-conical chamber usebenzisa i-aspirator yendololwane bese uyidlulisela kumashubhu e-WHO aqukethe isisombululo sikashukela esingu-10% sokuphakela.Ukufa kokugcina ngemva kwamahora angu-24 kwaqoshwa ku-27 ± 2°C naku-80 ± 10% umswakama ohlobene.Amazinga okufa anamaphuzu aphakathi kuka-5% no-20% alungiswa kusetshenziswa ifomula ye-Abbott [27] kanje:
lapho u-P eyinani lokufa elilungisiwe, i-P1 iyiphesenti lokufa elibonwayo, kanti u-C uyiphesenti lokufa elilawulayo.Izivivinyo ezinokufa kokulawula> i-20% yalahlwa futhi yaqhutshwa kabusha [27, 33].
Kwenziwa inhlolovo yemizi ebanzi endaweni yokungenelela.Indawo ye-GPS yomuzi ngamunye yarekhodwa kanye nomklamo wayo kanye nohlobo lwempahla, indawo yokuhlala, nesimo sokungenela.Inkundla ye-GIS ithuthukise isizindalwazi sedijithali esihlanganisa izingqimba zemingcele emazingeni esigodi, isigodi, isifunda kanye nesifunda.Zonke izindawo zasendlini zimakwe kusetshenziswa izendlalelo zephoyinti le-GIS lezinga lesigodi, futhi ulwazi lwazo lwesibaluli luxhunywe futhi lwabuyekezwa.Endaweni ngayinye yasendlini, ubungozi buhlolwe ngokusekelwe ku-HT, ukuthambekela kwe-vector yezinambuzane, kanye nesimo se-IRS (Ithebula 1) [11, 26, 29, 30].Wonke amaphuzu ezindawo zasendlini abe eseguqulwa abe amamephu anezihloko kusetshenziswa ukulinganisa ibanga eliphambene (IDW; ukulungiswa okusekelwe endaweni evamile yasendlini engu-6 m2, amandla 2, inombolo egxilile yamaphoyinti azungezile = 10, kusetshenziswa irediyasi yokusesha eguquguqukayo, isihlungi sokudlula okuphansi).kanye nemephu ye-cubic convolution) ubuchwepheshe bokuhumusha indawo [35].Izinhlobo ezimbili zamamephu engcuphe yendawo akhiwe: amamephu etimu asuselwa ku-HT kanye nokuzwela kwevektha yezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nesimo se-IRS (ISV kanye ne-IRSS) amamephu anezihloko.Amamephu amabili engcuphe yetimu abe esehlanganiswa kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kwembondela enesisindo [36].Phakathi nale nqubo, izendlalelo ze-raster zaphinde zahlukaniswa zaba amakilasi okuthandwayo avamile kumazinga ahlukene ezingozi (okungukuthi, ubungozi obuphezulu, obumaphakathi, kanye nobuncane/abukho).Isendlalelo ngasinye se-raster esihlelwe kabusha sabe sesiphindwa ngesisindo esinikezwe sona ngokusekelwe ekubalukeni okuhlobene kwamapharamitha asekela ukuchichima komiyane (ngokusekelwe ekwandeni kwamadolobhana ocwaningo, izindawo zokuzalanisa omiyane, nokuziphatha kokuphumula nokudla) [26, 29]., 30, 37].Womabili amamephu ezinto ezinobungozi aye anesisindo esingu-50:50 njengoba enikele ngokulinganayo ebuningini bomiyane (Ifayela elengeziwe 1: Ithebula S2).Ngokufingqa amamephu anesihloko esimbondelene anesisindo, imephu yokugcina eyinhlanganisela yobungozi iyakhiwa futhi ibonakale kuplathifomu ye-GIS.Imephu yokugcina engcupheni yethulwa futhi ichazwe ngokwamanani e-Sand Fly Risk Index (SFRI) abalwe kusetshenziswa ifomula elandelayo:
Efomula, u-P uyinani lenkomba yengozi, u-L uyinani lengozi lilonke lendawo yomuzi ngamunye, futhi u-H uyinani lengozi eliphakeme kakhulu lomndeni endaweni yocwaningo.Silungise futhi senza izendlalelo ze-GIS nokuhlaziya sisebenzisa i-ESRI ArcGIS v.9.3 (Redlands, CA, USA) ukuze sakhe amamephu ezingozi.
Senze ukuhlaziya okuningi kokuhlehla ukuze sihlole imiphumela ehlanganisiwe ye-HT, ISV, ne-IRSS (njengoba kuchazwe kuThebula 1) ekuminyana komiyane endlini (n = 24).Izici zezindlu kanye nezici zobungozi ezisekelwe ekungeneleleni kwe-IRS okurekhodwe ocwaningweni ziphathwe njengeziguquguquko ezichazayo, futhi ukuminyana komiyane kwasetshenziswa njengokuguquguquka kokuphendula.Univariate Poisson ukuhlaziywa kokuhlehla kwenzelwe ukuhluka okuchazayo ngakunye okuhlotshaniswa nokuminyana kwezimpukane.Phakathi nokuhlaziywa okungaguquki, okuguquguqukayo okwakungabalulekile futhi okwakunenani le-P elikhulu kune-15% kususiwe ekuhlaziyweni kokuhlehla okuningi.Ukuhlola ukusebenzisana, imigomo yokusebenzisana yazo zonke izinhlanganisela ezingenzeka zezinguquko ezibalulekile (ezitholakala ekuhlaziyweni okungaguqukiyo) zifakwe kanyekanye ekuhlaziyweni kokuhlehla okuningi, futhi amagama angabalulekile asusiwe kumodeli ngendlela yesinyathelo ukuze udale imodeli yokugcina.
Ukuhlola ubungozi bezinga lomndeni kwenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili: ukuhlolwa kwezinga lezingozi zasekhaya kanye nokuhlola okuhlanganisiwe kwezindawo zobungozi ebalazweni.Izilinganiso zezinga lengozi yekhaya zalinganiselwa kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kokuhlobana phakathi kwezilinganiso zengozi yasekhaya kanye nokuminyana kwezimpukane zesihlabathi (okuqoqwe emizini eyisi-6 yabalindi kanye nemizi engu-6 yokungenelela; amasonto ngaphambi nangemva kokuqaliswa kwe-IRS).Izindawo ezinobungozi bendawo zilinganiselwa kusetshenziswa isilinganiso senani lomiyane abaqoqwe emakhaya ahlukene futhi kuqhathaniswe namaqembu asengozini (okungukuthi izindawo ezinengcuphe ephansi, emaphakathi kanye nephezulu).Emzuliswaneni ngamunye we-IRS, imindeni engu-12 (imizi emi-4 ezingeni ngalinye kwamathathu ezindawo ezisengozini; amaqoqo asebusuku enziwa njalo ngemva kwamaviki angu-2, 4, nayi-12 ngemva kwe-IRS) aye akhethwa ngokungahleliwe ukuze aqoqe omiyane ukuze kuhlolwe imephu yobungozi ebanzi.Idatha yasendlini efanayo (okungukuthi i-HT, VSI, IRSS kanye nokuminyana komiyane) yasetshenziswa ukuze kuhlolwe imodeli yokugcina yokuhlehla.Ukuhlaziywa kokuhlobana okulula kwenziwa phakathi kokubhekwa kwenkundla kanye nokuminyana komiyane basekhaya okubikezelwe imodeli.
Izibalo ezichazayo ezifana nesilinganiso, ubuncane, ubukhulu, izikhathi zokuzethemba ezingu-95% (CI) namaphesenti abalwe ukuze kufinyezwe idatha ye-entomological kanye ne-IRS ehlobene.Isilinganiso senani/ukuminyana nokufa kwezimbungulu ezisiliva (izinsalela ze-ejenti ebulala izinambuzane) kusetshenziswa izivivinyo zepharamethrikhi [amasampula abhanqiwe t-test (yedatha evame ukusatshalaliswa)] kanye nokuhlolwa okungezona ezepharamitha (izinga elisayiniwe i-Wilcoxon) ukuze kuqhathaniswe ukusebenza kahle phakathi kwezinhlobo ezingaphezulu ezindlini (okungukuthi , ukuhlolwa kwe-BUU vs. CPLC, BUU vs. PMP, kanye ne-CPLC vs. PMP) kudatha engasatshalaliswa ngokujwayelekile).Konke ukuhlaziya kwenziwa kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-SPSS v.20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Ukuhlinzekwa kwemindeni ezindaweni zokungenelela ngesikhathi somjikelezo we-IRS DDT kanye ne-SP kubalwa.Imindeni engama-205 ithole i-IRS emzuliswaneni ngamunye, okuhlanganisa amakhaya angu-179 (87.3%) emzuliswaneni we-DDT kanye nemizi engu-194 (94.6%) emzuliswaneni we-SP wokulawula ama-vector e-VL.Ingxenye yemizi eselashwe ngokugcwele ngezibulala-zinambuzane yayiphezulu ngesikhathi se-SP-IRS (86.3%) kunangesikhathi se-DDT-IRS (52.7%).Inani lemizi ephume ku-IRS ngesikhathi se-DDT lalingama-26 (12.7%) futhi inani lemizi ephume ku-IRS ngesikhathi se-SP lalingu-11 (5.4%).Ngesikhathi semizuliswano ye-DDT ne-SP, inani lemizi eselashwe kancane ebhalisiwe yayingama-71 (34.6% emindeni eselashwe ngokuphelele) kanye nemizi eyi-17 (8.3% yayo yonke imizi eselashwe), ngokulandelana.
Ngokweziqondiso zokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-WHO, inani lezimfanzi ezisiliva endaweni yokungenelela lalingenwa kalula yi-alpha-cypermethrin (0.05%) njengoba isilinganiso sokufa esibikiwe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa (amahora angu-24) sasingu-100%.Izinga lokudilizwa eliphawuliwe lalingu-85.9% (95% CI: 81.1–90.6%).Ku-DDT, izinga lokushayeka phansi ngamahora angu-24 lalingu-22.8% (95% CI: 11.5–34.1%), kanti isilinganiso sokufa kohlolo lwe-elekthronikhi sasingu-49.1% (95% CI: 41.9–56.3 %).Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ama-silverfoot ahlakulela ukumelana okuphelele ne-DDT endaweni yokungenelela.
Ethebulani lesi-3 lifingqa imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwezinto eziphilayo kwamakhoni ezinhlobo ezahlukene zezindawo (izikhathi ezihlukene ngemva kwe-IRS) eziphathwa nge-DDT ne-SP.Idatha yethu ibonise ukuthi ngemva kwamahora angu-24, zombili izibulala-zinambuzane (BUU vs. CPLC: t(2)= – 6.42, P = 0.02; BUU vs. PMP: t(2) = 0.25, P = 0.83; CPLC vs PMP: t( 2)= 1.03, P = 0.41 (ye-DDT-IRS ne-BUU) CPLC: t(2)= - 5.86, P = 0.03 kanye ne-PMP: t(2) = 1.42, P = 0.29; (2) = 3.01, P = 0.10 kanye ne-SP: t(2) = 9.70, P = 0.01 amazinga okufa ehla kancane kancane Ku-SP-IRS: amaviki angu-2 emva kokufuthwa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zodonga (okungukuthi 95.6% jikelele) kanye namaviki ama-4 ngemva kokufuthwa ezindongeni ze-CPLC kuphela (okungukuthi 82.5, ukufa bekulokhu kungaphansi kuka-70% kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezindonga ngaso sonke isikhathi ngemva kokuhlolwa kwe-IRS bioassay amasonto okufafaza ayengama-25.1% kanye nama-63.2%, ngokulandelana, izinga eliphezulu lokufa kwabantu nge-DDT lalingama-61.1% (kumaviki e-PMP 2 ngemuva kwe-IRS), ama-36.9% (amaviki e-CPLC angu-4 ngemuva kwe-IRS), kanye nama-28.9%. kumaviki e-CPLC 4 ngemva kwe-IRS Amazinga aphansi angama-55% (e-BUU, amaviki angu-2 ngemva kwe-IRS), ama-32.5% (ye-PMP, amaviki angu-4 ngemva kwe-IRS) kanye ne-20% (ye-PMP, amaviki angu-4 ngemva kwe-IRS);I-US IRS).Ku-SP, amanani aphakeme kakhulu okufa azo zonke izinhlobo zomhlaba ayengu-97.2% (ku-CPLC, amaviki angu-2 ngemva kwe-IRS), ama-82.5% (ku-CPLC, amaviki angu-4 ngemva kwe-IRS), kanye nama-67.5% (ku-CPLC, amaviki angu-4 ngemva kwe-IRS).Amaviki angu-12 ngemva kwe-IRS).I-US IRS).amasonto ngemuva kwe-IRS);amanani aphansi ayengama-94.4% (ye-BUU, amaviki angu-2 ngemva kwe-IRS), ama-75% (ye-PMP, amaviki angu-4 ngemva kwe-IRS), kanye nama-58.3% (ye-PMP, amaviki angu-12 ngemva kwe-IRS).Kuzo zombili izibulala-zinambuzane, ukufa ezindaweni ezilashwe nge-PMP kuyehluka ngokushesha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kunasezindaweni ezilashwe nge-CPLC- kanye ne-BUU.
Ithebula lesi-4 lifingqa imiphumela yokungenelela (okungukuthi, izinguquko ze-post-IRS ngobuningi bomiyane) we-DDT- kanye ne-SP-based IRS rounds (Ifayela elengeziwe 1: Umfanekiso S1).Ku-DDT-IRS, ukuncishiswa kwephesenti kumabhungane ane-silverlegged ngemva kwesikhathi se-IRS kwakungama-34.1% (emavikini angu-2), 25.9% (emavikini angu-4), kanye no-14.1% (emavikini angu-12).Ku-SP-IRS, amazinga okunciphisa ayengama-90.5% (emavikini angu-2), 66.7% (emavikini angu-4), kanye nama-55.6% (emavikini angu-12).Ukwehla okukhulu kakhulu kobuningi bezimfanzi ezisiliva kumakhaya aqaphile ngesikhathi sokubika i-DDT ne-SP IRS kube ngu-2.8% (emavikini angu-2) kanye no-49.1% (emavikini angu-2), ngokulandelanayo.Phakathi nenkathi ye-SP-IRS, ukwehla (ngaphambi nangemuva) kwamapheasants anesisu esimhlophe kwakufana nokufafaza imizi (t(2)= – 9.09, P <0.001) kanye nemizi ye-sentinel (t(2) = – 1.29, P = 0.33).Iphakeme uma iqhathaniswa ne-DDT-IRS kuzo zonke izikhathi ezi-3 ngemva kwe-IRS.Kuwo womabili ama-insecticides, ukuchichima kwezimbungulu ezisiliva kunyuke ezindlini zabalindi emasontweni ayi-12 ngemva kwe-IRS (okungukuthi, u-3.6% no-9.9% we-SP ne-DDT, ngokulandelana).Phakathi nemihlangano ye-SP ne-DDT elandela imihlangano ye-IRS, izimfanzi eziyisiliva eziyi-112 nezingu-161 zaqoqwa emapulazini onogada, ngokulandelana.
Awukho umehluko obalulekile ekumineni kwezimfanzi ezisiliva obonwe phakathi kwamaqembu omndeni (okungukuthi i-spray vs sentinel: t(2)= – 3.47, P = 0.07; spray vs control: t(2) = – 2.03 , P = 0.18; sentinel vs. control : phakathi namaviki e-IRS ngemva kwe-DDT, t(2) = − 0.59, P = 0.62).Ngokuphambene, umehluko omkhulu wokuminyana kwezimfanzi zesiliva wabonwa phakathi kweqembu lesifutho neqembu lokulawula (t(2) = – 11.28, P = 0.01) naphakathi kweqembu lesifutho neqembu lokulawula (t(2) = – 4, 42, P = 0.05).I-IRS emavikini ambalwa ngemva kwe-SP.Ku-SP-IRS, akukho mehluko obalulekile obonwe phakathi kwemindeni yonogada nokulawula (t(2)= -0.48, P = 0.68).Umfanekiso 2 ubonisa isilinganiso sokuminyana kwe-silver-bellied pheasant ebonwa emapulazini ngokugcwele futhi aphathwe kancane ngamasondo e-IRS.Kwakungekho mehluko obalulekile ekuminyanisweni kwamapheasant aphethwe ngokugcwele phakathi kwemizi ephethwe ngokugcwele noma kancane (okusho u-7.3 no-2.7 ngomgibe/ubusuku).I-DDT-IRS ne-SP-IRS, ngokulandelana), futhi eminye imizi yafafazwa ngazo zombili izibulala-zinambuzane (okusho u-7.5 no-4.4 ubusuku ngabunye ku-DDT-IRS kanye ne-SP-IRS, ngokulandelana) (t(2) ≤ 1.0, P > 0.2).Kodwa-ke, ukuminyana kwezimfanzi ezisiliva emapulazini afuthwe ngokugcwele nangengxenye kuhluke kakhulu phakathi komjikelezo we-SP kanye ne-DDT IRS (t(2) ≥ 4.54, P ≤ 0.05).
Isilinganiso sokuminyana kwezinambuzane ezinukayo ezinamaphiko esiliva emizini ephathwa ngokugcwele nangengxenye esigodini saseMahanar, eLavapur, phakathi namaviki angu-2 ngaphambi kwe-IRS kanye namaviki angu-2, 4 kanye nayi-12 ngemva kwemizuliswano ye-IRS, DDT ne-SP.
Imephu ebanzi yobungozi bendawo (isigodi saseLavapur Mahanar; indawo ephelele: 26,723 km2) yathuthukiswa ukuze kuhlonzwe izindawo ezinobungozi eziphansi, eziphakathi nendawo neziphezulu ukuze kuqashwe ukuvela nokuvela kabusha kwezimfanzi zesiliva ngaphambi namasonto ambalwa ngemva kokuqaliswa kwe-IRS (Fig. 3) , 4)...Iphuzu eliphakeme kakhulu lezingozi zemizi ngesikhathi kwakhiwa imephu yendawo engozini lilinganiselwe ngokuthi “12” (okungukuthi, “8” kumamephu engcuphe asekelwe ku-HT kanye “4” namamephu engcuphe asuselwa ku-VSI- kanye ne-IRSS).Isilinganiso esincane esibaliwe sengozi sithi “zero” noma “ayikho ingozi” ngaphandle kwamamephu e-DDT-VSI kanye ne-IRSS anamaphuzu amancane angu-1. Imephu yobungozi esekelwe ku-HT ibonise ukuthi indawo enkulu (okungukuthi 19,994.3 km2; 74.8%) ye-Lavapur Idolobhana laseMahanar liyindawo enobungozi obukhulu lapho izakhamizi kungenzeka zihlangane futhi ziphinde ziqhamuke omiyane.Ukutholakala kwendawo kuyehluka phakathi kokuphezulu (DDT 20.2%; SP 4.9%), okumaphakathi (DDT 22.3%; SP 4.6%) kanye nengozi ephansi/ayikho (DDT 57.5%; SP 90.5) izindawo %) ( t (2) = 12.7, P <0.05) phakathi kwamagrafu engcuphe ye-DDT ne-SP-IS ne-IRSS (Fig. 3, 4).Imephu yokugcina eyinhlanganisela yengozi eyakhiwe yabonisa ukuthi i-SP-IRS inamandla okuvikela angcono kune-DDT-IRS kuwo wonke amazinga ezindawo ezinobungozi ze-HT.Indawo enobungozi obukhulu ye-HT yehliswa yaba ngaphansi kuka-7% (1837.3 km2) ngemva kwe-SP-IRS futhi iningi lendawo (okungukuthi 53.6%) libe yindawo enobungozi obuncane.Phakathi nenkathi ye-DDT-IRS, iphesenti lezindawo ezinengcuphe ephezulu neziphansi ezihlolwe imephu yobungozi ehlanganisiwe lalingu-35.5% (9498.1 km2) kanye no-16.2% (4342.4 km2), ngokulandelana.Ukuminyana kwezimpukane zesihlabathi kukalwa emakhaya alashwayo nabalindi ngaphambi namasonto ambalwa ngemva kokuqaliswa kwe-IRS kwahlelwa futhi kwaboniswa kumephu yengozi ehlanganisiwe yomzuliswano ngamunye we-IRS (okungukuthi, i-DDT ne-SP) (Amakhiwane 3, 4).Kube nokuvumelana okuhle phakathi kwamaphuzu ezingozi zasekhaya kanye nesilinganiso sokuminyana kwezimfanzi zesiliva ezirekhodiwe ngaphambi nangemuva kwe-IRS (Fig. 5).Amanani e-R2 (P <0.05) okuhlaziywa kokuvumelana okubalwe emizuliswaneni emibili ye-IRS ayeyi: 0.78 2 amasonto ngaphambi kwe-DDT, 0.81 2 amaviki ngemva kwe-DDT, 0.78 4 amaviki ngemva kwe-DDT, 0.83 ngemva kwamaviki e-DDT-DDT 12, DDT Ingqikithi yangemva kwe-SP yayingu-0.85, 0.82 amasonto angu-2 ngaphambi kwe-SP, 0.38 2 amasonto ngemva kwe-SP, 0.56 amasonto angu-4 ngemva kwe-SP, 0.81 12 amasonto ngemva kwe-SP kanye 0.79 2 amaviki ngemva SP jikelele (Ifayela Ukwengeza 1: Ithebula S3).Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi umphumela wokungenelela kwe-SP-IRS kuwo wonke ama-HTs uthuthukisiwe phakathi namaviki angu-4 alandela i-IRS.I-DDT-IRS yahlala ingasebenzi kuwo wonke ama-HTs ngaso sonke isikhathi ngemva kokuqaliswa kwe-IRS.Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwenkundla yendawo ehlanganisiwe yemephu engcuphe ifinyezwa kuThebula 5. Emizuliswaneni ye-IRS, kusho ukuchichima kwezimfanzi ezinama-silverbellied kanye nephesenti lokuchichima okuphelele ezindaweni ezinobungozi obukhulu (okungukuthi, >55%) laliphezulu kunasezindaweni eziphansi neziphansi. izindawo ezinobungozi obumaphakathi kuzo zonke izikhathi ze-post-IRS.Izindawo zemindeni yezinambuzane (okungukuthi lezo ezikhethelwe ukuqoqwa komiyane) zifakwe imephu futhi ziboniswe kufayela Lokwengeza 1: Umfanekiso S2.
Izinhlobo ezintathu zamamephu engcuphe yendawo asuselwa ku-GIS (okungukuthi, HT, IS kanye ne-IRSS kanye nenhlanganisela ye-HT, IS kanye ne-IRSS) ukuhlonza izindawo ezinobungozi bezinambuzane ezinukayo ngaphambi nangemuva kwe-DDT-IRS esigodini sase-Mahnar, e-Lavapur, esifundeni sase-Vaishali (Bihar)
Izinhlobo ezintathu zamamephu engcuphe yendawo asuselwa ku-GIS (okungukuthi, HT, IS kanye ne-IRSS kanye nenhlanganisela ye-HT, IS kanye ne-IRSS) ukuhlonza izindawo eziyingozi zezimfanzi ezinamachashaza esiliva (uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Kharbang)
Umthelela we-DDT-(a, c, e, g, i) kanye ne-SP-IRS (b, d, f, h, j) emazingeni ahlukene ezinhlobo zamaqembu engcuphe yomndeni abalwe ngokulinganisa “u-R2” phakathi kwezingozi zasekhaya. .Isilinganiso sezinkomba zasendlini kanye nokuminyana okumaphakathi kwe-P. argentipes emavikini angu-2 ngaphambi kokuqaliswa kwe-IRS kanye namaviki angu-2, 4 kanye nayi-12 ngemva kokuqaliswa kwe-IRS esigodini saseLavapur Mahnar, esifundeni saseVaishali, eBihar.
Ithebula lesi-6 lifingqa imiphumela yokuhlaziywa okungaguquki kwazo zonke izici zobungozi ezithinta ukuminyana kwe-flake.Zonke izici zobungozi (n = 6) zitholwe zihlotshaniswa kakhulu nokuminyana komiyane basekhaya.Kwaqashelwa ukuthi izinga lokubaluleka lazo zonke izinto eziguquguqukayo ezifanele likhiqize amanani angaphansi kuka-0.15.Ngakho-ke, zonke iziguquko ezichazayo zagcinwa ukuze kuhlaziywe ukuhlehla okuningi.Inhlanganisela efaneleke kakhulu yemodeli yokugcina idalwe ngokusekelwe ezicini ezinhlanu zobungozi: i-TF, TW, DS, ISV, ne-IRSS.Ithebula lesi-7 libala imininingwane yamapharamitha akhethwe kumodeli yokugcina, kanye nezilinganiso ezilungisiwe zezilinganiso, izikhathi zokuzethemba ezingu-95% (ama-CIs), namavelu angu-P.Imodeli yokugcina ibaluleke kakhulu, inenani lika-R2 elingu-0.89 (F(5)=27 .9, P<0.001).
I-TR ayifakwanga kumodeli yokugcina ngenxa yokuthi ibingabalulekile kangako (P = 0.46) nezinye iziguquko ezichazayo.Imodeli ethuthukisiwe yasetshenziselwa ukubikezela ukuminyana kwezimpukane zesihlabathi ngokusekelwe kudatha yemizi eyi-12 ehlukene.Imiphumela yokuqinisekisa ibonise ukuhlobana okuqinile phakathi kokuminyana komiyane okubonwe ensimini kanye nokuminyana komiyane okubikezelwe imodeli (r = 0.91, P <0.001).
Umgomo uwukuqeda i-VL ezifundeni zaseNdiya eziwubhubhane ngo-2020 [10].Kusukela ngo-2012, i-India yenze inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile ekwehliseni izehlakalo nokufa kwe-VL [10].Ukushintsha kusuka ku-DDT kuya ku-SP ngo-2015 kwaba ushintsho olukhulu emlandweni we-IRS e-Bihar, India [38].Ukuze uqonde ubungozi bendawo be-VL kanye nobuningi bama-vectors ayo, kuye kwenziwa izifundo ezimbalwa zezinga eliphezulu.Nokho, nakuba ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo kokuvama kwe-VL sekuthole ukunakwa okukhulayo ezweni lonke, ucwaningo oluncane olwenziwe ezingeni elincane.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezingeni elincane, idatha ayifani futhi kunzima kakhulu ukuyihlaziya nokuyiqonda.Ngokwazi kwethu konke, lolu cwaningo luwumbiko wokuqala wokuhlola ukusebenza kahle okusele kanye nomthelela wokungenelela we-IRS kusetshenziswa izibulala-zinambuzane i-DDT kanye ne-SP phakathi kwama-HTs ngaphansi kohlelo Lokulawulwa KweVector Kazwelonke lwe-VL e-Bihar (India).Lona futhi umzamo wokuqala wokuthuthukisa imephu yengozi yendawo kanye nemodeli yokuhlaziya ukuminyana komiyane ukuze kwembulwe ukusatshalaliswa komiyane kwendawo endaweni encane ngaphansi kwezimo zokungenelela ze-IRS.
Imiphumela yethu ibonise ukuthi ukutholwa kwe-SP-IRS kwasekhaya kwakuphezulu kuyo yonke imizi nokuthi iningi lamakhaya lalicutshungulwe ngokugcwele.Imiphumela ye-bioassay ibonise ukuthi izimpukane zesihlabathi esisiliva endaweni yocwaningo zazizwela kakhulu ku-beta-cypermethrin kodwa ziphansi kakhulu ku-DDT.Isilinganiso sokufa kwezimfanzi ezisiliva ezivela ku-DDT singaphansi kuka-50%, okubonisa izinga eliphezulu lokumelana ne-DDT.Lokhu kuhambisana nemiphumela yocwaningo lwangaphambilini olwenziwe ngezikhathi ezahlukene emizaneni ehlukene ye-VL-endemic states of India, kuhlanganise ne-Bihar [8,9,39,40].Ngaphezu kokuzwela kwezibulala-zinambuzane, ukusebenza kahle okuyinsalela kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nemiphumela yokungenelela nakho kuwulwazi olubalulekile.Ubude besikhathi semiphumela eyinsalela bubalulekile kumjikelezo wohlelo.Inquma izikhawu phakathi kwemizuliswano ye-IRS ukuze abantu bahlale bevikelekile kuze kube isifutho esilandelayo.Imiphumela ye-cone bioassay iveze umehluko omkhulu ekufeni kwabantu phakathi kwezinhlobo zendawo yodonga ngezikhathi ezihlukene ngemuva kwe-IRS.Ukufa kwabantu ezindaweni ezilashwe nge-DDT kwakuhlale kungaphansi kwezinga elenelisayo le-WHO (okungukuthi, ≥80%), kuyilapho ezindongeni ezilashwe nge-SP, ukufa kwahlala kugculisayo kwaze kwaba isonto lesine ngemva kwe-IRS;Kusukela kule miphumela, kusobala ukuthi nakuba izimfanzi ze-silverleg ezitholakala endaweni yocwaningo zizwela kakhulu ku-SP, ukusebenza kwensalela kwe-SP kuyehluka kuye nge-HT.Njenge-DDT, i-SP nayo ayihlangabezani nesikhathi sokusebenza esishiwo kuzinkombandlela ze-WHO [41, 42].Lokhu kungasebenzi kahle kungase kube ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kabi kwe-IRS (okungukuthi ukuhambisa iphampu ngesivinini esifanele, ibanga ukusuka odongeni, izinga lokuphuma kanye nobukhulu bamaconsi amanzi kanye nokubekwa kwawo odongeni), kanye nokusetshenziswa okungahlakaniphile kwezibulala-zinambuzane (okungukuthi. ukulungiswa kwesixazululo) [11,28,43].Kodwa-ke, njengoba lolu cwaningo lwenziwe ngaphansi kokuqapha nokulawulwa okuqinile, esinye isizathu sokungahlangabezani nedethi yokuphelelwa yisikhathi enconyiwe ye-World Health Organization kungaba ikhwalithi ye-SP (okungukuthi, iphesenti lesithako esisebenzayo noma i-“AI”) esakha i-QC.
Ezinhlotsheni ezintathu zangaphezulu ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukuphikelela kwezibulala-zinambuzane, umehluko omkhulu ekufeni ubonwe phakathi kwe-BUU ne-CPLC yezibulala-zinambuzane ezimbili.Okunye okusha okutholakele ukuthi i-CPLC ikhombise ukusebenza okungcono kwensalela cishe kuzo zonke izikhathi ngemuva kokufutha okulandelwa indawo ye-BUU ne-PMP.Kodwa-ke, emasontweni amabili ngemva kwe-IRS, i-PMP yaqopha amanani okufa aphezulu kakhulu nesesibili ukusuka ku-DDT ne-SP, ngokulandelana.Lo mphumela ukhombisa ukuthi isibulala-zinambuzane esifakwe ebusweni be-PMP asiqhubeki isikhathi eside.Lo mehluko ekusebenzeni kahle kwezinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane phakathi kwezinhlobo zodonga kungase kube ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, njengokwakheka kwamakhemikhali odonga (ukwenyuka kwe-pH okubangela ukuba ezinye izibulala-zinambuzane zibhidlike ngokushesha), izinga lokumuncwa (phezulu ezindongeni zenhlabathi), ukutholakala yokubola kwebhaktheriya kanye nezinga lokuwohloka kwezinto zodonga, kanye nezinga lokushisa nomswakama [44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49].Imiphumela yethu isekela ezinye izifundo ezimbalwa ekusebenzeni okusele kwezindawo ezilashwe ngama-insecticide ngokumelene nama-vector ezifo ahlukahlukene [45, 46, 50, 51].
Izilinganiso zokunciphisa omiyane emizini eselashwayo zibonise ukuthi i-SP-IRS yayisebenza kangcono kune-DDT-IRS ekulawuleni omiyane ngazo zonke izikhathi ze-post-IRS (P <0.001).Emzuliswaneni we-SP-IRS kanye ne-DDT-IRS, amanani okwehla emizini eselashwayo ukusuka kumaviki ama-2 kuye kwayi-12 ayengu-55.6-90.5% kanye no-14.1-34.1%, ngokulandelana.Le miphumela iphinde yabonisa ukuthi imiphumela ebalulekile ekuchichimeni kwe-P. argentipes ezindlini ze-sentinel yabonwa phakathi kwamaviki angu-4 wokuqaliswa kwe-IRS;ama-argentipes anda kuyo yomibili imizuliswano ye-IRS amasonto ayi-12 ngemuva kwe-IRS;Kodwa-ke, kwakungekho mehluko obalulekile enanini lomiyane emizini yabalindi phakathi kwemizuliswano emibili ye-IRS (P = 0.33).Imiphumela evela ekuhlaziyweni kwezibalo zokuminyana kwezimfanzi ezisiliva phakathi kwamaqembu asekhaya emzuliswaneni ngamunye iphinde yabonisa ukuthi awukho umehluko omkhulu ku-DDT kuwo wonke amaqembu asekhaya amane (okungukuthi, ukufuthwa kuqhathaniswa ne-sentinel; isifutho ngokumelene nokulawula; i-sentinel vs. control; qedela uma iqhathaniswa nengxenye).).Amaqembu omndeni amabili i-IRS ne-SP-IRS (okungukuthi, umlindi vs. control kanye nokugcwele uma kuqhathaniswa nokuyingxenye).Kodwa-ke, umehluko omkhulu ekuminyanisweni kwezimfanzi ezisiliva phakathi komjikelezo we-DDT kanye ne-SP-IRS ubonwe emapulazini afuthwe ngokwengxenye nagcwele.Lokhu kuqaphela, kuhlanganiswe neqiniso lokuthi imiphumela yokungenelela ibalwe izikhathi eziningi ngemva kwe-IRS, iphakamisa ukuthi i-SP iyasebenza ekulawuleni omiyane ezindlini eziselashwe ngokwengxenye noma ngokugcwele, kodwa ezinganakiwe.Nokho, nakuba ungekho umehluko obalulekile ngokwezibalo enanini lomiyane ezindlini zabalindi phakathi kwemizuliswano ye-DDT-IRS kanye ne-SP IRS, isilinganiso senani lomiyane abaqoqwe phakathi nomzuliswano we-DDT-IRS sasiphansi uma siqhathaniswa nomjikelezo we-SP-IRS..Ubuningi budlula ubuningi.Lo mphumela uphakamisa ukuthi isibulala-zinambuzane esizwela i-vector esine-IRS ephakeme kakhulu phakathi kwabantu basekhaya singase sibe nomthelela wesibalo sabantu ekulawuleni omiyane emizini engazange ifuthwe.Ngokwemiphumela, i-SP ibe nomphumela ongcono wokuvimbela ukulunywa omiyane kune-DDT ezinsukwini zokuqala ngemva kwe-IRS.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-alpha-cypermethrin ingeyeqembu le-SP, inokucasuka kokuxhumana kanye nobuthi obuqondile omiyane futhi ifanele i-IRS [51, 52].Lokhu kungase kube esinye sezizathu ezinkulu zokuthi kungani i-alpha-cypermethrin inomphumela omncane ezindaweni ezingaphandle.Olunye ucwaningo [52] lwathola ukuthi nakuba i-alpha-cypermethrin ibonise izimpendulo ezikhona kanye namazinga aphezulu okugoqa ekuhlolweni kwaselabhorethri nasezindlini, i-compound ayizange ikhiqize impendulo exosha omiyane ngaphansi kwezimo zaselabhorethri ezilawulwayo.ikhabethe.iwebhusayithi.
Kulolu cwaningo, izinhlobo ezintathu zamamephu engcuphe yendawo zakhiwe;Izilinganiso zezinga lekhaya nezinga lendawo zengozi ziye zahlolwa ngokubhekwa komkhakha wokuminyana kwezimfanzi ze-silverleg.Ukuhlaziywa kwezindawo ezinobungozi okusekelwe ku-HT kubonise ukuthi izindawo eziningi zedolobhana (>78%) ze-Lavapur-Mahanara zisezingeni eliphezulu lengcuphe yokuvela kwezimpukane nokuvela kabusha.Kungenzeka ukuthi lesi yisizathu esikhulu esenza ukuthi i-Rawalpur Mahanar VL idume kangaka.I-ISV iyonke kanye ne-IRSS, kanye nemephu yokugcina engcuphe ehlanganisiwe, kutholwe ukuthi kukhiqize iphesenti eliphansi lezindawo ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezisengozini enkulu ngesikhathi somjikelezo we-SP-IRS (kodwa hhayi umjikelezo we-DDT-IRS).Ngemva kwe-SP-IRS, izindawo ezinkulu zezindawo ezinengcuphe ephakeme nezilinganiselwe ezisekelwe ku-GT zaguqulelwa ezindaweni ezinengcuphe ephansi (okungukuthi 60.5%; izilinganiso zemephu eyingozi ehlanganisiwe), engaphansi ngokuphindwe kane (16.2%) kune-DDT.- Isimo sikushadi lengozi yephothifoliyo ye-IRS ngenhla.Lo mphumela ubonisa ukuthi i-IRS iyisinqumo esifanele sokulawula omiyane, kodwa izinga lokuvikela lincike kwikhwalithi yesibulala-zinambuzane, ukuzwela (ku-vector eqondiwe), ukwamukelwa (ngesikhathi se-IRS) kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo;
Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwengozi yasekhaya ibonise ukuvumelana okuhle (P <0.05) phakathi kwezilinganiso zobungozi kanye nokuminyana kwezimfanzi ze-silverleg eziqoqwe emizini eyahlukene.Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi imingcele ehlonziwe yengcuphe yasekhaya kanye nezigaba zayo zengcuphe zifaneleka kahle ekulinganiseni ubuningi bendawo bezimfanzi ezisiliva.Inani le-R2 lokuhlaziywa kwesivumelwano se-post-IRS DDT lalingu-≥ 0.78, elalilingana noma likhulu kunevelu yangaphambi kwe-IRS (okungukuthi, 0.78).Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi i-DDT-IRS yayisebenza kahle kuzo zonke izindawo ezinobungozi ze-HT (okungukuthi, phezulu, okuphakathi, naphansi).Emzuliswaneni we-SP-IRS, sithole ukuthi inani lika-R2 liye laguquguquka evikini lesibili nelesine ngemva kokuqaliswa kwe-IRS, amanani emasontweni amabili ngaphambi kokuqaliswa kwe-IRS kanye namaviki angu-12 ngemva kokuqaliswa kwe-IRS ayecishe afana;Lo mphumela ubonisa umthelela obalulekile wokuchayeka kwe-SP-IRS komiyane, obonise inkambiso enciphayo nesikhawu sesikhathi ngemva kwe-IRS.Umthelela we-SP-IRS ugqanyisiwe futhi kwaxoxwa ngakho ezahlukweni ezedlule.
Imiphumela evela ekucwaningweni kwezindawo ezinobungozi zemephu ehlanganisiwe ibonise ukuthi phakathi nomjikelezo we-IRS, izinombolo eziphezulu kakhulu zezimfanzi ezisiliva zaqoqwa ezindaweni ezinobungozi obukhulu (okungukuthi, >55%), kulandelwa izindawo ezinengcuphe emaphakathi nephansi.Kafushane, ukuhlola ubungozi bendawo okusekelwe ku-GIS kufakazele ukuthi kuyithuluzi elisebenzayo lokwenza izinqumo lokuhlanganisa izendlalelo ezihlukene zedatha yendawo ngayinye noma ngokuhlangene ukuze kuhlonzwe izindawo ezinobungozi bezimpukane.Imephu yobungozi ethuthukisiwe inikeza ukuqonda okuphelele kwezimo zangaphambi nangemuva kokungenelela (okungukuthi, uhlobo lomndeni, isimo se-IRS, nemiphumela yokungenelela) endaweni yocwaningo edinga isenzo esisheshayo noma ukuthuthukiswa, ikakhulukazi ezingeni elincane.Isimo esithandwa kakhulu.Eqinisweni, izifundo eziningana ziye zasebenzisa amathuluzi e-GIS ukuze kumephu ingozi yezindawo zokuzalanisa ama-vector kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwendawo kwezifo ezingeni le-macro [24, 26, 37].
Izici zezindlu nezici zobungozi zokungenelela okusekelwe ku-IRS zihlolwe ngokwezibalo ukuze zisetshenziswe ekuhlaziyeni ukuminyana kwezimfanzi ezisiliva.Nakuba zonke izici eziyisithupha (okungukuthi, i-TF, TW, TR, DS, ISV, kanye ne-IRSS) zazihlotshaniswa ngokuphawulekayo nenqwaba yendawo yezimfanzi ze-silverleg ekuhlaziyeni okungavamile, okukodwa kuphela kuzo okukhethiwe kumodeli yokugcina eminingi yokuhlehla kweziyisihlanu.Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi izici zokuphatha ezithunjiwe kanye nezici zokungenelela ze-IRS TF, TW, DS, ISV, IRSS, njll. endaweni yocwaningo zifanelekile ukuqapha ukuvela, ukutholwa kanye nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwezimfanzi zesiliva.Ekuhlaziyweni kokuhlehla okuningi, i-TR ayitholakalanga ibalulekile ngakho-ke ayizange ikhethwe kumodeli yokugcina.Imodeli yokugcina ibibaluleke kakhulu, namapharamitha akhethiwe achaza u-89% we-silverleg shrimp density.Imiphumela yokunemba kwemodeli ibonise ukuhlobana okuqinile phakathi kokuminyana kwezimfanzi ezisiliva okubikezelwe nokubonwayo.Imiphumela yethu iphinde isekele izifundo zangaphambili ezazixoxa ngezici zengcuphe yezenhlalo nezomnotho nezindlu ezihlobene nokusabalala kwe-VL kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwendawo kwe-vector emaphandleni ase-Bihar [15, 29].
Kulolu cwaningo, asizange sihlole ukubekwa kwesibulala-zinambuzane ezindongeni ezifuthwe kanye nekhwalithi (okungukuthi) yesibulala-zinambuzane esisetshenziselwa i-IRS.Ukwehluka kwekhwalithi kanye nenani lezibulala-zinambuzane kungathinta ukufa komiyane kanye nempumelelo yokungenelela kwe-IRS.Ngakho-ke, ukufa okulinganiselwe phakathi kwezinhlobo zendawo kanye nemiphumela yokungenelela phakathi kwamaqembu omndeni kungase kuhluke emiphumeleni yangempela.Ngokucabangela lamaphuzu, kungase kuhlelwe isifundo esisha.Ukuhlolwa kwendawo yonke esengozini (kusetshenziswa imephu ye-GIS yobungozi) yezindawo zocwaningo kubandakanya izindawo ezivulekile phakathi kwamadolobhana, okuba nomthelela ekuhlukaniseni izindawo ezinobungozi (okungukuthi ukuhlonzwa kwezindawo) futhi kunabele ezindaweni ezinobungozi ezahlukene;Nokho, lolu cwaningo lwenziwe ezingeni elincane, ngakho-ke umhlaba ongenalutho unomthelela omncane kuphela ekuhlukaniseni izindawo ezinobungozi;Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlonza nokuhlola izindawo eziyingozi ezihlukene phakathi kwendawo yonke yedolobhana kunganikeza ithuba lokukhetha izindawo zokwakhiwa kwezindlu ezintsha zesikhathi esizayo (ikakhulukazi ukukhethwa kwezindawo ezisengozini encane).Sekukonke, imiphumela yalolu cwaningo inikeza ulwazi oluhlukahlukene olungakaze lufundwe ezingeni le-microscopic ngaphambili.Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukumelelwa kwendawo yemephu yobungozi bedolobhana kusiza ekuhlonzeni nasekuqoqeni imindeni ezindaweni ezinobungozi ezahlukene, uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlola okujwayelekile okujwayelekile, le ndlela ilula, ilula, ingabizi kakhulu futhi ayisebenzisi kakhulu, ihlinzeka ngolwazi kubenzi bezinqumo.
Imiphumela yethu ibonisa ukuthi i-silverfish yomdabu endaweni yocwaningo iye yahlakulela ukumelana (okungukuthi, imelana kakhulu) ne-DDT, futhi ukuvela komiyane kwabonwa ngokushesha ngemva kwe-IRS;I-Alpha-cypermethrin ibonakala iyisinqumo esifanele sokulawula i-IRS yamavekhtha e-VL ngenxa yokufa kwayo okungu-100% kanye nempumelelo engcono yokungenelela ngokumelene nama-silverflies, kanye nokwamukelwa kwayo okungcono komphakathi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-DDT-IRS.Nokho, sithole ukuthi ukufa komiyane ezindongeni ezilashwe nge-SP kuyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo olungaphezulu;ukungasebenzi kahle kwensalela kwabonwa futhi i-WHO yancoma isikhathi ngemuva kokuthi i-IRS ingafinyelelwanga.Lolu cwaningo lunikeza isiqalo esihle sengxoxo, futhi imiphumela yalo idinga ucwaningo olwengeziwe ukuze kutholakale izimbangela zangempela.Ukunemba okubikezelwayo kwemodeli yokuhlaziya ukuminyana kwezimpukane zesihlabathi kubonise ukuthi inhlanganisela yezimpawu zezindlu, ukuzwela kwesibulala-zinambuzane kuma-vectors kanye nesimo se-IRS kungasetshenziswa ukulinganisa ukuminyana kwezimpukane zesihlabathi emizaneni eyi-VL e-Bihar.Ucwaningo lwethu luphinde lubonise ukuthi ukuhlanganisa imephu yengozi yendawo okusekelwe ku-GIS (izinga elikhulu) kungaba ithuluzi eliwusizo lokuhlonza izindawo ezinobungozi ukuze kuqashwe ukuvela nokuvela kabusha kwezinqwaba zesihlabathi ngaphambi nangemuva kwemihlangano ye-IRS.Ukwengeza, amamephu engcuphe yendawo ahlinzeka ngokuqonda okuphelele kwezinga kanye nemvelo yezindawo ezinobungozi emazingeni ahlukene, okungeke kufundwe ngocwaningo lwenkambu evamile kanye nezindlela ezijwayelekile zokuqoqa idatha.Ulwazi lwengcuphe ye-Microspatial eqoqwe ngamamephu e-GIS lungasiza ososayensi nabacwaningi bezempilo yomphakathi ukuthi bakhe futhi basebenzise amasu amasha okulawula (okungukuthi ukungenelela okukodwa noma ukulawulwa kwe-vector okudidiyelwe) ukuze kufinyelelwe emaqenjini ahlukene emindeni kuye ngohlobo lwamazinga obungozi.Ukwengeza, imephu engcuphe isiza ekulungiseleleni ukwabiwa nokusetshenziswa kwezisetshenziswa zokulawula ngesikhathi esifanele nasendaweni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kohlelo.
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-20-2024