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Inhlanganisela yezinhlanganisela eziphuma esitshalweni ezibulala izinambuzane zingabonisa ukusebenzisana okuvumelanayo noma okuphikisayo ngokumelene nezinambuzane.Uma kubhekwa ukusabalala ngokushesha kwezifo ezithwalwa omiyane be-Aedes kanye nokumelana okwandayo komiyane be-Aedes ezinambuzaneni zendabuko, izinhlanganisela ezingamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili zezinhlanganisela ze-terpene ezisekelwe kumafutha abalulekile ezitshalo zakhiwa futhi zavivinywa ngokumelene nezigaba zesibungu nezabantu abadala ze-Aedes aegypti.Amafutha abalulekile ezitshalo ezinhlanu (ama-EO) aqale ahlolwa ngokusebenza kwawo kwe-larvicidal kanye nokusetshenziswa kwabantu abadala, futhi kwahlonzwa izinhlanganisela ezimbili ezinkulu ku-EO ngayinye ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni ye-GC-MS.Izinhlanganisela eziyinhloko ezihlonziwe zathengwa, okuyi-diallyl disulfide, i-diallyl trisulfide, i-carvone, i-limonene, i-eugenol, i-methyl eugenol, i-eucalyptol, i-eudesmol nomiyane i-alpha-pinene.Izinhlanganisela kanambambili zalezi zinhlanganisela zabe sezilungiselelwa kusetshenziswa imithamo emincane futhi imiphumela yazo ye-synergistic ne-antagonistic yahlolwa futhi yanqunywa.Izingoma ezingcono kakhulu ze-larvicidal zitholakala ngokuxuba i-limonene ne-diallyl disulfide, futhi izingoma ezingcono kakhulu ze-addicidal zitholakala ngokuxuba i-carvone ne-limonene.I-larvicide yokwenziwa esetshenziswa ukuhweba i-Temphos kanye nomuthi omdala i-Malathion zihlolwe ngokuhlukana futhi ngezinhlanganisela kanambambili nama-terpenoids.Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi inhlanganisela ye-temephos ne-diallyl disulfide ne-malathion ne-eudesmol kwakuyinhlanganisela ephumelela kakhulu.Lezi zinhlanganisela ezinamandla zinamandla okusetshenziswa ngokumelene ne-Aedes aegypti.
Amafutha abalulekile ezitshalo (EOs) angama-metabolite esibili aqukethe izinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene ze-bioactive futhi aya ngokuya ebaluleka njengenye indlela yezibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa.Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi zinobungani bemvelo futhi zisebenziseka kalula, kodwa futhi ziyingxube yezinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene ze-bioactive, ezinciphisa amathuba okuba nokungazweli emithini1.Besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-GC-MS, abacwaningi bahlola izakhi zamafutha abalulekile ezitshalo ahlukahlukene futhi bahlonza ngaphezu kwezinhlanganisela ze-3,000 ezivela ezitshalweni ezinuka kamnandi ze-17,5002, eziningi zazo ezihlolelwe izakhiwo ezibulala izinambuzane futhi kubikwa ukuthi zinemiphumela yokubulala izinambuzane3,4.Olunye ucwaningo luqokomisa ukuthi ubuthi bengxenye eyinhloko yenhlanganisela buyafana noma bukhulu kunobo be-ethylene oxide yayo engahluziwe.Kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlanganisela ngazinye kungase kuphinde kushiye indawo yokuthuthukiswa kokumelana, njengoba kwenzeka ngama-insecticides amakhemikhali5,6.Ngakho-ke, ukugxila kwamanje kusekulungiseleleni izingxube ze-ethylene oxide-based compounds ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinambuzane kanye nokunciphisa amathuba okumelana nezinambuzane ezihlosiwe.Izinhlanganisela ezisebenzayo ngazinye ezikhona kuma-EO zingabonisa imiphumela ehambisanayo noma ephikisanayo ezinhlanganisela ezibonisa umsebenzi wonke we-EO, iqiniso eliye lagcizelelwa kahle ezifundweni ezenziwe abacwaningi bangaphambili7,8.Uhlelo lokulawula i-vector luhlanganisa i-EO nezingxenye zayo.Umsebenzi wokubulala omiyane wamafutha abalulekile uye wacwaningwa kabanzi omiyane i-Culex ne-Anopheles.Ucwaningo oluningana luzamile ukwenza izibulala-zinambuzane ezisebenzayo ngokuhlanganisa izitshalo ezihlukahlukene nezibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa ezisetshenziswa ukuze kwandiswe ubuthi obuphelele nokunciphisa imiphumela engemihle9.Kodwa izifundo zalezi zinhlanganisela ngokumelene ne-Aedes aegypti zihlala zingavamile.Intuthuko kwezesayensi yezokwelapha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezidakamizwa nemithi yokugoma kuye kwasiza ekulweni nezifo ezithwalwa yizilwane.Kodwa ukuba khona kwama-serotypes ahlukene egciwane, asakazwa umiyane i-Aedes aegypti, kuye kwaholela ekuhlulekeni kwezinhlelo zokugoma.Ngakho-ke, lapho izifo ezinjalo zenzeka, izinhlelo zokulawula ama-vector ukuphela kwendlela yokuvimbela ukusakazeka kwalesi sifo.Esimeni samanje, ukulawulwa kwe-Aedes aegypti kubaluleke kakhulu njengoba iwumthombo oyinhloko wamagciwane ahlukahlukene kanye nama-serotypes awo abangela umkhuhlane wodenga, i-Zika, i-dengue hemorrhagic fever, i-yellow fever, njll. Okuphawuleka kakhulu ukuthi inani labantu cishe zonke izifo ezithwalwa yi-Aedes ezithwalwa yi-vector ziyanda minyaka yonke e-Egypt futhi ziyanda emhlabeni wonke.Ngakho-ke, kulo mongo, kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuthuthukisa izindlela zokulawula ezinobungani nemvelo ezisebenzayo kubantu base-Aedes aegypti.Abangase bangenele ukhetho mayelana nalokhu ama-EO, izinhlanganisela zawo ezihlanganisayo, nezinhlanganisela zawo.Ngakho-ke, lolu cwaningo luzame ukuhlonza inhlanganisela esebenzayo ye-synergistic yezinhlanganisela eziyinhloko ze-EO zezitshalo ezivela ezitshalweni ezinhlanu ezinezibulala-zinambuzane (okungukuthi, i-mint, i-basil engcwele, i-Eucalyptus spotted, i-Allium sulfur ne-melaleuca) ngokumelene ne-Aedes aegypti.
Wonke ama-EO akhethiwe abonise umsebenzi ongaba khona we-larvicidal ngokumelene ne-Aedes aegypti ene-24-h LC50 kusukela ku-0.42 kuya ku-163.65 ppm.Umsebenzi ophakeme kakhulu we-larvicidal urekhodwe i-peppermint (Mp) EO enenani le-LC50 lika-0.42 ppm ngo-24 h, ilandelwa i-garlic (As) enenani le-LC50 lika-16.19 ppm ku-24 h (Ithebula 1).
Ngaphandle kwe-Ocimum Sainttum, i-Os EO, wonke amanye ama-EO amane ahloliwe abonise imiphumela esobala ye-allecidal, ngamavelu e-LC50 asuka ku-23.37 kuya ku-120.16 ppm esikhathini sokuchayeka samahora angama-24.I-Thymophilus striata (Cl) EO yayisebenza kahle kakhulu ekubulaleni abantu abadala abanenani le-LC50 elingu-23.37 ppm phakathi namahora angu-24 ochayeka, ilandelwa i-Eucalyptus maculata (Em) eyayinevelu ye-LC50 engu-101.91 ppm (Ithebula 1).Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inani le-LC50 le-Os alikakanqunywa njengoba izinga lokufa eliphakeme kakhulu lama-53% lirekhodwe ngethamo eliphakeme kakhulu (Umfanekiso Owengeziwe 3).
Izinhlanganisela ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-EO ngayinye zihlonzwe futhi zakhethwa ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yolwazi lomtapo wezincwadi we-NIST, iphesenti lendawo ye-chromatogram ye-GC, kanye nemiphumela ye-MS spectra (Ithebula 2).Ku-EO Njengoba, izinhlanganisela eziyinhloko ezikhonjiwe kwakuyi-diallyl disulfide ne-diallyl trisulfide;ku-EO Mp izithako eziyinhloko ezihlonziwe kwakuyi-carvone ne-limonene, kwe-EO Em izinhlanganisela eziyinhloko ezihlonziwe kwakuyi-eudesmol ne-eucalyptol;Ku-EO Os, izinhlanganisela eziyinhloko ezikhonjiwe kwakuyi-eugenol ne-methyl eugenol, kanye ne-EO Cl, izinhlanganisela eziyinhloko ezihlonziwe yi-eugenol ne-α-pinene (Umfanekiso 1, Izibalo Ezingeziwe 5-8, Ithebula Lokwengeza 1-5).
Imiphumela ye-mass spectrometry ye-terpenoid eyinhloko yamafutha abalulekile akhethiwe (A-diallyl disulfide; B-diallyl trisulfide; C-eugenol; D-methyl eugenol; E-limonene; F-aromatic ceperone; G-α-pinene; H-cineole I-R-eudamol).
Ingqikithi yezinhlanganisela eziyisishiyagalolunye (i-diallyl disulfide, i-diallyl trisulfide, i-eugenol, i-methyl eugenol, i-carvone, i-limonene, i-eucalyptol, i-eudesmol, i-α-pinene) ihlonzwe njengezinhlanganisela ezisebenzayo eziyizingxenye eziyinhloko ze-EO futhi zahlolwa i-bioassayed ngayinye ngokumelene ne-Aedes aegypti e-lag. izigaba..I-eudesmol ehlanganisiwe ibe nomsebenzi ophezulu kakhulu we-larvicidal onenani le-LC50 lika-2.25 ppm ngemva kwamahora angu-24 wokuchayeka.Izinhlanganisela ze-diallyl disulfide kanye ne-diallyl trisulfide nazo zitholakale zinemiphumela engaba khona ye-larvicidal, enemithamo eyingozi encane ebangeni lika-10–20 ppm.Umsebenzi omaphakathi we-larvicidal waphinde wabonwa ngezinhlanganisela ze-eugenol, limonene ne-eucalyptol ezinamavelu e-LC50 we-63.35 ppm, 139.29 ppm.kanye no-181.33 ppm ngemva kwamahora angu-24, ngokulandelana (Ithebula 3).Kodwa-ke, awekho amandla abalulekile e-larvicidal e-methyl eugenol ne-carvone atholakala ngisho nangemithamo ephezulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke amanani e-LC50 awazange abalwe (Ithebula 3).I-larvicide yokwenziwa i-Temephos yayinesilinganiso esibulalayo esingu-0.43 ppm uma iqhathaniswa ne-Aedes aegypti ngaphezu kwamahora angu-24 wokuchayeka (Ithebula 3, Ithebula Lokwengeza 6).
Izinhlanganisela eziyisikhombisa (i-diallyl disulfide, i-diallyl trisulfide, i-eucalyptol, i-α-pinene, i-eudesmol, i-limonene ne-carvone) zihlonzwe njengezinhlanganisela eziyinhloko ze-EO esebenzayo futhi zahlolwa ngabanye ngokumelene nomiyane base-Egypt Aedes abadala.Ngokokuhlaziywa kwe-Probit regression, i-Eudesmol itholwe inamandla aphezulu ngenani le-LC50 elingu-1.82 ppm, ilandelwa i-Eucalyptol enenani le-LC50 lika-17.60 ppm ngesikhathi sokuchayeka samahora angu-24.Izinhlanganisela ezinhlanu ezisele ezihloliwe zaziyingozi ngokulinganayo kubantu abadala abane-LC50s kusukela ku-140.79 kuya ku-737.01 ppm (Ithebula 3).I-synthetic organophosphorus malathion yayinamandla amancane kune-eudesmol futhi iphakeme kunezinye izinhlanganisela eziyisithupha, nevelu ye-LC50 engu-5.44 ppm esikhathini sokuchayeka samahora angu-24 (Ithebula 3, Ithebula Lokwengeza 6).
Izinhlanganisela zomthofu ezinamandla eziyisikhombisa kanye ne-organophosphorus tamephosate zikhethiwe ukuze kwenziwe inhlanganisela kanambambili yemithamo yazo ye-LC50 ngesilinganiso esingu-1:1.Ingqikithi yenhlanganisela kanambambili engama-28 yalungiswa futhi yahlolelwa ukusebenza kwayo kokubulala izibunu ngokumelene ne-Aedes aegypti.Izinhlanganisela eziyisishiyagalolunye zitholwe zine-synergistic, izinhlanganisela eziyi-14 beziphikisana, kanti izinhlanganisela ezinhlanu bezingezona i-larvicidal.Phakathi kwezinhlanganisela ze-synergistic, inhlanganisela ye-diallyl disulfide ne-temofol yayisebenza kahle kakhulu, nokufa kwe-100% okubonwe ngemva kwamahora angu-24 (Ithebula 4).Ngokufanayo, izingxube ze-limonene ne-diallyl disulfide ne-eugenol ene-thymetphos zibonise amandla amahle ngokufa kwezibungu okuphawuliwe okungama-98.3% (Ithebula 5).Izinhlanganisela ezi-4 ezisele, okuyi-eudesmol kanye ne-eucalyptol, i-eudesmol kanye ne-limonene, i-eucalyptol kanye ne-alpha-pinene, i-alpha-pinene kanye ne-temephos, nazo zibonise ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwe-larvicidal, namazinga okufa abonwayo angaphezu kwama-90%.Izinga lokufa elilindelekile lisondele ku-60-75%.(Ithebula 4).Nokho, inhlanganisela ye-limonene ne-α-pinene noma i-eucalyptus ibonise ukusabela okuphikisayo.Ngokufanayo, izingxube ze-Temephos ne-eugenol noma i-eucalyptus noma i-eudesmol noma i-diallyl trisulfide zitholwe zinemiphumela ephikisanayo.Ngokufanayo, inhlanganisela ye-diallyl disulfide ne-diallyl trisulfide kanye nenhlanganisela yalezi zinhlanganisela ne-eudesmol noma i-eugenol ziyaphikisana esenzweni sazo sokuqeda izibungu.Ukuphikisana kuye kwabikwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-eudesmol ne-eugenol noma i-α-pinene.
Kuzo zonke izingxube kanambambili ezingama-28 ezihlolelwe ukusebenza kwe-asidi yabantu abadala, izinhlanganisela eziyi-7 beziyi-synergistic, ezi-6 azibanga namphumela, kanti eziyi-15 beziphikisana.Izingxube ze-eudesmol ne-eucalyptus kanye ne-limonene ne-carvone zitholwe zisebenza kangcono kunezinye izinhlanganisela ze-synergistic, nezinga lokufa ngamahora angu-24 angu-76% kanye ne-100%, ngokulandelanayo (Ithebula 5).I-Malathion iye yaqashelwa ukubonisa umphumela we-synergistic nazo zonke izinhlanganisela zezinhlanganisela ngaphandle kwe-limonene ne-diallyl trisulfide.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuphikisa kutholakele phakathi kwe-diallyl disulfide ne-diallyl trisulfide kanye nenhlanganisela yazo ne-eucalyptus, noma i-eucalyptol, noma i-carvone, noma i-limonene.Ngokufanayo, izinhlanganisela ze-α-pinene ne-eudesmol noma i-limonene, i-eucalyptol ne-carvone noma i-limonene, ne-limonene ene-eudesmol noma i-malathion ibonise imiphumela ephikisana ne-larvicidal.Ezinhlanganisela eziyisithupha ezisele, awukho umehluko omkhulu phakathi kokufa okulindelekile nokubonwayo (Ithebula 5).
Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni ye-synergistic kanye nemithamo eyingozi, ubuthi babo be-larvicidal ngokumelene nenani elikhulu lomiyane be-Aedes aegypti ekugcineni bukhethiwe futhi bahlolwa futhi.Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ukufa kwezibungu okuphawuliwe kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela kanambambili i-eugenol-limonene, i-diallyl disulfide-limonene kanye ne-diallyl disulfide-timephos yayingu-100%, kuyilapho ukufa kwezibungu okulindelekile kwaba ngu-76.48%, 72.16% no-63.4%, ngokulandelana (Ithebula 6)..Inhlanganisela ye-limonene ne-eudesmol ayizange isebenze kahle kakhulu, kanti ukufa kwezibungu okungama-88% kubonwe esikhathini sokuchayeka samahora angama-24 (Ithebula 6).Kafushane, izinhlanganisela ezine ezikhethiwe kanambambili ziphinde zabonisa imiphumela ye-synergistic larvicidal ngokumelene ne-Aedes aegypti uma isetshenziswa ngesilinganiso esikhulu (Ithebula 6).
Izinhlanganisela ezintathu ze-synergistic zikhethelwe i-bioassay yabantu abadala ukuze kulawulwe inani elikhulu labantu abadala i-Aedes aegypti.Ukukhetha izinhlanganisela ongazihlola ezindaweni ezinkulu zezinambuzane, siqale sagxila ezinhlanganisela ezimbili ezihamba phambili ze-synergistic terpene, okuyi-carvone plus limonene ne-eucalyptol plus eudesmol.Okwesibili, inhlanganisela engcono kakhulu ye-synergistic yakhethwa ekuhlanganiseni kwe-synthetic organophosphate malathion kanye ne-terpenoids.Sikholelwa ukuthi inhlanganisela ye-malathion ne-eudesmol iyinhlanganisela engcono kakhulu yokuhlolwa ezindaweni ezinkulu zezinambuzane ngenxa yokufa okubonwa okuphezulu kakhulu kanye namanani aphansi kakhulu e-LC50 ezithako ezikhethiwe.I-Malathion ibonisa i-synergism ehlanganiswe ne-α-pinene, i-diallyl disulfide, i-eucalyptus, i-carvone ne-eudesmol.Kodwa uma sibheka amanani e-LC50, i-Eudesmol inenani eliphansi kakhulu (2.25 ppm).Amanani abaliwe e-LC50 e-malathion, α-pinene, diallyl disulfide, eucalyptol ne-carvone ayengu-5.4, 716.55, 166.02, 17.6 kanye no-140.79 ppm.ngokulandelana.Lawa manani akhombisa ukuthi inhlanganisela ye-malathion ne-eudesmol iyinhlanganisela efanelekile ngokuya ngomthamo.Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi inhlanganisela ye-carvone plus limonene kanye ne-eudesmol plus malathion ibe nokufa okuphawulwe ngo-100% uma kuqhathaniswa nokufa okulindelekile okungama-61% kuya ku-65%.Enye inhlanganisela, i-eudesmol plus eucalyptol, ibonise izinga lokufa elingu-78.66% ngemva kwamahora angu-24 ochayeka, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga lokufa elilindelekile lika-60%.Zontathu izinhlanganisela ezikhethiwe zibonise imiphumela ye-synergistic ngisho nalapho isetshenziswa ngesilinganiso esikhulu ku-Aedes aegypti yabantu abadala (Ithebula 6).
Kulolu cwaningo, ama-EO ezitshalo akhethiwe afana ne-Mp, As, Os, Em kanye ne-Cl abonise imiphumela ethembisayo ebulalayo ezigabeni zezibungu nezabantu abadala ze-Aedes aegypti.I-Mp EO yayinomsebenzi wokubulala izibunu ophezulu kakhulu onenani le-LC50 elingu-0.42 ppm, ilandelwa i-As, Os kanye ne-Em EOs enenani le-LC50 elingaphansi kuka-50 ppm ngemva kwamahora angu-24.Le miphumela ihambisana nezifundo zangaphambilini zomiyane nezinye izimpukane eziyi-dipterous10,11,12,13,14.Nakuba amandla e-Cl e-larvicidal ephansi kunamanye amafutha abalulekile, anenani le-LC50 elingu-163.65 ppm ngemva kwamahora angu-24, amandla ayo omuntu omdala aphakeme kakhulu ngenani le-LC50 elingu-23.37 ppm ngemva kwamahora angu-24.I-Mp, As and Em EOs iphinde yabonisa amandla amahle e-allercidal ngamavelu e-LC50 ebangeni lika-100–120 ppm emahoreni angama-24 okuchayeka, kodwa ayengaphansi ngokuqhathaniswa nokusebenza kwawo kokubulala izibungu.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-EO Os ibonise umphumela we-allecidal onganakwa ngisho nangesilinganiso esiphezulu sokwelapha.Ngakho, imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi ubuthi be-ethylene oxide ezitshalweni bungase buhluke kuye ngokuthi isigaba sokuthuthukiswa komiyane15.Kubuye futhi kuncike ezingeni lokungena kwama-EO emzimbeni wesinambuzane, ukusebenzisana kwawo nama-enzyme athile aqondiwe, kanye namandla omiyane okukhipha ubuthi obuyingozi esigabeni ngasinye sokukhula16.Inombolo enkulu yocwaningo ibonise ukuthi ingxenye eyinhloko ye-compound iyisici esibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezinto eziphilayo ze-ethylene oxide, ngoba ibala iningi lama-compounds angu-3,12,17,18.Ngakho-ke, sicabangele izinhlanganisela ezimbili eziyinhloko ku-EO ngayinye.Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni ye-GC-MS, i-diallyl disulfide ne-diallyl trisulfide zihlonzwe njengezinhlanganisela ezinkulu ze-EO As, ezihambisana nemibiko yangaphambilini19,20,21.Nakuba imibiko yangaphambilini yabonisa ukuthi i-menthol ingenye yezinhlanganisela zayo eziyinhloko, i-carvone ne-limonene ziphinde zahlonzwa njengezinhlanganisela eziyinhloko ze-Mp EO22,23.Iphrofayili yokuqamba ye-Os EO ibonise ukuthi i-eugenol ne-methyl eugenol yizinhlanganisela eziyinhloko, ezifana nokutholwe kwabacwaningi bangaphambili16,24.I-Eucalyptol ne-eucalyptol kuye kwabikwa njengezinhlanganisela eziyinhloko ezikhona emafutheni amaqabunga e-Em, ahambisana nokutholwa kwabanye abacwaningi25,26 kodwa ngokuphambene nokutholwe kuka-Olalade et al.27.Ukubusa kwe-cineole ne-α-pinene kwabonwa emafutheni abalulekile e-melaleuca, afana nezifundo zangaphambilini28,29.Umehluko we-Intraspecific ekubunjweni nasekuhlanganiseni kwamafutha abalulekile akhishwe ohlotsheni lwezitshalo ezifanayo ezindaweni ezahlukene kuye kwabikwa futhi kwabonwa kulolu cwaningo, okuthonywa izimo zokukhula kwezitshalo, isikhathi sokuvuna, isigaba sokukhula, noma ubudala bezitshalo.ukubukeka kwe-chemotypes, njll.22,30,31,32.Izinhlanganisela eziyinhloko ezihlonziwe zabe sezithengwa futhi zahlolelwa imiphumela yazo yokubulala izibunu kanye nemiphumela komiyane abadala be-Aedes aegypti.Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi umsebenzi we-larvicidal we-diallyl disulfide wawuqhathaniswa nalowo we-EO As ongahluziwe.Kodwa umsebenzi we-diallyl trisulfide uphakeme kune-EO As.Le miphumela ifana naleyo etholwe nguKimbaris et al.33 kuCulex philippines.Kodwa-ke, lezi zinhlanganisela ezimbili azizange zibonise umsebenzi omuhle we-autocidal ngokumelene nomiyane okuhlosiwe, okuhambisana nemiphumela ye-Plata-Rueda et al 34 ku-Tenebrio molitor.I-Os EO iyasebenza ngokumelene nesigaba sezibungu se-Aedes aegypti, kodwa hhayi ngokumelene nesiteji sabantu abadala.Kuye kwatholakala ukuthi umsebenzi wokuqeda izibungu zezinhlanganisela eziyinhloko zomuntu ngamunye uphansi kunalowo we-Os EO ongahluziwe.Lokhu kusho indima yezinye izinhlanganisela kanye nokusebenzisana kwazo ku-ethylene oxide engahluziwe.I-Methyl eugenol iyodwa inomsebenzi onganakwa, kuyilapho i-eugenol iyodwa inomsebenzi we-larvicidal omaphakathi.Lesi siphetho siqinisekisa, ngakolunye uhlangothi,35,36, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, siphikisana neziphetho zabacwaningi bangaphambili37,38.Umehluko emaqenjini asebenzayo e-eugenol kanye ne-methyleugenol kungase kubangele ubuthi obuhlukene ezinambuzaneni ezifanayo39.I-Limonene itholwe inomsebenzi omaphakathi wokuqeda izibungu, kuyilapho umphumela we-carvone wawungabalulekile.Ngokufanayo, ubuthi obuphansi be-limonene ezinambuzaneni ezindala kanye nobuthi obuphezulu be-carvone busekela imiphumela yezinye izifundo zangaphambilini40 kodwa buphikisana nezinye41.Ukuba khona kwezibopho eziphindwe kabili kuzo zombili izikhundla ze-intracyclic kanye ne-exocyclic kungase kwandise izinzuzo zalezi zinhlanganisela njenge-larvicides3,41, kuyilapho i-carvone, okuyi-ketone ene-alpha ne-beta carbons engagcwele, ingase ibonise amandla aphezulu okuba nobuthi kubantu abadala42.Nokho, izici ngazinye ze-limonene ne-carvone ziphansi kakhulu kunengqikithi ye-EO Mp (Ithebula 1, Ithebula 3).Phakathi kwama-terpenoids ahloliwe, i-eudesmol yatholakala inomsebenzi omkhulu we-larvicidal kanye nomuntu omdala onenani le-LC50 elingaphansi kuka-2.5 ppm, okwenza kube inhlanganisela ethembisayo yokulawula omiyane be-Aedes.Ukusebenza kwayo kungcono kunokwe-EO Em yonke, nakuba lokhu akuhambisani nokutholwe kuka-Cheng et al.40.I-Eudesmol iyi-sesquiterpene enamayunithi amabili e-isoprene angaguquguquki kancane kune-oksijini monoterpenes njenge-eucalyptus futhi ngenxa yalokho inamandla amakhulu njengesibulala-zinambuzane.I-Eucalyptol ngokwayo inomuntu omdala omkhulu kunomsebenzi we-larvicidal, futhi imiphumela evela ezifundweni zangaphambili kokubili isekela futhi iyakuphikisa lokhu37,43,44.Umsebenzi uwodwa ucishe ufaniswe nalowo we-EO Cl yonke.Enye i-bicyclic monoterpene, i-α-pinene, inomphumela omncane womuntu omdala ku-Aedes aegypti kunomphumela we-larvicidal, okuphambene nomphumela we-EO Cl egcwele.Umsebenzi we-insecticidal jikelele we-terpenoids uthonywa yi-lipophilicity yabo, i-volatility, i-carbon branching, indawo yokuqagela, indawo engaphezulu, amaqembu asebenzayo kanye nezikhundla zabo45,46.Lezi zinhlanganisela zingase zisebenze ngokubhubhisa ukuqoqwa kwamangqamuzana, ukuvimbela umsebenzi wokuphefumula, ukuphazamisa ukudluliswa kwemizwa yezinzwa, njll. Utala48.Umsebenzi wabantu abadala we-synthetic organophosphorus malathion kubikwe ku-5.44 ppm.Nakuba la ma-organophosphates amabili ebonise ukusabela okuhle ngokumelene nezinhlobo zaselabhorethri ze-Aedes aegypti, ukumelana nomiyane kulezi zinhlanganisela kuye kwabikwa ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba49.Nokho, ayikho imibiko efanayo yokukhula kokungazweli emithini yemithi etholakele50.Ngakho-ke, ama-botanicals abhekwa njengezinye izindlela ezingasetshenziswa esikhundleni sezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali ezinhlelweni zokulawula ama-vector.
Umthelela we-larvicidal wahlolwa ezinhlanganisela kanambambili ezingu-28 (1:1) ezilungiselelwe kusuka kuma-terpenoids anamandla nama-terpenoids ane-thymetphos, futhi izinhlanganisela ezingu-9 zitholwe zine-synergistic, ezingu-14 eziphikisanayo nezingu-5 eziphikisanayo.Awukho umphumela.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ku-bioassay yamandla abantu abadala, inhlanganisela engu-7 itholakale isebenzisana, inhlanganisela engu-15 yayiphikisana, futhi inhlanganisela engu-6 yabikwa ukuthi ayinamthelela.Isizathu sokuthi kungani izinhlanganisela ezithile zikhiqiza umphumela we-synergistic kungenzeka kungenxa yezinhlanganisela zekhandidethi ezisebenzisana ngesikhathi esisodwa ezindleleni ezibalulekile ezihlukene, noma ukuvinjwa okulandelanayo kwama-enzyme abalulekile ahlukene wendlela ethile yezinto eziphilayo51.Inhlanganisela ye-limonene ne-diallyl disulfide, i-eucalyptus noma i-eugenol itholwe isebenzisana kuzo zombili izinhlelo zokusebenza ezincane nezinkulu (Ithebula lesi-6), kuyilapho inhlanganisela yayo ne-eucalyptus noma i-α-pinene itholakale inemiphumela ephikisana nezibungu.Ngokwesilinganiso, i-limonene ibonakala iyi-synergist enhle, okungenzeka ngenxa yokuba khona kwamaqembu e-methyl, ukungena kahle ku-stratum corneum, kanye nendlela ehlukile yokusebenza52,53.Kuye kwabikwa ngaphambili ukuthi i-limonene ingase ibangele imiphumela enobuthi ngokungena kwezinambuzane ze-cuticles (ubuthi bokuxhumana), obuthinta isimiso sokugaya ukudla (i-antifeedant), noma ithinte uhlelo lokuphefumula (umsebenzi wokuphefumula), i-54 ngenkathi i-phenylpropanoids efana ne-eugenol ingase ithinte i-enzyme ye-metabolic 55. Ngakho-ke, inhlanganisela yezinhlanganisela ezinezindlela ezahlukene zesenzo ingase yandise umphumela obulalayo wengxube.I-Eucalyptol itholakale isebenzisana ne-diallyl disulfide, i-eucalyptus noma i-α-pinene, kodwa ezinye izinhlanganisela nezinye izinhlanganisela zazingezona i-larvicidal noma eziphikisanayo.Ucwaningo lwangaphambili lubonise ukuthi i-eucalyptol inomsebenzi wokuvimbela ku-acetylcholinesterase (AChE), kanye ne-octaamine ne-GABA receptors56.Njengoba i-cyclic monoterpenes, i-eucalyptol, i-eugenol, njll. ingase ibe nendlela yokusebenza efanayo nomsebenzi wabo we-neurotoxic, 57 ngaleyo ndlela inciphise imiphumela yabo ehlangene ngokuvinjelwa okufanayo.Ngokufanayo, inhlanganisela ye-Temephos ne-diallyl disulfide, i-α-pinene ne-limonene itholwe isebenzisana, isekela imibiko yangaphambilini yomphumela we-synergistic phakathi kwemikhiqizo ye-herbal kanye ne-synthetic organophosphates58.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-eudesmol ne-eucalyptol kwatholakala ukuthi kunomphumela we-synergistic ezigabeni zesibungu nezabantu abadala be-Aedes aegypti, okungenzeka ngenxa yezindlela zabo ezihlukene zokwenza ngenxa yezakhiwo zabo zamakhemikhali ezihlukene.I-Eudesmol (i-sesquiterpene) ingase ithinte uhlelo lokuphefumula i-59 futhi i-eucalyptol (i-monoterpene) ingase ithinte i-acetylcholinesterase 60.Ukuchayeka ngokubambisana kwezithako kumasayithi amabili noma ngaphezulu okuqondiwe kungase kuthuthukise umphumela obulalayo wenhlanganisela.Kuma-bioassays ezinto zabantu abadala, i-malathion itholwe isebenzisana ne-carvone noma i-eucalyptol noma i-eucalyptol noma i-diallyl disulfide noma i-α-pinene, okubonisa ukuthi isebenzisana nokwengezwa kwe-limonene ne-di.Amakhandidethi amahle e-synergistic allercide yawo yonke iphothifoliyo yezinhlanganisela ze-terpene, ngaphandle kwe-Allyl trisulfide.I-Thangam kanye ne-Kathiresan61 baphinde babika imiphumela efanayo yomphumela we-synergistic we-malathion nge-herbal extracts.Le mpendulo ye-synergistic ingase ibe ngenxa yemiphumela enobuthi ehlanganisiwe ye-malathion kanye nama-phytochemicals kuma-enzyme aqeda ubuthi ezinambuzaneni.Ama-Organophosphates afana ne-malathion ngokuvamile asebenza ngokuvimbela i-cytochrome P450 esterases kanye ne-monooxygenases62,63,64.Ngakho-ke, ukuhlanganisa i-malathion nalezi zindlela zokwenza kanye nama-terpenes ngezindlela ezihlukene zokwenza kungathuthukisa umphumela obulalayo omiyane.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuphikisa kubonisa ukuthi izinhlanganisela ezikhethiwe zisebenza kancane ngokuhlangana kunenhlanganisela ngayinye yodwa.Isizathu sokuphikisa kwezinye izinhlanganisela kungase kube ukuthi inhlanganisela eyodwa ilungisa ukuziphatha kwenye inhlanganisela ngokushintsha izinga lokumunca, ukusatshalaliswa, ukumetabolism, noma ukuxoshwa.Abacwaningi bakuqala babebheka lokhu njengembangela yokuphikisana ezinhlanganisela zezidakamizwa.Amamolekyuli Indlela engenzeka 65. Ngokufanayo, izimbangela ezingaba khona zokuphikisa zingase zihlobane nezindlela ezifanayo zokwenza, ukuncintisana kwezinhlanganisela ezihlanganisiwe zesamukeli esifanayo noma indawo okuhloswe ngayo.Kwezinye izimo, ukuvinjelwa okungenakuncintisana kweprotheni okuhlosiwe kungase kwenzeke.Kulolu cwaningo, izinhlanganisela ezimbili ze-organosulfur, i-diallyl disulfide ne-diallyl trisulfide, zibonise imiphumela ephikisanayo, okungenzeka ngenxa yokuncintisana kwesayithi elifanayo eliqondiwe.Ngokufanayo, lezi zinhlanganisela ezimbili zesulfure zibonise imiphumela ephikisanayo futhi azizange zibe nomthelela lapho zihlanganiswa ne-eudesmol ne-α-pinene.I-Eudesmol ne-alpha-pinene ziyi-cyclic ngokwemvelo, kanti i-diallyl disulfide ne-diallyl trisulfide ziyi-aliphatic ngokwemvelo.Ngokusekelwe esakhiweni samakhemikhali, inhlanganisela yalezi zinhlanganisela kufanele ikhulise umsebenzi obulalayo usuwonke njengoba izindawo ezihloselwe kuzo ngokuvamile zihluka34,47, kodwa ngokuhlola sithole ukuphikisa, okungenzeka kungenxa yendima yalezi zinhlanganisela kwezinye izinto eziphilayo ezingaziwa ku-vivo.amasistimu ngenxa yokusebenzisana.Ngokufanayo, inhlanganisela ye-cineole ne-α-pinene ikhiqize izimpendulo eziphikisanayo, nakuba abacwaningi babike ngaphambilini ukuthi lezi zinhlanganisela ezimbili zinezinhloso ezahlukene zesenzo47,60.Njengoba zombili izingxube zingama-monoterpenes angama-cyclic, kungase kube khona amasayithi athile okuqondiwe avamile angase aqhudelane ngokubopha futhi abe nomthelela kubo bonke ubuthi bamapheya ahlanganisiwe afundwayo.
Ngokusekelwe kumanani e-LC50 kanye nokufa okuphawulwe, izinhlanganisela ezimbili ezihamba phambili ze-synergistic terpene zakhethwa, okuyizipheya ze-carvone + limonene ne-eucalyptol + eudesmol, kanye ne-synthetic organophosphorus malathion ene-terpenes.Inhlanganisela efanele ye-synergistic ye-malathion + Eudesmol compounds ihlolwe ku-bioassay yesibulala-zinambuzane esidala.Khomba amakoloni amakhulu ezinambuzane ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi lezi zinhlanganisela ezisebenzayo zingasebenza ngokumelene nenani elikhulu labantu ezindaweni zokuchayeka ezinkulu.Zonke lezi zinhlanganisela zibonisa umphumela we-synergistic ngokumelene noswebezane lwezinambuzane.Kutholwe imiphumela efanayo yenhlanganisela efanelekile ye-synergistic larvicidal ehlolwe ngokumelene nenani elikhulu lezibungu ze-Aedes aegypti.Ngakho-ke, kungashiwo ukuthi inhlanganisela esebenzayo ye-synergistic larvicidal kanye ne-addicidal ye-plant EO compounds iyikhandidethi eliqinile ngokumelene namakhemikhali okwenziwa akhona futhi ingasetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ukulawula i-Aedes aegypti yabantu.Ngokufanayo, inhlanganisela esebenzayo yama-larvicides okwenziwa noma ama-adulticides ane-terpenes nawo angasetshenziswa ukwehlisa imithamo ye-thymetphos noma i-malathion enikezwa omiyane.Lezi zinhlanganisela ezinamandla ze-synergistic zinganikeza izixazululo zezifundo zesikhathi esizayo mayelana nokuvela kokumelana nezidakamizwa komiyane be-Aedes.
Amaqanda e-Aedes aegypti aqoqwa ku-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, Indian Council of Medical Research futhi agcinwa ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elilawulwayo (28 ± 1 ° C) kanye nomswakama (85 ± 5%) eMnyangweni Wezilwane, eNyuvesi yaseGauhati ngaphansi kwe izimo ezilandelayo: Arivoli zachazwa et al.Ngemva kokuchanyuselwa, izibungu zaziphakelwa ukudla kwezibungu (impushana yebhisikidi yezinja nemvubelo ngesilinganiso esingu-3:1) kanti abantu abadala baphakelwa isisombululo se-glucose esingu-10%.Kusukela ngosuku lwesi-3 ngemva kokuvela, omiyane besifazane abadala babevunyelwe ukumunca igazi lamagundane angama-albino.Cwilisa iphepha lokuhlunga emanzini engilazini bese ulibeka ekhejini lokubekela amaqanda.
Amasampula ezitshalo akhethiwe angamaqabunga eucalyptus (Myrtaceae), basil ongcwele (Lamiaceae), i-mint (Lamiaceae), i-melaleuca (Myrtaceae) kanye nama-allium bulbs (Amaryllidaceae).Iqoqwe eGuwahati futhi ikhonjwe nguMnyango Wezitshalo, eNyuvesi yaseGauhati.Amasampula ezitshalo aqoqiwe (500 g) afakwa ngaphansi kwe-hydrodistillation kusetshenziswa i-Clevenger apparatus amahora angu-6.I-EO ekhishiwe yaqoqwa ezitsheni zengilazi ezihlanzekile futhi yagcinwa ku-4 ° C ukuze kuqhutshekwe nesifundo.
Ubuthi be-Larvicidal buhlolisiswe kusetshenziswa izinqubo eziguquliwe kancane ze-World Health Organization 67.Sebenzisa i-DMSO njenge-emulsifier.Ukugxila kwe-EO ngakunye ekuqaleni kwahlolwa ku-100 naku-1000 ppm, kuveza izibungu ezingu-20 ku-replicate ngayinye.Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni, kwasetshenziswa uhla lokuhlushwa futhi ukufa kwaqoshwa kusukela ehoreni eli-1 kuye kwayi-6 (ngezikhawu zehora eli-1), futhi emahoreni angama-24, amahora angama-48 namahora angama-72 ngemuva kokwelashwa.Ukugxila kwe-sublethal (LC50) kwanqunywa ngemva kwamahora angu-24, 48 kanye nama-72 wokuchayeka.Ukugxila ngakunye kwahlolwa ngokuphindwe kathathu kanye nokulawula okungalungile okukodwa (amanzi kuphela) kanye nokulawula okukodwa okuhle (amanzi aphethwe yi-DMSO).Uma i-pupation yenzeka futhi ngaphezu kwe-10% yezibungu zeqembu elilawulayo ziyafa, ukuhlolwa kuyaphindwa.Uma izinga lokufa eqenjini elilawulayo liphakathi kuka-5-10%, sebenzisa ifomula yokulungisa ye-Abbott engu-68.
Indlela echazwe nguRamar et al.69 yasetshenziselwa i-bioassay yabantu abadala ngokumelene ne-Aedes aegypti isebenzisa i-acetone njengesixazululi.I-EO ngayinye yaqale yahlolwa ngokumelene nomiyane abadala be-Aedes aegypti ekugxilweni kwe-100 kanye ne-1000 ppm.Faka u-2 ml wesixazululo ngasinye esilungisiwe enombolweni ka-Whatman.1 ucezu lwephepha lokuhlunga (usayizi 12 x 15 cm2) bese uvumela i-acetone ihwamuke imizuzu eyi-10.Iphepha lokuhlunga eliphathwe nge-2 ml kuphela ye-acetone lisetshenziswe njengesilawuli.Ngemuva kokuthi i-acetone ihwamukile, iphepha lokuhlunga eliphathwe kanye nephepha lokuhlunga lifakwa eshubhu le-cylindrical (ukushona kuka-10 cm).Omiyane abangadli igazi abaneminyaka eyishumi kuya kweziyi-4 badluliselwa kuma-triplicates okugxilwa ngakunye.Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa kokuqala, ukugxila okuhlukahlukene kwamafutha akhethiwe kwahlolwa.Ukufa kwabhalwa ngehora eli-1, amahora ama-2, amahora ama-3, amahora ama-4, amahora ama-5, amahora ayi-6, amahora angama-24, amahora angama-48 namahora angama-72 ngemuva kokukhishwa komiyane.Bala amanani we-LC50 wezikhathi zokuchayeka zamahora angama-24, amahora angama-48 namahora angama-72.Uma izinga lokufa lendawo yokulawula lingaphezu kuka-20%, phinda lonke uhlolo.Ngokufanayo, uma izinga lokufa eqenjini elilawulayo likhulu kuno-5%, lungisa imiphumela yamasampula alashiwe usebenzisa ifomula68 ka-Abbott.
I-gas chromatography (Agilent 7890A) kanye ne-mass spectrometry (Accu TOF GCv, Jeol) kwenziwa ukuze kuhlaziywe izinhlanganisela eziyingxenye yamafutha abalulekile akhethiwe.I-GC yayifakwe umtshina we-FID kanye nekholomu ye-capillary (HP5-MS).Igesi elithwalayo laliyi-helium, izinga lokugeleza laliyi-1 ml/min.Uhlelo lwe-GC lusetha i-Allium sativum ku-10:80-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-9M kanye ne-Ocimum Sainttum ibe ngu-10:80-3M-8-200-3M-10-275-1M-5 – 280, nge-mint 10:80-1M-8-200-5M-8-275-1M-5-280, ye-eucalyptus 20.60-1M-10-200-3M-30-280, futhi ngokubomvu Ngezendlalelo eziyinkulungwane yizo 10: 60-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-3M.
Izinhlanganisela ezinkulu ze-EO ngayinye zikhonjwe ngokusekelwe kumaphesenti endawo abalwe kusukela ku-GC chromatogram kanye nemiphumela ye-mass spectrometry (okubhekiselwa kuyo kusizindalwazi samazinga we-NIST 70).
Izinhlanganisela ezimbili ezinkulu ku-EO ngayinye zikhethiwe ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni ye-GC-MS futhi zathengwa ku-Sigma-Aldrich ngo-98-99% ubumsulwa ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokuhlolwa kwezinto eziphilayo.Izinhlanganisela zahlolelwa ukusebenza kahle kwe-larvicidal kanye nabantu abadala ngokumelene ne-Aedes aegypti njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla.Ama-larvicides okwenziwa asetshenziswa kakhulu tamephosate (Sigma Aldrich) kanye ne-malathion yezidakamizwa zabantu abadala (Sigma Aldrich) ahlaziywa ukuze aqhathanise ukusebenza kwawo kahle nezinhlanganisela ze-EO ezikhethiwe, ngokulandela inqubo efanayo.
Ingxube kanambambili yezinhlanganisela ezikhethiwe ze-terpene nezinhlanganisela ze-terpene kanye ne-organophosphates yokuhweba (i-tilephos ne-malathion) yalungiswa ngokuxuba umthamo we-LC50 wekhandidethi ngalinye ngesilinganiso esingu-1:1.Izinhlanganisela ezilungisiwe zahlolwa ezigabeni zezibungu nezindala ze-Aedes aegypti njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla.I-bioassay ngayinye yenziwa ngokuphindwe kathathu kwinhlanganisela ngayinye futhi ngokuphindwe kathathu kumakhompawundi angawodwana akhona kunhlanganisela ngayinye.Ukufa kwezinambuzane ezihlosiwe kwaqoshwa ngemva kwamahora angu-24.Bala izinga lokufa elilindelekile lengxube kanambambili usebenzisa ifomula elandelayo.
lapho u-E = izinga lokufa elilindelekile lomiyane be-Aedes aegypti ngokuphendula inhlanganisela kanambambili, okungukuthi uxhumano (A + B).
Umthelela wengxube ngayinye kanambambili ulebulwe ngokuthi i-synergistic, antagonistic, noma engekho umphumela ngokusekelwe kunani elingu-χ2 elibalwa ngendlela echazwe yi-Pavla52.Bala inani elithi χ2 lenhlanganisela ngayinye usebenzisa ifomula elandelayo.
Umthelela wenhlanganisela uchazwe njenge-synergistic lapho inani elingu-χ2 elibaliwe lalilikhulu kunevelu yethebula lamazinga ahambisanayo enkululeko (isikhawu sokuzithemba esingu-95%) futhi uma ukufa okuphawuliwe kutholwa kudlula inani lokufa elilindelwe.Ngokufanayo, uma inani elingu-χ2 elibaliwe lanoma iyiphi inhlanganisela lidlula inani letafula elinamadigri athile enkululeko, kodwa ukufa okuphawuliwe kungaphansi kokufa okulindelekile, ukwelashwa kuthathwa njengokuphikisa.Futhi uma kunoma iyiphi inhlanganisela inani elibaliwe lika-χ2 lingaphansi kwenani lethebula kumadigri ahambisanayo enkululeko, inhlanganisela ibhekwa njengengenawo umthelela.
Inhlanganisela emithathu kuya kwezine engase ibe ne-synergistic (izibungu eziyi-100 kanye nezinambuzane ezingama-50 ezibulala izibungu nezindala) zikhethelwe ukuhlolwa ngokumelene nenani elikhulu lezinambuzane.Abadala) qhubeka njengoba ngenhla.Kanye nezingxube, izinhlanganisela ngazinye ezikhona ezixubeni ezikhethiwe nazo zahlolwa ngezinombolo ezilinganayo zezibungu ze-Aedes aegypti kanye nabantu abadala.Isilinganiso esihlanganisiwe siyingxenye eyodwa ye-LC50 yomthamo wenhlanganisela yekhandidethi eyodwa kanye nengxenye yomthamo we-LC50 wesinye isakhi.Ku-bioassay yomsebenzi wabantu abadala, izinhlanganisela ezikhethiwe zancibilika ku-acetone encibilikayo futhi zasetshenziswa ekuhlungeni iphepha eligoqwe ngesitsha sepulasitiki esiyicylindrical esingu-1300 cm3.I-acetone yahwamuka imizuzu eyi-10 futhi abantu abadala bakhululwa.Ngokufanayo, ekuhlolweni kwe-larvicidal bioassay, imithamo yenhlanganisela ye-LC50 yamakhandidethi yaqala yancibilika ngamavolumu alinganayo e-DMSO futhi yahlanganiswa ne-1 ilitha lamanzi agcinwe ezitsheni zepulasitiki eziyi-1300 cc, futhi izibungu zakhululwa.
Ukuhlaziywa okunokwenzeka kwedatha yokufa erekhodiwe engama-71 kwenziwa kusetshenziswa i-SPSS (inguqulo 16) kanye nesofthiwe ye-Minitab ukuze kubalwe amanani e-LC50.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-01-2024