Izimpande zezitshalo ziyingxenye ebalulekile ye-rhizosphere, edlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthweni kwamanzi nezakhamzimba enhlabathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhiqizwa kwe-biomass engaphezulu komhlaba kuncike kakhulu ezimpandeni zezitshalo. Ukukhula kwezimpande nokusabalala kwezimpande enhlabathini kunquma ikhono lesitshalo lokumunca izakhamzimba namanzi. Ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zezimpande zezitshalo kuzivumela ukuthi zimunce kangcono amanzi, izakhamzimba, namaminerali avela enhlabathini. Cishe u-49% wokwanda kwesivuno kubangelwa imikhuba yokuphathwa kwezitshalo ethuthukisiwe, kanti u-51% osele ubangelwa ukuthuthukiswa kwezakhi zofuzo. Abalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo abanciphisa ukuhlala futhi bandise isisindo sokusanhlamvu bayisihluthulelo sokwandisa isivuno. Indawo yokuhlala inciphisa ukuthuthwa kwamanzi nezakhamzimba kanye ne-photosynthesis, okuholela ekuvuneni kommbila okuphansi. Amazinga okuhlala nawo athinta kabi inani lezinhlamvu zendlebe kanye nesisindo sokusanhlamvu, okunciphisa ikhwalithi yesivuno. Indawo yokuhlala kommbila kwenzeka kakhulu endaweni yesithathu eyisisekelo ngesikhathi sesigaba sokugcwaliswa kokusanhlamvu, njengoba kulapho ama-carbohydrate avela esiqwini ethuthwa aye endlebeni. Ukuguga ngaphambi kwesikhathi kanye nendawo yokuhlala kommbila kuhlobene ngqo nokukhula kwezimpande. Ukuhlaziywa kwesistimu yezimpande kuyisici esibalulekile ekwandiseni isivuno kanye nokunciphisa ukuhlalaindawo eyomileizinhlelo zezolimo.13
Umswakama owanele womhlabathi ungakhuphula kakhulu ubuningi bezinto ezomile zezimpande endaweni ngayinye. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokusebenzisa umanyolo wendabuko, ukusetshenziswa kwezilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo (ama-PPR) kungathuthukisa ukumuncwa kwamanzi nezakhamzimba enhlabathini yizimpande. Ukucindezela kwezimpande kuyinkomba yokugeleza kwezimpande kanye nokumuncwa kwazo. Ukumuncwa kwezimpande kuncike ekuqineni kwazo, kuyilapho umsebenzi wezimpande uhluka ngokwezimo zomswakama womhlabathi, uhlobo lwesitshalo, kanye nesizini yokukhula. Ensimini, kunzima ukuqonda ngokunembile ukuziphatha kwezimpande, kuyilapho ukumuncwa kwezimpande kungasetshenziswa ukubikezela ukuziphatha kwezimpande kanye nokumuncwa kwezakhamzimba namanzi. Ukumuncwa kwezimpande kuthonywa yizici eziningi, kufaka phakathi inombolo yezimpande, ububanzi bezimpande, kanye nesiqondiso sokukhula. Okuqukethwe yi-Lignin kuyingxenye ebalulekile yeziqu futhi kunomthelela omkhulu esilinganisweni sokumuncwa kweziqu. I-Ethephon iwumlawuli wokukhula ophumelelayo onganciphisa ingozi yokumuncwa. I-Ethephon ingasetshenziswa ukunciphisa ukuphakama kwezimpande zommbila, ukwandisa amandla okusebenza, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukunamathela kwezimpande. I-Ethephon kanye ne-chlormequat chloride kungathuthukisa ngempumelelo ukumelana nokumuncwa kanye nokubonisana kwama-hormone emvelo. I-DA-6 yehlise kakhulu izinga lokumuncwa, inombolo ye-panicle, kanye nokuphakama kwesitshalo, kanye nokungena kwesiqu okuthuthukisiwe. Ngakho-ke, ukubhekana nezinkinga zokuhlala ezitshalweni zezolimo kubalulekile ekufinyeleleni isivuno esizinzile nesiphezulu.
Sicabanga ukuthi ezindaweni ezomile kancane, ukuhlanganisa izindlela ezahlukene zokulima kanye nabalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo kunganciphisa ingozi yokuhlala kommbila futhi kwandise isivuno. Ukuze kuhlolwe lo mbono, lolu cwaningo lulinganise imiphumela yezindlela ezahlukene zokulima ezihlanganiswe nabalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo ezimpahleni ze-physicochemical zeziqu zommbila, i-root morphology, isakhiwo sama-molecule sezinqwaba zemithambo yegazi, okuqukethwe kwama-hormone emvelo ku-root root, kanye nesivuno. Umgomo walolu cwaningo ukuhlinzeka ngesisekelo semfundiso yokuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugcinwa kommbila kanye nesivuno ezindaweni ezomile kancane. Ukusetshenziswa kwabalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo kuzuzisa ekuphathweni komkhiqizo wezolimo.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwemvula kanye nokushisa kwanyanga zonke ezindaweni zokuhlola phakathi nezinkathi zokukhula kommbila zika-2021 no-2022.
Ukusebenzisa le modeli, izinga lokukhula kwezimpande elimaphakathi (Ć) ngesikhathi sokukhula lingabalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula elandelayo:
Esigabeni sokwakheka kwe-panicle, kwakhethwa izitshalo ezinhlanu esizeni ngasinye, futhi uhlelo lwezimpande lwasuswa enkabeni yesitshalo, ibanga eliphakathi kwemigqa liyingxenye yobubanzi nobude besitshalo. Ngemva kokuhlanza izimpande, umswakama womphezulu womiswa ngephepha lokuhlunga, futhi inani lezingqimba zezimpande labalwa. Izimpande ezintsha ze-coltsfoot zomiswa ku-80°C ukuze zibe nesisindo esifanayo, ngemva kwalokho isisindo sazo esomile salinganiswa. Ukujikeleza kwe-hormone ye-endogenous kwanqunywa kusetshenziswa i-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Wang et al.).
Umphumela wezindlela ezahlukene zokulima ngokuhlanganiswa nabalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo ekubuneni kwezimpande ekujuleni okungu-0–100 cm ngo-2022. Imigqa eqondile imelela iphutha elijwayelekile lesilinganiso (SEM) (n = 3). Izinhlamvu ezincane zibonisa umehluko obalulekile ezingeni lokubaluleka elingu-P ≤ 0.05 (ukuhlolwa kwe-LSD).
Umphumela wezindlela ezahlukene zokulima ngokuhlanganiswa nabalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo ekubuneni kwesisindo sezimpande ekujuleni okungu-0–100 cm ngo-2022. Imigqa eqondile imelela iphutha elijwayelekile lesilinganiso (SEM) (n = 3). Izinhlamvu ezincane zibonisa umehluko obalulekile ezingeni lokubaluleka lika-P ≤ 0.05 (ukuhlolwa kwe-LSD).
Ukwelashwa okuningi kwe-tillage kuhlanganiswe nabalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo kuthinte kakhulu izici ze-morphological zezimpande ezithuthukisiwe esigabeni sokuhola (Ithebula 6). Ekwelashweni kwe-EYD kanye ne-EYR, ububanzi, ivolumu, i-inclination angle, kanye nesisindo esomile sezimpande ezithuthukisiwe kwanda, lapho i-rotary tillage ihlanganiswe nabalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo be-Jindel kanye ne-Yuhuangjin bebonisa umphumela omuhle kakhulu. Kuyo yomibili iminyaka yocwaningo, ukusetshenziswa kwabalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo kwandise ububanzi, ivolumu, i-inclination angle, kanye nesisindo esomile sezimpande ezithuthukisiwe. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa kokulawula, inani lezingqimba zezimpande ezithuthukisiwe ekwelashweni kwe-EYD, EYR, kanye ne-EYB landa kakhulu ngo-2021. Kodwa-ke, akukho mehluko obalulekile owabonwa phakathi kokwelashwa ngo-2022.
Kuzo zonke izindlela zokwelashwa kokulima, izinga lokudla (EYD), isilinganiso sokuhlala (EYR), inkomba yokuhlala (EH), i-coefficient yokuhlala (EHC), kanye ne-coefficient yokuhlala (CG) yommbila ngo-2021 nango-2022 kwakuphakeme kakhulu kunakweminye iminyaka (Ithebula 8). Izindlela ezahlukene zokwelashwa kokulima zithuthukise kakhulu i-coefficient yokuhlala kanye nenkomba yokuhlala, kuyilapho ukusetshenziswa komlawuli wokukhula kwezitshalo we-Jindel + Yuhuangjin kwandisa i-coefficient yokuhlala. Ngo-2016, kwakungekho mehluko obalulekile ku-index yokuhlala, i-coefficient yokuhlala, kanye ne-coefficient yokuhlala phakathi kweminyaka emibili yocwaningo. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-index yokuhlala, i-coefficient yokuhlala, kanye ne-coefficient yokuhlala kanye nezinye izindlela zokwelashwa kokulima kwanda kakhulu ekwelashweni kokulima kwe-coefficient yokuhlala kanye nenkomba yokuhlala, okwaholela ekusebenzeni ngcono kokuhlala.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zokulima, abalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo bangalawula ukukhula kwezitshalo ngokwezidingo zokukhiqiza,lawula isimo sesitshalo, futhi wandise okuqukethwe yi-lignin, amazinga e-hormone yesitshalo, kanye nesivuno.Kuyaziwa kahle ukuthi abalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo banenzuzo yezindleko zokufaka eziphansi.Njengamanje, uma kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa kokulawula, ukwelashwa kwe-EYD kubonisa okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-lignin ku-internode yesithathu. Okuqukethwe kwe-lignin kuhlobene kakhulu nomsebenzi wezimpawu zama-hormone ezingokwemvelo, okuhambisana nemiphumela yezifundo zangaphambilini. Ukumelana okuthuthukisiwe kokuhlala kubangelwa kakhulu ukwanda kwe-okuqukethwei-lignin, i-cellulose, ama-carbohydrate, kanye nezici zesakhiwo ezifana nobukhulu bamagxolo,inombolokwezinqwaba zemithambo yegazi, kanye nezinga lokuqina. Kulolu cwaningo, kutholakale ukuthi ukujiya kwamagxolo kanye nenani lezinqwaba zemithambo yegazi yommbila kwanda ngokwelashwa kwe-EYD. Ekwelashweni kwe-EYD, izinqwaba ezincane zemithambo yegazi zazigcwele kakhulu, futhi izinqwaba ezinkulu zemithambo yegazi zakhiwe kahle. Izinqwaba zemithambo yegazi yezitshalo nazo zibalulekile ekuthuthweni kwamanzi nezakhamzimba.45 Ukungenela kwezicubu zemithambo yegazi yommbila kuhlobene kahle nenani lezinqwaba zemithambo yegazi.42 Ekwelashweni kwe-EYD, uma kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa kokulawula, i-SLR yehle ngo-97%, i-RLR ngo-65%, kanye ne-TLR ngo-74%.
Izindlela eziyinhloko zokuxhumana kwakuwukukhushulwa kwe-root sap kanye namazinga ama-hormone angaphandle. Ekwelashweni kwe-EYD, izinga lokukhushulwa kwe-root sap laliphezulu kakhulu kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhula kunakuzo zonke ezinye izindlela zokwelapha. Kwakungekho mehluko omkhulu emazingeni okukhushulwa kwe-root sap phakathi kokwelashwa kwe-ER kanye ne-EYR, noma phakathi kokwelashwa kwe-YB kanye ne-EYB kunoma yisiphi isigaba sokukhula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinsukwini ezingama-25 nezingu-125 ngemva kokuhlwanyela, izinga lokukhushulwa kwe-root sap laliphezulu kakhulu ekwelashweni kwe-YD kanye ne-EYD kunakuzo zonke ezinye izindlela zokwelapha. Indlela yokulima yathonya kakhulu izinga lokukhushulwa kwe-root sap. I-rototillage yandisa kakhulu ukukhushulwa kwe-root sap, okwathuthukisa kakhulu amandla okumunca izakhamzimba zezimpande kanye nesivuno.46Ezigabeni ze-V7 kanye nokugcwaliswa kokusanhlamvu, CHA−kanye ne-NH4+ezokuthuthakwakuphakeme kakhulu ekwelashweni kwe-EYD kunanoma yikuphi okunye ukwelashwa. Ukuthuthwa kwe-ionic kujusi wezimpande nakho kwakuphakeme kakhulu ekwelashweni kwe-EYD kunanoma yikuphi okunye ukwelashwa ezigabeni ezahlukene zokukhula. Izinqwaba zemithambo yegazi yezitshalo nazo zibalulekile ekuthuthweni kwamanzi, izakhamzimba, kanye ne-photosynthesis.34Izicubu zokuthutha kanye nezinqwaba zemithambo yegazi kuhlobene kahle nezitshalo zommbila.38
Amandla esiqu athuthukisiwe kanye nesimo sezimpande kuthuthukise ikhono lesitshalo lokuthutha amanzi, izakhamzimba, kanye ne-photosynthesize, okwathinta kahle isigaba sokugcwalisa imbewu. Lapho ukulima okujikelezayo kuhlanganiswa nokulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo (PGR) kusetshenziswa i-Kindle + Yuhuanghuang, ukwelashwa kwe-EYD kanye ne-EYR kwakhulisa imingcele yezimpande. Ngo-2021, inani lezingqimba zezimpande landa kakhulu ekwelashweni kwe-EYD, EYR, kanye ne-EYB, kodwa umehluko wawuncane ngo-2022. Abalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo bangathuthukisa ukumuncwa kwezakhamzimba zezimpande ngokuthuthukisa isimo sezimpande. Ubuningi obuhlobene bama-hormone ahlukahlukene, kunokuba bubuningi obuphelele bama-hormone athile, bunquma imiphumela yomzimba.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo ngesikhathi sokutshala kunganciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokuhlala, ikakhulukazi ngokwandisa amandla omshini wesiqu. Imiphumela yethu ikhombisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kweJindel + Yuhuangjin kanye nokulima okujikelezayo kunciphise kakhulu izinga lokuhlala, ukusatshalaliswa kwezimpande okuthuthukisiwe kanye nobunzima obomile, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo sesiqu, okuqukethwe kwe-lignin, isimo sezimpande ze-buttress, kanye nesivuno sommbila. Ukwelashwa kwe-EYD kukhuthaze kakhulu ukukhula kwezimpande, ukwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-lignin, kanye namandla omshini wesiqu, ngenkathi kunciphisa kakhulu izinga lokuhlala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuqukethwe kwe-NO3- kanye ne-NH4+ kwakuphakeme kakhulu ekwelashweni kwe-EYD kunasekwelashweni kwe-ED kanye ne-YD. Amazinga okudlulisa e-Zn, Fe, K, Mg, P, kanye ne-Ca afinyelele amanani awo aphezulu ekwelashweni kwe-EYD kanye ne-EYR. Ukwelashwa kwe-EYD kwandise i-angle yokuthambekela kwezimpande, ivolumu yobunzima obomile, kanye nobubanzi bezimpande ze-buttress. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa kwe-ED kanye ne-YD, amanani e-Ć, cm, kanye ne-Wmax e-TRDW, ARD, kanye ne-TRL akhuphuke kakhulu ngokwelashwa kwe-EYD kanye ne-EYR. Amazinga akhuphukile e-RLD, ARD, kanye ne-RDWD ngokwelashwa kwe-EYD akhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpande, athuthukise umswakama wenhlabathi, futhi athuthukise ukumuncwa kwezakhamzimba, ngaleyo ndlela athuthukise kakhulu ukumelana nokuma kwezitshalo futhi amele indlela ephumelelayo yokunciphisa izingozi zezitshalo ezindaweni ezomile kancane. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe buyithuluzi elithembisayo kubalimi ezindaweni ezomile kancane, okubenza bakwazi ukugcina isivuno esikhulu sommbila ngenkathi kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa ukuma kwezitshalo. Kodwa-ke, kudingeka ucwaningo olwengeziwe mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwabalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo ekulimeni okuhlanganisiwe kanye nezindlela zabo zokulawula ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zommbila.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Feb-02-2026