Ezolimo ziwumthombo obaluleke kakhulu ezimakethe zomhlaba, futhi izinhlelo zemvelo zibhekene nezinselele eziningi. Ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wonke komanyolo wamakhemikhali kuyakhula futhi kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuvuneni kwezitshalo1. Kodwa-ke, izitshalo ezikhuliswe ngale ndlela azinaso isikhathi esanele sokukhula nokuvuthwa kahle ngakho-ke azitholi izimfanelo ezinhle zezitshalo2. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhemikhali anobuthi ayingozi kakhulu angaqongelela emzimbeni womuntu nasenhlabathini3. Ngakho-ke, kunesidingo sokuthuthukisa izixazululo ezinobungani nemvelo nezisimeme ukuze kuncishiswe isidingo somanyolo wamakhemikhali. Amagciwane anenzuzo angaba umthombo obalulekile wamakhemikhali emvelo asebenzayo ngokwezinto eziphilayo4.
Imiphakathi ye-endophytic emaqabunga iyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lwesitshalo esisiphethe noma uhlobo lwe-genotype, isigaba sokukhula kwesitshalo, kanye nesimo sesitshalo. 13 Izifundo eziningana zibike ukuthi i-Azospirillum, i-Bacillus, i-Azotobacter, i-Pseudomonas, ne-Enterobacter zinamandla okwenza lokhu.khuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo. 14 Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Bacillus ne-Azospirillum yizona zinhlobo ze-PGPB ezifundwe kakhulu maqondana nokuthuthukisa ukukhula kwezitshalo kanye nesivuno. 15 Izifundo zibonise ukuthi ukugonywa kwe-Azospirillum brasiliensis kanye ne-Bradyrhizobium kuma-legume kungathuthukisa isivuno sommbila, ukolweni, isoya, kanye nobhontshisi wezinso. 16, 17 Izifundo zibonise ukuthi ukugonywa kwe-Salicornia ne-Bacillus licheniformis kanye nezinye i-PGPB kukhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo kanye nokumuncwa kwezakhamzimba. 18 I-Azospirillum brasiliensis Sp7 kanye ne-Bacillus sphaericus UPMB10 kuthuthukisa ukukhula kwezimpande zebhanana elimnandi. Ngokufanayo, imbewu ye-fennel kunzima ukuyikhulisa ngenxa yokukhula okubi kwezitshalo kanye nokuhluma okuncane, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezeleka kwesomiso 20. Ukwelashwa ngembewu nge-Pseudomonas fluorescens kanye ne-Trichoderma harzianum kuthuthukisa ukukhula kwasekuqaleni kwezithombo ze-fennel ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezeleka kwesomiso 21. Ku-stevia, kwenziwe izifundo zokuhlola imiphumela yesikhunta se-mycorrhizal kanye nokukhula kwezitshalo okukhuthaza i-rhizobacteria (PGPR) emandleni ezinto eziphilayo okukhula, ukuqoqa ama-metabolite esibili, kanye nokuveza izakhi zofuzo ezihilelekile ekwenziweni kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngokusho kukaRahi et al.22, ukugonywa kwezitshalo ezine-PGPRs ezahlukene kuthuthukise ukukhula kwazo, inkomba ye-photosynthetic, kanye nokuqongelela kwe-stevioside kanye ne-stevioside A. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukugonywa kwe-stevia nge-rhizobia ekhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo kanye ne-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi kukhuthaze ukuphakama kwesitshalo, i-stevioside, amaminerali, kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-pigment.23 Oviedo-Pereira et al.24 babike ukuthi ama-endophyte acasulayo i-Enterobacter hormaechei H2A3 kanye ne-H5A2 andise okuqukethwe kwe-SG, akhuthaza ubuningi be-trichome emaqabunga, futhi akhuthaza ukuqongelela kwama-metabolite athile kuma-trichomes, kodwa awakhuthazanga ukukhula kwezitshalo;
I-GA3 ingenye yamaprotheni afana ne-gibberellin abaluleke kakhulu futhi asebenzayo ngokwebhayoloji31. Ukwelashwa kwe-stevia ngaphandle nge-GA3 kungandisa ukwanda kwesiqu kanye nokuqhakaza32. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinye izifundo zibike ukuthi i-GA3 iyisikhuthazi esikhuthaza izitshalo ukuthi zikhiqize ama-metabolite esibili njengama-antioxidants kanye nama-pigment, futhi futhi iyindlela yokuzivikela33.
Ubudlelwano be-phylogenetic bezinhlobo ezihlukanisiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zohlobo. Izinombolo zokungena ze-GenBank zinikezwa kubakaki.
Imisebenzi ye-Amylase, i-cellulase kanye ne-protease iboniswa njengemivimbo ecacile ezungeze amakoloni, kuyilapho ama-precipitate amhlophe azungeze amakoloni abonisa umsebenzi we-lipase. Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 2, i-B. paramycoides SrAM4 ingakhiqiza wonke ama-hydrolase, kuyilapho i-B. paralicheniformis SrMA3 ingakhiqiza wonke ama-enzyme ngaphandle kwe-cellulase, kanti i-B. licheniformis SrAM2 ikhiqiza i-cellulase kuphela.
Izinhlobo eziningana ezibalulekile zama-microbial ziye zahlotshaniswa nokwanda kokwenziwa kwe-metabolite yesibili ezitshalweni zokwelapha neze-aromatic74. Wonke ama-antioxidants e-enzyme kanye ne-non-enzymatic akhuliswe kakhulu ku-S. rebaudiana Shou-2 uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula. Umphumela omuhle we-PGPB ku-TPC elayisi nawo wabikwa nguChamam et al.75; Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela yethu ihambisana nemiphumela ye-TPC, TFC, kanye ne-DPPH ku-S. rebaudiana, okwabangelwa isenzo esihlangene se-Piriformospora indica kanye ne-Azotobacter chroococcum76. I-TPC kanye ne-TFC77 zaziphezulu kakhulu ezitshalweni ze-basil eziphathwe ngama-microorganism uma kuqhathaniswa nezitshalo ezingalashwanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwanda kwama-antioxidants kungenzeka ngezizathu ezimbili: ama-enzyme e-hydrolytic avuselela izindlela zokuzivikela zezitshalo ngendlela efanayo nama-microorganisms e-pathogenic kuze kube yilapho isitshalo sijwayela ukoloni lwamagciwane78. Okwesibili, i-PGPB ingasebenza njengomqalisi wokungeniswa kwamakhemikhali asebenzayo enziwe ngendlela ye-shikimate ezitshalweni eziphakeme kanye nama-microorganisms 79.
Imiphumela ikhombisile ukuthi kwakukhona ubudlelwano obuhambisanayo phakathi kwenombolo yamaqabunga, ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-SG lapho izinhlobo eziningi zigonyelwa ndawonye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukugonyelwa kabili kwakungcono kunokugonyelwa okukodwa maqondana nokukhula kwezitshalo kanye nokukhiqiza.
Ama-enzyme e-hydrolytic atholakale ngemuva kokugonywa kwamagciwane endaweni ye-agar equkethe i-index substrate kanye nokufuthwa ku-28 °C izinsuku ezingu-2-5. Ngemva kokufaka amabhaktheriya endaweni ye-starch agar, umsebenzi we-amylase watholakala kusetshenziswa isisombululo se-iodine 100. Umsebenzi we-cellulase watholakala kusetshenziswa i-reagent ebomvu ye-Congo engu-0.2% yamanzi ngokwendlela kaKianngam et al. 101. Umsebenzi we-protease wabonwa ngezindawo ezicacile ezizungeze amakholoni afakwe endaweni ye-skim milk agar njengoba kuchazwe nguCui et al. 102. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-lipase 100 yatholakala ngemuva kokugonywa endaweni ye-Tween agar.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Jan-06-2025