Izibulala-zinambuzane zidlala indima enkulu kwezolimo zasemakhaya, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwazo ngokweqile noma ukusetshenziswa kabi kungaba nomthelela omubi ezinqubweni zokulawula ama-malaria;Lolu cwaningo lwenziwe phakathi kwemiphakathi yabalimi eningizimu ye-Côte d'Ivoire ukuze kutholwe ukuthi yiziphi izibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa abalimi bendawo nokuthi lokhu kuhlobana kanjani nemibono yabalimi mayelana nomalaleveva.Ukuqonda ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kungasiza ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokuqwashisa mayelana nokulawula omiyane kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane.
Ucwaningo lwenziwe phakathi kwemizi eyi-1,399 ezigodini eziyishumi.Abalimi bahlolisiswa ngemfundo yabo, izindlela zokulima (isb, ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane), imibono ye-malaria, kanye namasu ahlukahlukene omiyane abawasebenzisayo emakhaya.Isimo senhlalonhleko yezomnotho (i-SES) somuzi ngamunye sihlolwa ngokusekelwe kwezinye izimpahla zekhaya ezinqunywe kusengaphambili.Ubudlelwano bezibalo phakathi kokuhlukahluka okuhlukahlukene buyabalwa, okubonisa izici eziyingozi eziphawulekayo.
Izinga lemfundo yabalimi lihlotshaniswa kakhulu nesimo sabo senhlalo-mnotho (p <0.0001).Imizi eminingi (88.82%) yayikholelwa ukuthi omiyane bayimbangela eyinhloko kamalaleveva futhi ulwazi lwe-malaria lwaluhlotshaniswa kahle nezinga lemfundo ephakeme (NOMA = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.35, 3.10).Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali asendlini kwakuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nesimo senhlalo-mnotho sasekhaya, izinga lemfundo, ukusetshenziswa kwamanethi afakwe izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane zezolimo (p <0.0001).Kutholwe abalimi ukuthi basebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid endlini futhi basebenzisa lezi zibulala-zinambuzane ukuvikela izitshalo.
Ucwaningo lwethu lukhombisa ukuthi izinga lemfundo lihlala liyisici esibalulekile esinomthelela ekuqwashiseni kwabalimi ngokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokulawula umalaleveva.Sincoma ukuthi ukuxhumana okuthuthukisiwe okuqondise ekuzuzweni kwezemfundo, okuhlanganisa isimo senhlalo-mnotho, ukutholakala, kanye nokufinyelela emikhiqizweni yamakhemikhali alawulwayo kucatshangelwe lapho kuthuthukiswa ukulawulwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokungenelela kokulawulwa kwezifo ezithwalwa yizilwane emiphakathini yasendaweni.
Ezolimo yizona ezihamba phambili kwezomnotho emazweni amaningi aseNtshonalanga Afrika.Ngo-2018 nango-2019, i-Côte d'Ivoire yayingumkhiqizi ohamba phambili emhlabeni we-cocoa namantongomane e-cashew futhi ingumkhiqizi wesithathu omkhulu wekhofi e-Afrika [1], ngezinsizakalo zezolimo kanye nemikhiqizo ebalelwa ku-22% wesamba somkhiqizo wasekhaya (GDP) [2] .Njengabanikazi bomhlaba omningi wezolimo, abalimi abancane ezindaweni zasemakhaya yibona ababambiqhaza ekuthuthukisweni komnotho walo mkhakha [3].Izwe linamandla amakhulu ezolimo, njengoba amahektha ayizigidi ezingu-17 ezindawo zokulima kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezinkathi zonyaka okuvumela ukuhlukahluka kwezitshalo kanye nokutshalwa kwekhofi, ukhokho, amantongomane e-cashew, irabha, ukotini, ama-yam, isundu, umdumbula, irayisi nemifino [2].Ukulima okujulile kunomthelela ekusabalaleni kwezinambuzane, ikakhulukazi ngokusebenzisa ukwanda kwezibulala-zinambuzane zokulawula izinambuzane [4], ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabalimi basemaphandleni, ukuvikela izitshalo nokwandisa isivuno sezitshalo [5], nokulawula omiyane [6].Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa okungalungile kwama-insecticides kungenye yezimbangela eziyinhloko zokumelana nezinambuzane kuma-vectors wezifo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zezolimo lapho omiyane nezinambuzane zezitshalo zingase zibe ngaphansi kwengcindezi yokukhetha evela kuzinambuzane ezifanayo [7,8,9,10].Ukusetshenziswa kwe-pesticide kungabangela ukungcola okuthinta amasu okulawula i-vector kanye nemvelo ngakho-ke kudinga ukunakwa [11, 12, 13, 14, 15].
Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngabalimi kuye kwacwaningwa esikhathini esidlule [5, 16].Izinga lemfundo liboniswe ukuthi liyisici esiyinhloko ekusetshenzisweni okufanele kwezibulala-zinambuzane [17, 18], nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane abalimi kuvame ukuthonywa isipiliyoni esinamandla noma izincomo ezivela kubathengisi [5, 19, 20].Izinkinga zezimali zingenye yezithiyo ezivame kakhulu ezivimbela ukufinyelela kwezibulala-zinambuzane noma izibulala-zinambuzane, okuholela abalimi ekuthengeni imikhiqizo engekho emthethweni noma ephelelwe yisikhathi, evame ukubiza kancane kunemikhiqizo esemthethweni [21, 22].Izindlela ezifanayo ziyabonakala nakwamanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga Afrika, lapho imali engenayo ephansi iyisizathu sokuthenga nokusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane ezingafanelekile [23, 24].
E-Côte d'Ivoire, izibulala-zinambuzane zisetshenziswa kabanzi ezitshalweni [25, 26], ezithinta imikhuba yezolimo kanye nezibalo ze-malaria [27, 28, 29, 30].Izifundo ezindaweni eziphethwe umalaleveva zibonise ukuhlobana phakathi kwesimo senhlalakahle yezomnotho kanye nemibono ye-malaria kanye nezingozi zokutheleleka, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamanethi aphethwe ngama-insecticide (ITN) [31,32,33,34,35,36,37].Naphezu kwalezi zifundo, imizamo yokuthuthukisa imigomo ethile yokulawula omiyane ibukelwa phansi ngenxa yokuntuleka kolwazi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezindaweni zasemaphandleni kanye nezici ezinomthelela ekusetshenzisweni kahle kwezibulala-zinambuzane.Lolu cwaningo luhlole izinkolelo zikamalaleveva kanye namasu okulawula omiyane phakathi kwemindeni yezolimo e-Abeauville, eningizimu ye-Côte d'Ivoire.
Ucwaningo lwenziwa emadolobheni angu-10 emnyangweni wase-Abeauville eningizimu yeCôte d'Ivoire (Fig. 1).Isifundazwe sase-Agbowell sinezakhamuzi ezingu-292,109 endaweni engamakhilomitha-skwele angu-3,850 futhi siyisifundazwe esinabantu abaningi esifundeni sase-Anyebi-Tiasa [38].Inesimo sezulu esishisayo esinezinkathi ezimbili zemvula (April kuya kuJulayi no-Okthoba kuya kuNovemba) [39, 40].Ezolimo wumsebenzi omkhulu esifundeni futhi wenziwa abalimi abancane kanye nezinkampani ezinkulu ze-agro-industrial.Lezi zindawo ezingu-10 zifaka u-Aboude Boa Vincent (323,729.62 E, 651,821.62 N), Aboude Kuassikro (326,413.09 E, 651,573.06 N), Aboude Mandek (326,413.09 E , .301351) 372.90N), Amengbeu (348477.76E, 664971.70 N) ), Ofonbo (338 578.5) 1 E, 657 302.17 latitude esenyakatho) kanye ne-Uji (363,990.74 i-east longitude, 648,587.44 north latitude).
Ucwaningo lwenziwe phakathi kuka-Agasti 2018 noNdasa wezi-2019 ngokuhlanganyela kwemindeni yabalimi.Ingqikithi yenani lezakhamuzi endaweni ngayinye yatholwa emnyangweni wenkonzo wendawo, futhi abantu abayi-1,500 bakhethwa ngokungahleliwe kulolu hlu.Abahlanganyeli ababuthiwe bamele phakathi kuka-6% no-16% wabantu basemakhaya.Imindeni efakwe kulolu cwaningo kube yilawo makhaya abalimi abavuma ukubamba iqhaza.Ucwaningo lokuqala lwenziwa phakathi kwabalimi abangu-20 ukuhlola ukuthi ingabe imibuzo ethile idinga ukubhalwa kabusha.Uhlu lwemibuzo lube selugcwaliswa ngabaqoqi bedatha abaqeqeshiwe nabakhokhelwayo endaweni ngayinye, okungenani oyedwa wabo wabuthwa esigodini ngokwaso.Lokhu kukhetha kwaqinisekisa ukuthi idolobhana ngalinye linomqoqi wedatha oyedwa ojwayelene nemvelo futhi okhuluma ulimi lwendawo.Emkhayeni ngamunye, kwakuxoxwa ubuso nobuso nenhloko yomkhaya (ubaba noma umama) noma, uma inhloko yomkhaya ingekho, omunye umuntu omdala oneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-18 ubudala.Uhlu lwemibuzo lwaluqukethe imibuzo engama-36 ehlukaniswe yaba izigaba ezintathu: (1) Isimo sabantu kanye nenhlalo-mnotho yekhaya (2) Imikhuba yezolimo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane (3) Ulwazi ngomalaleveva kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ekulawuleni omiyane [bona Isijobelelo 1] .
Izibulala-zinambuzane ezishiwo abalimi zabhalwa ngamagama ohwebo futhi zahlukaniswa ngezithako ezisebenzayo namaqembu amakhemikhali kusetshenziswa i-Ivory Coast Phytosanitary Index [41].Isimo senhlalakahle yezomnotho somuzi ngamunye sahlolwa ngokubala inkomba yempahla [42].Izimpahla zasendlini zaguqulwa zaba izinto ezingafani [43].Izilinganiso zezinto ezingezinhle zihlotshaniswa nesimo esiphansi senhlalo-mnotho (SES), kanti izilinganiso zezinto ezinhle zihlotshaniswa ne-SES ephezulu.Izikolo zempahla zifingqiwe ukuze kukhiqizwe amaphuzu aphelele omndeni ngamunye [35].Ngokusekelwe enanini eliphelele, imindeni ihlukaniswe yaba izigaba ezinhlanu zesimo senhlalo-mnotho, kusukela kwabampofu kakhulu kuya kwabacebe kakhulu [bona ifayela Lokwengeza 4].
Ukuze unqume ukuthi ingabe okuhlukile kwehluka kakhulu ngokwesimo senhlalo-kahle yezomnotho, isigodi, noma izinga lezemfundo lezinhloko zemindeni, ukuhlolwa kwe-chi-square noma ukuhlola okuqondile kukaFisher kungasetshenziswa, ngokufanelekile.Amamodeli okuhlehla kokuhleleka afakwe lezi zindlela ezilandelayo eziguquguqukayo: izinga lemfundo, isimo senhlalo-mnotho (konke kuguqulwe kwaba okuguquguqukayo okungafani), idolobhana (elifakwe njengokuguquguquka kwezigaba), izinga eliphezulu lolwazi mayelana nomalaleveva nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kwezolimo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane endlini (okukhiphayo). nge-aerosol).noma ikhoyili);izinga lezemfundo, isimo senhlalo-mnotho kanye nedolobhana, okuholela ekuqwashiseni okuphezulu umalaleveva.Imodeli yokuhlehla okuxubile okuxubile yenziwe kusetshenziswa iphakheji ye-R lme4 (umsebenzi we-Glmer).Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kwenziwe ku-R 4.1.3 (https://www.r-project.org) kanye ne-Stata 16.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX).
Ezingxoxweni eziyi-1,500 ezenziwayo, eziyi-101 azifakwanga ekuhlaziyweni ngenxa yokuthi uhlu lwemibuzo lwalungakaqedwa.Ingxenye ephezulu kakhulu yemizi eyahlolwa yayiseGrande Maury (18.87%) kanye nephansi kakhulu e-Ouanghi (2.29%).Imizi ehloliwe eyi-1,399 efakwe ekuhlaziyeni imele isibalo sabantu abayizi-9,023.Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuThebula loku-1, u-91.71% wezinhloko zemizi ngabesilisa kanti u-8.29% ngabesifazane.
Cishe u-8.86% wezinhloko zemindeni ziqhamuka emazweni angomakhelwane njengeBenin, iMali, iBurkina Faso kanye neGhana.Amaqembu ezizwe amelwe kakhulu ama-Abi (60.26%), iMalinke (10.01%), amaKrobu (5.29%) kanye nama-Baulai (4.72%).Njengoba kulindelekile kusampula yabalimi, ezolimo ukuphela kwendlela yokuthola imali eningi labalimi (89.35%), kanti ukhokho ulinywa kakhulu emakhaya amasampula;Imifino, izitshalo zokudla, irayisi, irabha kanye nokhova nazo zitshalwa endaweni encane yezwe.Izinhloko zemizi ezisele ngosomabhizinisi, amaciko nabadobi (Ithebula 1).Isifinyezo sezimpawu zomuzi ngokwesigodi sivezwa efayeleni Lokwengeza [bona ifayela Lokwengeza 3].
Isigaba semfundo asizange sihluke ngobulili (p = 0.4672).Iningi labaphendulile linemfundo yasesikoleni samabanga aphansi (40.80%), kulandele imfundo yamabanga aphezulu (33.41%) kanye nokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala (17.97%).Bangama-4.64% kuphela abangene enyuvesi (Ithebula 1).Kwabesifazane abangu-116 okwaxoxwa nabo, bangaphezu kuka-75% okungenani abanemfundo yamabanga aphansi, kanti abanye abakaze baye esikoleni.Izinga lemfundo labalimi liyahlukahluka kakhulu ezindaweni zonke (ukuhlolwa okuqondile kukaFisher, p <0.0001), futhi izinga lemfundo lezinhloko zemizi lihlobene kakhulu nesimo sabo senhlalo-mnotho (ukuhlolwa okuqondile kukaFisher, p <0.0001).Eqinisweni, amazinga aphezulu esimo senhlalo-mnotho ngokuvamile ahlanganisa abalimi abafunde kakhulu, futhi ngokuphambene, izimo eziphansi zenhlalakahle yezomnotho zihlanganisa abalimi abangafundile;Ngokusekelwe ezimpahleni eziphelele, imizi eyisampula ihlukaniswe yaba izigaba zomcebo ezinhlanu: kusukela kwabampofu kakhulu (Q1) ukuya kwabacebe kakhulu (Q5) [bona ifayela Lokwengeza 4].
Kunomehluko omkhulu esimeni somshado sezinhloko zemindeni yezigaba ezahlukene zengcebo (p <0.0001): ama-83.62% anesithembu, ama-16.38% anesithembu (afinyelela kwabathathu).Akukho mehluko obalulekile owatholakala phakathi kwesigaba sengcebo nenani labashadile.
Iningi labaphendulile (88.82%) likholelwa ukuthi omiyane bangenye yezimbangela zikamalaleveva.Bangu-1.65% kuphela abaphendule ngokuthi abazi ukuthi yini ebangela umalaleveva.Ezinye izimbangela ezihlonziwe zihlanganisa ukuphuza amanzi angcolile, ukuchayeka elangeni, ukudla okungenamsoco kanye nokukhathala (Ithebula 2).Ezingeni lesigodi eGrande Maury, iningi lemizi lalibheka ukuphuza amanzi angcolile njengembangela eyinhloko kamalaleveva (umehluko wezibalo phakathi kwamadolobhana, p <0.0001).Izimpawu ezimbili eziyinhloko zikamalaleveva izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lomzimba (78.38%) kanye nokuba phuzi kwamehlo (72.07%).Abalimi baphinde basho ukuhlanza, i-anemia kanye ne-pallor (bheka Ithebula 2 ngezansi).
Phakathi kwamasu okuvikela umalaleveva, abaphendula bakhulume ngokusetshenziswa kwemithi yesintu;nokho, lapho ugula, kokubili ukwelashwa kamalaleveva kwezemvelo kanye nokwendabuko kwakubhekwa njengezinketho ezisebenzayo (80.01%), nokuthandwayo okuhlobene nesimo senhlalo-mnotho.Ukuxhumana okubalulekile (p <0.0001).): Abalimi abanesimo esiphakeme senhlalakahle yezomnotho abakhethwayo futhi abakwazi ukukhokhela ukwelashwa kwe-biomedical, abalimi abanesimo esiphansi senhlalakahle yezomnotho bakhetha ukwelapha ngamakhambi esintu;Cishe isigamu semindeni sichitha ngokwesilinganiso ngaphezu kuka-30,000 XOF ngonyaka ekwelapheni umalaleveva (okuhlotshaniswa kabi ne-SES; p <0.0001).Ngokusekelwe ezilinganisweni zezindleko ezizibike yona ngokwazo, amakhaya anesimo senhlalo-mnotho esiphansi kunawo wonke amathuba okuthi asebenzise u-XOF 30,000 (cishe ama-US$50) ngaphezulu ekwelapheni umalaleveva kunemizi enesimo esiphezulu senhlalo-mnotho.Ukwengeza, iningi labaphendulile likholelwa ukuthi izingane (49.11%) zingenwa kalula umalaleveva kunabantu abadala (6.55%) (Ithebula 2), ngalo mbono uvame kakhulu phakathi kwemindeni eku-quintile empofu kakhulu (p <0.01) .
Ngokulunywa omiyane, iningi labahlanganyeli (85.20%) babike ukuthi basebenzisa amanethi afakwe izibulala-zinambuzane, abawathole kakhulu ngesikhathi sokusatshalaliswa kukazwelonke kowezi-2017.Kubikwa ukuthi abantu abadala nezingane balala ngaphansi kwamanethi omiyane afakwe isibulala-zinambuzane emizini engu-90.99%.Imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwasekhaya kwamanethi afakwe izibulala-zinambuzane kwakungaphezu kwama-70% kuzo zonke izigodi ngaphandle kwasesigodini sase-Gessigye, lapho kuphela i-40% yemizi ebike ukuthi isebenzisa amanethi afakwe izibulala-zinambuzane.Isilinganiso senani lamanethi ombhede afakwe isibulala-zinambuzane somuzi lalihlotshaniswa ngokuphawulekayo futhi kahle nosayizi wasekhaya (i-coefficient yokuhlanganiswa kuka-Pearson r = 0.41, p <0.0001).Imiphumela yethu iphinde yabonisa ukuthi amakhaya anezingane ezingaphansi konyaka ongu-1 ubudala maningi amathuba okuthi asebenzise amanethi afakwe isibulala-zinambuzane ekhaya uma kuqhathaniswa nemizi engenazo izingane noma enezingane ezindala (odd ratio (OR) = 2.08, 95% CI : 1.25–3.47 ).
Ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amanetha afakwe izibulala-zinambuzane, abalimi babuzwa nangezinye izindlela zokulawula omiyane ezindlini zabo nangemikhiqizo yezolimo esetshenziselwa ukulawula izinambuzane.Bangu-36.24% kuphela ababambiqhaza abakhulume ngokufafaza izibulala-zinambuzane emakhaya abo (ukuxhumana okubalulekile nokuhle ne-SES p <0.0001).Izithako zamakhemikhali ezibikiwe bezivela ezinkampanini ezihwebayo eziyisishiyagalolunye futhi zahlinzekwa kakhulu ezimakethe zendawo kanye nabathengisi abathile ngendlela yamakhoyili afuthayo (16.10%) nezifutho zokubulala izinambuzane (83.90%).Ikhono labalimi lokuqamba amagama ezibulala-zinambuzane ezifuthwe ezindlini zabo lenyuke ngezinga labo lemfundo (12.43%; p <0.05).Imikhiqizo ye-agrochemical esetshenzisiwe yaqale yathengwa kumathini futhi yahlanjululwa kuzifafazi ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa, nengxenye enkulu kakhulu ngokuvamile eqondiswe izitshalo (78.84%) (Ithebula 2).Idolobhana lase-Amangbeu linenani eliphansi labalimi abasebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane emakhaya abo (0.93%) kanye nezitshalo (16.67%).
Inani eliphakeme lemikhiqizo ebulala izinambuzane (izifutho noma amakhoyili) efunwa umuzi ngamunye lalingu-3, futhi i-SES yayihlotshaniswa kahle nenani lemikhiqizo esetshenzisiwe (ukuhlolwa okuqondile kukaFisher p <0.0001, nokho kwezinye izimo le mikhiqizo yatholakala iqukethe okufanayo);izithako ezisebenzayo ngaphansi kwamagama ahlukene ohwebo.Ithebula 2 likhombisa imvamisa yamasonto onke yokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane phakathi kwabalimi ngokuya ngesimo sabo senhlalo-mnotho.
Ama-Pyrethroids umndeni wamakhemikhali omelwe kakhulu ekhaya (48.74%) kanye nezifutho zezolimo (54.74%) zezibulala-zinambuzane.Imikhiqizo yenziwa ngesibulala-zinambuzane ngasinye noma ihlanganiswe nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane.Inhlanganisela evamile yezinambuzane zasendlini i-carbamates, i-organophosphates ne-pyrethroids, kuyilapho ama-neonicotinoids nama-pyrethroids avamile phakathi kwezinambuzane zezolimo (Isithasiselo 5).Umfanekiso wesi-2 ukhombisa ingxenye yemindeni eyahlukene yezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa abalimi, zonke zihlukaniswa njengeSigaba II (ingozi emaphakathi) noma Isigaba III (ingozi encane) ngokwezigaba zeNhlangano Yezempilo Yezwe Zomhlaba [44].Ngesinye isikhathi, kwavela ukuthi izwe lisebenzisa isibulala-zinambuzane i-deltamethrin, esihloselwe ukulima.
Mayelana nezithako ezisebenzayo, i-propoxur ne-deltamethrin yimikhiqizo evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ekhaya nasensimini, ngokulandelana.Ifayela elengeziwe 5 liqukethe imininingwane enemininingwane ngemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali esetshenziswa abalimi emakhaya nasezitshalweni zabo.
Abalimi bakhulume ngezinye izindlela zokulawula omiyane, okuhlanganisa amafeni amaqabunga (i-pêpê ngolimi lwendawo yase-Abbey), ukushisa amahlamvu, ukuhlanza indawo, ukukhipha amanzi amile, ukusebenzisa imithi exosha omiyane, noma ukusebenzisa amashidi ukuxosha omiyane.
Izinto ezihambisana nolwazi lwabalimi ngomalaleveva kanye nokufuthwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zasendlini (ukuhlaziywa kokuhlehla kwempahla).
Idatha ibonise ukuhlobana okubalulekile phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zasendlini kanye nezibikezelo ezinhlanu: izinga lezemfundo, i-SES, ulwazi ngomiyane njengembangela enkulu kamalaleveva, ukusetshenziswa kwe-ITN, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-agrochemical.Umfanekiso wesi-3 ubonisa ama-OR ahlukene okuguquguquka kwesibikezelo ngasinye.Lapho ziqoqwa ngokwesigodi, bonke ababikezeli babonisa ukuhlobana okuhle nokusetshenziswa kwezifutho zokubulala izinambuzane ezindlini (ngaphandle kolwazi lwezimbangela eziyinhloko zikamalaleveva, owawuhlotshaniswa ngokuphambene nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane (OR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.13) . )) (Umfanekiso 3).Phakathi kwalezi zibikezelo ezinhle, okuthakazelisayo ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kwezolimo.Abalimi abasebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane ezitshalweni babenethuba elingu-188% lokusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane ekhaya (95% CI: 1.12, 8.26).Kodwa-ke, amakhaya anolwazi oluphezulu mayelana nokudluliswa kukamalaleveva ayemancane amathuba okuthi asebenzise izibulala-zinambuzane ekhaya.Abantu abanamazinga aphezulu emfundo kwakungenzeka ukuthi bazi ukuthi omiyane bayimbangela eyinhloko kamalaleveva (NOMA = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.35, 3.10), kodwa kwakungekho ukuhlangana kwezibalo ne-SES ephezulu (OR = 1.51; 95% CI : 0.93, 2.46).
Ngokusho kwenhloko yekhaya, inani lomiyane liba phezulu kakhulu ngezikhathi zemvula nasebusuku isikhathi sokulunywa omiyane kakhulu (85.79%).Lapho abalimi bebuzwa ngombono wabo ngomthelela wokufafaza ngezibulala-zinambuzane kumiyane ethwala umalaleveva, u-86.59% waqinisekisa ukuthi omiyane babonakala beqala ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane.Ukungakwazi ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo eyanele yamakhemikhali ngenxa yokungatholakali kwayo kuthathwa njengesizathu esiyinhloko sokungasebenzi kahle noma ukusetshenziswa kabi kwemikhiqizo, ebhekwa njengezinye izici ezinqumayo.Ikakhulukazi, lokhu kwakamuva kwakuhlotshaniswa nesimo semfundo esiphansi (p <0.01), ngisho nalapho kulawulwa i-SES (p <0.0001).Bangu-12.41% kuphela abaphendulile ababebheka ukumelana nomiyane njengenye yezimbangela ezingase zibangele ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane.
Kube nokuhlobana okuhle phakathi kwemvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ekhaya kanye nombono wokumelana nomiyane kuma-insecticides (p <0.0001): imibiko yokumelana nomiyane kuma-insecticides yayisekelwe ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane ekhaya ngabalimi izikhathi ezingu-3-4 a isonto (90.34%) .Ngokungeziwe ezikhathini eziningi, inani lezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenzisiwe nalo lalihlotshaniswa kahle nemibono yabalimi yokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane (p <0.0001).
Lolu cwaningo lugxile emibonweni yabalimi mayelana nomalaleveva nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane.Imiphumela yethu ikhombisa ukuthi imfundo nesimo senhlalo-mnotho sidlala indima ebalulekile emikhubeni yokuziphatha kanye nolwazi mayelana nomalaleveva.Nakuba izinhloko zemizi eziningi zifunda esikoleni samabanga aphansi, njengakwezinye izindawo, inani labalimi abangafundile libalulekile [35, 45].Lesi simo singachazwa ngokuthi ngisho noma abalimi abaningi beqala ukuthola imfundo, iningi labo kufanele liyeke isikole ukuze londle imindeni yabo ngemisebenzi yezolimo [26].Kunalokho, lesi simo sigqamisa ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kwesimo senhlalo-mnotho nemfundo bubalulekile ekuchazeni ubudlelwano phakathi kwesimo senhlalo-mnotho kanye nekhono lokwenza ulwazi.
Ezifundeni eziningi ezigcwele umalaleveva, ababambiqhaza bajwayelene nezimbangela nezimpawu ze-malaria [33,46,47,48,49].Kuyavunywa ukuthi izingane zingenwa wumalaleveva [31, 34].Lokhu kuqashelwa kungase kuhlobane nokuthambekela kwezingane kanye nobukhulu bezimpawu zikamalaleveva [50, 51].
Ababambiqhaza babike ukuthi basebenzise isilinganiso esingu-$30,000, singafaki izinto zokuhamba nezinye izici.
Ukuqhathaniswa kwesimo senhlalo-mnotho sabalimi kukhombisa ukuthi abalimi abanesimo esiphansi senhlalo-mnotho basebenzisa imali eningi kunabalimi abacebe kakhulu.Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokuthi amakhaya anesimo esiphansi senhlalo-mnotho abona izindleko ziphakeme (ngenxa yesisindo sawo esikhulu sezimali zasekhaya zizonke) noma ngenxa yezinzuzo ezihambisanayo zokuqashwa komkhakha kahulumeni nozimele (njengoba kunjalo ngemindeni ecebile kakhulu).): Ngenxa yokutholakala komshwalense wezempilo, uxhaso lwezimali zokwelashwa kukamalaleveva (okuhlobene nezindleko eziphelele) lungase lube ngaphansi kakhulu kunezindleko zemikhaya engazuzi kumshwalense [52].Eqinisweni, kwabikwa ukuthi imindeni ecebe kakhulu isebenzisa kakhulu ukwelashwa kwe-biomedical uma kuqhathaniswa nemindeni empofu kakhulu.
Nakuba abalimi abaningi bebheka omiyane njengembangela eyinhloko kamalaleveva, abambalwa kuphela abasebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane (ngokufutha nokufutha) emakhaya abo, okufana nokutholwe eCameroon nase-Equatorial Guinea [48, 53].Ukuntuleka kokukhathazeka ngomiyane uma kuqhathaniswa nezinambuzane zezitshalo kungenxa yenani lezomnotho lezitshalo.Ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko, kukhethwa izindlela ezingabizi kakhulu njengokushiswa kwamaqabunga ekhaya noma ukumane uxoshe omiyane ngesandla.Ubuthi obubonakalayo bungase bube yisici: iphunga lemikhiqizo ethile yamakhemikhali kanye nokungakhululeki ngemva kokusetshenziswa kubangela abanye abasebenzisi ukuthi bagweme ukusetshenziswa kwayo [54].Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezindlini (ama-85.20% emizi okubikwe ukuthi ziyazisebenzisa) nakho kunomthelela ekusetshenzisweni okuncane kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezilwa nomiyane.Ukuba khona kwamanethi ombhede afakwe izibulala-zinambuzane ekhaya kuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nokuba khona kwezingane ezingaphansi konyaka owodwa ubudala, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokwesekwa komtholampilo wabakhulelwe kwabesifazane abakhulelwe abathola amanethi afakwe isibulala-zinambuzane ngesikhathi sokubonisana ngaphambi kokubeletha [6].
Ama-Pyrethroids ama-insecticides ayinhloko asetshenziselwa amanetha aphethwe ngama-insecticide [55] futhi asetshenziswa abalimi ukulawula izinambuzane nomiyane, okuphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nokwanda kokumelana nezinambuzane [55, 56, 57,58,59].Lesi simo singase sichaze ukuncipha kokuzwela komiyane kwizibulala-zinambuzane ezibonwa abalimi.
Isimo senhlalo-mnotho esiphezulu asizange sihlotshaniswe nolwazi olungcono lwe-malaria kanye nomiyane njengembangela yawo.Ngokungafani nokutholwe kwangaphambilini kuka-Ouattara kanye nozakwabo ngo-2011, abantu abacebile bavame ukukwazi kangcono ukuhlonza izimbangela zikamalaleveva ngoba banokufinyelela kalula olwazini ngethelevishini nomsakazo [35].Ukuhlaziya kwethu kukhombisa ukuthi izinga lemfundo ephakeme libikezela ukuqonda kangcono umalaleveva.Lokhu kuphawula kuqinisekisa ukuthi imfundo isalokhu iyisici esibalulekile solwazi lwabalimi mayelana nomalaleveva.Isizathu sokuthi isimo senhlalo-mnotho sinomthelela omncane ukuthi izigodi zivame ukwabelana ngomabonakude nomsakazo.Kodwa-ke, isimo senhlalakahle yezomnotho kufanele sinakwe lapho kusetshenziswa ulwazi mayelana namasu okuvimbela umalaleveva wasekhaya.
Izinga eliphezulu lenhlalo-mnotho kanye nezinga lemfundo ephakeme lalihlotshaniswa kahle nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ekhaya (isifutho noma isifutho).Ngokumangalisayo, ikhono labalimi lokuhlonza omiyane njengembangela eyinhloko ye-malaria kwaba nomthelela omubi kulo modeli.Lesi sibikezelo sasihlotshaniswa kahle nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane lapho siqoqelwa kuso sonke isibalo sabantu, kodwa sihlotshaniswa kabi nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane lapho kuqoqwa isigodi.Lo mphumela ubonisa ukubaluleka kwethonya lokudla abantu ekuziphatheni komuntu kanye nesidingo sokufaka imiphumela engahleliwe ekuhlaziyeni.Ucwaningo lwethu lukhombisa okokuqala ukuthi abalimi abanolwazi lokusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane kwezolimo basemathubeni amaningi kunabanye ukuthi basebenzise izifutho namakhoyili njengamaqhinga angaphakathi okulawula umalaleveva.
Ukugcizelela izifundo zangaphambilini ngethonya lesimo senhlalonhle yezomnotho ezimweni zengqondo zabalimi mayelana nezibulala-zinambuzane [16, 60, 61, 62, 63], imindeni ecebile ibike ukuhlukahluka okuphezulu kanye nokuvama kokusetshenziswa kwe-pesticide.Abaphendulile bakholelwa ukuthi ukufafaza inani elikhulu lesibulala-zinambuzane kwakuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokugwema ukuthuthukiswa kokumelana nomiyane, okuhambisana nokukhathazeka okuvezwe kwenye indawo [64].Ngakho-ke, imikhiqizo yasekhaya esetshenziswa abalimi inokwakheka kwamakhemikhali afanayo ngaphansi kwamagama ahlukene okuhweba, okusho ukuthi abalimi kufanele babeke phambili ulwazi lwezobuchwepheshe lomkhiqizo kanye nezithako zawo ezisebenzayo.Kumele kuqashelwe futhi ekuqwashiseni abathengisi, njengoba bengezinye zezinkomba eziphambili zabathengi bezibulala-zinambuzane [17, 24, 65, 66, 67].
Ukuze kube nomthelela omuhle ekusetshenzisweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane emiphakathini yasemaphandleni, izinqubomgomo kanye nokungenelela kufanele kugxile ekuthuthukiseni amasu okuxhumana, kucatshangelwa amazinga emfundo kanye nemikhuba yokuziphatha esimweni sokujwayela amasiko nemvelo, kanye nokuhlinzeka ngezibulala-zinambuzane eziphephile.Abantu bazothenga ngokusekelwe ezindlekweni (zingakanani abangakwazi ukuzikhokhela) kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo.Uma ikhwalithi isitholakala ngenani elithengekayo, isidingo sokushintsha ukuziphatha ekuthengeni imikhiqizo emihle kulindeleke ukuthi sikhuphuke kakhulu.Ukufundisa abalimi ngokushintshwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ukuze kunqanyulwe amaketango okumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane, kucace ukuthi ukufaka esikhundleni akusho uguquko ekubhalweni komkhiqizo;(njengoba izinhlobo ezahlukene ziqukethe isakhi esifanayo esisebenzayo), kodwa kunalokho umehluko wezithako ezisebenzayo.Le mfundo ingase futhi isekelwe ngokulebula komkhiqizo okungcono ngokusebenzisa izethulo ezilula nezicacile.
Njengoba izibulala-zinambuzane zisetshenziswa kakhulu abalimi basemaphandleni esiFundazweni sase-Abbotville, ukuqonda amagebe olwazi lwabalimi nendlela ababheka ngayo izinto mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane endaweni kubonakala kuyisidingo sokwenza izinhlelo eziphumelelayo zokuqwashisa.Ucwaningo lwethu luqinisekisa ukuthi imfundo isalokhu iyisici esikhulu ekusetshenzisweni ngendlela efanele kwezibulala-zinambuzane nolwazi ngomalaleveva.Isimo senhlalo-mnotho somndeni naso sathathwa njengethuluzi elibalulekile okufanele licatshangelwe.Ngaphezu kwesimo senhlalakahle yezomnotho nezinga lemfundo lenhloko yomkhaya, ezinye izici ezinjengolwazi ngomalaleveva, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ukuze kunqandwe izinambuzane, nemibono yokumelana nomiyane ezinambuzaneni kuthonya isimo sengqondo sabalimi ngokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane.
Izindlela ezincike kwabaphendulayo ezifana nohlu lwemibuzo zingaphansi kokukhunjulwa nokuchema kokufiseleka komphakathi.Kulula uma kuqhathaniswa ukusebenzisa izici zasendlini ukuhlola isimo senhlalo-mnotho, nakuba lezi zinyathelo zingase ziqonde isikhathi nesimo sendawo ezakhelwe kuzo futhi zingase zingabonisi ngokufana iqiniso lesikhathi samanje lezinto ezithile zenani lamasiko, okwenza ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwezifundo kube nzima. .Ngempela, kungase kube nezinguquko eziphawulekayo kubunikazi bomndeni bezingxenye zenkomba ezingeke ziholele ekuncipheni kobumpofu bezinto ezibonakalayo.
Abanye abalimi abakhumbuli amagama emikhiqizo yezibulala-zinambuzane, ngakho-ke inani lezibulala-zinambuzane abalimi abazisebenzisayo lingase libukeke liphansi noma lilinganiswe ngokweqile.Ucwaningo lwethu aluzange lucabangele isimo sengqondo sabalimi ngokufafazwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nemibono yabo ngemiphumela yezenzo zabo empilweni yabo nasemvelweni.Abathengisi nabo abazange bafakwe ocwaningweni.Womabili amaphuzu angahlolwa ezifundweni ezizayo.
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-28-2024