Uchungechunge lwezilingo zokuhlola ezisekelwe ezindlini lwenziwa eKhowe, eningizimu yeBenin, ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza kahle kwezinto eziphilayo kwamanethi omiyane amasha navivinywe ensimini ngokumelene nezinambuzane ezithwala umalaleveva ezingamelani ne-pyrethrin. Amanethi asetshenziswe ensimini asuswa emizini ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-12, 24 kanye no-36. Izingcezu zewebhu ezisikwe kuma-ITN aphelele zahlaziywa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-bioassays okwenziwe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa ngakunye ukuhlola izinguquko ekumelaneni nezinambuzane kubantu abathwala ama-Khowe.
I-Interceptor® G2 idlule amanye ama-ITN, iqinisekisa ukuphakama kwamanethi e-pyrethroid kanye ne-chlorfenapyr kunezinye izinhlobo zenethi. Phakathi kwemikhiqizo emisha, wonke ama-ITN esizukulwane esilandelayo abonise ukusebenza kahle kwe-bio kune-Interceptor®; noma kunjalo, ubukhulu balokhu kuthuthuka buncishisiwe ngemva kokuguga kwensimu ngenxa yokuqina okufushane kwamakhemikhali angewona ama-pyrethroid. Le miphumela igcizelela isidingo sokuthuthukisa ukuqhubeka kokubulala izinambuzane kwama-ITN esizukulwane esilandelayo.
Isibulala-zinambuzaneAmanethi omiyane aphathwe ngemithi (ama-ITN) adlale indima ebalulekile ekunciphiseni ukugula nokufa kwe-malaria eminyakeni engama-20 edlule. Kusukela ngo-2004, ama-ITN angaphezu kwezigidigidi ezintathu asatshalaliswe emhlabeni wonke, futhi izifundo zokulingisa ziphakamisa ukuthi ama-68% amacala e-malaria e-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara agwenywe phakathi kuka-2000 no-2015. Ngeshwa, ukumelana kwenani labantu abathwala i-malaria kuma-pyrethroids (isigaba esijwayelekile semithi yokubulala izinambuzane esetshenziswa kuma-ITN) kukhuphuke kakhulu, okusongela ukusebenza kahle kwalokhu kungenelela okubalulekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, intuthuko ekulawulweni kwe-malaria yehlile emhlabeni jikelele, kanti amazwe amaningi anomthwalo omkhulu abhekene nokwanda kwamacala e-malaria kusukela ngo-2015. Lezi zindlela ziholele ekuthuthukisweni kwesizukulwane esisha semikhiqizo ye-ITN emisha ehlose ukubhekana nosongo lokumelana ne-pyrethroid nokusiza ukunciphisa lo mthwalo nokufeza imigomo yomhlaba wonke enezifiso.
Okwamanje kunezinhlobo ezintathu ze-ITN ezintsha emakethe, ngayinye ihlanganisa i-pyrethroid nomunye umuthi wokubulala izinambuzane noma i-synergist ekwazi ukunqoba ukumelana ne-pyrethroid kuma-vectors e-malaria. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwenziwa izivivinyo eziningana ezilawulwa ngokungahleliwe (ama-RCT) ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwala manethi uma kuqhathaniswa namanethi ajwayelekile e-pyrethroid kuphela nokunikeza ubufakazi obudingekayo bokusekela izincomo ze-World Health Organisation (WHO). Amanethi ombhede ahlanganisa ama-pyrethroid ne-piperonyl butoxide (PBO), i-synergist ethuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwama-pyrethroid ngokuvimbela ama-enzyme okususa umiyane, ayengawokuqala ukunconywa yi-WHO ngemuva kokuthi imikhiqizo emibili (i-Olyset® Plus kanye ne-PermaNet® 3.0) ibonise umthelela omkhulu we-epidemiological uma kuqhathaniswa namanethi ombhede e-pyrethroid kuphela ezivivinyweni ezilawulwa ngokungahleliwe zeqembu eTanzania nase-Uganda. Kodwa-ke, kudingeka idatha eyengeziwe ukuze kunqunywe inani lempilo yomphakathi lamanethi ombhede e-pyrethroid-PBO eNtshonalanga Afrika, lapho ukumelana okukhulu kwe-pyrethroid kunganciphisa izinzuzo zawo uma kuqhathaniswa namanethi ombhede e-pyrethroid kuphela.
Ukuqhubeka kokubulala izinambuzane kwe-ITN kuvame ukuhlolwa ngokuqoqa amanetha njalo emiphakathini bese kuhlolwa ekuhlolweni kwezinto eziphilayo elabhorethri kusetshenziswa izinhlobo zomiyane ezifuywa yizinambuzane. Nakuba lezi zivivinyo ziwusizo ekuchazeni ukutholakala kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezinambuzane ebusweni bamanetha ombhede ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zinikeza ulwazi olulinganiselwe ngokusebenza kahle kokuqhathanisa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamanetha ombhede esizukulwane esilandelayo ngoba izindlela kanye nezinhlobo zomiyane ezisetshenziswayo kumele zivumelane nendlela yokusebenza kwezinambuzane eziqukethwe yizo. Ukuhlolwa kwendlu yokuhlola kuyindlela ehlukile engasetshenziswa ukuhlola ngokuqhathanisa ukusebenza kwamanetha aphathwe ngezinambuzane ezifundweni zokuqina ngaphansi kwezimo ezilingisa ukusebenzisana kwemvelo phakathi kwezivakashi zomiyane zasendle kanye namanetha asekhaya ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa. Ngempela, izifundo zakamuva zokulingisa zisebenzisa izilinganiso zezinambuzane zedatha ye-epidemiological zibonise ukuthi ukufa komiyane kanye namazinga okudla alinganiswe kulezi zivivinyo kungasetshenziswa ukubikezela umthelela we-ITN ekusabalaleni komalaleveva kanye nokusabalala kwama-RCT eqembu. Ngakho-ke, izivivinyo zokuhlola ezisekelwe eqhugwaneni lapho ama-lymph node aphathwe ngezinambuzane aqoqwe ensimini afakwa kuma-RCT eqoqo zingase zinikeze idatha ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwe-bio kanye nokuqhubeka kokubulala izinambuzane kwama-lymph node aphathwe ngezinambuzane esikhathini sokuphila kwawo okulindelekile, futhi zisize ekuchazeni imiphumela ye-epidemiological yalezi zifundo.
Ukuhlolwa kwendlu yokuhlola kuyindlela yokuhlala yabantu elinganisiwe enconywe yi-World Health Organisation yokuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwamanethi omiyane aphathwe ngezibulala-zinambuzane. Lokhu kuhlolwa kuphinda izimo zokuchayeka emhlabeni wangempela ezihlangabezana nabanakekeli bomiyane lapho bexhumana namanethi ombhede asekhaya futhi ngakho-ke kuyindlela efanelekile kakhulu yokuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwezinto eziphilayo kwamanethi ombhede asetshenzisiwe esikhathini sokuphila kwawo okulindelekile.
Lolu cwaningo luhlole ukusebenza kahle kwezinambuzane kwezinhlobo ezintathu ezahlukene zamanethi omiyane abulala izinambuzane esizukulwaneni esisha (i-PermaNet® 3.0, i-Royal Guard® kanye ne-Interceptor® G2) ngaphansi kwezimo zasensimini ezinqolobaneni zokuhlola futhi lwawaqhathanisa nenethi ejwayelekile ye-pyrethrin kuphela (i-Interceptor®). Wonke la manethi omiyane aphathwe ngezibulala-zinambuzane afakiwe ohlwini olufanele i-WHO lokulawula i-vector. Izici ezinemininingwane zenethi ngayinye yomiyane zinikezwe ngezansi:
NgoMashi 2020, umkhankaso omkhulu wokusabalalisa amanethi omiyane asensimini wenziwa emadolobheni asezindlini eZou Prefecture, eningizimu yeBenin, ukuze kuhlolwe ama-hut. Amanethi ombhede e-Interceptor®, Royal Guard® kanye ne-Interceptor® G2 akhethwe emaqenjini akhethwe ngokungahleliwe komasipala baseKove, eZagnanado nase-Ouinhi njengengxenye yocwaningo lokubuka ukuqina olugcinwe ngaphakathi kwe-RCT yeqoqo ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwe-epidemiological kwamanethi ombhede aphathwa ngezibulala-zinambuzane amabili. Amanethi omiyane e-PermaNet® 3.0 aqoqwa edolobhaneni lase-Avokanzun eduze kwamalokishi aseJija naseBohicon (7°20′ N, 1°56′ E) futhi asatshalaliswa ngesikhathi esisodwa namanethi omiyane eqembu le-RCT ngesikhathi somkhankaso omkhulu ka-2020 we-National Malaria Control Programme. Isithombe 1 sibonisa izindawo zamaqoqo/amadolobhana ocwaningo lapho izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-ITN zaqoqwa khona uma kuqhathaniswa nezindawo zamaqhude okuhlola.
Kwenziwa isivivinyo sokuhlola indlu yangasese ukuze kuqhathaniswe ukusebenza kwezinambuzane ze-Interceptor®, PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard® kanye ne-Interceptor® G2 ITNs lapho zisuswa emakhaya ezinyangeni ezingu-12, 24 kanye no-36 ngemva kokusatshalaliswa. Esikhathini ngasinye sonyaka, ukusebenza kwe-ITNs ezindala ensimini kwakuqhathaniswa namanethi amasha, angasetshenziswanga ohlobo ngalunye kanye namanethi angelashwanga njengokulawula okungekuhle. Esikhathini ngasinye sonyaka, kwahlolwa amasampula angu-54 aphindaphindwayo e-ITNs ezindala ensimini kanye nama-ITNs amasha angu-6 ohlobo ngalunye ekuhlolweni okukodwa noma okubili kwendlu yangasese ngokushintshaniswa kwansuku zonke kokwelashwa. Ngaphambi kwesivivinyo ngasinye sendlu yangasese, isilinganiso se-porosity index samanethi amadala endlu yangasese ohlobo ngalunye lwe-ITN sasilinganiswa ngokwezincomo ze-WHO. Ukuze kulingiswe ukuguguleka nokwephuka kokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke, wonke ama-ITNs amasha kanye namanethi okulawula angelashwanga ambozwe ngemigodi eyisithupha engu-4 x 4 cm: emibili kuphaneli ngayinye ende eseceleni kanye neyodwa kuphaneli ngayinye emfushane eseceleni, ngokuhambisana nezincomo ze-WHO. Inethi yomiyane yafakwa ngaphakathi kwendlu ngokubopha imiphetho yamashidi ophahla ngezintambo ezipikilini emakhoneni aphezulu odonga lwendlu. Ukwelashwa okulandelayo kwahlolwa esivivinyweni ngasinye sendlu:
Amanethi asemasimini ahlolwa ezindlini zokuhlola ngonyaka ofanayo njengoba amanethi asuswa. Ukuhlolwa kwezindlini kwenziwa endaweni efanayo kusukela ngoMeyi kuya kuSepthemba 2021, ngo-Ephreli kuya kuJuni 2022, nangoMeyi kuya kuJulayi 2023, kwathi amanethi asuswa ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-12, 24, kanye no-36, ngokulandelana. Ukuhlolwa ngakunye kwathatha umjikelezo owodwa wokwelashwa ophelele (ubusuku obungu-54 emavikini angu-9), ngaphandle kwezinyanga ezingu-12, lapho kwenziwa khona imijikelezo emibili elandelanayo yokwelashwa ukuze kwandiswe usayizi wesampula yomiyane. Ngemva komklamo wesikwele waseLatin, ukwelashwa kwakushintshaniswa masonto onke phakathi kwezindlini zokuhlola ukuze kulawulwe imiphumela yendawo yezindlini, kuyilapho izisebenzi zokuzithandela zazishintshaniswa nsuku zonke ukuze kulawulwe umehluko ekukhangeni komiyane kwabasingathi ngabanye. Omiyane baqoqwa izinsuku ezingu-6 ngesonto; ngosuku lwesi-7, ngaphambi komjikelezo olandelayo wokujikeleza, izindlini zahlanzwa futhi zangeniswa umoya ukuze kuvinjelwe ukutheleleka.
Iziphetho eziyinhloko zokusebenza kahle kokwelashwa kwendlu yokuhlola ngokumelene nomiyane be-Anopheles gambiae abamelana ne-pyrethroid kanye nokuqhathaniswa kwesizukulwane esilandelayo se-ITN nenethi ye-Interceptor® ye-pyrethroid kuphela yilezi:
Izindlela zokuphumelela kwesibili zokwelapha indlu yokugezela ezilwa nomiyane be-Anopheles gambiae abamelana ne-pyrethroid zazilandelayo:
Ukuvimbela (%) – ukwehla kwezinga lokungena eqenjini eliphathwe uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu elingelashiwe. Isibalo simi kanje:
lapho i-Tu iyinani lomiyane abafakiwe eqenjini lokulawula elingalashwanga, kanti i-Tt iyinani lomiyane abafakiwe eqenjini elilashwayo.
Izinga Lokukhukhumala (%) – Izinga lokukhukhumala elibangelwa ukucasuka okungenzeka ngenxa yokwelashwa, okuvezwa njengengxenye yomiyane abaqoqwe ebalcony.
. I-Bloodsucking sucking coefficient (%) iwukunciphisa inani lomiyane abamunca igazi eqenjini eselashwe uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu lokulawula elingalashwanga. Indlela yokubala imi kanje: lapho i-Bfu iyinani lomiyane abamunca igazi eqenjini lokulawula elingalashwanga, kanti i-Bft iyinani lomiyane abamunca igazi eqenjini eselashwe.
Ukwehla kokuzala (%) — ukwehla kwesilinganiso somiyane ovundile eqenjini eliphathwe uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula okungelashwanga. Indlela yokubala imi kanje: lapho i-Fu iyisilinganiso somiyane ovundile eqenjini elilawulwayo elingalashwanga, kanti i-Ft iyisilinganiso somiyane ovundile eqenjini eliphathweyo.
Ukuze kuqashwe izinguquko kuphrofayili yokumelana kwenani le-Covè vector ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-WHO yenze ukuhlolwa kwe-bioassays kwe-in vitro kanye ne-vial ngonyaka ofanayo wokuhlolwa ngakunye kwe-hut (2021, 2022, 2023) ukuhlola ukuthambekela kwe-AI kuma-ITN angaphansi kocwaningo nokwazisa ukuchazwa kwemiphumela. Ezifundweni ze-in vitro, omiyane bavezwa emaphepheni okuhlunga aphathwe ngamanani acacisiwe e-alpha-cypermethrin (0.05%) kanye ne-deltamethrin (0.05%), kanye namabhodlela ambozwe ngamanani acacisiwe e-CFP (100 μg/ibhodlela) kanye ne-PPF (100 μg/ibhodlela) ukuhlola ukuthambekela kwalezi zinambuzane. Ukuqina kokumelana kwe-pyrethroid kuhlolwe ngokudalula omiyane ngamanani ahlukene ka-5 (0.25%) kanye nama-10 (0.50%) e-α-cypermethrin kanye ne-deltamethrin. Ekugcineni, igalelo le-PBO synergy kanye ne-cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) ngokweqile ekumelaneni ne-pyrethroid lihlolwe ngokuveza omiyane ngaphambi kokufaka amazinga ahlukene e-α-cypermethrin (0.05%) kanye ne-deltamethrin (0.05%), kanye nokuvezwa ngaphambi kokufaka ku-PBO (4%). Iphepha lokuhlunga elisetshenziswe ekuhlolweni kwe-WHO tube lithengwe e-Universiti Sains Malaysia. Ama-vial okuhlola i-WHO bioassay asebenzisa i-CFP kanye ne-PPF alungiselelwe ngokwezincomo ze-WHO.
Omiyane abasetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwe-bioassay baqoqwa esigabeni sama-larval ezindaweni zokuzalela eduze kwezindlu zokuhlola base bekhuliswa kubantu abadala. Ngesikhathi ngasinye, okungenani omiyane abayi-100 bavezwa ekwelashweni ngakunye imizuzu engama-60, kanye nokuphindaphinda okungu-4 ngethubhu/ibhodlela kanye nomiyane abangaba ngu-25 ngethubhu/ibhodlela. Ekuvezweni kwe-pyrethroid kanye ne-CFP, kwasetshenziswa omiyane abangadliwe abanezinsuku ezingu-3-5, kanti kwi-PPF, omiyane abamunca igazi abanezinsuku ezingu-5-7 basetshenziswa ukukhuthaza i-oogenesis nokuhlola umphumela we-PPF ekuzaleni omiyane. Ukuvezwa okufanayo kwenziwa kusetshenziswa iphepha lokuhlunga elifakwe uwoyela we-silicone, i-PBO ehlanzekile (4%), namabhodlela ambozwe nge-acetone njengezilawuli. Ekupheleni kokuvezwa, omiyane badluliselwa ezitsheni ezingalashwanga futhi bavezwa ku-cotton wool ecwiliswe ku-10% (w/v) glucose solution. Ukufa kwaqoshwa emahoreni angama-24 ngemuva kokuvezwa kwe-pyrethroid kanye namahora angama-24 njalo emahoreni angama-72 ngemuva kokuvezwa kwe-CFP kanye ne-PPF. Ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthambekela kwe-PPF, omiyane abasindile abavezwe yi-PPF kanye nezilawuli ezingezinhle ezifanayo kwahlinzwa ngemuva kokuqoshwa kokushona okulibazisekile, ukukhula kwesibeletho kwabonwa kusetshenziswa i-microscope ehlanganisiwe, futhi ukuzala kwahlolwa ngokwesigaba sikaChristopher sokukhula kweqanda [28, 30]. Uma amaqanda akhule ngokugcwele aze afike esigabeni V sikaChristopher, omiyane bahlelwa njengabanothile, futhi uma amaqanda engakakhuli ngokugcwele futhi ehlala esigabeni I-IV, omiyane bahlelwa njengabanothile.
Ngesikhathi ngasinye sonyaka, izingcezu ezingama-30 × 30 cm zazisikwa emanetheni amasha nasebenza ensimini ezindaweni ezichazwe ezincomweni ze-WHO [22]. Ngemva kokusika, amanethi afakwa ilebula, asongwe nge-aluminium foil bese egcinwa esiqandisini ku-4 ± 2 °C ukuvimbela ukuthuthela kwe-AI endwangu. Amanethi abe esethunyelwa eWalloon Agricultural Research Centre eBelgium ukuze ahlaziywe ngamakhemikhali ukuze kulinganiswe izinguquko kokuqukethwe kwe-AI okuphelele ngesikhathi sempilo yawo yokusebenza. Izindlela zokuhlaziya ezisetshenzisiwe (ezisekelwe ezindleleni ezinconywe yi-International Cooperative Committee for Pesticide Analysis) zichazwe ngaphambilini [25, 31].
Kwidatha yokuhlola yendlu encane, inani eliphelele lomiyane abaphilayo/abafile, abalumayo/abangalumi, kanye nabavundile/abangenazinhlungu ezindaweni ezahlukene zendlu encane lahlanganiswa ngokwelashwa ngakunye esivivinyweni ngasinye ukuze kubalwe imiphumela ehlukahlukene ehambisanayo (ukufa kwamahora angu-72, ukuluma, i-ectoparasitism, ukubanjwa kwenetha, ukuzala) kanye nezikhawu zokuzethemba ezingama-95% ezihambisanayo (ama-CI). Umehluko phakathi kokwelashwa kwale miphumela emibili ehambisanayo yahlaziywa kusetshenziswa i-logistic regression, kuyilapho umehluko wemiphumela yokubala wahlaziywa kusetshenziswa i-negative binomial regression. Ngenxa yokuthi imijikelezo emibili yokujikeleza kokwelashwa yenziwa njalo ezinyangeni eziyi-12 futhi okunye ukwelashwa kwahlolwa kuzo zonke izivivinyo, ukuhlaziywa kokungena komiyane kwalungiswa ngenani lezinsuku ukwelashwa ngakunye okwahlolwa ngazo. I-ITN entsha yomphumela ngamunye nayo yahlaziywa ukuze kutholakale isilinganiso esisodwa sawo wonke amaphuzu esikhathi. Ngaphezu kokuguquguquka okuyinhloko kokwelashwa, imodeli ngayinye yayihlanganisa indlu encane, i-sleeper, isikhathi sesilingo, inkomba yokuvuleka kwe-ITN, kanye nosuku njengemiphumela eqondile yokulawula ukuhlukahluka ngenxa yokungafani kokukhanga komuntu ngamunye olalayo kanye nendlu encane, isikhathi sonyaka, isimo senethi yomiyane, kanye nokusabalala ngokweqile. Ukuhlaziywa kokuhlehla kukhiqize ama-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) kanye nezikhawu zokuzethemba ezingama-95% ezihambisanayo ukulinganisa umphumela we-ITN yesizukulwane esisha uma kuqhathaniswa ne-pyrethroid-only net, i-Interceptor®, emiphumeleni eyinhloko yokufa komiyane kanye nokuzala. Amanani e-P avela kumamodeli nawo asetshenziswa ukunikeza izinhlamvu ezihlanganisiwe ezibonisa ukubaluleka kwezibalo ezingeni lika-5% kukho konke ukuqhathanisa okubili kwemiphumela eyinhloko neyesibili. Konke ukuhlaziywa kokuhlehla kwenziwe ku-Stata version 18.
Ukutholakala kwenani labantu abathwala igciwane eCovese kwachazwa ngokusekelwe ekufeni kanye nokuzala okubonwe ku-vitro kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-bioassays yamabhodlela ngokusho kwezincomo ze-World Health Organisation. Imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali inikeze okuqukethwe okuphelele kwe-AI ezingcezwini ze-ITN, okwasetshenziswa ukubala izinga lokugcina i-AI emanethini asebekhulile ensimini uma kuqhathaniswa namanethi amasha endaweni ngayinye yesikhathi unyaka ngamunye. Yonke idatha yayiqoshwa ngesandla kumafomu ajwayelekile bese ifakwa kabili kudathabheyisi ye-Microsoft Excel.
AmaKomidi Ezokuziphatha oMnyango Wezempilo waseBenin (No. 6/30/MS/DC/DRFMMT/CNERS/SA), iLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) (No. 16237) kanye neWorld Health Organization (No. ERC.0003153) avumile ukuqhutshwa kwesilingo sokuhlola indlu yangasese esihilela izisebenzi zokuzithandela. Imvume ebhaliwe enolwazi yatholakala kubo bonke izisebenzi zokuzithandela ngaphambi kokubamba iqhaza ocwaningweni. Bonke izisebenzi zokuzithandela zathola i-chemoprophylaxis yamahhala ukunciphisa ingozi ye-malaria, futhi umhlengikazi wayesebenza kulo lonke uvivinyo ukuhlola noma yisiphi izisebenzi zokuzithandela esathola izimpawu zomkhuhlane noma ukusabela okubi kumkhiqizo wokuhlolwa.
Imiphumela egcwele evela ezindlini zokuhlola, efingqa inani eliphelele lomiyane abaphilayo/abafile, abalambile/abanceliswa igazi, kanye nabavundile/abangenasihlungu eqenjini ngalinye lokuhlola, kanye nezibalo ezichazayo zethulwa njengezinto ezengeziwe (Ithebula S1).
Endlwaneni yokuhlola eKowa, eBenin, ukuphakelwa kwegazi komiyane basendle abamelana ne-pyrethroid i-Anopheles gambiae kwavinjelwa. Idatha evela ezilawulini ezingalashwanga kanye namanethi amasha yahlanganiswa kuzo zonke izivivinyo ukuze kunikezwe isilinganiso esisodwa sokusebenza kahle. Ngokuhlaziya ukuhlehla kwe-logistic, amakholomu anezinhlamvu ezivamile ayengahlukile kakhulu ezingeni lika-5% (p > 0.05). Amabha amaphutha amelela izikhawu zokuzethemba ezingu-95%.
Ukufa komiyane basendle abamelana ne-pyrethroid i-Anopheles gambiae abangena eqhugwaneni lokuhlola eKowa, eBenin. Imininingwane evela ezilawulini ezingalashwanga kanye namanethi amasha yahlanganiswa kuzo zonke izivivinyo ukuze kunikezwe isilinganiso esisodwa sokusebenza kahle. Ngokuhlaziya ukuhlehla kwe-logistic, amakholomu anezinhlamvu ezivamile ayengahlukile kakhulu ezingeni lika-5% (p > 0.05). Amabha amaphutha amelela izikhawu zokuzethemba ezingama-95%.
Isilinganiso samathuba sichaza umehluko ekufeni ngamanethi omiyane esizukulwane esisha uma kuqhathaniswa namanethi omiyane asebenzisa i-pyrethroid kuphela. Umugqa onamachashazi umele isilinganiso samathuba angu-1, okubonisa ukungabi namehluko ekufeni. Isilinganiso samathuba > 1 sibonisa ukufa okuphezulu ngamanethi omiyane esizukulwane esisha. Idatha yamanethi omiyane esizukulwane esisha ihlanganiswe kuzo zonke izivivinyo ukuze kukhiqizwe isilinganiso esisodwa sokusebenza kahle. Amabha amaphutha amelela izikhawu zokuzethemba ezingu-95%.
Nakuba i-Interceptor® ibonise ukufa okuphansi kakhulu kunawo wonke ama-ITN ahlolwe, ukuguga kwensimu akuzange kube nomthelela omubi ekufeni kwe-vector. Eqinisweni, i-Interceptor® entsha iholele ekufeni okungu-12%, kanti amanethi asebekhulile abonise ukuthuthuka okuncane ezinyangeni ezingu-12 (17%, p=0.006) kanye nezinyanga ezingu-24 (17%, p=0.004), ngaphambi kokubuyela emazingeni afana namanethi amasha ezinyangeni ezingu-36 (11%, p=0.05). Ngokuphambene nalokho, amazinga okufa esizukulwaneni esilandelayo samanethi aphathwe ngezibulala-zinambuzane ehla kancane kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngemva kokusetshenziswa. Ukwehla kwabonakala kakhulu nge-Interceptor® G2, lapho ukufa kwehla kusuka ku-58% ngama-meshes amasha kuya ku-36% ezinyangeni ezingu-12 (p).< 0.001), 31% ezinyangeni ezingama-24 (p< 0.001), kanye no-20% ezinyangeni ezingu-36 (p< 0.001). I-PermaNet® 3.0 entsha iholele ekwehleni kokufa kwaba ngu-37%, okwehla kakhulu kwaba ngu-20% ezinyangeni ezingu-12 (p< 0.001), 16% ezinyangeni ezingama-24 (p< 0.001), kanye no-18% ezinyangeni ezingu-36 (p< 0.001). Umkhuba ofanayo wabonwa ngeRoyal Guard®, lapho i-mesh entsha iholele ekunciphiseni ukufa ngo-33%, kulandelwe ukwehla okukhulu ku-21% ezinyangeni eziyi-12 (p).< 0.001), 17% ezinyangeni ezingama-24 (p< 0.001) kanye no-15% ezinyangeni ezingu-36 (p< 0.001).
Ukwehla kokuzalela komiyane basendle abamelana ne-pyrethroid i-Anopheles gambiae abangena endlwaneni yokuhlola eKwa, eBenin. Imininingwane evela ezilawulini ezingalashwanga kanye namanethi amasha yahlanganiswa kuzo zonke izivivinyo ukuze kunikezwe isilinganiso esisodwa sokusebenza kahle. Amabha anezinhlamvu ezivamile ayengafani kakhulu ezingeni lika-5% (p > 0.05) ngokuhlaziywa kokuhlehla kwempahla. Amabha amaphutha amelela izikhawu zokuzethemba ezingama-95%.
Izilinganiso zamathuba zichaza umehluko ekuzaleni ngamanethi omiyane esizukulwane esisha uma kuqhathaniswa namanethi omiyane atholakala kuphela nge-pyrethroid. Umugqa onamachashazi umele isilinganiso esingu-1, okubonisa ukungabi namehluko ekuzaleni. Izilinganiso zamathuba<1 kubonisa ukwehla okukhulu kokuzala ngamanethi esizukulwane esisha. Idatha yamanethi omiyane esizukulwane esisha ihlanganiswe kuzo zonke izivivinyo ukuze kukhiqizwe isilinganiso esisodwa sokusebenza kahle. Amabha amaphutha amelela izikhawu zokuzethemba ezingama-95%.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Feb-17-2025