Uchungechunge lwezivivinyo zokuhlola ezisekelwe emaqhugwaneni lwenziwa eKhowe, eningizimu ye-Benin, ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwebhayoloji kwamanethi omiyane esizukulwane esilandelayo ahlolwe endle ngokumelene nezifo zikamalaleveva ezimelana ne-pyrethrin. Amanethi asebekhulile akhishwe ezindlini ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-12, 24 kanye nezingama-36. Izingcezu zewebhu ezisikwe kuwo wonke ama-ITN zahlaziywa ukuze kutholwe ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-bioassay yokuba sengozini kwenziwa ngesikhathi socwaningo ngalunye ukuze kuhlolwe izinguquko ekumelaneni nezibulala-zinambuzane kubantu bezilwane zaseKhowe.
I-Interceptor® G2 isebenze kahle kakhulu kunamanye ama-ITN, okuqinisekisa ukuphakama kwamanethi e-pyrethroid nawe-chlorfenapyr kunezinye izinhlobo zenethi. Phakathi kwemikhiqizo emisha, wonke ama-ITN esizukulwane esilandelayo abonise i-bioefficacy engcono kune-Interceptor®; kodwa-ke, ubukhulu balokhu kuthuthukiswa kwancishiswa ngemva kokuguga kwensimu ngenxa yokuqina okufushane kwama-non-pyrethroid compounds. Le miphumela igqamisa isidingo sokuthuthukisa ukuphikelela kwesibulala-zinambuzane kuma-ITN esizukulwane esilandelayo.
Isibulala-zinambuzaneAmanethi omiyane alashwe (treated mosquito nets) (ITNs) abambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekwehliseni ukugula kanye nokufa kwabantu umalaleveva kule minyaka engama-20 edlule. Kusukela ngo-2004, ama-ITN angaphezu kwezigidigidi ezi-3 asatshalaliswe emhlabeni wonke, futhi izifundo zokumodela ziphakamisa ukuthi i-68% yezigameko zikamalaleveva e-sub-Saharan Africa zagwenywa phakathi kuka-2000 no-2015. Ngeshwa, ukumelana nenani labantu be-malaria kuma-pyrethroids (isigaba esijwayelekile sezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa kuma-ITN) kukhuphuke kakhulu, okusongela ukuphumelela kwalokhu kungenelela okubalulekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inqubekelaphambili ekulawuleni umalaleveva iye yancipha emhlabeni wonke, namazwe amaningi anomthwalo omkhulu abhekana nokwanda kwamacala e-malaria kusukela ngo-2015. Lawa mathrendi agqugquzele ukuthuthukiswa kwesizukulwane esisha semikhiqizo emisha ye-ITN okuhloswe ngayo ukubhekana nosongo lokumelana ne-pyrethroid nokusiza ekunciphiseni lo mthwalo futhi kuzuzwe okuhloswe ukuvelela emhlabeni jikelele.
Njengamanje kunama-ITN amathathu esizukulwane esisha emakethe, ngalinye lihlanganisa i-pyrethroid nesinye isibulala-zinambuzane noma i-synergist ekwazi ukunqoba ukumelana ne-pyrethroid kumavektha kamalaleveva. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwenziwa izivivinyo eziningi ze-cluster randomized controlled (RCTs) ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza kahle kwe-epidemiological kulawa amanetha uma kuqhathaniswa namanethi ajwayelekile e-pyrethroid kuphela kanye nokuhlinzeka ngobufakazi obudingekayo ukuze kusekelwe izincomo ze-World Health Organization (WHO). Amanethi ombhede ahlanganisa i-pyrethroids ne-piperonyl butoxide (PBO), i-synergist ethuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-pyrethroids ngokuvimbela ama-enzyme e-mosquito detoxification, abe ngawokuqala ukutuswa yi-WHO ngemuva kwemikhiqizo emibili (i-Olyset® Plus kanye ne-PermaNet® 3.0) ibonise umthelela ophakeme we-epidemistered bedly-only uma uqhathaniswa nokuhlolwa kwe-clip-ly eTanzania nase-Uganda. Kodwa-ke, idatha eyengeziwe iyadingeka ukuze kutholwe inani lezempilo lomphakathi lamanethi e-pyrethroid-PBO eNtshonalanga Afrika, lapho ukumelana ne-pyrethroid okunzima kungase kunciphise izinzuzo zawo uma kuqhathaniswa namanethi e-pyrethroid-only bed .
Ukuphikelela kokubulala izinambuzane kwama-ITN ngokuvamile kuhlolwa ngokuqoqa amanethi emiphakathini futhi awahlole ezivivinyweni zaselabhorethri kusetshenziswa izinhlobo zomiyane abazalaniswa nezinambuzane . Nakuba lezi zivivinyo ziwusizo ekuboniseni ukuba khona kwe-bioavailability nokusebenza kwezibulala-zinambuzane endaweni yamanethi okulala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zinikeza ulwazi olulinganiselwe ngokuqhathaniswa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamanetha esizukulwane esilandelayo ngoba izindlela nezinhlobo zomiyane ezisetshenziswayo kufanele zivumelane nendlela yokwenza izibulala-zinambuzane ezikuwo . Ukuhlolwa kweqhugwane kuyindlela ehlukile engasetshenziswa ukuhlola ngokuqhathanisa ukusebenza kwamanethi afakwe izibulala-zinambuzane ezifundweni zokuqina ngaphansi kwezimo ezilingisa ukusebenzisana kwemvelo phakathi kwabanikazi bomiyane basendle kanye namanethi asekhaya ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa. Ngempela, ucwaningo lwakamuva lokumodela kusetshenziswa izibikezelo ze-entomological zedatha ye-epidemiological lubonise ukuthi izinga lokufa komiyane namazinga okuphakela alinganiswa kulezi zivivinyo angasetshenziswa ukubikezela umthelela wama-ITN ku-malaria nokusabalala kuma-RCT eqoqo. Ngakho-ke, izivivinyo zokuhlola ezisekelwe eqhugwaneni lapho ama-lymph nodes alashwe ngama-insecticide ensimini afakwe khona kuma-RCT eqoqo angase anikeze idatha ebalulekile ekuqhathaniseni i-bioefficacy kanye nokuphikelela kokubulala izinambuzane zama-lymph nodes alashwe ngama-insecticide ngaphezu kwesikhathi sabo sokuphila okulindelekile, futhi kusize ukuhumusha imiphumela ye-epidemiological yalezi zifundo.
Ukuhlolwa kweqhugwane kuyindawo yokuhlaliswa komuntu eyenziwe ngendlela efanayo etuswe yiNhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba ukuze ihlole ukusebenza kwamanethi omiyane afakwe izibulala-zinambuzane. Lezi zivivinyo ziphindaphinda izimo zokuchayeka emhlabeni wangempela abasingathi bomiyane abahlangabezana nazo lapho bexhumana namanethi ombhede wasendlini futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuyindlela efaneleke kakhulu yokuhlola ukusebenza kwebhayoloji yamanethi ombhede asetshenzisiwe ngaphezu kwempilo yabo yesevisi elindelekile.
Lolu cwaningo luhlole ukusebenza kahle kwe-entomological kwezinhlobo ezintathu ezihlukene zamanethi omiyane esizukulwane esisha ezinambuzane (PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard® kanye ne-Interceptor® G2) ngaphansi kwezimo zensimu ezinqolobaneni zokuhlola futhi zaqhathaniswa nenethi evamile ye-pyrethrin-only (Interceptor®). Wonke lamanetha omiyane alashwe ngezibulala-zinambuzane afakiwe ohlwini olufaneleke kuqala lwe-WHO lokulawulwa kwezilwane. Izici ezinemininingwane zenethi ngalinye lomiyane zinikezwe ngezansi:
NgoMashi 2020, umkhankaso omkhulu wokusabalalisa amanetha omiyane asebekhulile wenziwa ezigodini zaseZou Prefecture, eningizimu yeBenin, ukuze kuvivinywe uvivinyo emaqhugwaneni. I-Interceptor®, Royal Guard® kanye ne-Interceptor® G2 amanetha emibhede akhethwe kumaqoqo akhethwe ngokungahleliwe komasipala base-Kove, Zagnanado nase-Ouinhi njengengxenye yocwaningo lokubheka ukuqina olubekwe ngaphakathi kwe-RCT yeqoqo ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza kahle kwezifo zokuthi amanetha anezibulala-zinambuzane ezimbili . I-PermaNet® 3.0 amanethi omiyane aqoqwa endaweni yase-Avokanzun eduze kwamalokishi aseJija nase-Bohicon (7°20′ N, 1°56′ E) futhi asatshalaliswa kanyekanye namanethi omiyane eqoqo le-RCT phakathi nomkhankaso omkhulu ka-2020 woHlelo Lukazwelonke Lokulawula Umalaleveva. Umfanekiso 1 ukhombisa izindawo zamaqoqo/amadolobhana ocwaningo lapho kwaqoqwa khona izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-ITN uma kuqhathaniswa nezindawo zamaqhugwane okuhlolwa kuzo.
Uhlolo lwendlu yomshayeli lwenziwa ukuze kuqhathaniswe ukusebenza kwe-entomological kwe-Interceptor®, PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard® kanye ne-Interceptor® G2 ITNs lapho ikhishwa emakhaya ezinyangeni eziyi-12, 24 nezingu-36 ngemva kokusatshalaliswa. Ngesikhathi ngasinye sonyaka, ukusebenza kwama-ITN amadala emkhakheni kwaqhathaniswa namanethi amasha, angasetshenzisiwe ohlobo ngalunye namanethi angakapheki njengokulawula okungekuhle. Ngesikhathi ngasinye sonyaka, isamba samasampula ayizimpinda angama-54 ama-ITN aneminyaka engu-6 ubudala kanye nama-ITN amasha angu-6 ohlobo ngalunye ahlolwe ekuhlolweni kwendlu okuphindwe kabili oku-1 noma oku-2 ngokushintshaniswa kokwelashwa kwansuku zonke. Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kweqhugwane ngakunye, inkomba ye-porosity eyisilinganiso yamanethi asensimini amadala ohlobo ngalunye lwe-ITN yayilinganiswa ngokwezincomo ze-WHO. Ukulingisa ukuguga nokudabuka kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke, wonke ama-ITN amasha kanye namanetha okulawula angalashiwe ayenembobo eyisithupha engu-4 x 4 cm izimbobo: ezimbili kuphaneli ngayinye esemaceleni ende kanye neyodwa iphaneli eseceleni ngayinye emfushane, ngokuhambisana nezincomo ze-WHO. Inetha lomiyane lafakwa ngaphakathi eqhugwaneni ngokubopha emaphethelweni amashidi ophahleni ngezintambo ezipikili emagumbini angenhla ezindonga zendlu. Ukwelashwa okulandelayo kwahlolwa esivivinyweni ngasinye seqhugwane:
Amanethi asebekhulile ahlolwa ezindlini zokuhlola ngonyaka ofanayo lapho amanetha ekhishwa. Ukuhlolwa kwezindlu kwenziwa endaweni efanayo kusukela ngoMeyi kuya kuSepthemba 2021, Ephreli kuya kuJuni 2022, kanye noMeyi kuya kuJulayi 2023, amanetha asuswa ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-12, 24, nezingu-36 ngokulandelana. Isilingo ngasinye sithathe umjikelezo owodwa wokwelapha ophelele (ubusuku obungama-54 emasontweni ayi-9), ngaphandle kwezinyanga eziyi-12, lapho imijikelezo yokwelashwa emibili elandelanayo yenziwa ukwandisa usayizi wesampula yomiyane. Kulandela idizayini yesikwele sesi-Latin, ukwelapha bekushintshaniswa masonto onke phakathi kwamaqhugwana okuhlola ukuze kulawulwe imiphumela yendawo yeqhugwane, kuyilapho amavolontiya ajikeleziswa nsuku zonke ukuze kulawulwe umehluko wokukhanga komiyane kwabasingathi ngabanye. Omiyane babeqoqwa izinsuku ezingu-6 ngesonto; ngosuku lwesi-7, ngaphambi komjikelezo olandelayo wokuzungeza, amaqhugwane ayehlanzwa futhi afakwe umoya ukuze kuvinjelwe ukutheleleka.
Iziphetho ezisemqoka zokwelashwa kwendlwana yokuhlola omiyane i-Anopheles gambiae ekwazi ukumelana ne-pyrethroid kanye nokuqhathaniswa kwesizukulwane esilandelayo se-ITN nenethi ye-pyrethroid-only Interceptor® kwakuyi:
Iziphetho zokuphumelela kwesibili zokwelashwa kwendlwana kokuhlolwa omiyane be-Anopheles gambiae abangazweli yi-pyrethroid bezimi kanje:
Ukuqukethwe (%) - ukunciphisa izinga lokungena eqenjini elilashwayo uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu elingalashwa. Isibalo simi kanje:
lapho i-Tu iyinani lomiyane elifakwe eqenjini lokulawula elingalashwa, futhi i-Tt iyinani lomiyane elifakwe eqenjini elilashwayo.
I-Churn Rate (%) - Izinga lokugula ngenxa yokucasuka okungaba khona ngenxa yokwelashwa, okuvezwa njengengxenye yomiyane abaqoqwe kuvulandi.
. I-coefficient yokucindezela ukumunca igazi (%) ukuncipha kwenani lomiyane abamunca igazi eqenjini elilashwayo uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu elingelashiwe. Indlela yokubala imi kanje: lapho i-Bfu iyinani lomiyane abamunca igazi eqenjini lokulawula elingalashiwe, futhi i-Bft iyinani lomiyane abamunca igazi eqenjini elilashwayo.
Ukunciphisa inzalo (%) - ukuncipha kwenani lomiyane abavundile eqenjini elilashwayo uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula okungalashwa. Indlela yokubala imi kanje: lapho i-Fu iyinani lomiyane abavundile eqenjini lokulawula elingalashwa, futhi i-Ft iyinani lomiyane abavundile eqenjini elilashwayo.
Ukuze kuqashwe izinguquko kuphrofayili yokumelana nenani labantu be-Covè vector ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-WHO yenza ama-bioassays e-vitro kanye ne-vial ngonyaka ofanayo wesivivinyo se-hut ngayinye yokuhlola (2021, 2022, 2023) ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthambekela kwe-AI kuma-ITNs acwaningwayo kanye nokwazisa ukuchazwa kwemiphumela. Ezifundweni ze-in vitro, omiyane bavezwe emaphepheni okuhlunga aphathwe ngokugxila okuchaziwe kwe-alpha-cypermethrin (0.05%) kanye ne-deltamethrin (0.05%), nasemabhodleleni ambozwe ngokugxila okuchaziwe kwe-CFP (100 μg/ibhodlela) ne-PPF (100 μg/ibhodlela) ukuze kube nokungazweli kulezi zimbongolo. Ukuqina kokumelana ne-pyrethroid kwaphenywa ngokudalula omiyane ku-5-fold (0.25%) kanye ne-10-fold (0.50%) yokugxila okuhlukile kwe-α-cypermethrin ne-deltamethrin. Okokugcina, umnikelo we-PBO synergy kanye ne-cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) overexpression to pyrethroid resistance yahlolwa ngokudalula omiyane ekugxilweni okuhlukile kwe-α-cypermethrin (0.05%) ne-deltamethrin (0.05%), kanye ne-pre-exposure (4%) ku-PBO. Iphepha lokuhlunga elisetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kweshubhu le-WHO lathengwa e-Universiti Sains Malaysia. Izitsha zokuhlola ze-WHO ze-bioassay zisebenzisa i-CFP ne-PPF zalungiswa ngokwezincomo ze-WHO.
Omiyane abasetshenziselwa ukuhlola ama-bioassay baqoqwa esigabeni sezibungu ezindaweni ezizalela kuzo eduze kwamaqhugwana okuhlola bese bekhuliswa abantu abadala. Ngesikhathi ngasinye, okungenani omiyane be-100 bavezwa ekwelapheni ngakunye kwe-60 min, ne-4 replicates per tube / ibhodlela kanye nomiyane abangaba ngu-25 ngethubhu / ibhodlela ngalinye. Ngokuchayeka kwe-pyrethroid ne-CFP, kwasetshenziswa omiyane abangandli bezinsuku ezi-3-5, kuyilapho i-PPF, omiyane abamunca igazi bezinsuku ezingu-5-7 basetshenziselwa ukuvuselela i-oogenesis nokuhlola umphumela we-PPF ekuzaleni komiyane. Ukuchayeka okuhambisanayo kwenziwa kusetshenziswa iphepha lokuhlunga elifakwe uwoyela we-silicone, i-PBO ecocekile (4%), namabhodlela ambozwe i-acetone njengezilawuli. Ekupheleni kokuchayeka, omiyane babedluliselwa ezitsheni ezingalashiwe futhi bavezwe kuboya bekotini obufakwe ku-10% (w/v) isixazululo seglucose. Ukufa kwarekhodwa amahora angu-24 ngemva kokuchayeka ku-pyrethroid futhi njalo ngamahora angu-24 amahora angu-72 ngemva kokuchayeka kwe-CFP ne-PPF. Ukuhlola ukuthambekela kwe-PPF, omiyane abasindile be-PPF kanye nokulawulwa okungalungile okuhambisanayo kwahlakazwa ngemva kokubambezeleka kokufa kwabhalwa, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-ovarian kwabonwa kusetshenziswa i-microscope ehlanganisiwe, futhi ukuzala kwahlolwa ngokwesigaba sikaChristophers sokukhula kwamaqanda [28, 30]. Uma amaqanda ekhule ngokugcwele abe yi-Christophers isigaba V, omiyane babehlukaniswa njengabavundile, futhi uma amaqanda ayengakakhuli ngokugcwele futhi ehlala ezigabeni I-IV, omiyane babehlukaniswa njengabayinyumba.
Ngaso sonke isikhathi sonyaka, izingcezu ezingama-30 × 30 cm zasikwa emanethini amasha nabadala ezindaweni ezichazwe kuzincomo ze-WHO [22]. Ngemuva kokusika, amanetha abhalwe phansi, ahlanganiswe nge-aluminium foil futhi agcinwe esiqandisini ku-4 ± 2 °C ukuvimbela ukufuduka kwe-AI kwendwangu. Amanetha abe esethunyelwa e-Walloon Agricultural Research Center e-Belgium ukuze ahlaziywe amakhemikhali ukuze kulinganiswe izinguquko kukho konke okuqukethwe kwe-AI phakathi nempilo yabo yesevisi. Izindlela zokuhlaziya ezisetshenzisiwe (ngokusekelwe ezindleleni ezinconywe yiKomidi Lokubambisana Lomhlaba Wonke Lokuhlaziywa Kwezinambuzane) zichazwe ngaphambilini [25, 31].
Ngedatha yesilingo seqhugwane lokuhlola, isamba sezinombolo zomiyane abaphilayo/abafile, abalumayo/abangalimiyo, nabavundile/oyinyumba emagumbini ahlukene amaqhugwane afingqiwe ekwelapheni ngakunye esivivinyweni ngasinye ukuze kubalwe imiphumela ehlukahlukene elinganiselwe (ukufa kwamahora angu-72, ukuluma, i-ectoparasitism, ukungena kwenethi, ukuzala okuhambisanayo, i-CI 9% ehambisanayo). Umehluko phakathi kokwelashwa kwale miphumela kanambambili elinganiselwe kwahlaziywa kusetshenziswa ukuhlehla kwezinto, kuyilapho umehluko wemiphumela yokubala uhlaziywe kusetshenziswa ukuhlehla okubi kwe-binomial. Ngenxa yokuthi imijikelezo emibili yokuzungezisa ukwelashwa yenziwa njalo ezinyangeni eziyi-12 futhi okunye ukwelashwa kwahlolwa kuzo zonke izivivinyo, ukuhlaziya ukungena komiyane kwalungiselelwa inani lezinsuku ukwelashwa ngakunye kwahlolwa. I-ITN entsha yomphumela ngamunye nayo yahlaziywa ukuze kutholwe isilinganiso esisodwa sawo wonke amaphuzu esikhathi. Ngaphezu kokuhluka okuchazayo okuyinhloko kokwelashwa, imodeli ngayinye yayihlanganisa iqhugwane, indawo yokulala, isikhathi sokuhlola, inkomba yokuvula i-ITN, nosuku njengemiphumela ehleliwe yokulawula ukuhluka ngenxa yokuhluka kokukhanga komuntu ngamunye kokulala kanye neqhugwane, inkathi yonyaka, isimo senetha lomiyane, nokuhlakazeka ngokweqile. Ukuhlaziywa kokuhlehla kukhiqize izilinganiso ezilungisiwe zezilinganiso (ama-OR) kanye nezikhawu zokuzethemba ezihambisanayo ezingu-95% ukuze kulinganiswe umphumela we-ITN yesizukulwane esisha uma kuqhathaniswa nenethi ye-pyrethroid kuphela, i-Interceptor®, emiphumeleni eyinhloko yokufa komiyane kanye ne-fecundity. Amavelu angu-P asuka kumamodeli aphinde asetshenziselwa ukwabela izinhlamvu ezihlangene ezibonisa ukubaluleka kwezibalo ezingeni lika-5% kukho konke ukuqhathanisa ngakubili kwemiphumela yokuqala neyesibili. Konke ukuhlaziya kokuhlehla kwenziwa ku-Stata version 18.
Ukuba sengozini kwezibalo zamavektha e-Covese kwahunyushwa ngokusekelwe ekufeni nasekukhuleni kwengane okubonwe ku-vitro kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-bioassays yamabhodlela ngokuvumelana nezincomo ze-World Health Organization. Imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali ihlinzeke ngokuqukethwe okuphelele kwe-AI ezingcezuni ze-ITN, okusetshenziswe ukubala izinga lokugcinwa kwe-AI kumanethi amadala enkambu uma kuqhathaniswa namanethi amasha ngesikhathi ngasinye unyaka ngamunye. Yonke idatha yarekhodwa mathupha efomini elimisiwe yase ifakwa kabili kusizindalwazi se-Microsoft Excel.
I-Ethics Committees of the Ministry of Health of Benin (No. 6/30/MS/DC/DRFMT/CNERS/SA), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) (No. 16237) kanye ne-World Health Organization (No. ERC.0003153) igunyaze ukuqhutshwa kokuhlolwa kwendlu yomshayeli okubandakanya amavolontiya. Imvume ebhaliwe enolwazi itholwe kuwo wonke amavolontiya ngaphambi kokubamba iqhaza ocwaningweni. Wonke amavolontiya athole i-chemoprophylaxis yamahhala ukuze kwehliswe ingozi kamalaleveva, futhi umhlengikazi wayesemsebenzini ngesikhathi sonke sokuhlolwa ukuze ahlole noma yiliphi ivolontiya elathola izimpawu zemfiva noma ukusabela okungekuhle kumkhiqizo wokuhlola.
Imiphumela egcwele evela emaqhugwaneni okuhlola, efingqa inani lezinombolo zabaphilayo/abafile, abalambile/abadliwe yigazi, nomiyane abavundile/oyinyumba eqenjini ngalinye lokuhlola, kanye nezibalo ezichazayo zethulwa njengokubalulekile okungeziwe (Ithebula S1).
Endlini yokuhlola e-Kowa, e-Benin, ukuphakelwa kwegazi komiyane basendle abamelana ne-Anopheles gambiae kwacindezelwa. Idatha evela kuzilawuli ezingalashwanga kanye namanetha amanoveli ahlanganiswe kuzo zonke izivivinyo ukuze kunikezwe isilinganiso esisodwa sokusebenza ngempumelelo. Ngokuhlaziywa kokuhlehla kwelogistic, amakholomu anezinhlamvu ezivamile ayengahlukanga kakhulu ezingeni elingu-5% (p > 0.05). Amabha wamaphutha amele izikhathi zokuzethemba ezingama-95%.
Ukufa komiyane basendle abamelana ne-pyrethroid i-Anopheles gambiae abangena endlini yokuhlola e-Kowa, e-Benin. Idatha evela kuzilawuli ezingalashwanga kanye namanethi anoveli ahlanganiswe kuzo zonke izivivinyo ukuze kunikezwe isilinganiso esisodwa sokusebenza ngempumelelo. Ngokuhlaziywa kokuhlehla kwelogistic, amakholomu anezinhlamvu ezivamile ayengahlukanga kakhulu ezingeni elingu-5% (p > 0.05). Amabha wamaphutha amele izikhathi zokuzethemba ezingama-95%.
Isilinganiso sezinkinga sichaza umehluko ekufeni kwamanethi omiyane esizukulwane esisha uma kuqhathaniswa namanethi omiyane e-pyrethroid kuphela. Umugqa onamachashazi umele isilinganiso sezinkinga ezingu-1, okubonisa ukuthi awukho umehluko ekufeni. Isilinganiso sezinkinga > 1 sibonisa ukufa okuphezulu ngamanethi omiyane esizukulwane esisha. Idatha yamanethi omiyane esizukulwane esisha yahlanganiswa kuzo zonke izivivinyo ukuze kukhiqizwe isilinganiso esisodwa sokusebenza kahle. Amabha wamaphutha amele izikhathi zokuzethemba ezingama-95%.
Nakuba i-Interceptor® ibonise ukufa okuphansi kakhulu kuwo wonke ama-ITN ahloliwe, ukuguga kwenkundla akuzange kube nomthelela omubi kumthelela wako ekufeni kwama-vector. Eqinisweni, i-Interceptor® entsha iholele ekufeni okungu-12%, kuyilapho amanetha aneminyaka engu-12 ubudala abonise ukuthuthuka okuncane ezinyangeni ezingu-12 (17%, p=0.006) kanye nezinyanga ezingu-24 (17%, p=0.004), ngaphambi kokubuyela emazingeni afana namanethi amasha ezinyangeni ezingu-36 (11%, p=0.05). Ngokuphambene, amazinga okufa esizukulwaneni esilandelayo samanethi afakwe isibulala-zinambuzane ehla kancane kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngemva kokuthunyelwa. Ukwehliswa kugqame kakhulu nge-Interceptor® G2, lapho ukufa kwehle kusuka ku-58% nge-meshes entsha kuya ku-36% ezinyangeni eziyi-12 (p.<0.001), 31% ezinyangeni ezingama-24 (p<0.001), kanye nama-20% ezinyangeni ezingama-36 (p<0.001). I-PermaNet® 3.0 entsha iholele ekwehleni kokushona kwabantu kuya ku-37%, nayo yehle kakhulu yaba ngama-20% ezinyangeni eziyi-12 (p.<0.001), 16% ezinyangeni ezingama-24 (p<0.001), kanye no-18% ezinyangeni ezingama-36 (p<0.001). Ukuthambekela okufanayo kubonwe ngeRoyal Guard®, nge-mesh entsha eholele ekwehleni kokushona kwabantu ngama-33%, okulandelwa ukwehla okukhulu kuye kuma-21% ezinyangeni eziyi-12 (p.<0.001), 17% ezinyangeni ezingama-24 (p<0.001) kanye no-15% ezinyangeni ezingama-36 (p<0.001).
Ukwehliswa kwe-fecundity yomiyane basendle abangazweli i-pyrethroid i-Anopheles gambiae abangena endlini yokuhlola Kwa, Benin. Idatha evela kuzilawuli ezingalashwanga kanye namanethi anoveli ahlanganiswe kuzo zonke izivivinyo ukuze kunikezwe isilinganiso esisodwa sokusebenza ngempumelelo. Amabha anezinhlamvu ezivamile ayengahlukanga kakhulu ezingeni elingu-5% (p > 0.05) ngokuhlaziywa kokuhlehla kokungena. Amabha wamaphutha amele izikhathi zokuzethemba ezingama-95%.
Izilinganiso ze-Odds zichaza umehluko wokuzala ngamanethi omiyane esizukulwane esisha uma kuqhathaniswa namanethi omiyane e-pyrethroid kuphela. Umugqa onamachashazi umele isilinganiso esingu-1, okubonisa ukuthi awukho umehluko ekuvundeni. Izilinganiso zama-OddsI-< 1 ibonisa ukuncipha okukhulu kokuzala ngamanethi esizukulwane esisha. Idatha yamanethi omiyane esizukulwane esisha yahlanganiswa kuzo zonke izivivinyo ukuze kukhiqizwe isilinganiso esisodwa sokusebenza kahle. Amabha wamaphutha amele izikhathi zokuzethemba ezingama-95%.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-17-2025