Selokhu watholakala e-Djibouti ngo-2012, umiyane wase-Asia i-Anopheles stephensi ususabalele kulo lonke uphondo lwase-Afrika. Le vector ehlaselayo iyaqhubeka nokusabalala ezwenikazi lonke, ibeka engcupheni enkulu ezinhlelweni zokulawula umalaleveva. Izindlela zokulawula ama-vector, okuhlanganisa amanetha afakwe izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokufuthwa kwensalela yasendlini, kuwunciphise kakhulu umthwalo we-malaria. Kodwa-ke, ukwanda komiyane abamelana nezibulala-zinambuzane, okuhlanganisa ne-Anopheles stephensi, kuphazamisa imizamo eqhubekayo yokuqeda umalaleveva. Ukuqonda ukwakheka kwabantu, ukugeleza kwezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwabantu, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kokuguqulwa kokumelana nezinambuzane kubalulekile ukuze kuqondiswe amasu okulawula umalaleveva asebenzayo.
Ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu kokuthi u-An. i-stethensi yasungulwa ku-HOA ibaluleke kakhulu ekubikezeleni ukusabalala kwayo ezindaweni ezintsha. Izakhi zofuzo zabantu zisetshenziswe kakhulu ukutadisha izinhlobo zezilwane ukuze uthole ukuqonda ngesakhiwo sabantu, ukukhetha okuqhubekayo, kanye nokugeleza kwezakhi zofuzo18,19. Okwa-An. stephensi, ukufunda ngesakhiwo sabantu kanye nesakhiwo sofuzo kungasiza ukucacisa umzila wayo wokuhlasela kanye nanoma yikuphi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okungenzeka kwenzeke kusukela ekuveleni kwayo. Ngaphezu kokugeleza kwezakhi zofuzo, ukukhetha kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba kungakwazi ukukhomba ama-alleles ahlobene nokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane futhi kukhanyise indlela lezi alleles ezisakazeka ngayo phakathi kwabantu20.
Kuze kube manje, ukuhlolwa kwezimpawu zokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nofuzo lwabantu ohlotsheni oluhlaselayo lwe-Anopheles stephensi kukhawulelwe ezakhini zofuzo ezimbalwa. Ukuvela kwalolu hlobo e-Afrika akuqondwa ngokugcwele, kodwa umbono owodwa ukuthi wethulwa ngabantu noma imfuyo. Eminye imibono ihlanganisa ukufuduka kwebanga elide ngomoya. Izindawo ezingazodwa zase-Ethiopia ezisetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo zaqoqwa e-Awash Sebat Kilo, idolobha elitholakala ku-200 km empumalanga ye-Addis Ababa kanye nasephasejini elikhulu lezokuthutha elisuka e-Addis Ababa liya e-Djibouti. I-Awash Sebat Kilo iyindawo enabantu abaningi abangenwa umalaleveva futhi inenani elikhulu labantu be-Anopheles stephensi, okubikwa ukuthi alikwazi ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane, okuyenza ibe yindawo ebalulekile yokucwaninga ngofuzo lwabantu base-Anopheles stephensi8.
Ukuguqulwa kokumelana nesibulala-zinambuzane i-kdr L1014F kutholwe ngemvamisa ephansi kubantu base-Ethiopia futhi akuzange kutholwe kumasampula enkundla yama-India. Lokhu kuguqulwa kwe-kdr kunikeza ukumelana ne-pyrethroids ne-DDT futhi kwatholwa ngaphambilini ku-An. isibalo sabantu abaqoqwe e-India ngo-2016 nase-Afghanistan ngo-2018.31,32 Naphezu kobufakazi bokumelana nokusabalala kwe-pyrethroid kuwo womabili amadolobha, ukuguqulwa kwe-kdr L1014F akuzange kutholakale kubantu baseMangalore nase-Bangalore abahlaziywe lapha. Ingxenye ephansi ye-Ethiopian isolate ethwele le SNP eyayiyi-heterozygous iphakamisa ukuthi uguquko luvele muva nje kulesi sibalo. Lokhu kusekelwa ucwaningo lwangaphambilini ku-Awash olungatholanga bufakazi bokuguqulwa kwe-kdr kumasampuli aqoqwe ngonyaka ngaphambi kwalawo ahlaziywa lapha.18 Ngaphambilini sihlonze lokhu kuguqulwa kwe-kdr L1014F ngemvamisa ephansi kusethi yamasampuli asuka esifundeni/ngonyaka kusetshenziswa indlela yokuthola i-amplicon.28 Njengoba kunikezwe ukumelana kwe-phenotypic kuma-phenotypic kuma-sample ama-sampling abonisa ukuthi ama-review aphansi ama-mod sites aphakamisa ukuthi lezi zindawo zokumelana nazo ziphakamisa ukuthi ama-samples aphansi aqondiswe kusayithi le-requency. obhekene nale phenotype ephawuliwe.
Umkhawulo walolu cwaningo ukuntuleka kwedatha ye-phenotypic ekuphenduleni kwezinambuzane. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe oluhlanganisa ukulandelana kofuzo oluphelele (WGS) noma ukulandelana kwe-amplicon okuhlosiwe kuhlanganiswe nokuhlolwa kwe-bioassays okunokwenzeka kuyadingeka ukuze kuphenywe umthelela walokhu kuguqulwa ekuphenduleni kwesibulala-zinambuzane. Lawa ma-SNP ama-misssense anoveli angase ahlotshaniswe nokumelana kufanele aqondiswe ekuhlolweni kwe-molecular-throughput ukusekela ukuqapha nokwenza lula umsebenzi wokusebenza ukuze kuqondwe futhi kuqinisekiswe izindlela ezingaba khona ezihlobene ne-phenotypes yokumelana.
Kafushane, lolu cwaningo lunikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngofuzo lwenani lomiyane i-Anopheles kuwo wonke amazwekazi. Ukusetshenziswa kokuhlaziywa kwe-whole genome sequencing (WGS) kumaqoqo amakhulu amasampula ezindaweni ezihlukene kuzoba ukhiye ekuqondeni ukugeleza kofuzo kanye nokuhlonza izimpawu zokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane. Lolu lwazi luzokwenza iziphathimandla zezempilo zikwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokugadwa kwe-vector kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane.
Sisebenzise izindlela ezimbili zokuthola ukwehluka kwenombolo yekhophi kule dathasethi. Okokuqala, sasebenzisa indlela esekelwe ekuhlanganiseni egxile ekuhlonzweni kwamaqoqo ofuzo e-CYP ku-genome (Ithebula Le-Supplementary S5). Ukufakwa kwesampula kwalinganiswa kuzo zonke izindawo zokuqoqwa futhi kwahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amane: i-Ethiopia, izinkundla zamaNdiya, amakoloni amaNdiya, namakoloni asePakistan. Ukufakwa kweqembu ngalinye kwenziwa ngendlela evamile kusetshenziswa ukushelela kwe-kernel kwase kwahlelwa ngokuya ngokujula kokufakwa kwegenome okumaphakathi kwalelo qembu.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-23-2025