Kusukela ekutholakaleni kwayo eDjibouti ngo-2012, umiyane wase-Asian Anopheles stephensi usabalale kulo lonke iHorn of Africa. Lo miyane ohlaselayo uyaqhubeka nokusabalala kulo lonke izwekazi, ubeka usongo olukhulu ezinhlelweni zokulawula umalaleveva. Izindlela zokulawula ama-vector, okuhlanganisa amanethi okulala aphathwe ngezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokufutha okusele endlini, kuye kwehlisa kakhulu umthwalo kamalaleveva. Kodwa-ke, ukwanda komiyane abamelana nezibulala-zinambuzane, okuhlanganisa nemiphakathi yase-Anopheles stephensi, kuphazamisa imizamo eqhubekayo yokuqeda umalaleveva. Ukuqonda isakhiwo sabantu, ukugeleza kwezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwabantu, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kokuguqulwa kokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane kubalulekile ukuze kuqondiswe amasu okulawula umalaleveva asebenzayo.
Ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi i-An. stephensi yasungulwa kanjani kangaka kwi-HOA kubalulekile ekubikezeleni ukusabalala kwayo okungenzeka ezindaweni ezintsha. Izakhi zofuzo zabantu zisetshenziswe kabanzi ukutadisha izinhlobo ze-vector ukuze kutholakale ukuqonda ngesakhiwo sabantu, ukukhethwa okuqhubekayo, kanye nokugeleza kwezakhi zofuzo18,19. Ku-An. stephensi, ukutadisha isakhiwo sabantu kanye nesakhiwo sezakhi zofuzo kungasiza ekuchazeni indlela yokuhlasela kwayo kanye nanoma yikuphi ukuvela okuguquguqukayo okungenzeka kwenzeke kusukela yavela. Ngaphezu kokugeleza kwezakhi zofuzo, ukukhethwa kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba kungakhomba ama-allele ahlobene nokumelana nezinambuzane futhi kukhanyise ukuthi la ma-allele asakazeka kanjani kubantu20.
Kuze kube manje, ukuhlolwa kwezimpawu zokumelana nezinambuzane kanye nezakhi zofuzo zabantu ezinhlotsheni ezihlaselayo i-Anopheles stephensi kuye kwanqunyelwa kuzakhi zofuzo ezimbalwa ezikhethiwe. Ukuvela kwalolu hlobo e-Afrika akukaqondakali ngokugcwele, kodwa umbono owodwa ukuthi lwalethwa ngabantu noma imfuyo. Eminye imibono ihlanganisa ukufuduka okude ngomoya. Ama-isolates ase-Ethiopia asetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo aqoqwe e-Awash Sebat Kilo, idolobha eliqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-200 empumalanga ye-Addis Ababa kanye nomzila omkhulu wokuthutha ukusuka e-Addis Ababa ukuya e-Djibouti. I-Awash Sebat Kilo yindawo enokusabalala okuphezulu komalaleveva futhi inabantu abaningi be-Anopheles stephensi, okubikwa ukuthi ayimelani nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane, okwenza kube yindawo ebalulekile yokufunda izakhi zofuzo zabantu be-Anopheles stephensi8.
Ukuguqulwa kokumelana nezinambuzane i-kdr L1014F kutholakale ngesivinini esiphansi kubantu base-Ethiopia futhi akuzange kutholakale kumasampula asensimini yaseNdiya. Lokhu kuguqulwa kwe-kdr kunikeza ukumelana ne-pyrethroids kanye ne-DDT futhi kwatholakala ngaphambilini kubantu base-An. stephensi abaqoqwe eNdiya ngo-2016 nase-Afghanistan ngo-2018.31,32 Naphezu kobufakazi bokumelana okubanzi kwe-pyrethroid kuwo womabili amadolobha, ukuguqulwa kwe-kdr L1014F akuzange kutholakale kubantu baseMangalore naseBangalore abahlaziywe lapha. Ingxenye ephansi yezilwane zase-Ethiopia ezithwala le SNP ezaziyi-heterozygous iphakamisa ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwavela muva nje kuleli nani. Lokhu kusekelwa ucwaningo lwangaphambilini ku-Awash olungatholanga bufakazi bokuguqulwa kwe-kdr kumasampula aqoqwe ngonyaka ongaphambi kwalawo ahlaziywe lapha.18 Ngaphambilini sithole lokhu kuguqulwa kwe-kdr L1014F ngemvamisa ephansi kusethi yamasampula avela esifundeni/ngonyaka ofanayo sisebenzisa indlela yokuthola i-amplicon.28 Njengoba kunikezwe ukumelana kwe-phenotypic ezindaweni zokuthatha isampula, imvamisa ephansi ye-allele yalolu phawu lokumelana iphakamisa ukuthi izindlela ezingezona ukuguqulwa kwesayithi eliqondiwe zibangela le phenotype ebonwe.
Umkhawulo walolu cwaningo ukuntuleka kwedatha ye-phenotypic mayelana nokusabela kwezinambuzane. Izifundo ezengeziwe ezihlanganisa ukulandelana kwe-genome yonke (i-WGS) noma ukulandelana kwe-amplicon okuqondiwe kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-bioassay yokuzwela kuyadingeka ukuze kuhlolwe umthelela walezi zinguquko ekuphenduleni kwezinambuzane. Lawa ma-SNP amasha angavumelani angahlotshaniswa nokumelana kufanele aqondiswe ekuhlolweni kwama-molecule okuphezulu ukuze kusekelwe ukuqapha kanye nokwenza lula umsebenzi wokusebenza ukuqonda nokuqinisekisa izindlela ezingaba khona ezihlobene nezinhlobo zokumelana.
Ngamafuphi, lolu cwaningo lunikeza ukuqonda okujulile kwezakhi zofuzo ze-Anopheles mosquito population kuwo wonke amazwekazi. Ukusetshenziswa kokuhlaziywa kwe-genome sequencing (WGS) kumaqembu amakhulu amasampula ezindaweni ezahlukene zezwe kuzoba yisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukugeleza kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nokuhlonza izimpawu zokumelana nezinambuzane. Lolu lwazi luzokwenza iziphathimandla zezempilo zomphakathi zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi ekuqapheni izinambuzane kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinambuzane.
Sisebenzise izindlela ezimbili ukuthola ukwehluka kwenombolo yamakhophi kule sethi yedatha. Okokuqala, sisebenzise indlela esekelwe ekumbozweni egxile kumaqoqo ezakhi zofuzo ze-CYP ahlonziwe ku-genome (Ithebula Elingeziwe S5). Ukumbozwa kwesampula kwalinganiswa ezindaweni zokuqoqa futhi kwahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amane: i-Ethiopia, amasimu aseNdiya, amakoloni aseNdiya, namakoloni asePakistan. Ukumbozwa kweqembu ngalinye kwalungiswa kusetshenziswa ukushelela kwe-kernel bese kuhlelwa ngokwesilinganiso sokumbozwa kwezakhi zofuzo kwalelo qembu.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-23-2025