Ngenkathi i-ICI yethula i-paraquat emakethe ngo-1962, umuntu wayengeke acabange ukuthi i-paraquat izobhekana nesiphetho esibi nesibi kangaka esikhathini esizayo. Lo muthi wokubulala ukhula omuhle kakhulu ongakhethi wawufakwe ohlwini lwesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Ukwehla kwake kwaba namahloni, kodwa ngenani eliphezulu eliqhubekayo le-Shuangcao kulo nyaka futhi cishe lizoqhubeka likhuphuka, lidonsa kanzima emakethe yomhlaba wonke, kodwa i-paraquat ethengekayo ingenisa ekuqaleni kwethemba.
Umuthi othintana naye omuhle kakhulu ongakhethi
I-Paraquat iyi-bipyridine herbicide. Umuthi wokubulala ukhula uwumuthi ongakhethi ukuthintana nawo owakhiwa yi-ICI ngeminyaka yawo-1950. Ine-spectrum ebanzi yokubulala ukhula, isenzo sokuthintana ngokushesha, ukumelana nokuguguleka kwemvula, nokungakhethi. Nezinye izici ezinhle kakhulu.
I-Paraquat ingasetshenziswa ukulawula ukhula ngaphambi kokutshala noma emva kokuhluma emasimini, ummbila, umoba, ubhontshisi wesoya nezinye izitshalo. Ingasetshenziswa njenge-desiccant ngesikhathi sokuvuna futhi futhi njenge-defoliant.
I-Paraquat ibulala ulwelwesi lwe-chloroplast yokhula ikakhulukazi ngokuthinta izingxenye eziluhlaza zokhula, ithinte ukwakheka kwe-chlorophyll okhula, ngaleyo ndlela ithinte i-photosynthesis yokhula, futhi ekugcineni imise ngokushesha ukukhula kokhula. I-Paraquat inomphumela onamandla olimazayo ezicutshini eziluhlaza zezitshalo ze-monocot ne-dicot. Ngokuvamile, ukhula lungashintsha umbala phakathi kwamahora angu-2 kuya kwangu-3 ngemva kokufakwa.
Isimo kanye nesimo sokuthekelisa kwe-paraquat
Ngenxa yobuthi be-paraquat emzimbeni womuntu kanye nobungozi obungaba khona empilweni yabantu ngesikhathi sokufaka isicelo ngendlela engafanele, i-paraquat ivinjelwe amazwe angaphezu kuka-30 okuhlanganisa i-European Union, i-China, iThailand, iSwitzerland neBrazil.
Ngokwemininingwane ekhishwe yi-360 Research Reports, ukuthengiswa komhlaba wonke kwama-paraquat ngo-2020 kwehle kwafinyelela cishe ezigidini eziyi-100 zamadola aseMelika. Ngokombiko weSyngenta mayelana ne-paraquat ekhishwe ngo-2021, iSyngenta njengamanje ithengisa ama-paraquat emazweni angama-28. Kunezinkampani ezingama-377 emhlabeni jikelele ezibhalise ukwakheka kwama-paraquat okusebenzayo. I-Syngenta ithatha cishe ukuthengiswa komhlaba wonke kwe-paraquat. Ikota.
Ngo-2018, i-China yathumela amathani angu-64,000 e-paraquat kanye namathani angu-56,000 ngo-2019. Izindawo ezihamba phambili zokuthunyelwa kwe-paraquat yase-China ngo-2019 yi-Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, United States, Mexico, Thailand, Australia, njll.
Nakuba i-paraquat ivinjelwe emazweni abalulekile akhiqiza ezolimo njenge-European Union, Brazil, ne-China, futhi umthamo wokuthekelisa uncishisiwe uma kuqhathaniswa eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhethekile lapho amanani entengo e-glyphosate ne-glufosinate-ammonium aqhubeka nokuba phezulu kulo nyaka futhi angase aqhubeke nokukhuphuka , I-Paraquat, uhlobo olucishe luphelelwe yithemba, luzongenisa amandla amasha.
Amanani aphezulu e-Shuangcao akhuthaza isidingo somhlaba wonke se-paraquat
Ngaphambilini, lapho intengo ye-glyphosate ingu-26,000 yuan/ton, i-paraquat yayingu-13,000 yuan/ton. Intengo yamanje ye-glyphosate isengu-80,000 yuan/ton, futhi intengo ye-glufosinate ingaphezu kwama-yuan angu-350,000. Esikhathini esedlule, inani eliphakeme emhlabeni wonke lama-paraquat lalingamathani angama-260,000 (ngokusekelwe ku-42% womkhiqizo wangempela), okungamathani angama-80,000. Imakethe yaseShayina icishe ibe ngamathani ayi-15,000, iBrazil amathani ayi-10,000, iThailand amathani ayi-10,000, ne-Indonesia, i-United States, neThailand. Nigeria, India kanye namanye amazwe.
Ngokuvinjelwa kwemithi yesintu efana ne-China, Brazil, ne-Thailand, ngokombono, amathani angaphezu kuka-30,000 esikhala semakethe akhululiwe. Kodwa-ke, kulo nyaka, ngokukhuphuka okusheshayo kwamanani entengo ye-"Shuangcao" ne-Diquat, kanye nemakethe engasetshenziswanga e-United States Ngokukhululeka kokusetshenziswa komshini, isidingo emakethe yase-US noma eNyakatho Melika sikhuphuke cishe ngama-20%, okuye kwavuselela isidingo se-paraquat futhi yasekela intengo yayo ngezinga elithile. Njengamanje, isilinganiso senani/sokusebenza se-paraquat sinokuncintisana kakhulu uma singaphansi kuka-40,000. phoqa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafundi baseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia ngokuvamile babika ukuthi ezindaweni ezinjengeVietnam, iMalaysia, neBrazil, ukhula lukhula ngokushesha ngenkathi yezimvula, futhi i-paraquat imelana kahle nokuguguleka kwemvula. Amanani amanye ama-biocidal herbicides akhuphuke kakhulu. Abalimi kulezi zindawo namanje Kunesidingo esiqinile. Amakhasimende endawo athi amathuba okuthola i-paraquat eziteshini ezimpunga njengokuhweba emngceleni ayanda.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, impahla eluhlaza ye-paraquat, i-pyridine, ingeyemboni yamakhemikhali yamalahle engezansi. Intengo yamanje izinzile uma kuqhathaniswa no-28,000 yuan/ton, okuwukukhuphuka okukhulu ngempela kusukela kokuphansi kwangaphambilini kuka-21,000 yuan/ton, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi u-21,000 yuan/ton wawuvele uphansi kunomugqa wezindleko we-2.4 Izinkulungwane eziyishumi zamayuan/ton. Ngakho-ke, nakuba intengo ye-pyridine ikhuphukile, isenani elifanele, elizophinde lizuze ukwanda kwesidingo somhlaba wonke se-paraquat. Abakhiqizi abaningi basekhaya bama-paraquat nabo kulindeleke ukuthi bahlomule kuwo.
Amandla wamabhizinisi amakhulu okukhiqiza ama-paraquat
Kulo nyaka, ukukhululwa kwamandla okukhiqiza i-paraquat (ngo-100%) kunqunyelwe, futhi i-China ingumkhiqizi oyinhloko we-paraquat. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi izinkampani zasekhaya ezifana ne-Red Sun, i-Jiangsu Nuoen, i-Shandong Luba, i-Hebei Baofeng, i-Hebei Lingang, ne-Syngenta Nantong zikhiqiza i-paraquat. Ngaphambilini, ngesikhathi i-paraquat isezingeni eliphezulu, i-Shandong Dacheng, i-Sanonda, i-Lvfeng, i-Yongnong, i-Qiaochang, ne-Xianlong yayiphakathi kwabakhiqizi be-paraquat. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi lezi zinkampani azisawakhiqizi ama-paraquat.
I-Red Sun inezitshalo ezintathu zokukhiqiza i-paraquat. Phakathi kwazo, iNanjing Red Sun Biochemical Co., Ltd. inamandla okukhiqiza amathani ayi-8,000-10,000. Itholakala eNanjing Chemical Industrial Park. Ngonyaka odlule, i-42% yemikhiqizo ebonakalayo yayinomphumela wanyanga zonke wamathani angu-2,500-3,000. Kulo nyaka, imise ngokuphelele ukukhiqiza. . I-Anhui Guoxing plant inamandla okukhiqiza amathani angu-20,000. Imboni ye-Shandong Kexin inamandla okukhiqiza amathani ayi-2,000. Amandla okukhiqiza e-Red Sun akhululwa ku-70%.
I-Jiangsu Nuoen inamandla okukhiqiza amathani angu-12,000 we-paraquat, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwangempela kungamathani angu-10,000, okukhulula cishe u-80% wamandla ayo; I-Shandong Luba inamandla okukhiqiza amathani angu-10,000 we-paraquat, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwayo kwangempela kungamathani angu-7,000, okukhulula cishe u-70% wamandla ayo okukhiqiza; Ukukhiqizwa kwe-paraquat ka-Hebei Baofeng ngamathani angu-5,000; I-Hebei Lingang inamandla okukhiqiza amathani angu-5,000 we-paraquat, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwangempela kungamathani angu-3,500; I-Syngenta Nantong inamandla okukhiqiza amathani ayi-10,000 e-paraquat, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwangempela kungamathani angu-5,000.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSyngenta inendawo yokukhiqiza engamathani angu-9,000 embonini yase-Huddersfield e-United Kingdom kanye nesikhungo esingamathani ayi-1,000 eBrazil. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi lo nyaka uphinde wathinteka yilolu bhubhane esimweni sokunciphisa kakhulu ukukhiqizwa, ukwehlisa ukukhiqizwa ngo-50% ngesikhathi esisodwa.
isifinyezo
I-Paraquat isenezinzuzo ezingenakuphikwa emazweni amaningi emhlabeni jikelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izintengo zamanje ze-glyphosate ne-glufosinate njengezimbangi zisezingeni eliphezulu futhi ukunikezwa kuqinile, okunikeza umcabango omningi wokwanda kwesidingo se-paraquat.
I-Beijing Winter Olympics izoba ngoFebhuwari wonyaka ozayo. Kusukela ngoJanuwari 2022, izimboni eziningi ezinkulu enyakatho neChina zibhekene nengozi yokumisa ukukhiqiza izinsuku ezingama-45. Okwamanje, kungenzeka kakhulu, kodwa kusekhona izinga elithile lokungaqiniseki. Ukumiswa kokukhiqiza kuzothuthukisa ukungezwani phakathi kokunikezwa kanye nesidingo se-glyphosate neminye imikhiqizo. Ukukhiqizwa nokuthengiswa kwamaParaquat kulindeleke ukuthi kuthathe leli thuba ukuze kuthuthuke.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-24-2021