Ngesikhathi i-ICI yethula i-paraquat emakethe ngo-1962, umuntu wayengeke acabange ukuthi i-paraquat izobhekana nesiphetho esinzima nesinzima kangaka esikhathini esizayo. Lo muthi wokubulala ukhula omuhle kakhulu ongakhethi wawufakwe ohlwini lwesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni lwemithi yokubulala ukhula. Ukwehla kwake kwaba yihlazo, kodwa njengoba intengo ye-Shuangcao iqhubeka iphezulu kulo nyaka futhi kungenzeka ukuthi iqhubeke ikhuphuka, idonsa kanzima emakethe yomhlaba wonke, kodwa i-paraquat engabizi iletha ithemba.
Umuthi wokubulala ukhula omuhle kakhulu ongakhethi
I-Paraquat iyi-herbicide ye-bipyridine. I-herbicide iyi-herbicide yokuthinta engakhethi eyasungulwa yi-ICI ngawo-1950. Ine-spectrum ebanzi yokubulala ukhula, isenzo esisheshayo sokuthinta, ukumelana nokuguguleka kwemvula, kanye nokungakhethi. Nezinye izici ezinhle kakhulu.
I-Paraquat ingasetshenziswa ukulawula ukhula ngaphambi kokutshala noma ngemva kokuhluma ezivandeni zezithelo, ummbila, umoba, ubhontshisi kanye nezinye izitshalo. Ingasetshenziswa njenge-desiccant ngesikhathi sokuvuna kanye nanjenge-defoliant.
I-Paraquat ibulala ulwelwesi lwe-chloroplast lokhula ikakhulukazi ngokuthinta izingxenye eziluhlaza zokhula, ithinta ukwakheka kwe-chlorophyll okhula, ngaleyo ndlela ithinta i-photosynthesis yokhula, futhi ekugcineni imise ngokushesha ukukhula kokhula. I-Paraquat inomthelela omkhulu wokubhubhisa ezicutshini eziluhlaza zezitshalo ze-monocot kanye ne-dicot. Ngokuvamile, ukhula lungaphenduka umbala zingakapheli amahora amabili kuya kwamathathu ngemva kokusetshenziswa.
Isimo kanye nesimo sokuthumela ngaphandle kwe-paraquat
Ngenxa yobuthi be-paraquat emzimbeni womuntu kanye nomonakalo ongaba khona empilweni yabantu enkambisweni yokusetshenziswa ngokungajwayelekile, i-paraquat ivinjelwe amazwe angaphezu kuka-30 ahlanganisa i-European Union, i-China, i-Thailand, i-Switzerland kanye ne-Brazil.
Ngokusho kwedatha ekhishwe yi-360 Research Reports, ukuthengiswa kwe-paraquat emhlabeni wonke ngo-2020 kwehle kwafinyelela cishe kumaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-100. Ngokusho kombiko we-Syngenta nge-paraquat okhishwe ngo-2021, i-Syngenta okwamanje ithengisa i-paraquat emazweni angu-28. Kunezinkampani ezingu-377 emhlabeni jikelele ezibhalise amafomula e-paraquat asebenzayo. I-Syngenta ibalwa cishe kokunye kokuthengiswa kwe-paraquat emhlabeni jikelele. Ikota.
Ngo-2018, iShayina yathumela kwamanye amazwe amathani angu-64,000 e-paraquat kanye namathani angu-56,000 ngo-2019. Izindawo eziyinhloko zokuthumela i-paraquat yaseShayina ngo-2019 yiBrazil, i-Indonesia, iNigeria, i-United States, iMexico, iThailand, i-Australia, njll.
Nakuba i-paraquat ivinjelwe emazweni abalulekile akhiqiza ezolimo njenge-European Union, iBrazil, ne-China, futhi inani lokuthumela kwamanye amazwe liye lehla kakhulu eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhethekile lapho amanani e-glyphosate ne-glufosinate-ammonium eqhubeka nokuba phezulu kulo nyaka futhi kungenzeka ukuthi aqhubeke nokukhuphuka, i-Paraquat, uhlobo olucishe luphelelwe yithemba, izoletha amandla amasha.
Amanani aphezulu eShuangcao akhuthaza isidingo somhlaba wonke se-paraquat
Ngaphambilini, lapho intengo ye-glyphosate yayingu-26,000 yuan/ton, i-paraquat yayingu-13,000 yuan/ton. Intengo yamanje ye-glyphosate isengu-80,000 yuan/ton, kanti intengo ye-glufosinate ingaphezu kuka-350,000 yuan. Esikhathini esidlule, isidingo esikhulu somhlaba wonke se-paraquat sasingu-260,000 amathani (ngokusekelwe ku-42% womkhiqizo wangempela), okungaba ngu-80,000 amathani. Imakethe yaseShayina ingamathani angaba ngu-15,000, iBrazil amathani ayi-10,000, iThailand amathani ayi-10,000, kanye ne-Indonesia, i-United States, neThailand. INigeria, iNdiya namanye amazwe.
Ngokuvinjelwa kwemithi yendabuko efana neShayina, iBrazil, neThailand, ngokombono, kukhululwe amathani angaphezu kuka-30,000 esikhala semakethe. Kodwa-ke, kulo nyaka, ngokukhuphuka okusheshayo kwamanani e-“Shuangcao” ne-Diquat, kanye nemakethe engenamuntu e-United States Ngokukhululwa kokusetshenziswa komshini, isidingo emakethe yase-US noma eNyakatho Melika sikhuphuke cishe ngo-20%, okuye kwavuselela isidingo se-paraquat futhi kwasekela intengo yayo ngezinga elithile. Njengamanje, isilinganiso sentengo/ukusebenza kwe-paraquat sincintisana kakhulu uma singaphansi kwamandla angu-40,000.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafundi baseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia bavame ukubika ukuthi ezindaweni ezifana neVietnam, iMalaysia, neBrazil, ukhula lukhula ngokushesha ngesikhathi semvula, kanti i-paraquat inokumelana okuhle nokuguguleka kwemvula. Amanani eminye imithi yokubulala ukhula ebangela i-biocidal akhuphuke kakhulu. Abalimi kulezi zindawo basalokhu befuna kakhulu. Amakhasimende endawo athi amathuba okuthola i-paraquat eziteshini ezimpunga njengokuhweba emingceleni ayanda.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto zokusetshenziswa ze-paraquat, i-pyridine, zingezemboni yamakhemikhali amalahle engezansi. Intengo yamanje izinzile kuma-yuan angu-28,000/ton, okuwukwenyuka okukhulu ngempela kusukela ephansi langaphambilini lama-yuan angu-21,000/ton, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi ama-yuan angu-21,000/ton ayesephansi kakade kunomugqa wezindleko wama-yuan ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi/ton angu-2.4. Ngakho-ke, yize intengo ye-pyridine ikhuphukile, isese ngentengo efanelekile, okuzoqhubeka nokuzuzisa ukwanda kwesidingo somhlaba wonke se-paraquat. Abakhiqizi abaningi be-paraquat basekhaya kulindeleke ukuthi nabo bazuze kuyo.
Amandla ezinkampani ezinkulu zokukhiqiza i-paraquat
Kulo nyaka, ukukhishwa kwamandla okukhiqiza i-paraquat (ngo-100%) kunqunyelwe, kanti iShayina ingumkhiqizi oyinhloko we-paraquat. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi izinkampani zasekhaya ezifana ne-Red Sun, i-Jiangsu Nuoen, i-Shandong Luba, i-Hebei Baofeng, i-Hebei Lingang, kanye ne-Syngenta Nantong zikhiqiza i-paraquat. Ngaphambilini, lapho i-paraquat yayisezingeni eliphezulu, i-Shandong Dacheng, i-Sanonda, i-Lvfeng, i-Yongnong, i-Qiaochang, kanye ne-Xianlong zaziphakathi kwabakhiqizi be-paraquat. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi lezi zinkampani azisakhiqizi i-paraquat.
I-Red Sun inezindawo ezintathu zokukhiqiza i-paraquat. Phakathi kwazo, i-Nanjing Red Sun Biochemical Co., Ltd. inamandla okukhiqiza angamathani angu-8,000-10,000. Itholakala eNanjing Chemical Industrial Park. Ngonyaka odlule, ama-42% emikhiqizo ebonakalayo abe nomkhiqizo wanyanga zonke wamathani angu-2,500-3,000. Kulo nyaka, iyeke ngokuphelele ukukhiqiza. . Isitshalo sase-Anhui Guoxing sinamandla okukhiqiza angamathani angu-20,000. Isitshalo saseShandong Kexin sinamandla okukhiqiza angamathani angu-2,000. Amandla okukhiqiza e-Red Sun akhishwa ngo-70%.
I-Jiangsu Nuoen inomthamo wokukhiqiza ongamathani ayi-12,000 e-paraquat, kanti umkhiqizo wangempela ungamathani ayi-10,000, okhipha cishe u-80% wamandla ayo; I-Shandong Luba inomthamo wokukhiqiza ongamathani ayi-10,000 e-paraquat, kanti umkhiqizo wayo wangempela ungamathani ayi-7,000, okhipha cishe u-70% wamandla ayo okukhiqiza; Ukukhiqizwa kwe-paraquat yi-Hebei Baofeng kungamathani ayi-5,000; I-Hebei Lingang inomthamo wokukhiqiza ongamathani ayi-5,000 e-paraquat, kanti umkhiqizo wangempela ungamathani ayi-3,500; I-Syngenta Nantong inomthamo wokukhiqiza ongamathani ayi-10,000 e-paraquat, kanti umkhiqizo wangempela ungamathani ayi-5,000.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSyngenta inesikhungo sokukhiqiza esingamathani angu-9,000 esitshalweni saseHuddersfield e-United Kingdom kanye nesikhungo esingamathani angu-1,000 eBrazil. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi lo nyaka uphinde wathintwa yilolu bhubhane esimweni sokwehla okukhulu komkhiqizo, kunciphisa umkhiqizo ngo-50% ngesikhathi esisodwa.
isifinyezo
I-Paraquat isenezinzuzo ezingenakuphikwa emazweni amaningi emhlabeni jikelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanani amanje e-glyphosate ne-glufosinate njengabancintisani asesezingeni eliphezulu futhi ukutholakala kwayo kuncane, okunikeza ukucabanga okuningi ngokwanda kwesidingo se-paraquat.
Ama-Olimpiki asebusika aseBeijing azobanjwa ngoFebhuwari ngonyaka ozayo. Kusukela ngoJanuwari 2022, izimboni eziningi ezinkulu enyakatho yeShayina zibhekene nengozi yokumisa ukukhiqizwa izinsuku ezingu-45. Njengamanje, kungenzeka kakhulu, kodwa kusekhona ukungaqiniseki okuthile. Ukumiswa kokukhiqizwa nakanjani kuzokhulisa ukungezwani phakathi kokuhlinzekwa kanye nesidingo se-glyphosate neminye imikhiqizo. Ukukhiqizwa nokuthengiswa kwe-paraquat kulindeleke ukuthi kuthathe leli thuba ukuthola ukukhushulwa.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-24-2021