Imakethe yembewu eguqulwe izakhi zofuzo (GM) kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-12.8 ngo-2028, ngesilinganiso sokukhula saminyaka yonke esingu-7.08%. Lo mkhuba wokukhula uqhutshwa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha okuqhubekayo kwe-biotechnology yezolimo.
Imakethe yaseNyakatho Melika ikhule ngokushesha ngenxa yokwamukelwa kabanzi kanye nentuthuko entsha kwezobuchwepheshe bezolimo. I-Basf ingenye yabahlinzeki abahamba phambili bembewu eguqulwe izakhi zofuzo enezinzuzo ezibalulekile njengokunciphisa ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi nokuvikela ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo. Imakethe yaseNyakatho Melika igxile ezintweni ezifana nokulula, okuthandwa ngabathengi kanye namaphethini okusetshenziswa komhlaba wonke. Ngokusho kwezibikezelo nokuhlaziywa, imakethe yaseNyakatho Melika okwamanje ibhekene nokukhula okuqhubekayo kwesidingo, futhi ubuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo budlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni umkhakha wezolimo.
Abashayeli abakhulu bemakethe
Ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kwembewu ye-GM emkhakheni we-biofuels kusobala ukuthi kuqhuba intuthuko yemakethe. Njengoba isidingo esikhulayo se-biofuels, izinga lokwamukelwa kwembewu eguqulwe izakhi zofuzo emakethe yomhlaba wonke nalo liyakhula kancane kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokugxila okwandayo ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa umhlaba kanye nokunciphisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, i-biofuels etholakala ezitshalweni eziguqulwe izakhi zofuzo, njengommbila, ubhontshisi kanye nomoba, iba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu njengemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imbewu eguqulwe izakhi zofuzo eyenzelwe ukwanda kwesivuno, okuqukethwe kwamafutha okwandisiwe kanye ne-biomass nakho kuqhuba ukwanda kwemakethe yokukhiqiza yomhlaba wonke ehlobene ne-biofuels. Isibonelo, i-bioethanol etholakala kummbila oguqulwe izakhi zofuzo isetshenziswa kabanzi njengesithasiselo sikaphethiloli, kuyilapho i-biodiesel etholakala kubhontshisi wesoya kanye ne-canola eguqulwe izakhi zofuzo inikeza enye indlela esikhundleni samafutha emvelo emikhakheni yezokuthutha kanye neyezimboni.
Izitayela ezinkulu zemakethe
Embonini yembewu ye-GM, ukuhlanganiswa kwezolimo zedijithali kanye nokuhlaziywa kwedatha sekuyinto ekhulayo kanye nomshayeli obalulekile wemakethe, okushintsha imikhuba yezolimo kanye nokwandisa inani lemakethe yembewu ye-GM.
Ezolimo zedijithali zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe njengokuthwebula izithombe zesathelayithi, ama-drone, izinzwa, kanye nemishini yokulima enembile ukuqoqa idatha eningi ehlobene nempilo yomhlabathi, amaphethini ezulu, ukukhula kwezitshalo, kanye nezinambuzane. Ama-algorithms okuhlaziya idatha abe esecubungula lolu lwazi ukuze anikeze abalimi izixazululo ezisebenzayo futhi enze ngcono inqubo yokwenza izinqumo. Ngokomongo wezimbewu ze-GM, ezolimo zedijithali zinegalelo ekuphathweni nasekuqapheni ngempumelelo izitshalo ze-GM kulo lonke umjikelezo wazo wokuphila. Abalimi bangasebenzisa ukuqonda okusekelwe kudatha ukwenza ngezifiso imikhuba yokutshala, ukwenza ngcono izinqubo zokutshala, kanye nokukhulisa ukusebenza kwezinhlobo zembewu ze-GM.
Izinselele ezinkulu zemakethe
Ukuvela kobuchwepheshe obusha njengokulima okuqondile kubeka usongo ekusetshenzisweni kobuchwepheshe bendabuko emkhakheni wembewu eguqulwe izakhi zofuzo futhi kuyinselele enkulu ebhekene nemakethe njengamanje. Ngokungafani nokulima kwendabuko noma okushisa okuvamile, ukulima okuqondile kuhilela ukuhlanganisa izitshalo ndawonye, okuvame ukuhlanganiswa kwezinye izakhiwo ezifana nezakhiwo eziphakeme, izitsha zokuthumela, noma izindawo zokugcina impahla eziguquliwe. Ngale ndlela, izimo zamanzi nokukhanya ezidingwa yisitshalo kuphela ezilawulwayo, futhi ukuncika kwesitshalo ezibulala-zinambuzane, umanyolo wokwenziwa, ukhula kanye nezinto eziphilayo eziguqulwe izakhi zofuzo (Gmos) kungagwenywa ngempumelelo.
Imakethe ngohlobo
Amandla esigaba sokubekezelela ukhula azokwandisa isabelo semakethe sembewu ye-GM. Ukubekezelela ukhula kwenza izitshalo zikwazi ukumelana nokusetshenziswa kokhula oluthile ngenkathi kuvimbela ukukhula kokhula. Ngokuvamile, lesi sici sitholakala ngokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, lapho izitshalo ziklanywa khona ngofuzo ukuze zikhiqize ama-enzyme akhipha ubuthi noma amelane nezithako ezisebenzayo zokhula.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo ezimelana ne-glyphosate, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinikezwa yiMonsanto futhi eziqhutshwa yiBayer, ziphakathi kwezinhlobo ezitholakala kabanzi ezimelana nokhula. Lezi zitshalo zingakhuthaza ngempumelelo ukulawulwa kokhula ngaphandle kokulimaza izitshalo ezitshaliwe. Lesi sici kulindeleke ukuthi siqhubeke nokushayela imakethe esikhathini esizayo.
Imakethe ngomkhiqizo
Isimo esishintshashintshayo semakethe sakhiwe yintuthuko kwezesayensi yezolimo kanye nobuchwepheshe bobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo. Imbewu ye-Gm iletha izimfanelo ezinhle zesivuno ezifana nesivuno esikhulu kanye nokumelana nezinambuzane, ngakho-ke ukwamukelwa komphakathi kuyakhula. Izitshalo eziguqulwe izakhi zofuzo ezifana nobhontshisi, ummbila kanye nekotini zishintshiwe ukuze zibonise izici ezifana nokubekezelela ukhula kanye nokumelana nezinambuzane, okuhlinzeka abalimi ngezixazululo ezisebenzayo zokubasiza ukulwa nezinambuzane kanye nokhula ngenkathi kwandiswa isivuno sezitshalo. Amasu afana nokuhlanganisa izakhi zofuzo kanye nokuthulisa izakhi zofuzo elabhorethri asetshenziselwa ukuguqula ukwakheka kwezakhi zofuzo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuthuthukisa izici zofuzo. Imbewu ye-Gm ivame ukuklanywa ukuze ikwazi ukumelana nokhula, inciphise isidingo sokususa ukhula ngesandla futhi isize ekwandiseni isivuno. Lobu buchwepheshe butholakala ngobuchwepheshe bezakhi zofuzo kanye nokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kusetshenziswa ama-vector egciwane njenge-Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
Imakethe yommbila kulindeleke ukuthi ibonise ukukhula okukhulu esikhathini esizayo. Ummbila ulawula imakethe yomhlaba wonke futhi unesidingo esikhulayo, ikakhulukazi sokukhiqizwa kwe-ethanol kanye nokudla kwezilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ummbila uwukudla okuyinhloko kokukhiqizwa kwe-ethanol. UMnyango Wezolimo wase-US ulinganisela ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kommbila wase-US kuzofinyelela ama-bushel ayizigidigidi ezingu-15.1 ngonyaka ngo-2022, okwenyuka ngamaphesenti angu-7 kusukela ngo-2020.
Akukhona lokho kuphela, isivuno sommbila wase-US ngo-2022 sizofinyelela irekhodi eliphezulu. Isivuno sifinyelele amabhasheli angu-177.0 ngehektare, sikhuphuke ngamabhasheli angu-5.6 sisuka kumabhasheli angu-171.4 ngo-2020. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ummbila usetshenziselwa izinjongo zezimboni ezifana nemithi, ipulasitiki kanye ne-biofuel. Ukuguquguquka kwawo kube negalelo ekuvuneni kommbila endaweni yesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni etshalwe ngemuva kukakolweni futhi kulindeleke ukuthi kuqhube ukukhula kwengxenye yommbila futhi kuqhubeke nokuqhuba imakethe yembewu ye-GM esikhathini esizayo.
Izindawo ezibalulekile zemakethe
I-United States neCanada yizona ezinegalelo elikhulu ekukhiqizweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwembewu ye-GM eNyakatho Melika. E-United States, izitshalo eziguqulwe izakhi zofuzo ezifana nobhontshisi, ummbila, ukotini kanye ne-canola, eziningi zazo eziguqulwe izakhi zofuzo ukuze zibe nezakhiwo ezifana nokubekezelela ukhula kanye nokumelana nezinambuzane, yizona zigaba ezikhula kakhulu. Ukwamukelwa kabanzi kwembewu ye-GM kuqhutshwa yizici eziningana. Lokhu kufaka phakathi isidingo sokwandisa umkhiqizo wezitshalo, ukuphatha ngempumelelo ukhula nezinambuzane, kanye nesifiso sokunciphisa umthelela emvelweni ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali, phakathi kokunye. I-Canada nayo idlala indima ebalulekile emakethe yesifunda, njengoba izinhlobo ze-GM canola ezibekezelela ukhula sezibe yisitshalo esiyinhloko kwezolimo zaseCanada, zisiza ukwandisa isivuno kanye nenzuzo yabalimi. Ngakho-ke, lezi zici zizoqhubeka nokushayela imakethe yembewu ye-GM eNyakatho Melika esikhathini esizayo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-17-2024