Imakethe yembewu eguqulwe ngofuzo (GM) kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule ngama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-12.8 ngo-2028, ngenani lokukhula elihlanganisiwe lonyaka lika-7.08%.Lo mkhuba wokukhula uqhutshwa ikakhulukazi ukusetshenziswa okusabalele kanye nokusungulwa okusha okuqhubekayo kwe-biotechnology yezolimo.
Imakethe yaseNyakatho Melika ikhule ngokushesha ngenxa yokwamukelwa okusabalele kanye nentuthuko entsha ku-biotechnology yezolimo.I-Basf ingomunye wabahlinzeki abahamba phambili bembewu eshintshwe izakhi zofuzo enezinzuzo ezibalulekile njengokunciphisa ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi nokuvikela izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.Imakethe yaseNyakatho Melika igxile ezintweni ezinjengokulula, okuthandwa ngabathengi kanye namaphethini okusetshenziswa komhlaba jikelele.Ngokwezibikezelo nokuhlaziya, imakethe yaseNyakatho Melika njengamanje ibhekene nokukhuphuka okuqhubekayo kwesidingo, futhi i-biotechnology idlala indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni umkhakha wezolimo.
Abashayeli bemakethe ababalulekile
Ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kwembewu yeGM emkhakheni we-biofuels kuqhuba ngokusobala ukuthuthukiswa kwemakethe.Ngokukhula kwesidingo sama-biofuels, izinga lokwamukelwa kwembewu eguqulwe ngofuzo emakethe yomhlaba nalo liyakhula kancane kancane.Ukwengeza, ngokunaka okwandayo ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kanye nokunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, ama-biofuels atholakala ezitshalweni ezishintshwe izakhi, njengommbila, ubhontshisi wesoya kanye nomoba, aya ngokuya ebaluleka njengemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imbewu eguqulwe izakhi zofuzo eyenzelwe isivuno esithe xaxa, ukwanda kokuqukethwe kukawoyela kanye ne-biomass nakho kuqhuba ukwanda kwemakethe yokukhiqiza yomhlaba wonke ehlobene nama-biofuels.Isibonelo, i-bioethanol etholakala kummbila oshintshwe izakhi isetshenziswa kakhulu njengesithasiselo sikaphethiloli, kuyilapho i-biodiesel etholakala kubhontshisi wesoya oguqulwe ngofuzo kanye ne-canola inikeza enye indlela kumafutha ensalela emikhakheni yezokuthutha nezimboni.
Amathrendi emakethe amakhulu
Embonini yembewu ye-GM, ukuhlanganiswa kwezolimo zedijithali kanye nokuhlaziywa kwedatha sekuphenduke inkambiso evelayo kanye nomshayeli obalulekile wemakethe, ukushintsha imikhuba yezolimo nokwandisa inani lemakethe lembewu ye-GM.
Ezolimo zedijithali zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe obufana nesathelayithi imaging, ama-drones, izinzwa, nezisetshenziswa zokulima ezinembayo ukuze kuqoqwe idatha eningi ehlobene nempilo yomhlabathi, amaphethini wesimo sezulu, ukukhula kwezitshalo, nezinambuzane.Ama-algorithms okuhlaziya idatha abe esecubungula lolu lwazi ukuze anikeze abalimi izisombululo ezingenzeka futhi athuthukise inqubo yokwenza izinqumo.Ngomongo wembewu ye-GM, ezolimo zedijithali zineqhaza ekuphathweni ngempumelelo nasekuqashweni kwezitshalo ze-GM kuwo wonke umjikelezo wazo wokuphila.Abalimi bangasebenzisa imininingwane eqhutshwa idatha ukwenza ngendlela oyifisayo izinqubo zokutshala, bathuthukise izinqubo zokutshala, futhi bakhulise ukusebenza kwezinhlobo zembewu ye-GM.
Izinselelo ezinkulu zemakethe
Ukuvela kobuchwepheshe obusha obufana nezolimo eziqondile kubeka engcupheni ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bendabuko emkhakheni wembewu eguqulwe ngofuzo futhi kuyinselelo enkulu ebhekene nemakethe njengamanje.Ngokungafani nensimu yendabuko noma ukulima okubamba ukushisa, ukulima okuqondile kuhilela ukupakisha izitshalo zibheke phezulu, ngokuvamile zihlanganiswe kwezinye izakhiwo ezifana namabhilidi angaphezulu, iziqukathi zokuthumela izimpahla, noma izindawo zokugcina izimpahla eziguquliwe.Ngale ndlela, izimo zamanzi nezikhanyayo kuphela ezidingwa isitshalo zilawulwa, futhi ukuncika kwesitshalo ku-pesticides, umanyolo wokwenziwa, ama-herbicides kanye ne-genetically modified organisms (Gmos) kungagwenywa ngokuphumelelayo.
Imakethe ngohlobo
Amandla engxenye yokubekezelela ukhula azokwandisa isabelo semakethe sembewu yeGM.Ukubekezelela ukhula kwenza izitshalo zikwazi ukumelana nokufakwa komuthi othize wokubulala ukhula kuyilapho kuvimbela ukukhula kokhula.Ngokuvamile, lesi sici sifezwa ngokuguqulwa kofuzo, lapho izitshalo zenziwa ufuzo ukuze zikhiqize ama-enzyme akhipha ubuthi noma amelana nezithako ezisebenzayo zemithi yokubulala ukhula.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo ezimelana ne-glyphosate, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinikezwa yi-Monsanto futhi eziqhutshwa yi-Bayer, ziphakathi kwezinhlobo ezitholakala kakhulu ezimelana ne-herbicide.Lezi zitshalo zingakhuthaza ngempumelelo ukhula ngaphandle kokulimaza izitshalo ezitshaliwe.Lesi sici kulindeleke ukuthi siqhubeke nokushayela imakethe esikhathini esizayo.
Imakethe ngomkhiqizo
Isimo semakethe esiguqukayo sakhiwe intuthuko kwezesayensi yezolimo kanye nobuchwepheshe bobunjiniyela bofuzo.Imbewu ye-Gm iletha izimfanelo ezinhle zezitshalo ezifana nesivuno esikhulu nokumelana nezinambuzane, ngakho ukwamukelwa komphakathi kuyakhula.Izitshalo ezishintshwe izakhi zofuzo ezifana nobhontshisi wesoya, ummbila nokotini zishintshiwe ukuze zibonise izici ezifana nokubekezelela ukhula nokumelana nezinambuzane, okuhlinzeka abalimi ngezixazululo ezisebenzayo zokubasiza ukulwa nezinambuzane nokhula kuyilapho bekhulisa isivuno sezitshalo.Amasu afana nokuhlukanisa izakhi zofuzo kanye nokuthuliswa kwezakhi zofuzo elabhorethri asetshenziselwa ukuguqula ukwakheka kofuzo kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuthuthukisa izici zofuzo.Imbewu ye-Gm ivamise ukuklanywa ukuthi ikwazi ukumelana ne-herbicide, inciphise isidingo sokuyikhipha mathupha futhi isize ekwandiseni isivuno.Lobu buchwepheshe bufinyelelwa ngobuchwepheshe bezakhi zofuzo nokuguqulwa kofuzo kusetshenziswa ama-viral vectors afana ne-Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
Imakethe yombila kulindeleke ukuthi ikhombise ukukhula okukhulu ngokuzayo.Ummbila yiwona ophethe imakethe yomhlaba wonke futhi ufunwa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ukukhiqizwa kwe-ethanol nokudla kwemfuyo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ummbila uyisitoko esiyinhloko sokukhiqiza i-ethanol.UMnyango Wezolimo wase-US ulinganisela ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kommbila wase-US kuzofinyelela kumabhulasi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-15.1 ngonyaka ka-2022, okukhuphuke ngamaphesenti ayi-7 ukusuka ku-2020.
Hhayi lokho kuphela, isivuno sommbila wase-US ngo-2022 sizofinyelela irekhodi eliphezulu.Isivuno sifinyelele ku-177.0 bushels ihektha ngalinye, ukuphakama kwamabhulakhi angu-5.6 kusuka kumabhulashi angu-171.4 ngo-2020. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ummbila usetshenziselwa izinjongo zezimboni ezifana nemithi, amapulasitiki kanye nama-biofuels.Ukuguquguquka kwawo kube nomthelela ekuvunweni kommbila endaweni etshalwe endaweni yesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni ngemuva kukakolweni futhi kulindeleke ukuthi kuqhubekisele phambili ukukhula kwengxenye yommbila futhi kuqhubeke nokuqhubekisela phambili imakethe yembewu yeGM esikhathini esizayo.
Izindawo ezibalulekile zemakethe
I-United States kanye neCanada yiwona abambe iqhaza elikhulu ekukhiqizeni nasekusetshenzisweni kwembewu ye-GM eNyakatho Melika.E-United States, izitshalo ezishintshwe izakhi zofuzo ezifana nobhontshisi wesoya, ummbila, ukotini kanye ne-canola, iningi lazo eziye zaklanywa ngofuzo ukuze zibe nezakhiwo ezinjengokubekezelela ukhula nokumelana nezinambuzane, ziyizigaba ezikhulayo ezikhulayo.Ukwamukelwa okusabalele kwembewu ye-GM kuqhutshwa izici eziningi.Lokhu kufaka phakathi isidingo sokwandisa umkhiqizo wezitshalo, ukuphatha ngempumelelo ukhula nezinambuzane, kanye nesifiso sokunciphisa umthelela wendawo ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali, phakathi kokunye.I-Canada nayo idlala indima ebalulekile emakethe yesifunda, njengoba izinhlobo ze-GM canola ezikwazi ukumelana nokubulala ukhula seziphenduke isitshalo esiyinhloko kwezolimo zaseCanada, okusiza ukukhulisa isivuno kanye nenzuzo yabalimi.Ngakho-ke, lezi zici zizoqhubeka nokushayela imakethe yembewu ye-GM eNyakatho Melika ngokuzayo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-17-2024