Ukumelana nokubulala ukhula kubhekisela ekhonweni elizuzwe njengefa lohlobo oluthile lokhula lokusinda ekusetshenzisweni kokubulala ukhula lapho inani lokuqala lalisengozini. Uhlobo lwe-biotype luyiqembu lezitshalo ngaphakathi kohlobo olunezici zezinto eziphilayo (njengokumelana nokhula oluthile) olungavamile kubantu bonke. Ukumelana nokhula kungaba yinkinga enkulu kakhulu ebhekene nabalimi baseNorth Carolina. Emhlabeni wonke, izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwe-100 zokhula zaziwa ukuthi zimelana nokhula olulodwa noma ngaphezulu olusetshenziswa kakhulu. ENorth Carolina, okwamanje sinohlobo lwe-goosegrass olumelana nokhula lwe-dinitroaniline (Prowl, Sonalan, and Treflan), uhlobo lwe-cocklebur olumelana ne-MSMA kanye ne-DSMA, kanye nohlobo lwe-ryegrass yonyaka olumelana ne-Hoelon. Kuze kube muva nje, bekungekho ukukhathazeka okukhulu mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kokumelana nokhula lwe-herbicide eNorth Carolina. Nakuba sinezinhlobo ezintathu ezinezinhlobo ze-biotype ezimelana nokhula oluthile, ukuvela kwalezi zinhlobo ze-biotypes kwachazwa kalula ngokutshala izitshalo endaweni eyodwa. Abalimi ababejikeleza izitshalo babengenaso isidingo sokukhathazeka ngokumelana. Nokho, isimo sishintshile eminyakeni yamuva ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwemithi yokubulala ukhula eminingana enendlela efanayo yokusebenza. Indlela yokusebenza ibhekisela enkambisweni ethile lapho imithi yokubulala ukhula ibulala khona isitshalo esisengozini.
Namuhla, ama-herbicides anendlela efanayo yokusebenza angasetshenziswa ezitshalweni eziningana ezingase zikhule ngokushintshana. Okukhathaza kakhulu yilawo ma-herbicides avimbela uhlelo lwe-enzyme ye-ALS. Ama-herbicides amaningi asetshenziswa kakhulu yi-ALS inhibitors. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-herbicides amaningi amasha okulindeleke ukuthi abhaliswe eminyakeni emi-5 ezayo angama-ALS inhibitors. Njengeqembu, ama-ALS inhibitors anezici eziningana ezibonakala ziwenza athambekele ekuthuthukisweni kokumelana nezitshalo. Ama-herbicides asetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwezitshalo ngoba nje asebenza kahle noma engabizi kakhulu kunezinye izindlela zokulawula ukhula. Uma ukumelana nokhula oluthile noma umndeni we-herbicides kuvela, ama-herbicides afanele angase angabi khona. Isibonelo, okwamanje akukho ukhula oluhlukile lokulawula i-ryegrass engamelana ne-Hoelon. Ngakho-ke, ama-herbicides kufanele abhekwe njengezinsiza okufanele zivikelwe. Kumelwe sisebenzise ama-herbicides ngendlela evimbela ukuthuthukiswa kokumelana. Ukuqonda ukuthi ukumelana kuguquka kanjani kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi singakugwema kanjani ukumelana. Kunezidingo ezimbili zokuvela kokumelana nokhula. Okokuqala, ukhula ngalunye olunezakhi zofuzo ezinikeza ukumelana kumele lube khona kubantu bendawo. Okwesibili, ingcindezi yokukhetha ebangelwa ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwe-herbicide lapho lezi zinhlobo ezingavamile zingamelani nayo kumele isetshenziswe kubantu. Abantu abamelana nayo, uma bekhona, bakha iphesenti eliphansi kakhulu labantu bonke. Ngokuvamile, abantu abamelana nayo bakhona ngezikhathi ezisukela ku-1 kwabayi-100,000 kuya ku-1 kwabayizigidi eziyi-100. Uma kusetshenziswa i-herbicide efanayo noma i-herbicide enendlela efanayo yokusebenza, abantu abasengozini bayabulawa kodwa labo abamelana nayo abalimalanga futhi bakhiqiza imbewu. Uma ingcindezi yokukhetha iqhubeka izizukulwane eziningana, uhlobo lwe-biotype olumelana nayo ekugcineni luzokwakha iphesenti eliphezulu labantu. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukulawulwa kokhula okwamukelekayo akusakwazi ukutholakala nge-herbicide noma i-herbicide ethile. Ingxenye eyodwa ebaluleke kakhulu yesu lokuphatha ukugwema ukuvela kokumelana ne-herbicide ukushintshaniswa kwe-herbicide enezindlela ezahlukene zokusebenza. Ungasebenzisi i-herbicide esigabeni esinobungozi obukhulu kuThebula 15 kuya ezitshalweni ezimbili ezilandelanayo. Ngokufanayo, ungasebenzisi ngaphezu kwezimbili lezi zinhlobo ze-herbicide ezinobungozi obukhulu esitshalweni esifanayo. Ungasebenzisi i-herbicide esigabeni esinobungozi obuphakathi ezitshalweni ezingaphezu kwezimbili ezilandelanayo. Ama-herbicides esigabeni esinobungozi obuphansi kufanele akhethwe uma ezolawula ubunzima bokhula olukhona. Izingxube zamathangi noma ukusetshenziswa okulandelanayo kwama-herbicides anezindlela ezahlukene zokusebenza kuvame ukubizwa njengezingxenye zesu lokuphatha ukumelana. Uma izingxenye zengxube yamathangi noma ukusetshenziswa okulandelanayo zikhethwa ngokuhlakanipha, leli su lingasiza kakhulu ekubambezeleni ukuguquka kokumelana. Ngeshwa, izidingo eziningi zengxube yamathangi noma ukusetshenziswa okulandelanayo kokugwema ukumelana azihlangatshezwanga nezingxube ezisetshenziswa njalo. Ukuze ziphumelele kakhulu ekuvimbeleni ukuguquka kokumelana, zombili izingxube zamathangi ezisetshenziswa ngokulandelana noma ezingxubeni zamathangi kufanele zibe nobubanzi obufanayo bokulawula futhi kufanele zibe nokuphikelela okufanayo. Ngezinga okungenzeka ngalo, hlanganisa imikhuba yokulawula okungeyona eyamakhemikhali njengokutshala ohlelweni lokuphatha ukhula. Gcina amarekhodi amahle okusetshenziswa kwama-herbicides ensimini ngayinye ukuze kubhekiselwe kuzo esikhathini esizayo. Ukuthola ukhula olumelana nokhula. Iningi lokwehluleka kokulawula ukhula akubangelwa ukumelana nama-herbicides. Ngaphambi kokucabanga ukuthi ukhula olusinda ekusetshenzisweni kwama-herbicides alumelani, susa zonke ezinye izimbangela ezingaba khona zokwehluleka kokulawula ukhula zifaka izinto ezifana nokusetshenziswa kabi (njengokungeneli kwesilinganiso, ukumbozwa okubi, ukufakwa okubi, noma ukuntuleka kwe-adjuvant); izimo zezulu ezingezinhle zomsebenzi omuhle wokubulala ukhula; isikhathi esingafanele sokusetshenziswa kokhula (ikakhulukazi, ukusebenzisa ukhula oluvela ngemva kokuvela kokhula olukhulu kakhulu ukuba lungalawulwa kahle); kanye nokhula oluvela ngemva kokusetshenziswa kokhula oluhlala isikhathi esifushane.
Uma zonke ezinye izimbangela ezingaba khona zokulawula okubi sezisusiwe, okulandelayo kungabonisa ukuba khona kohlobo lwe-bio olumelana nokhula:
(1) zonke izinhlobo ezivame ukulawulwa yi-herbicide ngaphandle koyedwa zilawulwa kahle;
(2) izitshalo ezinempilo zalolu hlobo okukhulunywa ngalo zihlanganiswa phakathi kwezitshalo zohlobo olufanayo ezabulawa;
(3) uhlobo olungalawulwa luvame ukuthinteka kakhulu yi-herbicide okukhulunywa ngayo;
(4) insimu inomlando wokusetshenziswa kakhulu kwe-herbicide okukhulunywa ngayo noma ama-herbicide anendlela efanayo yokusebenza. Uma kusolwa ukuthi ukumelana nayo, yeka ngokushesha ukusebenzisa i-herbicide okukhulunywa ngayo kanye neminye imithi yokubulala ukhula enendlela efanayo yokusebenza. Xhumana ne-ejenti yakho ye-County Extension Service kanye nommeleli wenkampani yamakhemikhali ukuze uthole iseluleko ngamasu okulawula ahlukile. Landela uhlelo olujulile oluthembele kuma-herbicide anendlela ehlukile yokusebenza kanye nemikhuba yokulawula engeyona eyamakhemikhali ukuze unciphise ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yokhula ngangokunokwenzeka. Gwema ukusabalalisa imbewu yokhula kwamanye amasimu. Hlela uhlelo lwakho lokuphatha ukhula lwezitshalo ezilandelayo ngokucophelela.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-08-2021