Ukumelana nokubulala ukhula kubhekisela ekhonweni elizuzwe njengefa lohlobo oluthile lokhula lokusinda ekusetshenzisweni kokubulala ukhula lapho inani lokuqala lalisengozini. Uhlobo lwe-biotype luyiqembu lezitshalo ngaphakathi kohlobo olunezici zezinto eziphilayo (njengokumelana nokhula oluthile) olungavamile kubantu bonke.
Ukumelana nokubulala ukhula kungenzeka kube yinkinga enkulu kakhulu ebhekene nabalimi baseNorth Carolina. Emhlabeni wonke, izinhlobo zokhula ezingaphezu kwe-100 zaziwa ukuthi zimelana nokhula olulodwa noma ngaphezulu olusetshenziswa kakhulu. ENorth Carolina, okwamanje sinezinhlobo zokhula lwe-goosegrass ezimelana nokhula lwe-dinitroaniline (Prowl, Sonalan, kanye neTreflan), uhlobo lwe-cocklebur olumelana ne-MSMA kanye ne-DSMA, kanye nohlobo lwe-ryegrass lwaminyaka yonke olumelana ne-Hoelon.
Kuze kube muva nje, bekungekho ukukhathazeka okukhulu mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kokumelana nokubulala ukhula eNorth Carolina. Nakuba sinezinhlobo ezintathu ezinezinhlobo ze-biotypes ezimelana nokhula oluthile, ukuvela kwalezi zinhlobo ze-biotypes kwakuchazwa kalula ngokutshala izitshalo endaweni eyodwa. Abalimi ababejikeleza izitshalo babengenaso isidingo sokukhathazeka ngokumelana. Nokho, isimo sishintshile eminyakeni yamuva ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezinhlobo eziningana ze-herbicide ezinendlela efanayo yokusebenza (Amathebula 15 no-16). Indlela yokusebenza ibhekisela enkambisweni ethile lapho i-herbicide ibulala khona isitshalo esisengozini. Namuhla, izinhlobo ze-herbicide ezinendlela efanayo yokusebenza zingasetshenziswa ezitshalweni eziningana ezingase zikhule ngokushintshana. Okukhathaza kakhulu yilezo zinhlobo ze-herbicide ezivimbela uhlelo lwe-enzyme ye-ALS (Ithebula 15). Eziningana zezinhlobo zethu ze-herbicide ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yizithibi ze-ALS. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eziningi zezinhlobo ze-herbicide ezintsha okulindeleke ukuthi zibhaliswe eminyakeni emi-5 ezayo ziyizithibi ze-ALS. Njengeqembu, izithibi ze-ALS zinezici eziningana ezibonakala zizenza zithambekele ekuthuthukisweni kokumelana nezitshalo.
Ama-herbicides asetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwezitshalo ngoba nje asebenza kahle noma ashibhile kunezinye izindlela zokulawula ukhula. Uma ukumelana nokhula oluthile noma umndeni we-herbicides kuvela, ama-herbicides afanele angase angabi khona. Isibonelo, okwamanje awekho ama-herbicides ahlukile okulawula utshani be-rye obumelana ne-Hoelon. Ngakho-ke, ama-herbicides kufanele abhekwe njengezinsiza okufanele zivikelwe. Kumelwe sisebenzise ama-herbicides ngendlela evimbela ukuthuthukiswa kokumelana.
Ukuqonda ukuthi ukumelana kuthuthuka kanjani kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi ungakugwema kanjani ukumelana. Kunezidingo ezimbili zokuvela kokumelana nokubulala ukhula. Okokuqala, ukhula ngalunye olunezakhi zofuzo ezinikeza ukumelana kumele lube khona kubantu bendawo. Okwesibili, ingcindezi yokukhetha ebangelwa ukusetshenziswa kakhulu komuthi wokubulala ukhula lapho laba bantu abangavamile bemelana nawo kumele isetshenziswe kubantu. Abantu abamelana nawo, uma bekhona, bakha iphesenti eliphansi kakhulu labantu bonke. Ngokuvamile, abantu abamelana nawo bakhona ngezikhathi ezisukela ku-1 kwabayi-100,000 kuya ku-1 kwabayizigidi eziyi-100. Uma umuthi wokubulala ukhula ofanayo noma umuthi wokubulala ukhula onendlela efanayo yokusebenza usetshenziswa njalo, abantu abasengozini bayabulawa kodwa abantu abamelana nawo abalimalanga futhi bakhiqiza imbewu. Uma ingcindezi yokukhetha iqhubeka izizukulwane eziningana, uhlobo lwe-biotype olumelana nawo ekugcineni luzokwakha iphesenti eliphezulu labantu. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukulawulwa kokhula okwamukelekayo akusakwazi ukutholakala ngomuthi wokubulala ukhula noma umuthi wokubulala ukhula othize.
Ingxenye eyodwa ebaluleke kakhulu yesu lokuphatha ukugwema ukuvela kokumelana nokubulala ukhula ukujikeleza kwama-herbicides anezindlela ezahlukene zokusebenza. Ungasebenzisi ama-herbicides esigabeni esinobungozi obukhulu ezitshalweni ezimbili ezilandelanayo. Ngokufanayo, ungasebenzisi ngaphezu kwezimbili zala ma-herbicides anobungozi obukhulu esitshalweni esisodwa. Ungasebenzisi ama-herbicides esigabeni esinobungozi obuphakathi ezitshalweni ezingaphezu kwezimbili ezilandelanayo. Ama-herbicides esigabeni esinobungozi obuphansi kufanele akhethwe lapho ezolawula khona inkimbinkimbi. Ama-tank mix noma ukusetshenziswa okulandelanayo kwama-herbicides anezindlela ezahlukene zokusebenza kuvame ukubizwa njengezingxenye zesu lokuphatha ukumelana. Uma izingxenye zengxube yethangi noma ukusetshenziswa okulandelanayo zikhethwa ngokuhlakanipha, leli su lingasiza kakhulu ekubambezeleni ukuvela kokumelana. Ngeshwa, izidingo eziningi zengxube yethangi noma ukusetshenziswa okulandelanayo ukugwema ukumelana azihlangatshezwanga nezingxube ezisetshenziswa njalo. Ukuze ziphumelele kakhulu ekuvimbeleni ukuvela kokumelana, womabili ama-herbicides asetshenziswa ngokulandelana noma ezingxubeni zethangi kufanele abe nobubanzi obufanayo bokulawula futhi kufanele abe nokuphikelela okufanayo.
Ngezinga okungenzeka ngalo, hlanganisa imikhuba yokulawula engeyona eyomakhemikhali njengokutshala ukhula ohlelweni lokuphatha ukhula. Gcina amarekhodi amahle okusetshenziswa kokhula ensimini ngayinye ukuze ubhekisele kukho esikhathini esizayo.
Ukuthola ukhula olumelana nokhula. Iningi lokwehluleka kokulawula ukhula akubangelwa ukumelana nokhula. Ngaphambi kokuthi ucabange ukuthi ukhula olusinda ekusetshenzisweni kokhula luyamelana, susa zonke ezinye izimbangela ezingaba khona zokulawulwa okubi. Izimbangela ezingaba khona zokwehluleka kokulawula ukhula zifaka phakathi izinto ezifana nokusetshenziswa kabi (njengokunganele kwesilinganiso, ukumbozwa okubi, ukufakwa kabi, noma ukuntuleka kwe-adjuvant); izimo zezulu ezingezinhle zomsebenzi omuhle wokhula; isikhathi esingafanele sokusetshenziswa kokhula (ikakhulukazi, ukusebenzisa ukhula oluvela ngemva kokuvela ngemva kokhula olukhulu kakhulu ekulawulweni okuhle); kanye nokhula oluvela ngemva kokusetshenziswa kokhula oluhlala isikhathi esifushane.
Uma zonke ezinye izimbangela ezingaba khona zokulawulwa okungekuhle sezisusiwe, okulandelayo kungabonisa ukuba khona kohlobo lwe-bio olumelana nokhula: (1) zonke izinhlobo ezivame ukulawulwa ukhula ngaphandle kolunye zilawulwa kahle; (2) izitshalo ezinempilo zalolu hlobo okukhulunywa ngalo zixubene phakathi kwezitshalo zohlobo olufanayo olubulewe; (3) uhlobo olungalawulwa luvame ukuthinteka kakhulu ukhula olukhulunywa ngalo; futhi (4) insimu inomlando wokusetshenziswa kakhulu kokhula olukhulunywa ngalo noma ukhula olunendlela efanayo yokusebenza. Uma kusolwa ukuthi ukumelana nalo, yeka ngokushesha ukusebenzisa ukhula olukhulunywa ngalo kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokhula olunendlela efanayo yokusebenza.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-07-2021