Ukumelana nemithi yokubulala ukhula kubhekisela emandleni azuzwa njengefa ohlobo lwe-biotype lokhula ukuze isinde ekufakweni komuthi wokubulala ukhula lapho inani labantu bokuqala lalisengozini.I-biotype iqoqo lezitshalo phakathi kohlobo olunezimpawu zebhayoloji (njengokumelana nomuthi othile wokubulala ukhula) okungajwayelekile kubantu bebonke.
Ukumelana ne-herbicide kungase kube inkinga enkulu kakhulu ebhekene nabalimi baseNorth Carolina.Emhlabeni wonke, izinhlobo ze-biotype ezingaphezu kwe-100 zokhula ziyaziwa ukuthi azikwazi ukumelana nomuthi wokubulala ukhula owodwa noma ngaphezulu osetshenziswa kakhulu.E-North Carolina, okwamanje sine-biotype ye-goosegrass emelana nemithi yokubulala ukhula ye-dinitroaniline (i-Prowl, i-Sonalan, ne-Treflan), i-biotype ye-cocklebur imelana ne-MSMA ne-DSMA, kanye ne-biotype ye-ryegrass yaminyaka yonke imelana ne-Hoelon.
Kuze kube muva nje, bekunokukhathazeka okuncane mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kokuphikiswa kokubulala ukhula eNyakatho Carolina.Nakuba sinezinhlobo ezintathu ze-biotypes amelana nemithi ethile yokubulala ukhula, ukwenzeka kwalezi zinhlobo zemvelo kwachazwa kalula ngokutshala izitshalo endaweni eyodwa.Abalimi ababeshintshanisa izitshalo babenesidingo esincane sokukhathazeka ngokumelana.Isimo, nokho, sishintshile eminyakeni yamuva nje ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwemithi yokubulala ukhula enendlela efanayo yokwenza (Amathebula 15 kanye ne-16).Indlela yokwenza isho inqubo ethile lapho umuthi wokubulala ukhula ubulala isitshalo esisengozini.Namuhla, imithi yokubulala ukhula enendlela efanayo yokusebenza ingasetshenziswa ezitshalweni eziningana ezingase zitshalwe ngokushintshana.Okukhathaza kakhulu yilawo ma-herbicides avimbela uhlelo lwe-enzyme ye-ALS (Ithebula 15).Eziningi zemithi yethu yokubulala ukhula esetshenziswa kakhulu i-ALS inhibitor.Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithi eminingi emisha yokubulala ukhula okulindeleke ukuthi ibhaliswe phakathi neminyaka emi-5 ezayo i-ALS inhibitors.Njengeqembu, ama-ALS inhibitors anenani lezimpawu ezibonakala ziwenza athambekele ekuthuthukisweni kokungazweli kwezitshalo.
Imithi yokubulala ukhula isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izitshalo ngenxa nje yokuthi iyasebenza kakhulu noma iyonga kakhulu kunezinye izindlela zokulawula ukhula.Uma ukumelana nomuthi othile wokubulala ukhula noma umndeni wemithi yokubulala ukhula kuvela, eminye imithi yokubulala ukhula efanelekile ingase ingabi khona.Isibonelo, okwamanje ayikho enye i-herbicide yokulawula i-ryegrass engamelana ne-Hoelon.Ngakho-ke, ama-herbicides kufanele abhekwe njengezinsiza okufanele zivikelwe.Kufanele sisebenzise imithi yokubulala ukhula ngendlela evimbela ukukhula kokungazweli.
Ukuqonda ukuthi ukumelana kuvela kanjani kubalulekile ukuze uqonde ukuthi ungakugwema kanjani ukumelana.Kunezimfuneko ezimbili zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukumelana nokhula.Okokuqala, ukhula ngalunye olunezakhi zofuzo ezinikeza ukumelana kufanele lube khona kubantu bomdabu.Okwesibili, ingcindezi yokukhetha ewumphumela wokusetshenziswa kakhulu komuthi wokubulala ukhula lapho laba bantu abayivelakancane bekwazi ukumelana nawo kufanele kufakwe emphakathini.Abantu abangazweli, uma bekhona, benza amaphesenti aphansi kakhulu omphakathi wonkana.Imvamisa, abantu abangazweli bakhona kumaza asuka kowoku-1 kwabayi-100,000 kuya kowoku-1 esigidini esiyi-100.Uma umuthi wokubulala ukhula ofanayo noma izibulala-khula ezinendlela efanayo yokusebenza zisetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo, abantu abasengozini bayabulawa kodwa abantu abangazweli abalimali futhi bakhiqize imbewu.Uma ingcindezi yokukhetha iqhubeka ezizukulwaneni ezimbalwa, uhlobo lwe-biotype olumelana ekugcineni luzokwenza amaphesenti aphezulu abantu.Ngaleso sikhathi, ukulawulwa kokhula okwamukelekile ngeke kusatholakala ngomuthi othile wokubulala ukhula noma izibulala-zinambuzane.
Ingxenye eyodwa ebaluleke kakhulu yesu lokuphatha ukugwema ukuvela kokumelana nemithi yokubulala ukhula ukushintshashintsha kwemithi yokubulala ukhula enezinqubo ezihlukene zokusebenza.Ungawasebenzisi ama-herbicides esigabeni esiyingozi kakhulu ezitshalweni ezimbili ezilandelanayo.Ngokunjalo, ungasebenzisi izibulala-khula ezingaphezu kwezimbili esitshalweni esisodwa.Ungawasebenzisi ama-herbicides esigabeni esinobungozi obumaphakathi ezitshalweni ezingaphezu kwezimbili zilandelana.Imithi yokubulala ukhula esigabeni esinobungozi obuncane kufanele ikhethwe lapho izolawula izingxube zamathangi eziyinkimbinkimbi noma ukusetshenziswa okulandelanayo kwemithi yokubulala ukhula enezinqubo ezihlukene zokwenza ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengezingxenye zesu lokulawula ukumelana.Uma izingxenye zengxube yethangi noma izinhlelo zokusebenza ezilandelanayo zikhethwa ngokuhlakanipha, lelisu lingasiza kakhulu ekubambezeleni ukuvela kokumelana.Ngeshwa, izidingo eziningi zengxube yethangi noma izinhlelo zokusebenza ezilandelanayo ukugwema ukumelana azihlangabezwana nezingxube ezivame ukusetshenziswa.Ukuze isebenze kahle kakhulu ekuvimbeleni ukuguquguquka kokungazweli, yomibili imithi yokubulala ukhula esetshenziswa ngokulandelana noma emixubeni yamathangi kufanele ibe nomthamo ofanayo wokulawula futhi kufanele ibe nokuphikelela okufanayo.
Ngokusemandleni akho, hlanganisa izindlela zokulawula okungenamakhemikhali njengokutshala ohlelweni lokulawula ukhula.Gcina amarekhodi amahle okusetshenziswa kwemichiza yokubulala ukhula endaweni ngayinye ukuze uyisebenzise esikhathini esizayo.
Ukuthola ukhula olumelana ne-herbicide.Ukwehluleka okuningi kokulawula ukhula akubangelwa ukumelana nezibulala-khula.Ngaphambi kokuthi ucabange ukuthi ukhula olusindayo lapho lufakwe umuthi wokubulala ukhula luyamelana, susa zonke ezinye izimbangela zokungalawuleki kahle.Izimbangela ezingaba khona zokwehluleka ekulawuleni ukhula zihlanganisa izinto ezinjengokusebenzisa kabi (njengezinga elingenele, ukumbozwa kabi, ukufakwa kabi, noma ukungabi khona kwe-adjuvant);izimo zezulu ezingezinhle ngomsebenzi omuhle wokubulala ukhula;isikhathi esingafanele sokufaka imichiza yokubulala ukhula (ikakhulukazi, ukusebenzisa imichiza yokubulala ukhula ngemva kokuvela kokhula olukhulu kakhulu ukuthi lungalawuleka kahle);kanye nokhula oluvelayo ngemva kokufakwa komuthi osalayo.
Lapho zonke ezinye izimbangela ezingase zingalawuleki kahle seziqediwe, lokhu okulandelayo kungase kubonise ukuba khona kohlobo lwe-biotype olumelana nokubulala ukhula: (1) zonke izinhlobo ezivame ukulawulwa umuthi wokubulala ukhula ngaphandle koyedwa olawulwa kahle;(2) izitshalo ezinempilo zohlobo okukhulunywa ngalo zihlanganiswa phakathi kwezitshalo zohlobo olufanayo olwabulawa;(3) uhlobo olungalawulwa ngokuvamile lusengozini kakhulu kulomuthi okukhulunywa ngawo;futhi (4) insimu inomlando wokusetshenziswa kakhulu kwesibulala-khula okukhulunywa ngaso noma imithi yokubulala ukhula ngendlela efanayo yokwenza.Uma kusolakala ukuthi amelana nawo, yeka ngokushesha ukusebenzisa umuthi owubulalayo ukhula okukhulunywa ngawo kanye neminye imithi yokubulala ukhula enendlela efanayo yokusebenza.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-07-2021