Ukusetshenziswa kwei-permetrin(i-pyrethroid) iyingxenye ebalulekile yokulawula izinambuzane ezilwaneni, ezinkukhuni nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni emhlabeni wonke, mhlawumbe ngenxa yobuthi bayo obuncane ezilwaneni ezincelisayo kanye nempumelelo ephezulu ngokumelene nezinambuzane 13. I-Permethrin iyi-spectrum ebanziisibulala-zinambuzaneokubonakale kusebenza ngempumelelo ekulweni nezinambuzane ezinhlobonhlobo, okuhlanganisa nezimpukane. Ama-insecticide e-Pyrethroid asebenza kumaprotheni esiteshi se-sodium ene-voltage-gated, aphazamisa ukusebenza okuvamile kwemigudu ye-pore, okubangela ukudubula okuphindaphindiwe, ukukhubazeka, futhi ekugcineni nokufa kwezinzwa ezithinta isinambuzane. Ukusetshenziswa njalo kwe-permethrin ezinhlelweni zokulawula izinambuzane kubangele ukumelana okusabalele ezinambuzaneni ezihlukahlukene, i-16,17,18,19, kuhlanganise nezimpukane zasendlini20,21. Ukwenyuka kokubonakaliswa kwama-enzyme e-metabolic detoxification afana ne-glutathione transferases noma i-cytochrome P450, kanye nokungazweli kwendawo okuhlosiwe kutholakale ukuthi kuyizindlela eziyinhloko eziholela ekuphikisweni kwe-permetrin22.
Uma uhlobo oluthile lungena ezindlekweni zokuzivumelanisa nezimo ngokuthuthukisa ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane, lokhu kuzokhawulela ukukhula kwama-alleles angazweli lapho sandisa ingcindezi yokukhetha ngokumisa okwesikhashana ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezithile noma ukufaka ezinye izibulala-zinambuzane. Izinambuzane ezimelana nazo zizophinde zibe nokuzwela. Ayibonisi ukumelana nesiphambano27,28. Ngakho-ke, ukuze ulawule ngempumelelo izinambuzane nokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane, kubalulekile ukuqonda kangcono ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane, ukumelana nokuwela, kanye nokuvezwa kwezimpawu zebhayoloji zezinambuzane ezimelana nazo. Ukumelana nokumelana ne-permetrin ezimpukaneni kuye kwabikwa ngaphambilini e-Punjab, Pakistan7,29. Nokho, ulwazi mayelana nokuvumelana nezimo kwezimpukane zasendlini alukho. Inhloso yalolu cwaningo bekuwukuhlola izici zebhayoloji nokuhlaziya amathebula okuphila ukuze kutholwe ukuthi ingabe kukhona umehluko wokuqina phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimelana ne-permetrin kanye nezinhlobo ezithintekayo. Le datha izosiza ekuthuthukiseni ukuqonda kwethu umthelela wokumelana ne-permetrin emkhakheni futhi ithuthukise izinhlelo zokuphatha ukumelana.
Izinguquko ekuqineni kwezici zebhayoloji ngazinye emphakathini zingasiza ukuveza igalelo lazo kufuzo futhi zibikezele ikusasa labantu. Izinambuzane zihlangabezana nezingcindezi eziningi phakathi nemisebenzi yazo yansuku zonke endaweni ezungezile. Ukuchayeka kumakhemikhali e-agrochemicals kuwukucindezeleka, futhi izinambuzane zisebenzisa amandla amakhulu ukuze ziguqule izindlela zofuzo, ze-physiological, kanye nokuziphatha ekuphenduleni la makhemikhali, ngezinye izikhathi okuholela ekuphikiseni ngokubangela ukuguqulwa kwezakhi ezindaweni ezihlosiwe noma ukukhiqiza izinto eziqeda ubuthi. I-Enzyme 26. Izenzo ezinjalo zivame ukubiza futhi zingase zibe nomthelela ekusebenzeni kwezinambuzane ezingazweli27. Kodwa-ke, ukuntuleka kwezindleko zokufaneleka ezinambuzaneni ezimelana nezinambuzane kungase kube ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemiphumela emibi ye-pleiotropic ehambisana nokuphikiswa kwe-alleles42. Uma lungekho ufuzo lokumelana olube nomthelela omubi kuPhysiology yesinambuzane esingazweli, ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane bekungeke kubize kakhulu, futhi isinambuzane esimelana nakho besingeke sibonise izinga eliphezulu lezehlakalo zebhayoloji kunohlobo oluthintekayo. Kusukela ekuchemani okungalungile 24. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela zokuvimbela ama-enzymes e-detoxification43 kanye/noma ukuba khona kwezakhi zofuzo ezishintshayo44 ezinambuzaneni ezimelana nezinambuzane zingathuthukisa ukufaneleka kwazo.
Lolu cwaningo lubonise ukuthi izinhlobo ezimelana ne-permethrin i-Perm-R ne-Perm-F zinesikhathi esifushane sokuphila ngaphambi kokuba umuntu omdala, isikhathi eside sokuphila, isikhathi esifushane ngaphambi kokuvela kwe-oviposition, nezinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokukhipha i-oviposition uma kuqhathaniswa nohlobo oluzwela i-permethrin i-Perm- S kanye neqanda elide. ukukhiqiza kanye nezinga eliphezulu lokusinda. Lawa manani abangele ukwanda kwetheminali, okungaphakathi, kanye nenani eliphelele lokuzala kanye nezikhathi zokukhiqiza ezimaphakathi zezinhlobo ze-Perm-R ne-Perm-F uma kuqhathaniswa nohlobo lwe-Perm-S. Ukuvela kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kweziqongo eziphakeme kanye ne-vxj yohlobo lwe-Perm-R ne-Perm-F kuphakamisa ukuthi isibalo salezi zinhlobo zizokhula ngokushesha kunohlobo lwe-Perm-S. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlobo ze-Perm-S, izinhlobo ze-Perm-F ne-Perm-R zibonise amazinga aphansi futhi aphezulu okumelana ne-permetrin, ngokulandelanayo29,30. Ukuzijwayeza okuphawuliwe kumapharamitha webhayoloji wezinhlobo ezimelana ne-permethrin kusikisela ukuthi ukumelana ne-permethrin kubiza ngomdlandla futhi kungase kungabibikho ekwabiweni kwemithombo yemvelo ukuze kunqobe ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane nokwenza imisebenzi yebhayoloji. I-Compromise 24.
Amapharamitha webhayoloji noma izindleko zokufaneleka zezinhlobo ezimelana nezibulala-zinambuzane zezinambuzane ezihlukahlukene ziye zahlolwa ezifundweni ezihlukahlukene, kodwa kwaba nemiphumela engqubuzanayo. Isibonelo, u-Abbas et al. 45 yafunda umphumela wokukhethwa kwelabhorathri ye-insecticide imidacloprid ezicini zebhayoloji zezimpukane. Ukumelana ne-Imidacloprid kubeka izindleko zokuzijwayeza ohlotsheni ngalunye, kuthinte kabi ukuzala kwempukane, ukuphila ezigabeni ezihlukene zokuthuthuka, isikhathi sokukhula, isikhathi sokukhiqiza, amandla ebhayoloji kanye nezinga lokukhula kwangaphakathi. Umehluko ezindlekweni zokufaneleka zezimpukane zasendlini ngenxa yokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid kanye nokuntuleka kokuchayeka ezinambuzaneni kuye kwabikwa46. Ukukhethwa kwaselabhorethri kwamabhaktheriya asekhaya ane-spinosad futhi kubeka izindleko zokufaneleka kuhlu lwezenzakalo zebhayoloji uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlobo ezizwelayo noma ezingakhethiwe27. I-Basit et al24 ibike ukuthi ukukhethwa kwaselabhorethri ye-Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) ene-acetamiprid kuphumele ekwehliseni izindleko zokufaneleka. Izinhlobo ezihlolelwe i-acetamiprid zibonise amazinga aphezulu okuzala, amazinga okufakwa ngaphakathi, namandla ebhayoloji kunezinhlobo ezingenwa yilabhorethri kanye nezinhlobo zensimu ezingahloliwe. Muva nje, u-Valmorbida et al. 47 ibike ukuthi i-Matsumura aphid engamelana ne-pyrethroid inikeza ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kokuzala kanye nokunciphisa izindleko zokufaneleka ezenzakalweni ze-biotic.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezici zebhayoloji zezinhlobo ezimelana ne-permethrin kuyamangalisa empumelelweni yokulawula izimpukane ezihlala endlini. Izici ezithile zebhayoloji zezimpukane zasendlini, uma zibonwa ensimini, zingase ziholele ekuthuthukisweni kokumelana ne-permetrin kubantu abaphathwa kakhulu. Izinhlobo ezimelana ne-Permethrin azikwazi ukumelana ne-propoxur, imidacloprid, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, spinosad kanye ne-spinosad-ethyl29,30. Kulokhu, ama-insecticide ajikelezayo anezinhlobo ezahlukene zokwenza kungase kube inketho engcono kakhulu yokubambezela ukukhula kokumelana nokulawula ukuqubuka kwezimpukane zasendlini. Nakuba idatha evezwe lapha isekelwe kudatha yaselabhorethri, ukuthuthukiswa kwezici zebhayoloji zezinhlobo ezimelana ne-permethrin kuyakhathaza futhi kudinga ukunakwa okukhethekile lapho kulawulwa izimpukane endaweni. Ukuqonda okwengeziwe kokusatshalaliswa kwezindawo zokumelana ne-permetrin kuyadingeka ukuze kubambezeleke ukukhula kokumelana nokugcina ukusebenza kahle kwayo isikhathi eside.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-25-2024