Ukusetshenziswa kwei-permethrin(i-pyrethroid) iyisici esibalulekile ekulawuleni izinambuzane ezilwaneni, ezinkukhu nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni emhlabeni jikelele, mhlawumbe ngenxa yobuthi bayo obuphansi ezincelisayo kanye nokusebenza kahle kakhulu ezilwa nezinambuzane 13. I-Permethrin iyi-spectrum ebanziisibulala-zinambuzanelokho kuye kwabonakala kusebenza kahle ngokumelene nezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi izimpukane zasendlini. Izibulala-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid zisebenza kumaprotheni esiteshi se-sodium avikelwe yi-voltage, ziphazamisa umsebenzi ojwayelekile weziteshi ze-pore, zibangele ukudubula okuphindaphindiwe, ukukhubazeka, futhi ekugcineni zife imizwa ethintana nalesi sinambuzane. Ukusetshenziswa njalo kwe-permethrin ezinhlelweni zokulawula izinambuzane kuye kwaholela ekumelaneni okubanzi ezinambuzaneni ezahlukahlukene, 16,17,18,19, kufaka phakathi izimpukane zasendlini 20,21. Ukwanda kokubonakaliswa kwama-enzyme okususa ubuthi emzimbeni njenge-glutathione transferases noma i-cytochrome P450, kanye nokungazweli endaweni okuqondiwe kuyo kutholakale ukuthi kuyizindlela eziyinhloko eziholela ekumelana ne-permethrin 22.
Uma uhlobo oluthile luthola izindleko zokuzivumelanisa nezimo ngokuthuthukisa ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane, lokhu kuzonciphisa ukukhula kwama-allele okumelana lapho sandisa ingcindezi yokukhetha ngokuyeka okwesikhashana ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezithile noma ukufaka ezinye izibulala-zinambuzane. Izinambuzane ezimelana nazo zizophinde ziphinde zibe nokuzwela kwazo. Azibonisi ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane27,28. Ngakho-ke, ukuze uphathe ngempumelelo izinambuzane kanye nokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane, kubalulekile ukuqonda kangcono ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane, ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane, kanye nokubonakaliswa kwezici zebhayoloji zezinambuzane ezimelana nazo. Ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane ezimelana nazo kuye kwabikwa ngaphambilini ePunjab, ePakistan7,29. Kodwa-ke, ulwazi mayelana nokuzivumelanisa nezimo kwezici zebhayoloji zezimpukane zasekhaya alukho. Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuhlola izici zebhayoloji nokuhlaziya amathebula okuphila ukuze kutholakale ukuthi kukhona umehluko yini empilweni phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimelana ne-permethrin kanye nezinhlobo ezisengozini. Lolu lwazi luzosiza ekuqondeni kwethu umthelela wokumelana ne-permethrin ensimini futhi sithuthukise izinhlelo zokuphatha ukumelana.
Izinguquko ekuqineni kwezimpawu zezinto eziphilayo zabantu ngabanye emphakathini zingasiza ekwembuleni umnikelo wazo wezakhi zofuzo futhi zibikezele ikusasa labantu. Izinambuzane zibhekana nezinto eziningi ezibangela ukucindezeleka ngesikhathi semisebenzi yazo yansuku zonke endaweni ezungezile. Ukuchayeka kumakhemikhali ezolimo kuyimbangela yokucindezeleka, futhi izinambuzane zisebenzisa amandla amaningi ukushintsha izindlela zofuzo, zomzimba, kanye nokuziphatha ekuphenduleni la makhemikhali, ngezinye izikhathi okuholela ekuqineni ngokubangela ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ezindaweni eziqondiwe noma ukukhiqiza izinto ezikhipha ubuthi emzimbeni. I-enzyme 26. Izenzo ezinjalo zivame ukubiza kakhulu futhi zingathinta ukusebenza kwezinambuzane ezimelana nokutheleleka emzimbeni27. Kodwa-ke, ukuntuleka kwezindleko zokufaneleka ezinambuzaneni ezimelana nokutheleleka emzimbeni27. Kodwa-ke, ukuntuleka kwezindleko zokufaneleka ezinambuzaneni ezimelana nokutheleleka emzimbeni27 kungabangelwa ukuntuleka kwemiphumela emibi ye-pleiotropic ehlotshaniswa nama-alleles okumelana42. Uma kungekho zinhlobo zofuzo ezimelana nokutheleleka ezinomthelela omubi emzimbeni wezinambuzane ezimelana nokutheleleka emzimbeni, ukumelana nokutheleleka ngezinambuzane bekungeke kubize kakhulu, futhi isinambuzane esimelana nokutheleleka besingeke sibonise izinga eliphezulu lezehlakalo zezinto eziphilayo kunohlobo olusengozini. Kusukela ekubandlululeni okungekuhle 24. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela zokuvimbela ama-enzyme okususa ubuthi emzimbeni43 kanye/noma ukuba khona kwezakhi zofuzo eziguqula umzimba44 ezinambuzaneni ezimelana nokutheleleka emzimbeni kungathuthukisa impilo yazo.
Lolu cwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi izinhlobo ze-Perm-R ne-Perm-F ezingamelana ne-permethrin zazinokuphila okufushane ngaphambi kokuba zikhule, isikhathi eside sokuphila, isikhathi esifushane ngaphambi kokubekwa kweqanda, kanye nezinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokubekwa kweqanda uma kuqhathaniswa nohlobo lwe-Perm-S oluzwela i-permethrin kanye nokukhiqiza kweqanda elide kanye nesilinganiso esiphezulu sokusinda. Lezi zindinganiso ziholele ekwandeni kwamazinga okuzala angapheli, angaphakathi, kanye ne-net kanye nezikhathi ezimfushane zokukhiqiza izinhlobo ze-Perm-R ne-Perm-F uma kuqhathaniswa nohlobo lwe-Perm-S. Ukuvela kokuqala kweziqongo eziphakeme kanye ne-vxj zezinhlobo ze-Perm-R ne-Perm-F kusikisela ukuthi inani lalezi zinhlobo lizokhula ngokushesha kunezinhlobo ze-Perm-S. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlobo ze-Perm-S, izinhlobo ze-Perm-F ne-Perm-R zibonise amazinga aphansi naphezulu okumelana ne-permethrin, ngokulandelana29,30. Ukuzivumelanisa okubonwe kumapharamitha ezinto eziphilayo zezinhlobo ezingamelana ne-permethrin kusikisela ukuthi ukumelana ne-permethrin akubizi kakhulu futhi kungase kungabikho ekwabiweni kwezinsiza zomzimba ukuze kunqotshwe ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane futhi kwenziwe imisebenzi yezinto eziphilayo. Ukuyekethisa 24.
Imingcele yezinto eziphilayo noma izindleko zokufaneleka kwezinhlobo zezinambuzane ezimelana nezibulala-zinambuzane ezihlukahlukene ziye zahlolwa ezifundweni ezahlukene, kodwa ngemiphumela ephikisanayo. Isibonelo, u-Abbas et al. 45 bafunde umphumela wokukhethwa kwelabhorethri ye-imidacloprid yezinambuzane ezibulala izinambuzane ezinezici zezinto eziphilayo zezimpukane zasekhaya. Ukumelana ne-imidacloprid kubeka izindleko zokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezinhlotsheni ngazinye, kuthinta kabi ukuzala kwezimpukane zasekhaya, ukusinda ezigabeni ezahlukene zokukhula, isikhathi sokuthuthukiswa, isikhathi sokukhiqiza, amandla ezinto eziphilayo kanye nesilinganiso sokukhula kwangaphakathi. Umehluko ezindleleni zokufaneleka kwezimpukane zasekhaya ngenxa yokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid kanye nokuntuleka kokuchayeka ezibulala-zinambuzane kuye kwabikwa46. Ukukhethwa kwelabhorethri yasekhaya ene-spinosad nakho kubeka izindleko zokufaneleka ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlobo ezibucayi noma ezingakhethiwe27. U-Basit et al24 babike ukuthi ukukhethwa kwelabhorethri ye-Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) ene-acetamiprid kuholele ekunciphiseni izindleko zokufaneleka. Izinhlobo ezihlolwe i-acetamiprid zibonise amazinga aphezulu okuzala, amazinga okufakwa ngaphakathi, kanye namandla ezinto eziphilayo kunezinhlobo ezithintekayo elabhorethri kanye nezinhlobo zasensimini ezingakahlolwa. Muva nje, u-Valmorbida et al. 47 ibike ukuthi i-Matsumura aphid engamelana ne-pyrethroid inikeza ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kokuzala kanye nezindleko zokufaneleka ezincishisiwe emicimbini ye-biotic.
Ukuthuthuka kwezici zebhayoloji zezinhlobo ezimelana ne-permethrin kuyamangaza empumelelweni yokuphathwa kwezimpukane zasekhaya okusimeme. Izici ezithile zebhayoloji zezimpukane zasekhaya, uma zibonwa ensimini, zingaholela ekuthuthukisweni kokumelana ne-permethrin kubantu abaphathwa kabi. Izinhlobo ezimelana ne-Permethrin azimelani ne-propoxur, imidacloprid, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, spinosad kanye ne-spinosad-ethyl29,30. Kulesi simo, ukushintshanisa izibulala-zinambuzane ngezindlela ezahlukene zokusebenza kungaba yindlela engcono kakhulu yokulibazisa ukuthuthukiswa kokumelana nokulawula ukuqubuka kwezimpukane zasekhaya. Nakuba idatha evezwe lapha isekelwe kudatha yelabhorethri, ukuthuthukiswa kwezici zebhayoloji zezinhlobo ezimelana ne-permethrin kuyakhathaza futhi kudinga ukunakwa okukhethekile lapho kulawulwa izimpukane zasekhaya ensimini. Ukuqonda okwengeziwe ngokusatshalaliswa kwezindawo zokumelana ne-permethrin kuyadingeka ukuze kuncishiswe ukuthuthukiswa kokumelana nokugcina ukusebenza kwayo isikhathi eside.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Okthoba-25-2024