Amanethi omiyane alashwa izibulala-zinambuzane (ama-ILN) ahlala isikhathi eside avame ukusetshenziswa njengesivikelo somzimba sokuvimbela ukutheleleka nge-malaria. E-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara, enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokunciphisa ukwanda kwe-malaria ukusetshenziswa kwama-ILN. Kodwa-ke, ulwazi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwama-ILN e-Ethiopia lulinganiselwe. Ngakho-ke, lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwama-ILN kanye nezici ezihlobene phakathi kwemindeni eWest Arsi County, e-Oromia State, eNingizimu ye-Ethiopia ngo-2023. Ucwaningo olusekelwe kubantu lwenziwa eWest Arsi County kusukela mhla lu-1 kuya kumhla zingama-30 kuNhlaba 2023 ngesampula yemindeni engu-2808. Idatha yaqoqwa emindenini kusetshenziswa uhlu lwemibuzo oluhlelwe kahle oluphethwe ngumxoxisani. Idatha yahlolwa, yafakwa ikhodi futhi yafakwa ku-Epiinfo version 7 yabe isihlanzwa futhi yahlaziywa kusetshenziswa i-SPSS version 25. Ukuhlaziywa okuchazayo kwasetshenziswa ukwethula amaza, isilinganiso kanye namagrafu. Ukuhlaziywa kokuhlehla kwe-binary logistic kwabalwa futhi iziguquguquki ezinamanani e-p angaphansi kuka-0.25 zakhethwa ukuze zifakwe kumodeli ye-multivariate. Imodeli yokugcina yahunyushwa kusetshenziswa izilinganiso ze-odds ezilungisiwe (isikhawu sokuzethemba esingu-95%, inani le-p elingaphansi kuka-0.05) ukukhombisa ubudlelwano bezibalo phakathi komphumela kanye neziguquguquko ezizimele. Cishe imindeni engu-2389 (86.2%) inamanethi okubulala izinambuzane ahlala isikhathi eside angasetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokulala. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa okuphelele kwamanethi okubulala izinambuzane ahlala isikhathi eside kwakungu-69.9% (95% CI 68.1–71.8). Ukusetshenziswa kwamanethi okubulala izinambuzane ahlala isikhathi eside kwakuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nokuba yinhloko yomndeni wesifazane (AOR 1.69; 95% CI 1.33–4.15), inani lamakamelo ahlukene endlini (AOR 1.80; 95% CI 1.23–2.29), isikhathi sokufakwa esikhundleni kwenethi yokubulala izinambuzane ehlala isikhathi eside (AOR 2.81; 95% CI 2.18–5.35), kanye nolwazi lwabaphenduli (AOR 3.68; 95% CI 2.48–6.97). Ukusetshenziswa okuphelele kwamanethi okubulala izinambuzane ahlala isikhathi eside phakathi kwemindeni e-Ethiopia kwakuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga likazwelonke (≥ 85). Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi izici ezifana nenhloko yomndeni wesifazane, inani lamakamelo ahlukene endlini, isikhathi sokufakwa kwamanethi okubulala izinambuzane ahlala isikhathi eside kanye nezinga lolwazi lwabaphenduli kwakuyizibikezelo zokusetshenziswa kwe-LLIN ngamalungu omndeni. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kwandiswe ukusetshenziswa kwe-LLIN, iHhovisi Lezempilo Lesifunda saseWest Alsi kanye nababambiqhaza kufanele banikeze ulwazi olufanele emphakathini futhi baqinise ukusetshenziswa kwe-LLIN ezingeni lomndeni.
Umalaleveva uyinkinga enkulu yezempilo yomphakathi emhlabeni jikelele futhi unesifo esithathelwanayo esibangela ukugula okukhulu nokufa. Lesi sifo sibangelwa yi-protozoan parasite yohlobo lwe-Plasmodium, edluliselwa ngokulunywa omiyane besifazane be-Anopheles1,2. Cishe abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3.3 basengozini yokuba nomalaleveva, kanti ingozi enkulu kunazo zonke e-Afrika engaphansi kweSahara (SSA)3. Umbiko we-World Health Organization (WHO) ka-2023 ukhombisa ukuthi ingxenye yabantu emhlabeni isengozini yokuba nomalaleveva, kanti amacala alinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-233 omalaleveva abikwe emazweni angu-29, lapho abantu ababalelwa ku-580,000 befa khona, kanti izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu kanye nabesifazane abakhulelwe yibo abathinteke kakhulu3,4.
Izifundo zangaphambilini e-Ethiopia zikhombisile ukuthi izici ezithonya ukusetshenziswa kwenethi yomiyane isikhathi eside zifaka phakathi ulwazi ngamaphethini okusabalala kwe-malaria, ulwazi olunikezwa ngabasebenzi bezempilo (HEWs), imikhankaso yabezindaba, imfundo ezikhungweni zezempilo, izimo zengqondo kanye nokungakhululeki ngokomzimba lapho ulele ngaphansi kwamanethi omiyane esikhathi eside, ukungakwazi ukulengisa amanethi omiyane akhona isikhathi eside, izindawo ezinganele zokulengisa amanethi omiyane, ukungenelela okwanele kwezemfundo, ukuntuleka kwezinsiza zenethi yomiyane, izingozi ze-malaria, kanye nokuntuleka kokwazi ngezinzuzo zamanethi omiyane. 17,20,21 Izifundo zikhombisile nokuthi ezinye izici, okuhlanganisa usayizi womndeni, ubudala, umlando wokulimala, usayizi, ukuma, umbala, kanye nenani lezindawo zokulala, kuhlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwenethi yomiyane isikhathi eside. 5,17,18,22 Kodwa-ke, ezinye izifundo azitholanga ubudlelwano obubalulekile phakathi kwengcebo yomndeni kanye nobude bokusetshenziswa kwenethi yomiyane3,23.
Amanethi omiyane ahlala isikhathi eside, amakhulu ngokwanele ukuba abekwe ezindaweni zokulala, atholakale esetshenziswa kaningi, futhi izifundo eziningi emazweni ahlala isikhathi eside e-malaria ziqinisekisile ukubaluleka kwawo ekunciphiseni ukuthintana kwabantu nezifo ezithwala umalaleveva nezinye izifo ezithwalwa yi-malaria7,19,23. Ezindaweni ezihlala isikhathi eside e-malaria, ukusatshalaliswa kwamanethi omiyane ahlala isikhathi eside kuye kwabonakala kunciphisa ukwanda kwe-malaria, izifo ezimbi, kanye nokufa okuhlobene ne-malaria. Amanethi omiyane aphathwe ngama-insecticide aboniswe ukuthi anciphisa ukwanda kwe-malaria ngo-48-50%. Uma esetshenziswa kabanzi, la manethi angavimbela ukufa okungu-7% kwabangaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu emhlabeni jikelele24 futhi ahlotshaniswa nokunciphisa okukhulu ingozi yokuzalwa enesisindo esiphansi kanye nokulahlekelwa yingane engumbungu25.
Akucaci ukuthi abantu bazi kangakanani ngokusetshenziswa kwamanethi okubulala izinambuzane ahlala isikhathi eside nokuthi bawathenga ngezinga elingakanani. Amazwana namahemuhemu mayelana nokungawalengi nhlobo amanethi, ukuwalengisa ngendlela engafanele futhi endaweni engafanele, nokungaqali izingane nabesifazane abakhulelwe kufanele kuphenywe ngokucophelela. Enye inselele umbono womphakathi ngendima yamanethi okubulala izinambuzane ahlala isikhathi eside ekuvimbeleni umalaleveva. 23 Ukusabalala kwe-malaria kuphezulu ezindaweni eziphansi zaseWest Arsi County, futhi idatha ngokusetshenziswa kwamanethi okubulala izinambuzane ahlala isikhathi eside emakhaya nasemphakathini ayitholakali kalula. Ngakho-ke, inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuhlola ukusabalala kokusetshenziswa kwamanethi okubulala izinambuzane ahlala isikhathi eside kanye nezici ezihlobene phakathi kwemindeni eWest Arsi County, e-Oromia Region, eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Ethiopia.
Ucwaningo olusekelwe emphakathini lwenziwe kusukela mhla lu-1 kuya kumhla zingama-30 kuNhlaba 2023 eWest Arsi County. IWest Arsi County itholakala eSifundeni sase-Oromia eningizimu ye-Ethiopia, ngamakhilomitha angama-250 ukusuka e-Addis Ababa. Inani labantu kulesi sifunda lingu-2,926,749, elihlanganisa amadoda angu-1,434,107 nabesifazane abangu-1,492,642. EWest Arsi County, abantu abalinganiselwa ku-963,102 ezifundeni eziyisithupha kanye nedolobha elilodwa bahlala engozini enkulu yokuba ne-malaria; nokho, izifunda eziyisishiyagalolunye azinawo umalaleveva. IWest Arsi County inezindawo ezingama-352, lapho ezingu-136 zithintekile yi-malaria. Ezikhungweni zezempilo ezingu-356, ezingu-143 ziyizikhungo zokulawula umalaleveva futhi kunezikhungo zezempilo ezingu-85, ezingu-32 zazo zisezindaweni ezithintekile yi-malaria. Izibhedlela ezintathu kwezinhlanu zelapha iziguli ze-malaria. Le ndawo inemifula nezindawo zokunisela ezifanelekela ukufuya omiyane. Ngo-2021, kwasatshalaliswa izibulala-zinambuzane ezihlala isikhathi eside ezingu-312,224 esifundeni ukuze kutholakale impendulo ephuthumayo, kanti iqembu lesibili lezibulala-zinambuzane ezihlala isikhathi eside ezingu-150,949 lasatshalaliswa ngo-2022-26.
Inani labantu abavela kulo lalibhekwa njengemindeni yonke esifundeni saseWest Alsi kanye nalabo abahlala esifundeni ngesikhathi socwaningo.
Iqembu labantu abacwaningwayo likhethwe ngokungahleliwe kuyo yonke imindeni efanelekile esifundeni saseWest Alsi, kanye nalabo abahlala ezindaweni ezinengozi enkulu yokuba nomalaleveva ngesikhathi socwaningo.
Yonke imindeni etholakala emadolobheni akhethiwe aseWest Alsi County futhi ehlala endaweni yocwaningo isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinyanga eziyisithupha ifakiwe ocwaningweni.
Imindeni engatholanga ama-LLIN ngesikhathi sokusabalalisa kanye naleyo engakwazi ukuphendula ngenxa yokukhubazeka kokuzwa nokukhuluma ayifakwanga ocwaningweni.
Usayizi wesampula wenhloso yesibili yezici ezihlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwe-LLIN ubalwa ngokusekelwe kufomula yenani labantu kusetshenziswa isofthiwe yokubala izibalo ye-Epi info version 7. Uma sicabanga ukuthi i-95% CI, amandla angu-80% kanye nesilinganiso semiphumela esingu-61.1% eqenjini elingadalulwanga, ukucabanga kuthathwe ocwaningweni olwenziwe eNdiya ephakathi13 kusetshenziswa izinhloko zemindeni ezingafundile njengesiguquguquki sesici, nge-OR engu-1.25. Kusetshenziswa iziqagelo ezingenhla kanye nokuqhathanisa iziguquguquki nezinombolo ezinkulu, isiguquguquki esithi “inhloko yendlu engenamfundo” sicatshangelwe ekunqunyweni kosayizi wesampula wokugcina, njengoba sinikeze usayizi omkhulu wesampula wabantu abangu-2808.
Usayizi wesampula wabelwa ngokulinganayo inani lemindeni edolobhaneni ngalinye futhi imindeni engu-2808 yakhethwa emizini efanele kusetshenziswa indlela elula yokuthatha amasampula okungahleliwe. Inani eliphelele lemindeni edolobhaneni ngalinye latholakala ku-Village Health Information System (CHIS). Umndeni wokuqala wakhethwa nge-lottery. Uma ikhaya lomhlanganyeli ocwaningweni livaliwe ngesikhathi sokuqoqwa kwedatha, kwenziwa izingxoxo ezimbili zokulandelela futhi lokhu kwakubhekwa njengokungaphenduli.
Izinto eziguquguqukayo ezizimele kwakuyizici zezenhlalo (ubudala, isimo somshado, inkolo, imfundo, umsebenzi, usayizi womndeni, indawo yokuhlala, ubuzwe kanye nomholo wenyanga), izinga lolwazi kanye nezinto eziguquguqukayo ezihlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside kwamanethi okubulala izinambuzane.
Imindeni yabuzwa imibuzo eyishumi nantathu mayelana nolwazi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezihlala isikhathi eside. Impendulo efanele yanikezwa iphuzu eli-1, kanti impendulo engalungile yanikezwa amaphuzu angu-0. Ngemva kokufingqa amaphuzu omhlanganyeli ngamunye, kwabalwa amaphuzu aphakathi, kwathi ababambiqhaza abanamaphuzu angaphezu kwesilinganiso babhekwa njengabanolwazi “oluhle” kanti ababambiqhaza abanamaphuzu angaphansi kwesilinganiso babhekwa njengabanolwazi “olubi” mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezihlala isikhathi eside.
Idatha yaqoqwa kusetshenziswa imibuzo ehlelekile eyaphathwa ubuso nobuso ngumuntu oxoxa naye futhi yaguqulwa kusukela ezincwadini ezahlukahlukene2,3,7,19. Ucwaningo luhlanganisa izici zomphakathi, izici zemvelo kanye nolwazi lwabahlanganyeli ngokusetshenziswa kwe-ISIS. Idatha yaqoqwa kubantu abangu-28 endaweni enabantu abaningi abane-malaria, ngaphandle kwezindawo zabo zokuqoqa idatha futhi yaqondiswa nsuku zonke ochwepheshe be-malaria abangu-7 abavela ezikhungweni zezempilo.
Uhlu lwemibuzo lulungiswe ngesiNgisi futhi lwahunyushelwa olimini lwendawo (i-Afan Oromo) lwabe seluhunyushwa kabusha ngesiNgisi ukuze kuhlolwe ukuvumelana. Uhlu lwemibuzo luhlolwe kusengaphambili ku-5% wesampula (135) ngaphandle kwesikhungo sezempilo socwaningo. Ngemva kokuhlolwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi, uhlu lwemibuzo luguqulwe ukuze kucaciswe okungenzeka futhi kube lula ukusebenzisa amagama. Ukuhlanzwa kwedatha, ukuphelela, ububanzi kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-logic kwenziwa njalo ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yedatha ngaphambi kokufakwa kwedatha. Ngemva kokuhlola nomphathi, yonke idatha engaphelele nengahambisani yayikhishwe kudatha. Abaqoqi bedatha nabaphathi bathole ukuqeqeshwa kosuku olulodwa mayelana nendlela kanye noluphi ulwazi okufanele baluqoqe. Umcwaningi waqapha abaqoqi bedatha nabaphathi ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yedatha ngesikhathi sokuqoqwa kwedatha.
Idatha ihlolwe ukunemba nokuvumelana, yabe isifakwa ikhodi bese ifakwa ku-Epi-info version 7, yabe isihlanzwa futhi yahlaziywa kusetshenziswa i-SPSS version 25. Izibalo ezichazayo ezifana nama-frequency, izilinganiso, namagrafu zisetshenziswe ukwethula imiphumela. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-bivariate binary logistic regression kubalwe, futhi ama-covariate anamanani e-p angaphansi kuka-0.25 kumodeli ye-bivariate akhethwa ukuthi afakwe kumodeli ye-multivariate. Imodeli yokugcina yahunyushwa kusetshenziswa ama-adjusted odds ratios, ama-confidence intervals angu-95%, kanye namanani e-p < 0.05 ukuze kunqunywe ubudlelwano phakathi komphumela kanye neziguquguquko ezizimele. I-Multicollinearity yahlolwa kusetshenziswa iphutha elijwayelekile (SE), elalingaphansi kuka-2 kulolu cwaningo. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Hosmer kanye ne-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit kwasetshenziswa ukuhlola ukulingana kwemodeli, kanti inani le-p lokuhlolwa kwe-Hosmer kanye ne-Lemeshow kulolu cwaningo lalingu-0.746.
Ngaphambi kokuqhuba ucwaningo, kwatholakala imvume yokuziphatha kwiKomiti Yezokuziphatha Yezempilo yeWest Elsea County ngokuvumelana neSimemezelo saseHelsinki. Ngemva kokuchaza injongo yocwaningo, kwatholakala izincwadi zemvume ezisemthethweni ezivela emahhovisi ezempilo esifunda kanye nedolobha akhethiwe. Abahlanganyeli bocwaningo baziswa ngenhloso yocwaningo, ubumfihlo, kanye nobumfihlo. Imvume yomlomo yatholakala kubahlanganyeli bocwaningo ngaphambi kwenqubo yokuqoqwa kwedatha yangempela. Amagama abaphenduli awazange abhalwe phansi, kodwa umphenduli ngamunye wanikezwa ikhodi yokugcina ubumfihlo.
Phakathi kwabaphenduli, iningi (2738, 98.8%) lalizwile ngokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezihlala isikhathi eside. Ngokuphathelene nomthombo wolwazi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezihlala isikhathi eside, iningi labaphenduli abangu-2202 (71.1%) baluthole kubahlinzeki babo bezempilo. Cishe bonke abaphenduli abangu-2735 (99.9%) babazi ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane ezidabukile ezihlala isikhathi eside zingalungiswa. Cishe bonke abahlanganyeli abangu-2614 (95.5%) babazi ngezibulala-zinambuzane ezihlala isikhathi eside njengoba zingavimbela umalaleveva. Iningi lemindeni engu-2529 (91.5%) yayinolwazi oluhle ngezibulala-zinambuzane ezihlala isikhathi eside. Amaphuzu aphakathi olwazi lwasekhaya mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezihlala isikhathi eside lalingu-7.77 ngokuphambuka okujwayelekile okungu-± 0.91 (Ithebula 2).
Ekuhlaziyweni kwezinto ezimbili ezihambisana nokusetshenziswa kwenethi yomiyane isikhathi eside, izinto eziguquguqukayo ezifana nobulili bomphenduli, indawo yokuhlala, usayizi womndeni, isimo semfundo, isimo somshado, umsebenzi womphenduli, inani lamakamelo ahlukene endlini, ulwazi lwamanethi omiyane ahlala isikhathi eside, indawo yokuthenga amanethi omiyane ahlala isikhathi eside, isikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwenethi yomiyane isikhathi eside, kanye nenani lamanethi omiyane ekhaya kuhlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwenethi yomiyane isikhathi eside. Ngemva kokulungisa izici ezididayo, zonke izinto eziguquguqukayo ezinenani le-p <0.25 ekuhlaziyweni kwenethi yomiyane zifakiwe ekuhlaziyweni kokuhlehla kwe-logistic logistic.
Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwamanethi okubulala izinambuzane ahlala isikhathi eside kanye nezici ezihlobene nawo emakhaya aseWest Arsi County, e-Ethiopia. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi izici ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwamanethi okubulala izinambuzane ahlala isikhathi eside zifaka phakathi ubulili besifazane babaphenduli, inani lamakamelo ahlukene endlini, ubude besikhathi esidingekayo ukuze kufakwe amanye amanethi okubulala izinambuzane ahlala isikhathi eside, kanye nezinga lolwazi lwabaphenduli, okwakuhlobene kakhulu nokusetshenziswa kwamanethi okubulala izinambuzane ahlala isikhathi eside.
Lokhu kungafani kungase kubangelwe umehluko ngobukhulu besampula, inani labantu abacwaningwayo, indawo yocwaningo lwesifunda, kanye nesimo sezenhlalo nezomnotho. Njengamanje, e-Ethiopia, uMnyango Wezempilo usebenzisa izindlela eziningi zokungenelela ukunciphisa umthwalo we-malaria ngokuhlanganisa izindlela zokuvimbela i-malaria ezinhlelweni zokunakekelwa kwempilo okuyisisekelo, okungasiza ekunciphiseni ukugula nokufa okuhlobene ne-malaria.
Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombisile ukuthi izinhloko zemindeni yabesifazane zazinamathuba amaningi okusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane ezihlala isikhathi eside uma kuqhathaniswa nabesilisa. Lokhu okutholakele kuhambisana nezifundo ezenziwe e-Ilugalan County5, eRaya Alamata Region33 kanye nase-Arbaminchi Town34, e-Ethiopia, ezibonise ukuthi abesifazane babenamathuba amaningi okusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane ezihlala isikhathi eside kunabesilisa. Lokhu kungase kube umphumela wesiko lamasiko emphakathini wase-Ethiopia elibheka abesifazane ngaphezu kwamadoda, futhi lapho abesifazane beba izinhloko zemindeni, amadoda angaphansi kwengcindezi encane yokunquma ukusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane ezihlala isikhathi eside ngokwawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu cwaningo lwenziwe endaweni yasemakhaya, lapho imikhuba yamasiko kanye nemikhuba yomphakathi ingabahlonipha kakhulu abesifazane abakhulelwe futhi ibanike ithuba lokuqala ekusebenziseni izibulala-zinambuzane ezihlala isikhathi eside ukuvimbela ukutheleleka nge-malaria.
Okunye okutholakele kulolu cwaningo kubonise ukuthi inani lamakamelo ahlukene emakhaya abahlanganyeli lihlobene kakhulu nokusetshenziswa kwamanethi omiyane aqinile. Lokhu okutholakele kuqinisekiswe yizifundo ezifundeni zase-East Belessa7, Garan5, Adama21 kanye naseBahir Dar20. Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokuthi imindeni enamakamelo ambalwa ahlukene endlini inamathuba amaningi okusebenzisa amanethi omiyane aqinile, kuyilapho imindeni enamakamelo amaningi ahlukene endlini kanye namalungu omndeni amaningi inamathuba amaningi okusebenzisa amanethi omiyane aqinile, okungase kuholele ekuswelekeni kwamanethi omiyane kuwo wonke amakamelo ahlukene.
Isikhathi sokushintsha amanethi okubulala izinambuzane ahlala isikhathi eside sasihlobene kakhulu nokusetshenziswa kwasekhaya kwamanethi okubulala izinambuzane ahlala isikhathi eside. Abantu abashintsha amanethi okubulala izinambuzane ahlala isikhathi eside kuze kube yiminyaka emithathu edlule babenamathuba amaningi okusebenzisa amanethi okubulala izinambuzane ahlala isikhathi eside kunalabo abashintshwa eminyakeni engaphansi kwemithathu edlule. Lokhu okutholakele kuhambisana nezifundo ezenziwe edolobheni lase-Arbaminchi, e-Ethiopia34 nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Ethiopia20. Lokhu kungenzeka ngoba imindeni enethuba lokuthenga amanethi omiyane amasha ukuze ithathe indawo yamadala inamathuba amaningi okusebenzisa amanethi okubulala izinambuzane ahlala isikhathi eside phakathi kwamalungu omndeni, angase azizwe anelisekile futhi eshukumiseleka kakhulu ukusebenzisa amanethi omiyane amasha ukuze kuvinjelwe umalaleveva.
Okunye okutholakele kulolu cwaningo kukhombisile ukuthi imindeni enolwazi olwanele mayelana nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ehlala isikhathi eside yayinamathuba aphindwe kane okusebenzisa imithi yokubulala izinambuzane ehlala isikhathi eside uma kuqhathaniswa nemindeni enolwazi oluphansi. Lokhu okutholakele kuhambisana nezifundo ezenziwe eHawassa naseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Ethiopia18,22. Lokhu kungachazwa iqiniso lokuthi njengoba ulwazi lomndeni kanye nokwazi mayelana nezindlela zokuvimbela ukudluliselwa, izici eziyingozi, ubukhali kanye nezinyathelo zokuvimbela izifo zomuntu ngamunye kukhuphuka, amathuba okusebenzisa izindlela zokuvimbela ayanda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwazi oluhle kanye nokuqonda okuhle ngezindlela zokuvimbela umalaleveva kukhuthaza umkhuba wokusebenzisa imithi yokubulala izinambuzane ehlala isikhathi eside. Ngakho-ke, ukungenelela kokushintsha ukuziphatha kuhlose ukukhuthaza ukunamathela ezinhlelweni zokuvimbela umalaleveva phakathi kwamalungu omndeni ngokubeka phambili izici zenhlalo namasiko kanye nemfundo yomhlaba wonke.
Lolu cwaningo lusebenzise umklamo ohlanganisa izingxenye futhi ubudlelwano obuyimbangela abuboniswa. Kungenzeka ukuthi kube nokucwaswa kokukhumbula. Ukuqashelwa kwamanethi ombhede kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukubikwa kweminye imiphumela yocwaningo (isb., ukusetshenziswa kwamanethi ombhede obusuku bangaphambilini, ukuvama kokuwashwa kwamanethi ombhede, kanye nomholo ojwayelekile) kusekelwe emibikweni yomuntu siqu, encike ekucwasweni kwempendulo.
Ukusetshenziswa okuphelele kwamanethi aphathwa ngezinambuzane ahlala isikhathi eside emakhaya kwakuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga likazwelonke lase-Ethiopia (≥ 85). Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ukuvama kokusetshenziswa kwamanethi aphathwa ngezinambuzane ahlala isikhathi eside kuthinteke kakhulu ukuthi inhloko yomndeni yayingowesifazane, ukuthi mangaki amakamelo azimele ayekhona endlini, ukuthi kwathatha isikhathi esingakanani ukufaka esikhundleni senethi ephathwa ngezinambuzane ehlala isikhathi eside, nokuthi abaphenduli babenolwazi olungakanani. Ngakho-ke, i-West Arsi County Health Authority kanye nababambiqhaza abafanele kufanele basebenzele ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanethi aphathwa ngezinambuzane ahlala isikhathi eside ezingeni lomndeni ngokusatshalaliswa kolwazi nokuqeqeshwa okufanele, kanye nokuxhumana okuqhubekayo ngokushintsha ukuziphatha ukuze kwandiswe ukusetshenziswa kwamanethi aphathwa ngezinambuzane ahlala isikhathi eside. Qinisa ukuqeqeshwa kwabavolontiya, izinhlaka zomphakathi, kanye nabaholi benkolo ngokusetshenziswa okufanele kwamanethi aphathwa ngezinambuzane ahlala isikhathi eside ezingeni lomndeni.
Yonke idatha etholwe kanye/noma ehlaziywe ngesikhathi socwaningo iyatholakala kumbhali ofanele uma kucelwa ngokufanele.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Mashi-07-2025