Izibulala-zinambuzane zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuvimbeleni nasekulawuleni izifo zezolimo nezamahlathi, ukuthuthukisa isivuno sokusanhlamvu nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokusanhlamvu, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuzoletha imiphumela emibi nakanjani eqophelweni nasekuphepheni kwemikhiqizo yezolimo, impilo yabantu kanye nokuphepha kwemvelo.I-International Code of Conduct for Pesticide Management, ekhishwe ngokuhlanganyela yi-Food and Agriculture Organization yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene kanye ne-World Health Organization, idinga iziphathimandla zokulawula izibulala-zinambuzane zisungule inqubo yokubhalisa kabusha ukuze ziqhube ukubuyekezwa nokuhlolwa njalo kwemikhiqizo yezibulala-zinambuzane ebhalisiwe.Qinisekisa ukuthi ubungozi obusha bubonakala ngesikhathi futhi kuthathwa izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokulawula.
Njengamanje, i-European Union, i-United States, i-Canada, i-Mexico, i-Australia, i-Japan, i-South Korea ne-Thailand basungule izinhlelo zokuqapha ubungozi zangemva kokubhaliswa kanye nokuhlola kabusha ngokwezimo zabo.
Selokhu kwaqala ukusetshenziswa kohlelo lokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngo-1982, izidingo zedatha yokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ziye zabuyekezwa izikhathi ezintathu ezinkulu, futhi izidingo zobuchwepheshe kanye namazinga okuhlolwa kokuphepha athuthukisiwe kakhulu, futhi imikhiqizo emidala yezibulala-zinambuzane ngaphambilini eyayibhalisiwe ayisakwazi ukuhlangabezana ngokugcwele izidingo zamanje zokuhlola ukuphepha.Eminyakeni yamuva, ngokuhlanganiswa kwezinsiza, ukusekelwa kwephrojekthi nezinye izinyathelo, uMnyango Wezolimo Nezindaba Zasemakhaya uye wakhulisa ngokuqhubekayo ukuphathwa kokuphepha kokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, futhi walandelela futhi wahlola inani lezinhlobo zezibulala-zinambuzane ezinobuthi kakhulu neziyingozi kakhulu.Isibonelo, ngengozi yengozi yezidakamizwa elandelayo ye-metsulfuron-methyl, ingozi yemvelo ye-flubendiamide kanye nobungozi bempilo yomuntu ye-paraquat, qala ucwaningo olukhethekile, futhi wethule izinyathelo zokuphatha ezinqatshelwe ngesikhathi;Kwaqedwa kabusha i-phorate, isofenphos-methyl, isocarbophos, ethoprophos, omethoate, carbofuran ngo-2022 kanye no-2023 Izibulala-zinambuzane eziyisishiyagalombili ezinobuthi obuphezulu, njenge-methomyl ne-aldicarb, zehlise ingxenye yezibulala-zinambuzane ezinobuthi obuphezulu yaya ngaphansi kwe-1% yenani eliphelele lezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe. , ukunciphisa ngempumelelo izingozi zokuphepha zokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane.
Nakuba i-China kancane kancane ikhuthaze futhi yahlola ukusetshenziswa kokuqapha kanye nokuhlolwa kokuphepha kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe, ayikasungula imithetho nemithethonqubo yokuhlola kabusha ehlelekile futhi ehlosiwe, futhi umsebenzi wokuhlola kabusha awenele, inqubo ayilungisiwe, futhi okuyinhloko. Umthwalo wemfanelo awucacile, futhi kusenegebe elikhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namazwe athuthukile.Ngakho-ke, ukufunda kumodeli evuthiwe nolwazi lwe-European Union kanye ne-United States, ukwenza kucace izinqubo zokuqaliswa nezimfuneko zokuhlolwa kabusha kokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane e-China, nokwakha imodeli entsha yokulawula izibulala-zinambuzane ehlanganisa ukubuyekezwa kokubhaliswa, ukuhlola kabusha kanye nokuqhubeka kokubhaliswa okuqukethwe okubalulekile kokuphatha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngokuphelele ukuphepha kokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni okusimeme.
1 Hlola kabusha isigaba sephrojekthi
1.1 I-European Union
1.1.1 Ukubuyekeza uhlelo lwezinhlobo ezindala
Ngo-1993, i-European Commission (ebizwa ngokuthi “i-European Commission”) ngokuvumelana nezinhlinzeko ze-Directive 91/414, izithako ezisebenzayo zezibulala-zinambuzane ezicishe zibe ngu-1 000 ezibhaliselwe ukusetshenziswa emakethe ngaphambi kuka-July 1993 zaphinde zahlolwa ngamaqoqo amane.NgoMashi 2009, ukuhlola kwaqedwa, futhi izithako ezisebenzayo ezingaba ngu-250, noma u-26%, zabhaliswa kabusha ngoba zazihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha;U-67% wezithako ezisebenzayo uhoxile emakethe ngenxa yolwazi olungaphelele, akukho sicelo sebhizinisi noma ukuhoxiswa kwesinyathelo sebhizinisi.Enye i-70 noma i-7% yezithako ezisebenzayo yaqedwa ngoba ayizange ihlangabezane nezimfuneko zokuhlola okusha kokuphepha.
1.1.2 ukubuyekezwa kokugunyazwa
I-Athikili 21 yomthetho omusha we-EU Wokuphathwa Kwezibulala-zinambuzane 1107/2009 ihlinzeka ngokuthi Ikhomishini YaseYurophu nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ingase iqalise ukuhlolwa kabusha kwezithako ezisebenzayo ezibhalisiwe, okungukuthi, ukuhlola kabusha okukhethekile.Izicelo zokuphinda zihlolwe Amazwe Angamalungu ngenxa yemiphumela emisha yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe kanye nedatha yokuqapha kufanele inakwe yiKhomishana ukuze iqale ukuhlola kabusha okukhethekile.Uma iKhomishana ibheka ukuthi isithako esisebenzayo ngeke sisahlangabezana nezidingo zokubhalisa, izokwazisa Amazwe Angamalungu, I-European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) kanye nenkampani ekhiqizayo ngalesi simo futhi ibeke umnqamulajuqu wokuthi inkampani ithumele isitatimende.IKhomishana ingase ifune iseluleko noma usizo lwesayensi nobuchwepheshe emazweni angamaLungu kanye ne-EFSA phakathi nezinyanga ezintathu kusukela ngosuku lokuthola isicelo seseluleko noma usizo lobuchwepheshe, futhi i-EFSA izohambisa umbono wayo noma imiphumela yomsebenzi wayo phakathi nezinyanga ezintathu kusukela usuku lokwamukelwa kwesicelo.Uma kuphethwe ngokuthi isithako esisebenzayo asisafinyeleli izidingo zokubhalisa noma ulwazi olwengeziwe oluceliwe alunikezwanga, iKhomishana izokhipha isinqumo sokuhoxisa noma sokuchibiyela ukubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo ngokuhambisana nenqubo yokulawula.
1.1.3 Ukuvuselelwa Kokubhalisa
Ukuqhubeka kokubhaliswa kwemikhiqizo yezibulala-zinambuzane e-EU kulingana nokuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile e-China.Ngo-1991, i-EU yamemezela umyalelo we-91/414/EEC, othi isikhathi sokubhaliswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo zesibulala-zinambuzane asikwazi ukudlula iminyaka eyi-10, futhi kufanele sifake isicelo sokubhaliswa futhi lapho siphelelwa yisikhathi, futhi singavuselelwa ngemva kokuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokubhalisa. .Ngo-2009, i-European Union yamemezela umthetho omusha we-pesticide Law 1107/2009, ozongena esikhundleni sika-91/414/EEC.UMthetho 1107/2009 ubeka ukuthi izithako ezisebenzayo kanye namalungiselelo ezibulala-zinambuzane kufanele zifake isicelo sokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa ngemva kokuphelelwa yisikhathi, futhi umkhawulo wesikhathi othize wokwelulwa kokubhaliswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo uncike ohlotsheni lwazo kanye nemiphumela yokuhlolwa: isikhathi sokunwetshwa kwezithako ezisebenzayo zezibulala-zinambuzane. ngokuvamile ayikho ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-15;Isikhathi somuntu ozongenela ukhetho asidluli iminyaka eyi-7;Izithako ezisebenzayo ezidingekayo ekulawuleni izinambuzane nezifo eziyingozi ezingahlangabezani nemibandela yamanje yokubhalisa, efana ne-Class 1A noma i-1B carcinogens, i-Class 1A noma i-1B izinto ezinobuthi zokuzala, izithako ezisebenzayo ezinezakhiwo eziphazamisa i-endocrine ezingase zidale imiphumela emibi kubantu. kanye nezinto ezingahlosiwe, ngeke zelulwe isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka emi-5.
1.2 I-United States
1.2.1 ukubhaliswa kabusha kwezinhlobo ezindala
Ku-1988, i-Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) yachitshiyelwa ukuze idinge ukuhlolwa kabusha kwezithako ezisebenzayo ezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhaliswe ngaphambi kukaNovemba 1, 1984. Ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nokuqwashisa kwesayensi yamanje kanye nezindinganiso zokulawula.NgoSepthemba 2008, i-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) yaphothula ukuhlolwa kabusha kwezithako ezisebenzayo eziyi-1,150 (ezihlukaniswe ngezihloko ezingama-613) ngoHlelo Oludala Lokubhaliswa Kabusha Kwezinhlobonhlobo, okwavunywa izihloko ezingama-384, noma amaphesenti angama-63.Bekunezihloko ezingama-229 ezimayelana nokusulwa kokubhaliswa, ezibalelwa kumaphesenti angama-37.
1.2.2 Ukubuyekezwa okukhethekile
Ngaphansi kwe-FIFRA kanye Nekhodi Yemithetho Yombuso (CFR), ukuhlolwa kabusha okukhethekile kungase kuqalwe lapho ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwesibulala-zinambuzane kuhlangabezana nenye yale mibandela elandelayo:
I-1) Ingabangela ukulimala okubi kakhulu kubantu noma emfuyweni.
2) Kungase kube umdlavuza, i-teratogenic, i-genotoxic, ubuthi be-fetus, ubuthi bokuzala noma ubuthi obungapheli obubambezelekile kubantu.
3) Izinga lensalela ezintweni ezingahlosiwe endaweni ezungezile lingase lilingane noma lidlule ukugxilisana kwemiphumela enobuthi eyingozi noma engapheli, noma lingase libe nemiphumela emibi ekukhiqizeni kabusha kwezinto eziphilayo ezingahlosiwe.
4) ingase ibe yingozi ekuqhubekeni kokusinda kwezilwane ezisengozini noma ezisengozini njengoba kumiswe uMthetho Wezilwane Ezisengozini.
5) Kungase kubangele ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo ezibalulekile zezilwane ezisengozini noma ezisengozini noma ezinye izinguquko ezimbi.
6) Kungase kube nezingozi kubantu noma endaweni ezungezile, futhi kuyadingeka ukunquma ukuthi izinzuzo zokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zingasusa yini imiphumela emibi yezenhlalo, ezomnotho kanye nemvelo.
Ukuhlola kabusha okukhethekile ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuhlolwa okujulile kwengozi eyodwa noma ezimbalwa ezingase zibe khona, ngomgomo omkhulu wokunciphisa ingozi yesibulala-zinambuzane ngokubuyekeza idatha ekhona, ukuthola ulwazi olusha kanye/noma ukwenza izivivinyo ezintsha, ukuhlola ubungozi obuhlonziwe kanye nokunquma ubungozi obufanele. izinyathelo zokunciphisa.Ngemva kokuba ukuhlolwa kabusha okukhethekile sekuqediwe, i-EPA ingase iqale izinyathelo ezisemthethweni zokuhoxisa, ukwenqaba, ukuhlukanisa kabusha, noma ukulungisa ukubhaliswa komkhiqizo othintekayo.Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970, i-EPA yenze ukuhlola kabusha okukhethekile kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezingaphezu kwe-100 futhi yaqeda iningi lalezo zibuyekezo.Njengamanje, kusalindelwe ukuhlolwa kabusha okukhethekile okuningana: i-aldicarb, i-atrazine, i-propazine, i-simazine, ne-ethyleneoxide.
1.2.3 Ukubuyekezwa kokubhaliswa
Uma kubhekwa ukuthi uhlelo oludala lokubhalisa kabusha okuhlukahlukene seluqediwe futhi nokuhlola kabusha okukhethekile sekuthathe iminyaka eminingi, i-EPA inqume ukuqalisa ukuhlaziya kabusha njengohlelo oluzolandela ukubhaliswa kabusha kwezinhlobonhlobo zakudala kanye nokuhlola kabusha okukhethekile.ukuhlolwa kabusha kwamanje kwe-EPA kulingana nokuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile e-China, futhi isisekelo sakhona esingokomthetho uMthetho Wokuvikelwa Kwekhwalithi Yokudla (i-FQPA), owaphakamisa ukuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile kwezibulala-zinambuzane okokuqala ngqa ngo-1996, futhi wachibiyela i-FIFRA.I-EPA idingeka ukuthi ngezikhathi ezithile ibuyekeze isibulala-zinambuzane ngasinye esibhalisiwe okungenani kanye njalo eminyakeni eyi-15 ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isibulala-zinambuzane ngasinye esibhalisiwe sihlala sihambisana nezindinganiso zamanje njengoba amazinga okuhlola ubungozi eguquguquka futhi nezinqubomgomo zishintsha.
Ngo-2007, i-FIFRA yakhipha isichibiyelo sokuqalisa ngokusemthethweni ukuhlola kabusha, okudinga i-EPA ukuthi iqedele ukubuyekezwa kwayo kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezingama-726 ezibhaliswe ngaphambi komhla lu-1 kuMfumfu, 2007, ngo-Okthoba 31, 2022. Njengengxenye yesinqumo sokubuyekeza, i-EPA kufanele futhi igcwalise isibopho sayo ngaphansi I-Endangered Species Act ukuthatha izinyathelo zokunciphisa ubungozi kusenesikhathi ezilwaneni ezisengozini.Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobhadane lwe-COVID-19, ukubambezeleka kokuthunyelwa kwedatha evela kwabafake izicelo kanye nobunzima bokuhlola, umsebenzi awuzange uqedwe ngesikhathi.Ngo-2023, i-EPA yakhipha uhlelo olusha lokuhlola kabusha lweminyaka emi-3, oluzobuyekeza umnqamulajuqu wokuhlaziya kabusha wezibulala-zinambuzane ezingama-726 ezibhaliswe ngaphambi kuka-Okthoba 1, 2007, kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ezingama-63 ezibhaliswe ngemuva kwalolo suku kuze kube ngu-Okthoba 1, 2026. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isibulala-zinambuzane sesibuyekezwe kabusha, i-EPA izothatha izinyathelo ezifanele zokulawula lapho inquma ukuthi ukuchayeka kwesibulala-zinambuzane kubangela ingozi ephuthumayo kubantu noma endaweni edinga ukunakwa ngokushesha.
2 Izinqubo Ezihlobene
Njengoba ukuhlolwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zakudala ze-EU, ukubhaliswa kabusha kwezinhlobonhlobo zakudala zase-United States kanye namaphrojekthi akhethekile okuhlolwa kabusha sekuqediwe, okwamanje, i-EU ikakhulukazi ngokunwetshwa kokubhalisa, i-United States ikakhulukazi ngohlelo lokuhlola kabusha ukwenza ukuhlolwa kokuphepha kwababhalisiwe. izibulala-zinambuzane, ezilingana ngokuyisisekelo nokuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile eShayina.
2.1 I-European Union
Ukuqhubeka kokubhaliswa ku-EU kuhlukaniswe ngezinyathelo ezimbili, eyokuqala ukuqhubeka kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo.Isithako esisebenzayo singavuselelwa uma kunqunywa ukuthi omele oyedwa noma ngaphezulu osebenzisa isithako esisebenzayo kanye nomkhiqizo okungenani owodwa oqukethe isithako esisebenzayo uhlangabezana nezimfuneko zokubhalisa.IKhomishani ingase ihlanganise izithako ezisebenzayo ezifanayo futhi isungule izinto ezibalulekile kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisekelwe emiphumeleni yazo empilweni yabantu neyezilwane kanye nokuphepha kwemvelo, icabangela, ngangokunokwenzeka, isidingo sokulawula okuphumelelayo kanye nokulawula ukumelana nalokho okuhlosiwe.Uhlelo kufanele lufake lokhu okulandelayo: izinqubo zokulethwa nokuhlolwa kwezicelo zokuvuselelwa kokubhalisa;Ulwazi okufanele luthunyelwe, okuhlanganisa nezinyathelo zokunciphisa ukuhlolwa kwezilwane, njengokusebenzisa amasu okuhlola ahlakaniphile njengokuhlola in vitro;Umnqamulajuqu wokulethwa kwedatha;Imithetho emisha yokuthumela idatha;Izikhathi zokuhlola nezokuthatha izinqumo;Nokwabiwa kokuhlolwa kwezithako ezisebenzayo kumaZwe angamalungu.
2.1.1 Izithako ezisebenzayo
Izithako ezisebenzayo zingena emjikelezweni olandelayo wokuvuselela iminyaka emi-3 ngaphambi kokuphela kwesikhathi sokusebenza kwesitifiketi sabo sokubhalisa, futhi abafakizicelo abanentshisekelo yokuvuselela ukubhaliswa (okungaba umfakisicelo ngesikhathi sokugunyazwa kokuqala noma abanye abafake izicelo) kufanele bafake izicelo zabo iminyaka engu-3. ngaphambi kokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwesitifiketi sokubhalisa.Ukuhlolwa kwedatha ekuqhutshweni kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo kwenziwa ngokuhlanganyela yizwe eliyilungu le-repporteur (RMS) kanye nezwe eliyilungu elibambisene (Co-RMS), ngokubamba iqhaza kwe-EFSA namanye Amazwe Angamalungu.Ngokuhambisana nemibandela ebekwe yimithethonqubo efanele, imihlahlandlela kanye neziqondiso, iZwe ngalinye eliyiLungu liqoka iZwe eliyiLungu ngezinsiza namakhono adingekayo (abasebenzi, ukugcwala kwemisebenzi, njll.) njengoMbuso ongamele.Ngenxa yezici ezihlukahlukene, iSifundazwe esengamele kanye NesiFundazwe Esengamele ngokuhlanganyela ukuhlolwa kabusha singase sihluke esiZweni okwabhaliswa kuso igama okokuqala.Ngomhla zingama-27 kuNdasa wezi-2021, uMthethonqubo 2020/1740 we-European Commission waqala ukusebenza, ubeka izindaba ezithile zokuvuselela ukubhaliswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo zezibulala-zinambuzane, ezisebenza ezithakweni ezisebenzayo isikhathi sazo sokubhaliswa singomhla zingama-27 kuNdasa 2024 noma ngemuva kwawo. izithako eziphelelwa yisikhathi ngaphambi kuka-March 27, 2024, uMthethonqubo 844/2012 uzoqhubeka nokusebenza.Inqubo ethize yokuvuselela ukubhalisa e-EU imi kanje.
2.1.1.1 Izaziso zangaphambi kwesicelo kanye neziphakamiso zempendulo
Ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo sokuvuselela ukubhaliswa, inkampani izoqale ithumele kwa-EFSA isaziso sezivivinyo ezifanele ehlose ukuzenza ukuze isekele ukuvuselelwa kokubhalisa, ukuze i-EFSA ikwazi ukuyihlinzeka ngezeluleko eziphelele futhi yenze ukubonisana nomphakathi qinisekisa ukuthi izivivinyo ezifanele zenziwa ngesikhathi nangendlela efanele.Amabhizinisi angase afune iseluleko ku-EFSA nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngaphambi kokuvuselela isicelo sabo.I-EFSA izokwazisa iSifundazwe esengamele kanye/noma IsiFundazwe Esengamele ngokubambisana ngesaziso esithunyelwe ibhizinisi futhi yenze izincomo ezijwayelekile ezisuselwe ekuhlolweni kwalo lonke ulwazi oluhlobene nesithako esisebenzayo, okubandakanya imininingwane yokubhalisa yangaphambilini noma ukuqhubeka kolwazi lokubhalisa.Uma abafaki zicelo abambalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa befuna iseluleko ngokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa kwengxenye efanayo, i-EFSA izobeluleka ukuba balethe isicelo sokuvuselela ngokuhlanganyela.
2.1.1.2 Ukulethwa nokwamukelwa kwesicelo
Umfakisicelo uzohambisa isicelo sokuvuselela nge-elekthronikhi kungakapheli iminyaka emi-3 ngaphambi kokuphela kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo ngohlelo oluphakathi lokulethwa oluqokwe yi-European Union, lapho iSifundazwe esengamele, iSifunda Esengamele, amanye Amazwe Angamalungu, i-EFSA kanye neKhomishini. angase aziswe.Umbuso owengamele uzokwazisa umfakisicelo, uMbuso Ongamele ngokubambisana, iKhomishana kanye ne-EFSA, phakathi nenyanga eyodwa yokuthunyelwa kwesicelo, ngosuku lokwamukelwa kanye nokwemukelwa kwesicelo sokuvuselelwa.Uma i-elementi eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ishoda ezintweni ezithunyelwe, ikakhulukazi uma idatha yokuhlola ephelele ingathunyelwanga njengoba kudingekile, izwe elingamele lizokwazisa umfakisicelo ngokuqukethwe okulahlekile phakathi nenyanga eyodwa kusukela ngosuku lokwamukelwa kwesicelo, futhi lidinga ukuthi ukushintshwa phakathi kwezinsuku eziyi-14, uma izinto ezilahlekile zingathunyelwanga noma kungekho zizathu ezizwakalayo ezinikeziwe ngesikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi, isicelo sokuvuselela ngeke samukelwe.Umbuso owengamele uzokwazisa umfakisicelo ngokushesha, Izwe Elingamele ngokubambisana, Ikhomishana, amanye Amazwe Angamalungu kanye ne-EFSA ngesinqumo kanye nezizathu zokungavunyelwa kwaso.Ngaphambi komnqamulajuqu wokuqhubeka kwesicelo, Izwe eliphethe ngokubambisana lizovumelana ngayo yonke imisebenzi yokubuyekeza kanye nokwabiwa komsebenzi.
2.1.1.3 Ukubuyekezwa kwedatha
Uma isicelo sokuqhubeka samukelwa, uMbuso owengamele uzobuyekeza imininingwane esemqoka futhi ufune ukuphawula komphakathi.I-EFSA izothi, zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-60 kusukela osukwini lokushicilelwa kwesicelo sokuqhubeka, ivumele umphakathi ukuthi ulethe ukuphawula okubhaliwe mayelana nolwazi lohlelo lokusebenza oluqhubekayo kanye nokuba khona kweminye imininingwane efanele noma izivivinyo.UMbuso Ongamele kanye Nombuso Ongamele ngokuhlanganyela ube usuqhuba ukuhlola okuzimele, okunenjongo futhi okusobala kokuthi isithako esisebenzayo sisahlangabezana yini nezimfuneko zenqubo yokubhalisa, ngokusekelwe kulokho okutholwe yisayensi kwamanje kanye nemibhalo yokuqondisa esebenzayo, ehlola lonke ulwazi olutholiwe esicelweni sokuvuselela, idatha yokubhalisa ethunyelwe ngaphambilini kanye neziphetho zokuhlola (kuhlanganise nohlaka lwangaphambilini lokuhlola) kanye nemibono ebhaliwe etholwe ngesikhathi sokuxoxisana nomphakathi.Ulwazi olulethwe abafake izicelo ngaphezu kobubanzi besicelo, noma ngemva komnqamulajuqu wokulethwa oshiwo, ngeke lucatshangelwe.uMbuso owengamele uzohambisa umbiko wokuhlolwa wokuvuselela okusalungiswa (i-dRAR) kuKhomishana kanye ne-EFSA phakathi nezinyanga eziyi-13 zokulethwa kwesicelo sokuvuselela.Ngalesi sikhathi, uMbuso ongamele ungacela ulwazi olwengeziwe kumfakisicelo futhi ubeke umkhawulo wesikhathi solwazi olwengeziwe, ungase futhi uthintane ne-EFSA noma ucele ulwazi olwengeziwe lwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kwamanye Amazwe Angamalungu, kodwa ngeke kwenze isikhathi sokuhlola sidlule eshiwo izinyanga eziyi-13.Umbiko wokuhlolwa kwesandiso sokubhalisa okusalungiswa kufanele uqukathe izici ezilandelayo:
1) Iziphakamiso zokuqhubeka nokubhaliswa, kuhlanganise nanoma yiziphi izimo nemikhawulo edingekayo.
2) Izincomo zokuthi ingabe isithako esisebenzayo kufanele sithathwe njengesithako esisebenzayo “esiyingozi ephansi”.
3) Izincomo zokuthi ingabe isithako esisebenzayo kufanele sithathwe njengekhandidethi lokushintshwa.
4) Izincomo zokusethwa komkhawulo wensalela omkhulu (MRL), noma izizathu zokungabandakanyi i-MRL.
5) Izincomo zokuhlukaniswa, ukuqinisekiswa noma ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezithako ezisebenzayo.
6) Ukunqunywa kokuthi yiziphi izivivinyo kudatha eqhubekayo yokubhalisa ezihambisana nokuhlola.
7) Izincomo mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izingxenye zombiko okufanele kuboniswane nazo ngochwepheshe.
8) Lapho kufanele khona, uMbuso ophethe ngokubambisana awuhambisani namaphuzu okuhlolwa koMbuso Ongamele, noma amaphuzu lapho kungekho sivumelwano phakathi kwaMazwe Angamalungu akha iQembu Elihlanganyelwe Lamazwe Angamele.
9) Umphumela wokuxoxisana nomphakathi nokuthi kuzobhekwa kanjani.
Umbuso owengamele kufanele uxhumane ngokushesha neziphathimandla ezilawula Amakhemikhali futhi, ekugcineni, uhambise isiphakamiso ku-European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) ngesikhathi sokulethwa kohlaka lombiko wokuhlola ukuqhubeka ukuze uthole okungenani ukuhlukaniswa ngaphansi kwe-EU Classification, Umthetho Wokulebula Nokupakisha Wezinto Nezingxube.Isithako esisebenzayo siqhuma, ubuthi obunzima, ukugqwala/ukucasuka kwesikhumba, ukulimala/ukucikeka okukhulu, ukungezwani nokuphefumula noma kwesikhumba, i-germ cell mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, ubuthi bokuzala, ubuthi obuthile bezitho ezihlosiwe obuvela ekuchayekeni kanye nokuphindaphindiwe, kanye nezigaba ezifanayo zezingozi. endaweni yasemanzini.Umbuso wecala uzosho ngokwanele izizathu zokuthi kungani isithako esisebenzayo singahlangabezani nemibandela yokuhlukanisa yesigaba esisodwa noma ngaphezulu sezingozi, futhi i-ECHA ingase iphawule ngemibono yoMbuso wecala.
2.1.1.4 Iphawula ngohlaka lombiko wokuhlola ukuqhubeka
I-EFSA izobuyekeza ukuthi umbiko wokuhlola ukuqhubeka okusalungiswa unalo lonke ulwazi olufanele futhi iludlulisele kumfakisicelo nakwamanye Amazwe Angamalungu ngaphambi kwezinyanga ezi-3 ngemuva kokuthola umbiko.Lapho ethola umbiko wokuhlola ukuqhubeka okusalungiswa, umfakisicelo angase, kungakapheli amasonto amabili, acele i-EFSA ukuthi igcine ulwazi oluthile luyimfihlo, futhi i-EFSA iyokwenza umbiko wokuhlola ukuqhubeka okusalungiswa esidlangalaleni, ngaphandle kolwazi oluyimfihlo olwamukelwe, kanye nolwazi olubuyekeziwe. ulwazi lohlelo lokusebenza oluqhubekayo.I-EFSA izovumela umphakathi ukuthi ulethe ukuphawula okubhaliwe zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-60 kusukela osukwini lokushicilelwa kohlaka lombiko wokuhlola oqhubekayo futhi uzithumele, kanye nemibono yawo, kuHulumeni owengamele, eSifundazweni esengamele ngokubambisana noma eqenjini Lamazwe Angamalungu. ukwengamela ngokubambisana.
2.1.1.5 Ukubuyekezwa kontanga kanye nokukhishwa kwesixazululo
I-EFSA ihlela ochwepheshe (ochwepheshe bezwe elengamele kanye nochwepheshe bamanye amazwe angamalungu) ukuba benze ukubuyekezwa kontanga, baxoxe ngemibono yokubuyekezwa yezwe elengamele kanye nezinye izindaba ezisasele, benze iziphetho zokuqala kanye nokubonisana nomphakathi, futhi ekugcineni balethe iziphetho nezinqumo ku I-European Commission ukuze ivunyelwe futhi ikhululwe.Uma, ngenxa yezizathu ezingaphezu kwamandla womfakisicelo, ukuhlolwa kwesithako esisebenzayo kungakaqedwa ngaphambi kosuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi, i-EU izokhipha isinqumo sokwelula ukufaneleka kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukuvuselelwa kokubhalisa kuqedwa kahle. .
2.1.2 Amalungiselelo
Umnikazi wesitifiketi sokubhaliswa okufanele, phakathi nezinyanga ezi-3 zokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo, athumele isicelo sokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa komkhiqizo wemithi eZweni eliyiLungu elithole ukubhaliswa komkhiqizo wemithi ohambelana nawo. .Uma umnikazi wokubhalisa efaka isicelo sokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa komkhiqizo ofanayo wemithi ezifundeni ezihlukene, lonke ulwazi lwesicelo luzokwaziswa kuwo wonke Amazwe Angamalungu ukuze kube lula ukushintshaniswa kolwazi phakathi Kwamazwe Angamalungu.Ukuze ugweme ukuhlolwa okuyimpinda, umfakisicelo kufanele, ngaphambi kokwenza izivivinyo noma izivivinyo, ahlole ukuthi ingabe ezinye izinkampani zikutholile yini ukubhaliswa komkhiqizo wokulungiselela okufanayo, futhi uzothatha zonke izinyathelo ezifanele ngendlela efanele nesobala ukuze afinyelele isivumelwano sokwabelana ngombiko wokuhlola nowokuhlola. .
Ukuze kwakhiwe uhlelo lokusebenza oludidiyelwe futhi olusebenza kahle, i-EU isebenzisa uhlelo lokubhalisa lwesifunda lwamalungiselelo, oluhlukaniswe izifunda ezintathu: eNyakatho, emaphakathi naseNingizimu.iKomidi Eliqondisayo lendawo (zonal SC) noma Amazwe angamalungu alo azocela bonke abanikazi bezitifiketi zokubhaliswa komkhiqizo abafanelekile ukuthi bafake isicelo sokuvuselela ukubhaliswa nokuthi bakusiphi isifunda, Liphinde linqume Izwe eliyilungu le-zonal rapporteur (zonal RMS).Ukuze uhlele kusengaphambili, uMbuso owengamele isifunda kufanele uqokwe kusenesikhathi ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa kwesicelo sokuqhubeka nomkhiqizo wezidakamizwa, okuvame ukutuswa ukuthi kwenziwe ngaphambi kokuba i-EFSA ishicilele iziphetho zokubuyekezwa kwesithako esisebenzayo.Kuyisibopho soMbuso owengamele isifunda ukuqinisekisa inani labafakizicelo abafake izicelo zokuvuselela, ukwazisa abafake izicelo ngesinqumo kanye nokuqedela ukuhlolwa egameni lezinye izifundazwe esifundeni (ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kokusetshenziswa okuthile kwemithi. imikhiqizo kwesinye isikhathi yenziwa iZwe eliyiLungu ngaphandle kokusebenzisa uhlelo lokubhalisa indawo).Izwe lokubuyekezwa kwesithako esisebenzayo liyadingeka ukuqedela ukuqhathanisa kwedatha yesithako esisebenzayo nedatha yokuqhubeka komkhiqizo wesidakamizwa.Umbuso owengamele isifunda uzoqedela ukuhlolwa kwedatha yokuqhubeka kwamalungiselelo phakathi nezinyanga eziyisi-6 bese uyithumela EmaZweni Angamalungu kanye nabafake izicelo ukuze baphawule.Izwe ngalinye eliyiLungu lizoqedela ukugunyazwa okuqhubekayo kwemikhiqizo yalo eyakhiwe phakathi nezinyanga ezintathu.Yonke inqubo yokuvuselela ukwakheka idinga ukuqedwa phakathi nezinyanga eziyi-12 zokuphela kokuvuselela ukubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo.
2.2 I-United States
Enqubweni yokuhlaziya kabusha, i-US EPA idingeka ukuthi yenze ukuhlola ubungozi, inqume ukuthi isibulala-zinambuzane siyahlangabezana yini nemibandela yokubhalisa ye-FIFRA, futhi sikhiphe isinqumo sokubuyekeza.Isikhungo se-EPA esilawula izibulala-zinambuzane siqukethe izigaba eziyisikhombisa, izigaba ezine zokulawula, kanye nezigaba ezintathu ezikhethekile.I-Registry and Reevaluation Service iyigatsha elilawulayo, futhi iRegistry inesibopho sezicelo ezintsha, ukusetshenziswa kanye nezinguquko kuzo zonke izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali ezivamile;Isevisi Yokuhlola Kabusha inesibopho sokuhlola emva kokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezivamile.Igatsha Lemithelela Yezempilo, Igatsha Lokuziphatha Nemithelela Kwezemvelo kanye Negatsha Lokuhlaziya Ibhayoloji nezomnotho, okungamayunithi akhethekile, anomthwalo wemfanelo ngokuyinhloko wokubuyekezwa kwezobuchwepheshe kwayo yonke imininingwane efanele yokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokuhlolwa kwangemva kokubhaliswa, kanye nokuqedwa kobungozi. ukuhlola.
2.2.1 Ukuhlukaniswa kwetimu
Isihloko sokuhlaziya kabusha siqukethe isithako esisodwa noma eziningi ezisebenzayo nayo yonke imikhiqizo equkethe lezo zithako ezisebenzayo.Lapho ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali nezici ze-toxicological zezithako ezisebenzayo ezihlukene zihlobene eduze, futhi ingxenye noma yonke idatha edingekayo ekuhlolweni kwengozi ingabiwa, ingahlukaniswa ngesihloko esifanayo;Imikhiqizo yezibulala-zinambuzane equkethe izithako eziningi ezisebenzayo nayo ingaphansi kwesihloko sokuhlolwa kabusha kwesithako ngasinye esisebenzayo.Uma idatha entsha noma ulwazi lutholakala, i-EPA ingase yenze izinguquko esihlokweni sokuhlola kabusha.Uma ithola ukuthi izithako ezisebenzayo eziningi esihlokweni azifani, i-EPA ingase ihlukanise isihloko sibe izihloko ezizimele ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, noma ingase yengeze noma isuse izithako ezisebenzayo esihlokweni sokuhlola kabusha.
2.2.2 Ukwakhiwa kohlelo
Isihloko ngasinye sokuhlaziya kabusha sinedethi eyisisekelo, okungaba usuku lokuqala lokubhalisa noma usuku lokubhaliswa kabusha komkhiqizo wezibulala-zinambuzane obhaliswe okokuqala esihlokweni (usuku lokubhalisa kabusha lusho usuku isinqumo sokubhalisa kabusha noma isinqumo sesikhashana. kwasayinwa), ngokuvamile kuye ngokuthi iyiphi kamuva.I-EPA ngokuvamile isekela ishejuli yayo yamanje yokuhlola kabusha ngosuku lokuqala noma ukuhlola kabusha kwakamuva, kodwa ingase futhi ibuyekeze izihloko eziningi ezifanele ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuze zisebenze kahle.I-EPA izothumela ifayela lokuhlaziya kabusha, okuhlanganisa nosuku lokuqala, kuwebhusayithi yayo futhi igcine ishejuli yokuhlola kabusha yonyaka eshicilelwe ngawo kanye neminyaka okungenani emibili eyalandela ngemva kwalokho.
2.2.3 Ukuhlola kabusha kuyaqala
2.2.3.1 ukuvula idokodo
I-EPA iqala ukuhlola kabusha ngokwakha umbhalo osesidlangalaleni wesihloko ngasinye sokuhlola kabusha isibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokucela ukuphawula.Nokho, uma i-EPA inquma ukuthi isibulala-zinambuzane sihlangabezana nemibandela yokubhaliswa kwe-FIFRA futhi asikho esinye isibuyekezo esidingekayo, ingaseqa lesi sinyathelo futhi imemezele isinqumo sayo sokugcina ngokuqondile nge-Federal Register.Ifayela ngalinye lecala lizohlala livuliwe phakathi nenqubo yokubuyekezwa kuze kube kwenziwa isinqumo sokugcina.Ifayela lihlanganisa, kodwa alikhawulelwe kulokhu, okulandelayo: isifinyezo sesimo sephrojekthi yokuhlaziya;Uhlu lokubhaliswa okukhona kanye nababhalisile, noma yisiphi isaziso se-Federal Register mayelana nokubhaliswa okulindile, imikhawulo ekhona noma esele yesikhashana;Amadokhumenti okuhlola ubungozi;I-bibliography yerejista yamanje;Isifinyezo sedatha yengozi;Kanye nanoma iyiphi enye idatha efanele noma ulwazi.Leli fayela lihlanganisa nohlelo lokusebenza lokuqala oluhlanganisa ulwazi oluyisisekelo i-EPA njengamanje enalo mayelana nesibulala-zinambuzane okufanele silawulwe nokuthi sizosetshenziswa kanjani, kanye nokuhlolwa kobungozi okucatshangelwayo, izidingo zedatha, neshejuli yokubuyekeza.
2.2.3.2 Ukuphawula komphakathi
I-EPA ishicilela isaziso ku-Federal Register ukuze umphakathi uphawule ngefayela lokuhlola kabusha kanye nohlelo lokusebenza lokuqala isikhathi esingekho ngaphansi kwezinsuku ezingama-60.Ngalesi sikhathi, ababambiqhaza bangabuza imibuzo, benze iziphakamiso noma banikeze ulwazi olufanele.Ukulethwa kwalolo lwazi kufanele kuhlangabezane nezidingo ezilandelayo.
1) Ulwazi olufanele kufanele luhanjiswe phakathi nesikhathi esishiwo sokuphawula, kodwa i-EPA izophinde icubungule, ngokubona kwayo, ukuthi iyamukela yini idatha noma ulwazi olulethwe ngemva kwalokho.
2) Ulwazi kufanele luhanjiswe ngendlela efundekayo nesebenzisekayo.Isibonelo, noma iyiphi into engekho ngesiNgisi kufanele ihambisane nokuhunyushwa kwesiNgisi, futhi noma yiluphi ulwazi oluthunyelwe ngomsindo noma ngevidiyo kufanele luhambisane nerekhodi elibhaliwe.Iziphakamiso ezibhaliwe zingalethwa ngephepha noma ngefomu le-elekthronikhi.
I-3) Umthumeli kufanele abonise ngokucacile umthombo wedatha ethunyelwe noma ulwazi.
4) Ifayela elingaphansi lingacela ukuthi i-EPA iphinde ihlole ulwazi olunqatshiwe ekubuyekezweni kwangaphambilini, kodwa kufanele ichaze izizathu zokubuyekeza kabusha.
Ngokusekelwe olwazini olutholwe ngesikhathi sokuphawula nokubuyekezwa kwangaphambilini, i-EPA isungula futhi ikhiphe uhlelo lokusebenza lokugcina oluhlanganisa izidingo zedatha yohlelo, ukuphawula okutholiwe, kanye nesifinyezo sezimpendulo ze-EPA.
Uma isithako esisebenzayo sesibulala-zinambuzane singenakho ukubhaliswa komkhiqizo, noma yonke imikhiqizo ebhalisiwe ihoxiswa, i-EPA ngeke isasihlola isibulala-zinambuzane.
2.2.3.3 Ukubamba iqhaza kwababambe iqhaza
Ukuze kwandiswe obala nokuzibandakanya kanye nokubhekana nokungaqiniseki okungase kuthinte ukuhlolwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane nezinqumo zokulawulwa kobungozi, njengokulebula okungacacile noma idatha yesilingo elahlekile, i-EPA ingase iqhube imihlangano yokugxila nababambe iqhaza ezihlokweni ezizayo noma eziqhubekayo zokuhlola kabusha.Ukuba nolwazi olwanele kusenesikhathi kungasiza i-EPA inciphise ukuhlaziya kwayo iye ezindaweni ezidinga ukunakwa ngempela.Isibonelo, ngaphambi kokuqala kokuhlola kabusha, i-EPA ingase ixhumane nomnikazi wesitifiketi sokubhalisa noma umsebenzisi wesibulala-zinambuzane mayelana nokusetshenziswa nokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo, futhi phakathi nokuhlola kabusha, i-EPA ingase ixhumane nomnikazi wesitifiketi sokubhalisa, umsebenzisi wesibulala-zinambuzane noma omunye ofanele. abasebenzi ukuze bakhe ngokuhlanganyela uhlelo lokulawulwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane.
2.2.4 Ukuhlaziya kabusha nokusebenzisa
2.2.4.1 Hlola izinguquko ezenzeke kusukela ekubuyekezweni kokugcina
I-EPA izohlola noma yiziphi izinguquko kumithethonqubo, izinqubomgomo, izindlela zenqubo yokuhlola ubungozi, noma izimfuneko zedatha ezenzeke kusukela ekubuyekezweni kokubhaliswa kokugcina, inqume ukubaluleka kwalezo zinguquko, futhi inqume ukuthi isibulala-zinambuzane esibuyekezwe kabusha sisahlangabezana yini nemibandela yokubhalisa ye-FIFRA.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, buyekeza yonke idatha emisha efanelekile noma ulwazi ukuze unqume ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwengozi entsha noma ukuhlolwa okusha kwengozi/inzuzo kuyadingeka.
2.2.4.2 Yenza ukuhlola okusha njengoba kudingeka
Uma kunqunywa ukuthi ukuhlola okusha kuyadingeka kanye nedatha yokuhlola ekhona yanele, i-EPA izokwenza ngokuqondile ukuhlola ubungozi noma ukuhlola ubungozi/inzuzo.Uma idatha ekhona noma ulwazi lungahlangabezani nezidingo zokuhlola ezintsha, i-EPA izokhipha isaziso socingo lwedatha kumnikazi wesitifiketi sokubhalisa esifanele ngokuhambisana nemithetho ye-FIFRA efanele.Umnikazi wesitifiketi sokubhalisa ngokuvamile kudingeka aphendule zingakapheli izinsuku ezingu-90 ukuze avumelane ne-EPA ngolwazi oluzothunyelwa kanye nesikhathi sokuqedela uhlelo.
2.2.4.3 Ukuhlolwa kwemithelela ezilwaneni ezisengozini yokushabalala
Lapho i-EPA ihlola kabusha isithako esisebenzayo sesibulala-zinambuzane ekuhlolweni kabusha, ibophezelekile ukuthobelana nezinhlinzeko ze-Endangered Species Act ukuze kugwenywe ukulimala ezinhlotsheni zenhlangano ezisengozini noma ezisengozini yokushabalala kanye nemithelela emibi endaweni ekhethiwe ebucayi.Uma kunesidingo, i-EPA izothintana ne-US Fish and Wildlife Service kanye ne-National Marine Fisheries Service.
2.2.4.4 Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi
Uma kwenziwa ukuhlolwa okusha kwengozi, i-EPA ngokuvamile izoshicilela isaziso Kurejista Yenhlangano ehlinzeka ngokuhlolwa kwengozi okusalungiswa ukuze kubuyekezwe futhi kuphawulwe umphakathi, nesikhathi sokuphawula okungenani esiyizinsuku ezingu-30 futhi ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-60.I-EPA izophinde ithumele umbiko obuyekeziwe wokuhlola ubungozi ku-Federal Register, incazelo yanoma yiziphi izinguquko emqulwini ohlongozwayo, kanye nempendulo ekuphawuleni komphakathi.Uma ukuhlolwa kwengozi okubuyekeziwe kubonisa ukuthi kunezingozi zokukhathazeka, isikhathi sokuphawula okungenani esiyizinsuku ezingama-30 singanikezwa ukuze kuvunyelwe umphakathi ukuba ulethe ezinye iziphakamiso zezinyathelo zokunciphisa ubungozi.Uma ukuhlolwa kokuqala kukhombisa izinga eliphansi lokusetshenziswa/ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, umthelela ophansi kubabambiqhaza noma umphakathi, ubungozi obuphansi, kanye nesinyathelo sokunciphisa ubungozi esincane noma singekho esidingekayo, i-EPA ingase ingenzi ukuphawula komphakathi okuhlukile mayelana nokuhlolwa kwengozi okusalungiswa, kodwa esikhundleni salokho yenza okusalungiswa kutholakalele ukuze kubuyekezwe umphakathi kanye nesinqumo sokuhlaziya kabusha.
2.2.5 isinqumo sokubuyekeza ukubhaliswa
Isinqumo sokuhlaziya kabusha isinqumo se-EPA sokuthi isibulala-zinambuzane siyahlangabezana yini nemibandela yokubhalisa esemthethweni, okungukuthi, sihlola izici ezifana nelebula lomkhiqizo, izithako ezisebenzayo kanye nokupakishwa ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi ingabe isibulala-zinambuzane sizokwenza umsebenzi ohlosiwe ngaphandle kokubangela imiphumela emibi engacabangeki kubantu. ezempilo noma imvelo.
2.2.5.1 isinqumo esihlongozwayo sokubuyekeza ukubhaliswa noma isinqumo sesikhashana esihlongozwayo
Uma i-EPA ithola ukuthi ukuhlola ubungozi okusha akudingekile, izokhipha isinqumo esihlongozwayo sokuhlaziya kabusha ngaphansi kwemithethonqubo (“Isinqumo Esihlongozwayo”);Lapho kudingeka ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe, okufana nokuhlolwa kwezilwane ezisengozini noma ukuhlolwa kwe-endocrine, kungase kukhishwe isinqumo sesikhashana esihlongozwayo.Isinqumo esihlongozwayo sizoshicilelwa nge-Federal Register futhi sizotholakala emphakathini isikhathi sokuphawula okungenani esiyizinsuku ezingama-60.Isinqumo esihlongozwayo ikakhulukazi sihlanganisa izici ezilandelayo:
1) Yisho iziphetho ezihlongozwayo kumbandela wokubhaliswa kwe-FIFRA, okuhlanganisa nokutholwe kokubonisana okusemthethweni kwe-Endangered Species Act, futhi ubonise isisekelo salezi ziphetho ezihlongozwayo.
2) Khomba izinyathelo ezihlongozwayo zokunciphisa ubungozi noma amanye amakhambi adingekayo futhi uwathethelele.
3) Khombisa ukuthi idatha eyengeziwe iyadingeka yini;Uma kudingeka, sho izidingo zedatha futhi wazise umnikazi wekhadi lokubhalisa ngekholi yedatha.
4) Cacisa noma yiziphi izinguquko zelebula ezihlongozwayo.
5) Setha umnqamulajuqu wokuqeda isenzo ngasinye esidingekayo.
2.2.5.2 isinqumo sokubuyekeza ukubhaliswa kwesikhashana
Ngemva kokucubungula konke ukuphawula ngesinqumo sesikhashana esihlongozwayo, i-EPA, ngokubona kwayo, ingase ikhiphe isinqumo sesikhashana ngeRejista Yenhlangano ngaphambi kokuphothulwa kokuhlola kabusha.Isinqumo sesikhashana sihlanganisa incazelo yanoma yiziphi izinguquko esinqumweni sesikhashana esihlongozwayo sangaphambilini kanye nempendulo kumazwana abalulekile, futhi isinqumo sesikhashana singase futhi: sidinge izinyathelo ezintsha zokunciphisa ubungozi noma sisebenzise izinyathelo zesikhashana zokunciphisa ubungozi;Cela ukuthunyelwa kwamalebula abuyekeziwe;Cacisa imininingwane yedatha edingekayo ukuze kuqedelwe ukuhlola nohlelo lokuhambisa (izaziso zekholi yedatha zingakhishwa ngaphambi, ngesikhathi esifanayo noma ngemva kokukhishwa kwesinqumo sesikhashana sokuhlola kabusha).Uma umnikazi wesitifiketi sokubhaliswa ehluleka ukubambisana nezenzo ezidingekayo esinqumweni sesikhashana sokuhlaziya kabusha, i-EPA ingase ithathe izinyathelo ezingokomthetho ezifanele.
2.2.5.3 isinqumo esingujuqu
I-EPA izokhipha isinqumo sokugcina lapho sekuphothulwe konke ukuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kabusha, okuhlanganisa, lapho kufanele khona, ukuhlolwa kanye nokubonisana kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezisohlwini lwe-Federal Endangered and Threatened Wildlife List, kanye nokubuyekezwa kwezinhlelo zokuhlola iziphazamisi ze-endocrine.Uma umnikazi wesitifiketi sokubhalisa ehluleka ukubambisana nezenzo ezidingekayo esinqumweni sokuhlaziya kabusha, i-EPA ingase ithathe izinyathelo ezingokomthetho ezifanele ngaphansi kwe-FIFRA.
3 Bhalisa isicelo sokuqhubeka
3.1 I-European Union
Ukuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa kwe-EU kwezithako ezisebenzayo zezibulala-zinambuzane kuwukuhlola okuphelele okuhlanganisa idatha endala nentsha, futhi abafake izicelo kufanele balethe idatha ephelele njengoba kudingeka.
3.1.1 Izithako ezisebenzayo
I-Athikili 6 yoMthethonqubo 2020/1740 wokuvuselela ukubhaliswa icacisa imininingwane okufanele ihanjiswe ukuze kuvuselelwe ukubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo, okuhlanganisa:
1) Igama nekheli lomfakisicelo onesibopho sokuqhubeka nesicelo kanye nokufeza izibopho ezishiwo yimithethonqubo.
2) Igama nekheli lomfakisicelo ohlanganyelwe kanye negama lenhlangano yabakhiqizi.
3) Indlela emele ukusetshenziswa okungenani komkhiqizo owodwa wokuvikela isitshalo oqukethe isithako esisebenzayo esitshalweni esilinywe kabanzi esifundeni ngasinye, nobufakazi bokuthi umkhiqizo uhlangabezana nemibandela yokubhalisa ebekwe ku-Article 4 yoMtheshwana Womthetho No. 1107/2009.
“Indlela yokusebenzisa” engenhla ihlanganisa indlela yokubhalisa nokuhlola ukuqhubeka nokubhaliswa.Okungenani umkhiqizo owodwa wokuvikela izitshalo onezindlela zokusebenzisa ezimele ezingenhla kufanele ungabi nezinye izithako ezisebenzayo.Uma ulwazi olulethwe ngumfakisicelo lungazifaki zonke izindawo ezithintekayo, noma alulinywa kakhulu endaweni, kufanele kunikezwe isizathu.
4) idatha edingekayo kanye nemiphumela yokuhlola ubungozi, okuhlanganisa: i) okubonisa izinguquko ezidingweni zomthetho nezokulawula kusukela ekugunyazweni kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo noma ukuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa kwakamuva;ii) ikhombise izinguquko kwisayensi nobuchwepheshe kusukela ekugunyazweni kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo noma ukuvuselelwa kokubhalisa kwakamuva;iii) ikhombise ushintsho ekusetshenzisweni kommeleli;iv) kukhombisa ukuthi ukubhaliswa kuyaqhubeka nokushintsha kunokubhaliswa kwasekuqaleni.
(5) umbhalo ogcwele wesilingo ngasinye noma umbiko wocwaningo kanye ne-abstract yawo njengengxenye yolwazi lokuqala lokubhalisa noma ulwazi olulandelayo lokuqhubeka nokubhaliswa ngokuhambisana nezidingo zolwazi lwesithako esisebenzayo.
6) umbhalo ogcwele wesilingo ngasinye noma umbiko wocwaningo kanye ne-abstract yawo njengengxenye yedatha yokubhalisa yasekuqaleni noma idatha yokubhalisa eyalandela, ngokuhambisana nezidingo zedatha yokulungiswa kwezidakamizwa.
7) Ubufakazi bedokhumentari bokuthi kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa isithako esisebenzayo esingahlangabezani namazinga amanje okubhaliswa ukuze kulawulwe izinambuzane ezimbi kakhulu zezitshalo.
8) Ekuphetheni kokuhlolwa ngakunye noma ucwaningo olubandakanya izilwane ezinomgogodla, sho izinyathelo ezithathiwe ukugwema ukuhlolwa kwezilwane ezinomgogodla.Ulwazi lwesandiso sokubhalisa ngeke luqukathe noma yimuphi umbiko wokuhlola wokusetshenziswa ngenhloso kwesithako esisebenzayo kubantu noma ukusetshenziswa komkhiqizo oqukethe isithako esisebenzayo.
9) Ikhophi yesicelo se-MRLS esithunyelwe ngokuhambisana ne-Article 7 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 yePhalamende laseYurophu kanye noMkhandlu.
10) Isiphakamiso sokuhlukaniswa noma ukuhlukaniswa kabusha kwesithako esisebenzayo ngokuhambisana noMthethonqubo 1272/2008.
11) Uhlu lwezinto ezingafakazela ukuphelela kwesicelo sokuqhubeka, futhi umake idatha entsha ethunyelwe ngalesi sikhathi.
12) Ngokuhambisana ne-Article 8 (5) yoMthethonqubo No. 1107/2009, isifinyezo nemiphumela yezincwadi zesayensi zomphakathi ezibuyekezwe ngontanga.
13) Hlaziya yonke imininingwane ethunyelwe ngokwesimo samanje sesayensi nobuchwepheshe, okuhlanganisa nokuhlolwa kabusha kweminye imininingwane yokubhalisa yokuqala noma idatha yokuqhubeka nokubhalisa okwalandela.
14) Ukucatshangelwa kanye nezincomo zanoma yiziphi izinyathelo ezidingekayo nezifanelekile zokunciphisa ubungozi.
15) Ngokuvumelana ne-Article 32b yoMthethonqubo 178/2002, i-EFSA ingase ithumele ukuhlolwa kwesayensi okudingekayo ukuze kwenziwe isikhungo esizimele socwaningo lwesayensi futhi idlulisele imiphumela yokuhlolwa ePhalamende LaseYurophu, Ikhomishini kanye Namazwe Angamalungu.Lawa magunya avulekile futhi asobala, futhi lonke ulwazi oluhlobene nesaziso sesilingo kufanele lufakwe esicelweni sokunwetshwa sokubhalisa.
Uma idatha yokubhalisa yoqobo isahlangabezana nezidingo zedatha yamanje namazinga okuhlaziya, ingaqhubeka nokusetshenziswa kulesi sandiso sokubhalisa, kodwa idinga ukuthunyelwa futhi.Umfakisicelo kufanele asebenzise imizamo yakhe yonke ukuze athole futhi anikeze ulwazi lokuqala lokubhalisa noma ulwazi olufanele njengokuqhubeka kokubhaliswa okulandelayo.Uma umfakisicelo wokuvuselela ukubhaliswa engeyena umfakisicelo wokubhaliswa kokuqala kwesithako esisebenzayo (okungukuthi, umfakisicelo akanalo ulwazi oluthunyelwe okokuqala), kuyadingeka ukuthola ilungelo lokusebenzisa ukubhaliswa okukhona. ulwazi lwesithako esisebenzayo ngomfakisicelo sokubhaliswa kokuqala noma umnyango wokuphatha wezwe lokuhlola.Uma ofake isicelo sokuvuselela ukubhalisa ehlinzeka ngobufakazi bokuthi ulwazi olufanele alutholakali, uMbuso ongamele noma i-EFSA eyenza ukubuyekezwa kwangaphambilini kanye/noma okwalandela kokuvuselela izozama ukunikeza lolo lwazi.
Uma idatha yokubhalisa yangaphambilini ingahlangabezani nezidingo zamanje, izivivinyo ezintsha nemibiko emisha kudingeka yenziwe.Umfakisicelo kufanele ahlonze futhi aklelise izivivinyo ezintsha okufanele zenziwe kanye nohlelo lwazo lwezikhathi, okuhlanganisa nohlu oluhlukile lokuhlolwa okusha kwazo zonke izilwane ezinomgogodla, kucatshangelwa impendulo ehlinzekwe yi-EFSA ngaphambi kokuvuselelwa kwesicelo.Umbiko omusha wokuhlola kufanele umakwe ngokucacile, uchaze isizathu nesidingo.Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvuleka nokuba sobala kanye nokunciphisa ukuphindwaphindwa kwezivivinyo, ukuhlolwa okusha kufanele kufakwe ku-EFSA ngaphambi kokuqala, futhi ukuhlolwa okungagcwalisiwe ngeke kwamukelwe.Umfakisicelo angathumela isicelo sokuvikelwa kwedatha futhi ahambise kokubili izinguqulo eziyimfihlo nezingezona eziyimfihlo zale datha.
3.1.2 Amalungiselelo
Ukuqhubeka nokubhaliswa kwemikhiqizo yemithi kusekelwe ezithakweni ezisebenzayo eziqediwe.Ngokuhambisana neSigaba 43 (2) soMthethonqubo No. 1107/2009, izicelo zokuqhubeka namalungiselelo zizohlanganisa:
1) Ikhophi yesitifiketi sokubhaliswa kokulungiselela.
2) noma iyiphi idatha entsha edingekayo ngesikhathi sokufaka isicelo ngenxa yezinguquko ezidingweni zolwazi, imihlahlandlela kanye nemibandela yazo (okungukuthi, izinguquko ezindaweni ezisebenzayo zokuhlola amaphuzu eziwumphumela wokuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kokubhaliswa).
3) Izizathu zokuhambisa idatha entsha: izidingo zolwazi olusha, imihlahlandlela kanye namazinga bekungasebenzeki ngesikhathi sokubhaliswa komkhiqizo;Noma ukuguqula izimo zokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo.
4) Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo uhlangabezana nezidingo zokuvuselela ukubhaliswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo kwimithethonqubo (okuhlanganisa nemikhawulo efanele).
5) Uma umkhiqizo ubusiwe, umbiko wolwazi lokuqapha uzohlinzekwa.
6) Lapho kunesidingo, ulwazi lokuhlola okuqhathanisayo luzothunyelwa ngokuhambisana neziqondiso ezifanele.
3.1.2.1 Ukumataniswa kwedatha yezithako ezisebenzayo
Lapho efaka isicelo sokuqhubeka nokubhaliswa kwemikhiqizo yemithi, umfakisicelo uyo, ngokwesiphetho sokuhlola sesithako esisebenzayo, anikeze ulwazi olusha lwesithako ngasinye esisebenzayo esidinga ukubuyekezwa ngenxa yezinguquko ezidingweni zedatha namazinga, aguqule futhi athuthukise idatha ehambisanayo yomkhiqizo wemithi, futhi senze ukuhlolwa kwengozi ngokuhambisana neziqondiso ezintsha namanani okugcina ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ubungozi busesebangeni elamukelekayo.Ukumataniswa kwedatha yesithako esisebenzayo ngokuvamile kuwumthwalo wezwe elingamele ukwenza isibuyekezo esiqhubekayo sokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo.Umfakisicelo anganikeza ulwazi olufanele lwesithako esisebenzayo ezweni eliholayo eliqokiwe ngokunikeza isimemezelo sokuthi ulwazi lwesithako esisebenzayo lusenkathini engavikeleki, ubufakazi belungelo lokusebenzisa ulwazi, isimemezelo sokuthi ukulungiswa kukhululiwe ekuthumeleni ulwazi lwesithako esisebenzayo, noma ngokuphakamisa ukuphinda ukuhlolwa.Ukugunyazwa kolwazi lwesicelo sokuqhubeka nokubhaliswa kwamalungiselelo kungancika kuphela emthini wangempela ofanayo ohlangabezana nezinga elisha, futhi lapho ikhwalithi yomuthi ofanayo ohlonziwe woqobo ishintsha (kuhlanganise nobuningi bokuqukethwe kokungcola), umfakisicelo anganikeza izimpikiswano ezinengqondo. ukuthi umuthi wokuqala osetshenzisiwe usengathathwa njengolingana.
3.1.2.2 Izinguquko emikhubeni emihle yezolimo (GAP)
Umfakisicelo kufanele ahlinzeke ngohlu lokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe komkhiqizo, okuhlanganisa isitatimende esibonisa ukuthi akubanga khona ushintsho oluphawulekayo ku-GAP endaweni kusukela ngesikhathi sokubhaliswa, kanye nohlu oluhlukile lokusetshenziswa kwesibili efomini le-GAP ngendlela enqunyiwe. .Izinguquko ezibalulekile kuphela ku-GAP ezidingekayo ukuze kuhambisane nezinguquko ekuhloleni kwengxenye esebenzayo (amanani okugcina amasha, ukwamukelwa kwemihlahlandlela emisha, izimo noma imikhawulo emithethweni yokuvuselela ukubhaliswa) ezamukelekayo, inqobo nje uma umfakisicelo ehambisa lonke ulwazi oludingekayo olusekelayo.Empeleni, azikho izinguquko zefomu lesilinganiso esibalulekile ezingenzeka kuhlelo lokusebenza oluqhubekayo
3.1.2.3 Idatha yokusebenza ngempumelelo kwezidakamizwa
Ukuze kusebenze kahle, umfakisicelo kufanele anqume futhi athethelele ukuthunyelwa kwedatha yokuhlola entsha.Uma ushintsho lwe-GAP luculwa inani elisha lokugcina, imihlahlandlela emisha, idatha yesilingo sokusebenza ngempumelelo ye-GAP entsha kufanele ihanjiswe, ngaphandle kwalokho, idatha yokumelana kuphela okufanele ihanjiswe ukuze kuqhutshekwe nesicelo.
3.2 I-United States
Izidingo zedatha ye-US EPA yokuhlolwa kabusha kwezibulala-zinambuzane zihambisana nokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, izinguquko zokubhalisa, nokubhaliswa kabusha, futhi ayikho imithetho ehlukene.Izicelo ezihlosiwe zolwazi ezisekelwe ezidingweni zokuhlola ubungozi ekuhlaziyeni kabusha, impendulo etholwe ngesikhathi sokubonisana nomphakathi, njll., izoshicilelwa ngendlela yohlelo lokugcina lomsebenzi kanye nesaziso socingo lwedatha.
4 Ezinye Izinkinga
4.1 Isicelo Esihlanganyelwe
4.1.1 I-European Union
Ngokuhambisana ne-Athikili 5, Isahluko 3 Somthethonqubo 2020/1740, uma abafakisicelo abangaphezu koyedwa befaka isicelo sokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo esifanayo, bonke abafake izicelo bazothatha zonke izinyathelo ezifanele zokuhambisa ulwazi ngokuhlanganyela.Inhlangano eqokwe ngumfakisicelo ingenza isicelo ngokuhlanganyela egameni lomfakisicelo, futhi bonke abangaba izicelo bangathintwa ngesiphakamiso sokulethwa ngokuhlanganyela kolwazi.
Abafakizicelo bangaphinde balethe ulwazi oluphelele ngokuhlukene, kodwa kufanele bachaze izizathu zolwazi.Kodwa-ke, ngokuhambisana ne-Article 62 ye-Regulation 1107/2009, ukuhlolwa okuphindaphindiwe kwezilwane ezinomgogodla akwamukeleki, ngakho-ke abafakizicelo abangaba khona kanye nabaphathi bedatha yokugunyazwa efanele kufanele benze yonke imizamo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwezilwane ezinomgogodla kanye nezifundo ezihilelekile ziyabiwa.Ukuze kuvuselelwe ukubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo okubandakanya abafake izicelo eziningi, yonke idatha kufanele ibuyekezwe ndawonye, futhi iziphetho nemibiko kufanele yakhelwe ngemva kokuhlaziywa okuphelele.
4.1.2 I-United States
I-EPA incoma ukuthi abafake izicelo babelane ngedatha yokuhlaziya kabusha, kodwa asikho isidingo esiyisibopho.Ngokwesaziso socingo lwedatha, umnikazi wesitifiketi sokubhaliswa sesithako esisebenzayo sesibulala-zinambuzane anganquma ukuthi ahlinzeke ngokuhlanganyela idatha nabanye abafake izicelo, enze izifundo ezihlukene, noma ahoxise ukubhaliswa.Uma izivivinyo ezihlukene zabenzi bezicelo abahlukene ziphumela ezindaweni ezimbili ezihlukene zokuphela, i-EPA izosebenzisa indawo yokugcina elandelanayo kakhulu.
4.2 Ubudlelwano phakathi kokuvuselelwa kokubhalisa nokubhaliswa okusha
4.2.1 I-European Union
Ngaphambi kokuqaliswa kokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo, okungukuthi, ngaphambi kokuba iZwe eliyiLungu lithole ukuvuselelwa kwesicelo sokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo, umfakisicelo angaqhubeka nokuhambisa isicelo sokubhaliswa komkhiqizo wemithi ofanele eSifundazweni Selungu (isifunda) ;Ngemuva kokuqaliswa kokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo, umfakisicelo ngeke esakwazi ukuhambisa isicelo sokubhaliswa kwamalungiselelo ahambisanayo eZweni eliyiLungu, futhi kufanele alinde ukukhishwa kwesinqumo sokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo ngaphambi kokusihambisa ngokuhambisana nezidingo ezintsha.
4.2.2 I-United States
Uma ukubhaliswa okwengeziwe (isb., ukulungiswa komthamo omusha) kungaqalisi ukuhlolwa okusha kwengozi, i-EPA ingase yamukele ukubhaliswa okwengeziwe ngesikhathi sokuhlola kabusha;Kodwa-ke, uma ukubhaliswa okusha (okufana nobubanzi obusha bokusebenzisa) kungase kuqalise ukuhlolwa okusha kwengozi, i-EPA ingase ifake umkhiqizo ekuhloleni kabusha ubungozi noma yenze ukuhlolwa okuhlukile kobungozi bomkhiqizo futhi isebenzise imiphumela ekuhloleni kabusha.Ukuvumelana nezimo kwe-EPA kungenxa yokuthi izigaba ezintathu ezikhethekile zeGatsha Lemithelela Yezempilo, Igatsha Lokuziphatha Kwezemvelo kanye Nemiphumela, kanye neGatsha Lokuhlaziya I-Biological and Economic Analysis lisekela umsebenzi woBhaliso kanye neGatsha Lokuhlola Kabusha, futhi lingabona konke. idatha yokubhalisa kanye nokuhlola kabusha kanyekanye.Isibonelo, uma ukuhlolwa kabusha kwenze isinqumo sokushintsha ilebula, kodwa ingakakhishwa, uma inkampani ithumela isicelo sokushintsha ilebula, isibhalisi sizosicubungula ngokuya ngesinqumo sokubuyekeza.Le ndlela eguquguqukayo ivumela i-EPA ukuthi ihlanganise kangcono izinsiza futhi isize izinkampani zibhalise kusenesikhathi.
4.3 Ukuvikelwa Kwedatha
4.3.1 I-European Union
Isikhathi sokuvikela sedatha yesithako esisha esisebenzayo kanye nedatha yokulungiselela esetshenziselwe ukuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa yizinyanga ezingama-30, kusukela ngosuku lapho umkhiqizo wokulungiselela ohambisanayo ubhaliswa okokuqala ukuvuselelwa eSifundazweni esiyiLungu ngasinye, usuku oluqondile luyahluka kancane ukusuka kwesinye iSifunda esiyilungu siya kwesinye.
4.3.2 I-United States
Idatha yokuhlola kabusha esanda kuhanjiswa inesikhathi sokuvikela idatha seminyaka eyi-15 kusukela ngosuku lokuthunyelwa kwayo, futhi uma umfakisicelo ebhekisela kudatha ehanjiswe enye inkampani, ngokuvamile kufanele ifakazele ukuthi isinxephezelo sinikezwe umnikazi wedatha noma imvume itholakele.Uma ibhizinisi elisebenzayo lokubhalisa izidakamizwa linquma ukuthi lithumele idatha edingekayo ukuze ihlolwe kabusha, umkhiqizo wokulungiswa okhiqizwa kusetshenziswa umuthi osebenzayo uthole imvume yokusebenzisa idatha yomuthi osebenzayo, ngakho-ke ungagcina ukubhaliswa ngokuqondile ngokuya isiphetho sokuhlolwa kabusha komuthi osebenzayo, ngaphandle kokwengeza ulwazi olwengeziwe, kodwa kusadingeka ukuthi kuthathwe izinyathelo zokulawula ubungozi njengokushintsha ilebula njengoba kudingeka.
5. Isifinyezo kanye nethemba
Sekukonke, i-EU kanye ne-US banenhloso efanayo ekwenzeni ukuhlolwa kabusha kwemikhiqizo yezibulala-zinambuzane ebhalisiwe: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi njengoba amakhono okuhlola ubungozi ethuthuka futhi nezinqubomgomo zishintsha, zonke izibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe zingaqhubeka zisetshenziswa ngokuphepha futhi azibeki engcupheni engenangqondo empilweni yabantu. kanye nemvelo.Nokho, kukhona umehluko ezinqubweni ezithile.Okokuqala, kubonakala ekuxhumaneni phakathi kokuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe kanye nokwenza izinqumo zokuphatha.Isandiso sokubhaliswa kwe-EU sihlanganisa kokubili ukuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe nezinqumo zokugcina zokuphatha;Ukuhlola kabusha e-United States kwenza kuphela iziphetho zokuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe njengokushintsha amalebula nokuhambisa idatha entsha, futhi umnikazi wesitifiketi sokubhalisa udinga ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuthatha isinyathelo ngokuhambisana nesiphetho futhi enze izicelo ezihambisanayo ukuze asebenzise izinqumo zokuphatha.Okwesibili, izindlela zokusebenzisa zihlukile.Ukunwetshwa kokubhaliswa ku-EU kuhlukaniswe ngezinyathelo ezimbili.Isinyathelo sokuqala ukunwetshwa kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo ezingeni le-EU.Ngemuva kokunwetshwa kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo kudlulisiwe, ukwandiswa kokubhaliswa kwemikhiqizo yemithi kwenziwa emazweni angamalungu ahambisanayo.Ukuhlolwa kabusha kwezithako ezisebenzayo nemikhiqizo yokwakha e-United States kwenziwa kanyekanye.
Ukugunyazwa kokubhalisa kanye nokuhlolwa kabusha ngemva kokubhaliswa yizici ezimbili ezibalulekile zokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane.NgoMeyi 1997, i-China yamemezela "Imithetho Yokulawulwa Kwezinambuzane", futhi ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 yentuthuko, uhlelo oluphelele lokubhalisa izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nohlelo olujwayelekile lokuhlola.Njengamanje, i-China ibhalise izinhlobo zezibulala-zinambuzane ezingaphezu kuka-700 kanye nemikhiqizo yokulungiselela engaphezu kuka-40,000, engaphezu kwengxenye yayo ebhalisiwe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20.Isikhathi eside, esiningi kanye nenani elikhulu lokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane nakanjani kuzoholela ekwenyukeni kokuphikiswa kwezinto okuhlosiwe, ukwanda kokunqwabelana kwendawo ezungezile, kanye nokwanda kwezingozi zokuphepha kwabantu nezilwane.Ukuhlola kabusha ngemva kokubhaliswa kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokunciphisa ingcuphe yesikhathi eside yokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokuqaphela umjikelezo wokuphila wonke wokulawulwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, futhi kuyisithasiselo esizuzisayo ohlelweni lokubhalisa nokugunyazwa.Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi waseChina wokuhlaziya kabusha izibulala-zinambuzane waqala sekwephuzile, futhi “Izinyathelo Zokulawulwa Kokubhaliswa Kwezibulala-zinambuzane” ezamenyezelwa ngo-2017 zaveza ngokokuqala ngqa ezingeni lokulawula ukuthi izinhlobo zezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhaliswe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15 kufanele zihlelwe ukuze zithwale. khipha ukuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile ngokwesimo sokukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa kanye nezinguquko zenqubomgomo yezimboni.I-NY/ T2948-2016 “Ukucaciswa Kobuchwepheshe Kokuhlolwa Kabusha Kwezibulala-zinambuzane” eyakhishwa ngo-2016 inikeza imigomo eyisisekelo nezinqubo zokuhlola zokuhlolwa kabusha kwezinhlobo zezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe, futhi ichaza imigomo efanelekile, kodwa ukuphoqelelwa kwayo kukhawulelwe njengezinga elinconyiwe.Mayelana nomsebenzi ongokoqobo wokulawulwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane e-China, ucwaningo nokuhlaziya uhlelo lokuhlola kabusha lwe-EU kanye ne-United States lungasinika le micabango elandelayo kanye nokukhanyiselwa.
Okokuqala, nikeza umdlalo ogcwele emthwalweni omkhulu womnikazi wesitifiketi sokubhaliswa ekuhlolweni kabusha kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe.Inqubo evamile yokuhlolwa kabusha kwezibulala-zinambuzane e-EU nase-United States iwukuthi umnyango olawula ukubhaliswa wenza icebo lomsebenzi, ubeke phambili izinhlobo zokuhlola kabusha nokukhathazeka mayelana nezindawo eziyingozi, futhi umnikazi wesitifiketi sokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane uhambisa ulwazi njengoba ludingeka ngaphakathi isikhathi esibekiwe.I-China ingathola izifundo esimweni sangempela, iguqule ukucabanga komnyango olawula ukubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ukuze yenze izivivinyo zokuqinisekisa futhi iqedele wonke umsebenzi wokuhlola kabusha izibulala-zinambuzane, iphinde icacise umthwalo oyinhloko womnikazi wesitifiketi sokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ekwenzeni ukuhlola kabusha nokuqinisekisa. ukuphepha komkhiqizo, kanye nokwenza ngcono izindlela zokuqaliswa kokuhlolwa kabusha kwezibulala-zinambuzane e-China.
Okwesibili ukusungulwa kohlelo lokuvikela idatha lokuhlola kabusha izibulala-zinambuzane.Imithetho Yokulawulwa Kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nemithetho yayo esekelayo iluchaza ngokucacile uhlelo lokuvikela lwezinhlobo ezintsha zezibulala-zinambuzane e-China kanye nezimfuneko zokugunyazwa zedatha yokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, kodwa ukuvikelwa kwedatha yokuhlola kabusha nezimfuneko zokugunyazwa kwedatha azicacile.Ngakho-ke, abanikazi bezitifiketi zokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kufanele bakhuthazwe ukuthi babambe iqhaza ngenkuthalo emsebenzini wokuhlaziya kabusha, futhi uhlelo lokuhlola kabusha ukuvikela idatha kufanele luchazwe ngokucacile, ukuze abanikazi bedatha bangempela bakwazi ukunikeza idatha kwabanye abafake izicelo ukuze banxeshezelwe, banciphise ukuhlolwa okuphindaphindiwe, futhi ukunciphisa umthwalo emabhizinisini.
Okwesithathu ukwakha uhlelo lokuhlola emva kokubhaliswa lokuqapha ubungozi bezibulala-zinambuzane, ukuhlola kabusha kanye nokuqhubeka nokubhaliswa.Ngo-2022, uMnyango Wezolimo Nezindaba Zasemakhaya usanda kukhipha “Imithetho Yokulawulwa Nokuhlolwa Kwengozi Yezibulala-zinambuzane (Okusalungiswa Kokuphawulwa)”, okubonisa ukuzimisela kwe-China ukutshala ngendlela ehlelekile kanye nokwenza njalo ukuphathwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngemva kokubhaliswa.Ngokuzayo, kufanele futhi sicabange kahle, senze ucwaningo olunzulu, futhi sifunde ezintweni eziningi, futhi kancane kancane sisungule futhi sithuthukise uhlelo lokulawula ukuphepha kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngemva kokubhaliswa oluhambisana nezimo zezwe laseShayina ngokuqapha, ukuhlola kabusha kanye ukubhaliswa kobungozi bokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, ukuze kwehliswe ngempela zonke izinhlobo zezingozi zokuphepha ezingase zidalwe ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, futhi kuvikelwe ngempumelelo ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo, impilo yomphakathi kanye nokuphepha kwemvelo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-27-2024