Izibulala-zinambuzane zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuvimbeleni nasekulawuleni izifo zezolimo nezamahlathi, ekuthuthukiseni isivuno sokusanhlamvu kanye nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokusanhlamvu, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuzoletha imiphumela emibi nakanjani ekhwalithini nasekuphepheni kwemikhiqizo yezolimo, empilweni yabantu kanye nokuphepha kwemvelo. I-International Code of Conduct for Pesticide Management, ekhishwe ngokubambisana yi-Food and Agriculture Organization ye-United Nations kanye ne-World Health Organization, idinga ukuthi iziphathimandla zikazwelonke zokuphathwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zisungule inqubo yokubhalisa kabusha ukuze kubuyekezwe njalo futhi kuhlolwe imikhiqizo yezibulala-zinambuzane ebhalisiwe. Qinisekisa ukuthi izingozi ezintsha ziyahlonzwa ngesikhathi esifanele futhi kuthathwa izinyathelo zomthetho ezisebenzayo.
Njengamanje, i-European Union, i-United States, i-Canada, i-Mexico, i-Australia, i-Japan, i-South Korea kanye ne-Thailand sezisungule izinhlelo zokuqapha izingozi kanye nokuhlola kabusha ngemva kokubhaliswa ngokwemibandela yazo.
Kusukela ekuqalisweni kohlelo lokubhalisa izibulala-zinambuzane ngo-1982, izidingo zedatha yokubhalisa izibulala-zinambuzane ziye zaguqulwa kathathu, futhi izidingo zobuchwepheshe kanye nezindinganiso zokuhlola ukuphepha zithuthukisiwe kakhulu, futhi imikhiqizo yezibulala-zinambuzane ezindala ezazibhaliswe ngaphambilini azisakwazi ukuhlangabezana ngokugcwele nezidingo zamanje zokuhlola ukuphepha. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngokuhlanganiswa kwezinsizakusebenza, ukwesekwa kwephrojekthi kanye nezinye izinyathelo, uMnyango Wezolimo Nezindaba Zasemakhaya uqhubeke nokwandisa ukuphathwa kokuphepha kokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, futhi ulandelele futhi uhlole izinhlobo eziningi zezibulala-zinambuzane ezinobuthi obukhulu neziyingozi kakhulu. Isibonelo, ngengozi elandelayo yemithi ye-metsulfuron-methyl, ingozi yemvelo ye-flubendiamide kanye nengozi yempilo yabantu ye-paraquat, qala ucwaningo olukhethekile, futhi wethule izinyathelo zokuphatha ezingavunyelwe ngesikhathi esifanele; Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaqedwa ngokuphelele i-phorate, i-isofenphos-methyl, i-isocarbophos, i-ethoprophos, i-omethoate, i-carbofuran ngo-2022 nango-2023. Izibulala-zinambuzane eziyisishiyagalombili ezinobuthi obukhulu, njenge-methomyl ne-aldicarb, zanciphisa isilinganiso sezibulala-zinambuzane ezinobuthi obukhulu saba ngaphansi kuka-1% wenani eliphelele lezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe, okunciphisa ngempumelelo izingozi zokuphepha zokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane.
Nakuba iShayina iye yakhuthaza futhi yahlola kancane kancane ukuqapha ukusetshenziswa kanye nokuhlolwa kokuphepha kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe, ayikakasunguli imithetho nemigomo yokuhlola kabusha ehlelekile neqondisiwe, futhi umsebenzi wokuhlola kabusha awanelanga, inqubo ayikalungiswa, futhi umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko awucacile, futhi kusenegebe elikhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namazwe athuthukile. Ngakho-ke, ukufunda kumodeli ovuthiwe kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwe-European Union kanye ne-United States, ukucacisa izinqubo zokusebenzisa kanye nezidingo zokuhlola kabusha ukubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane eShayina, nokwakha imodeli entsha yokuphathwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ehlanganisa ukubuyekezwa kokubhaliswa, ukuhlolwa kabusha kanye nokuqhubeka kokubhaliswa kuyinto ebalulekile yokuphatha ukuqinisekisa ngokuphelele ukuphepha kokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nentuthuko yezimboni eqhubekayo.
1 Hlola kabusha isigaba sephrojekthi
1.1 I-European Union
1.1.1 Uhlelo lokubuyekeza lwezinhlobo ezindala
Ngo-1993, iKhomishini yaseYurophu (ebizwa ngokuthi “iKhomishini yaseYurophu”) ngokuhambisana nezinhlinzeko zeSiqondiso 91/414, cishe izithako ezisebenzayo zezibulala-zinambuzane eziyi-1,000 ezibhaliswe ukusetshenziswa emakethe ngaphambi kukaJulayi 1993 zahlolwa kabusha ngamaqoqo amane. NgoMashi 2009, ukuhlolwa kwaqedwa ngokuyisisekelo, futhi izithako ezisebenzayo ezingaba ngu-250, noma u-26%, zabhaliswa kabusha ngoba zazihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha; u-67% wezithako ezisebenzayo wahoxa emakethe ngenxa yolwazi olungaphelele, kungekho sicelo sebhizinisi noma ukuhoxiswa kwesinyathelo sebhizinisi. Ezinye izithako ezisebenzayo ezingama-70 noma u-7% zasuswa ngoba azizange zihlangabezane nezidingo zokuhlolwa okusha kokuphepha.
1.1.2 ukubuyekezwa kokuvunyelwa
Isigaba 21 soMthetho omusha we-EU Pesticide Management Act 1107/2009 uhlinzeka ngokuthi iKhomishini yaseYurophu ingaqala nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ukuhlolwa kabusha kwezithako ezisebenzayo ezibhalisiwe, okungukuthi, ukuhlolwa kabusha okukhethekile. Izicelo zokuhlolwa kabusha yiMazwe Angamalungu ngokubheka okutholakele okusha kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kanye nedatha yokuqapha kufanele zicatshangelwe yiKhomishini ukuze kuqalwe ukuhlolwa kabusha okukhethekile. Uma iKhomishini ibheka ukuthi isithako esisebenzayo kungenzeka singasahlangabezani nezimfuneko zokubhalisa, izokwazisa iMazwe Angamalungu, i-European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) kanye nenkampani ekhiqizayo ngalesi simo futhi ibeke isikhathi esinqunyiwe sokuba inkampani ithumele isitatimende. IKhomishini ingafuna iseluleko noma usizo lwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kuMazwe Angamalungu kanye ne-EFSA zingakapheli izinyanga ezintathu kusukela ngosuku lokuthola isicelo seseluleko noma usizo lwezobuchwepheshe, futhi i-EFSA izothumela umbono wayo noma imiphumela yomsebenzi wayo zingakapheli izinyanga ezintathu kusukela ngosuku lokuthola isicelo. Uma kuphethwa ngokuthi isithako esisebenzayo asisahlangabezani nezimfuneko zokubhalisa noma ukuthi ulwazi olwengeziwe oluceliwe alukanikezwa, iKhomishini izokhipha isinqumo sokuhoxisa noma sokulungisa ukubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo ngokuhambisana nenqubo yokulawula.
1.1.3 Ukuvuselelwa Kokubhaliswa
Ukuqhubeka kokubhaliswa kwemikhiqizo yezibulala-zinambuzane e-EU kufana nokuhlolwa okwenziwa njalo eShayina. Ngo-1991, i-EU yamemezela umyalelo we-91/414/EEC, ochaza ukuthi isikhathi sokubhaliswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo zezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe asikwazi ukudlula iminyaka eyi-10, futhi kumele siphinde sifake isicelo sokubhaliswa uma siphelelwa yisikhathi, futhi singavuselelwa ngemva kokuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokubhalisa. Ngo-2009, i-European Union yamemezela uMthetho omusha womthetho wezibulala-zinambuzane u-1107/2009, othatha indawo ka-91/414/EEC. UMthetho 1107/2009 uchaza ukuthi izithako ezisebenzayo kanye nokulungiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kumele kufake isicelo sokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa ngemva kokuphelelwa yisikhathi, futhi umkhawulo wesikhathi esithile sokwandiswa kokubhaliswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo kuncike ohlotsheni lwaso kanye nemiphumela yokuhlola: isikhathi sokwandiswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo zezibulala-zinambuzane ngokuvamile asidluli iminyaka eyi-15; Isikhathi somuntu ozongenela ukufaka esikhundleni asidluli iminyaka eyi-7; Izithako ezisebenzayo ezidingekayo ekulawuleni izinambuzane nezifo ezinkulu zezitshalo ezingahlangabezani nemigomo yokubhalisa yamanje, njengezinto ezibangela umdlavuza ze-Class 1A noma 1B, izinto ezinobuthi zokuzala ze-Class 1A noma 1B, izithako ezisebenzayo ezinezakhiwo eziphazamisa i-endocrine ezingase zibangele imiphumela emibi kubantu nasezintweni eziphilayo ezingahlosiwe, ngeke zandiswe isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka emi-5.
1.2 I-United States
1.2.1 ukubhaliswa kabusha kwezinhlobo ezindala
Ngo-1988, uMthetho Wokubulala Izinambuzane, Isikhunta, kanye Nezinduna (i-FIFRA) washintshwa ukuze kudingeke ukuthi kuhlolwe kabusha izithako ezisebenzayo ezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhaliswe ngaphambi kukaNovemba 1, 1984. Ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nokuqwashisa kwesayensi kwamanje kanye nezindinganiso zomthetho. NgoSepthemba 2008, i-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) yaqeda ukuhlolwa kabusha kwezithako ezisebenzayo ezingu-1,150 (ezihlukaniswe ngezihloko ezingu-613) ngoHlelo Lokubhalisa Kabusha Lwezinhlobo Ezindala, okwavunyelwa izihloko ezingu-384, noma amaphesenti angu-63. Kwakukhona izihloko ezingu-229 mayelana nokususwa kokubhaliswa, ezibalelwa kumaphesenti angu-37.
1.2.2 isibuyekezo esikhethekile
Ngaphansi kwe-FIFRA kanye neKhodi Yemithetho Kahulumeni (i-CFR), ukuhlolwa kabusha okukhethekile kungaqalwa lapho ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwesibulala-zinambuzane kuhlangabezana nenye yalezi zimo ezilandelayo:
1) Kungabangela ukulimala okukhulu kubantu noma emfuyweni.
2) Kungaba yimbangela yomdlavuza, i-teratogenic, i-genotoxic, i-fetus toxic, i-protubency toxic noma i-chronic literally toxic kubantu.
3) Izinga lezinsalela ezintweni eziphilayo ezingezona eziqondiwe endaweni ezungezile lingalingana noma lidlule ukugcwala kwemiphumela enobuthi ebukhali noma engapheli, noma lingaba nemiphumela emibi ekuzalweni kwezinto eziphilayo ezingezona eziqondiwe.
4) kungaba yingozi ekuqhubekeni kokusinda kwezinhlobo ezisengozini noma ezisengozini njengoba kuchazwe yi-Endangered Species Act.
5) Kungabangela ukubhujiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala ezibalulekile zezinhlobo ezisengozini noma ezisengozini noma ezinye izinguquko ezimbi.
6) Kungaba nezingozi kubantu noma emvelweni, futhi kuyadingeka ukunquma ukuthi izinzuzo zokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zingayiqeda yini imiphumela emibi kwezenhlalo, kwezomnotho kanye nakwezemvelo.
Ukuhlolwa kabusha okukhethekile kuvame ukuhilela ukuhlolwa okujulile kwengozi eyodwa noma eziningana ezingaba khona, ngenhloso yokugcina yokunciphisa ingozi yesibulala-zinambuzane ngokubukeza idatha ekhona, ukuthola ulwazi olusha kanye/noma ukwenza izivivinyo ezintsha, ukuhlola izingozi ezitholiwe nokunquma izinyathelo ezifanele zokunciphisa ubungozi. Ngemva kokuba ukuhlolwa kabusha okukhethekile sekuqediwe, i-EPA ingaqala izinqubo ezisemthethweni zokuhoxisa, ukwenqaba, ukuhlukanisa kabusha, noma ukuguqula ukubhaliswa komkhiqizo othintekayo. Kusukela ngawo-1970, i-EPA yenze ukuhlolwa kabusha okukhethekile kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezingaphezu kwe-100 futhi yaqeda iningi lalezo zibuyekezo. Njengamanje, ukuhlolwa kabusha okukhethekile okuningana kusalindile: i-aldicarb, i-atrazine, i-propazine, i-simazine, kanye ne-ethyleneoxide.
1.2.3 Ukubuyekezwa kokubhalisa
Njengoba uhlelo lokubhalisa kabusha izinhlobo ezindala seluqediwe futhi ukuhlolwa kabusha okukhethekile kuthathe iminyaka eminingi, i-EPA inqume ukuqala ukuhlolwa kabusha njengohlelo olulandela ukubhaliswa kabusha kwezinhlobo ezindala kanye nokuhlolwa kabusha okukhethekile. ukuhlolwa kabusha kwamanje kwe-EPA kufana nokuhlolwa okwenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile eShayina, futhi isisekelo sayo esisemthethweni yi-Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA), eyaphakamisa ukuhlolwa okwenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile kwezibulala-zinambuzane okokuqala ngo-1996, futhi yashintsha i-FIFRA. I-EPA iyadingeka ukuthi ibuyekeze njalo isibulala-zinambuzane ngasinye esibhalisiwe okungenani kanye njalo eminyakeni eyi-15 ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isibulala-zinambuzane ngasinye esibhalisiwe sihlala sihambisana nezindinganiso zamanje njengoba amazinga okuhlola ubungozi eshintsha futhi izinqubomgomo zishintsha.
Ngo-2007, i-FIFRA yakhipha isichibiyelo sokuqala ngokusemthethweni ukuhlolwa kabusha, okudinga i-EPA ukuthi iqedele ukubuyekezwa kwayo kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezingu-726 ezibhalisiwe ngaphambi komhla lu-1 kuMfumfu 2007, ngaphambi komhla lu-31 kuMfumfu 2022. Njengengxenye yesinqumo sokubuyekezwa, i-EPA kumele futhi igcwalise isibopho sayo ngaphansi koMthetho Wezinhlobo Ezisengozini Yokuthathela izinyathelo zokunciphisa ubungozi kusenesikhathi kwezinhlobo ezisengozini. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobhubhane lwe-COVID-19, ukubambezeleka kokuthumela idatha evela kubafakizicelo kanye nobunzima bokuhlola, umsebenzi awuzange uqedwe ngesikhathi. Ngo-2023, i-EPA yakhipha uhlelo olusha lokuhlola kabusha lweminyaka emi-3, oluzobuyekeza isikhathi sokugcina sokuhlola kabusha izibulala-zinambuzane ezingu-726 ezibhaliswe ngaphambi komhla lu-1 kuMfumfu 2007, kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ezingu-63 ezibhaliswe ngemva kwalolo suku kuze kube ngumhla lu-1 kuMfumfu 2026. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isibulala-zinambuzane sihlolwe kabusha, i-EPA izothatha isinyathelo sokulawula esifanele lapho inquma ukuthi ukuvezwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kubeka ingozi ephuthumayo kubantu noma emvelweni edinga ukunakwa ngokushesha.
Izinqubo Ezihlobene Ezi-2
Njengokuhlolwa kwezinhlobo ezindala ze-EU, ukubhaliswa kabusha kwezinhlobo ezindala zase-United States kanye namaphrojekthi okuhlolwa kabusha okukhethekile aseqediwe, njengamanje, i-EU ikakhulukazi ngokwandiswa kokubhaliswa, i-United States ikakhulukazi ngomklamo wokuhlolwa kabusha ukuze kwenziwe ukuhlolwa kokuphepha kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe, okulingana nokuhlolwa okwenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile eShayina.
2.1 I-European Union
Ukuqhubeka kokubhaliswa e-EU kuhlukaniswe ngezinyathelo ezimbili, esokuqala ukuqhubeka kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo. Isithako esisebenzayo singavuselelwa uma kutholakala ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okukodwa noma ngaphezulu kwesithako esisebenzayo kanye nomkhiqizo wokulungiselela okungenani owodwa oqukethe isithako esisebenzayo kuhlangabezana nezidingo zokubhalisa. IKhomishini ingahlanganisa izithako ezisebenzayo ezifanayo futhi imise izinto eziza kuqala kanye nezinhlelo zomsebenzi ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yazo empilweni yabantu nezilwane kanye nokuphepha kwemvelo, icabangela, ngangokunokwenzeka, isidingo sokulawula okuphumelelayo kanye nokuphathwa kokumelana kwesithako. Uhlelo kufanele lufake okulandelayo: izinqubo zokulethwa nokuhlolwa kwezicelo zokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa; Ulwazi okumele luthunyelwe, kufaka phakathi izinyathelo zokunciphisa ukuhlolwa kwezilwane, njengokusetshenziswa kwamasu okuhlola ahlakaniphile njengokuhlolwa kwe-in vitro; Isikhathi sokugcina sokuthunyelwa kwedatha; Imithetho emisha yokuthunyelwa kwedatha; Izikhathi zokuhlola kanye nokwenza izinqumo; Kanye nokwabiwa kokuhlolwa kwezithako ezisebenzayo emazweni angamalungu.
2.1.1 Izithako ezisebenzayo
Izithako ezisebenzayo zingena emjikelezweni olandelayo wokuvuselela eminyakeni emi-3 ngaphambi kokuphela kwesikhathi sokusebenza kwesitifiketi sabo sokubhalisa, futhi abafakizicelo abanentshisekelo yokuvuselela ukubhalisa (kungaba umfakisicelo ngesikhathi sokuvunywa kokuqala noma abanye abafakizicelo) kufanele bafake isicelo sabo eminyakeni emi-3 ngaphambi kokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwesitifiketi sokubhalisa. Ukuhlolwa kwedatha ngokuqhubeka kokubhaliswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo kwenziwa ngokubambisana yizwe elilungu le-rapporteur (RMS) kanye nezwe elilungu le-co-rapporteur (Co-RMS), ngokubamba iqhaza kwe-EFSA kanye namanye amazwe angamalungu. Ngokuhambisana nemigomo ebekwe yimithethonqubo efanele, iziqondiso kanye neziqondiso, iZwe ngalinye eliyiLungu liqoka iZwe eliyiLungu elinezinsizakusebenza namakhono adingekayo (abasebenzi, ukugcwala kwemisebenzi, njll.) njengoMbuso ophethe. Ngenxa yezici ezahlukahlukene, uMbuso ophethe kanye noMbuso ophethe kanye noMbuso ophethe kanye nowokuhlola kabusha kungase kuhluke kuMbuso lapho ukuqokwa kwaqala ukubhaliswa khona. Ngomhlaka-27 Mashi 2021, uMthethonqubo 2020/1740 weKhomishini yaseYurophu waqala ukusebenza, ubeka izindaba ezithile zokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo zezibulala-zinambuzane, ezisebenza ezithakweni ezisebenzayo isikhathi sazo sokubhaliswa singomhlaka-27 Mashi 2024 noma ngemva kwawo. Ezithakweni ezisebenzayo eziphelelwa yisikhathi ngaphambi komhlaka-27 Mashi 2024, uMthethonqubo 844/2012 uzoqhubeka nokusebenza. Inqubo ethile yokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa e-EU imi kanje.
2.1.1.1 Isaziso sangaphambi kokufaka isicelo kanye neziphakamiso zempendulo
Ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo sokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa, ibhizinisi kufanele liqale lithumele ku-EFSA isaziso sezilingo ezifanele elihlose ukuzenza ukusekela ukuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa, ukuze i-EFSA ikwazi ukuyinikeza iseluleko esiphelele futhi yenze ukubonisana nomphakathi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izivivinyo ezifanele zenziwa ngesikhathi nangendlela efanele. Amabhizinisi angacela iseluleko ku-EFSA nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngaphambi kokuvuselela isicelo sawo. I-EFSA izokwazisa uHulumeni ophethe kanye/noma uHulumeni ophethe ngokubambisana ngesaziso esithunyelwe yibhizinisi futhi yenze isincomo esijwayelekile ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwalo lonke ulwazi oluphathelene nesithako esisebenzayo, kufaka phakathi ulwazi lokubhalisa lwangaphambilini noma ukuqhubeka kolwazi lokubhalisa. Uma abafakizicelo abaningana befuna iseluleko ngesikhathi esisodwa ngokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa kwengxenye efanayo, i-EFSA izobeluleka ukuthi bafake isicelo sokuvuselela esihlangene.
2.1.1.2 Ukulethwa kanye nokwamukelwa kwesicelo
Umfakisicelo kufanele athumele isicelo sokuvuselela nge-elekthronikhi zingakapheli iminyaka emi-3 ngaphambi kokuphela kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo ngohlelo lokuthumela oluphakathi oluqokwe yi-European Union, lapho uMbuso ophethe, uMbuso ophethe, amanye amazwe angamalungu, i-EFSA kanye neKhomishini bangaziswa khona. UMbuso ophethe uzokwazisa umfakisicelo, uMbuso ophethe, iKhomishini kanye ne-EFSA, zingakapheli inyanga eyodwa kusukela ekufakweni kwesicelo, ngosuku lokwamukelwa kanye nokwamukelwa kwesicelo sokuvuselelwa. Uma into eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ingekho ezintweni ezithunyelwe, ikakhulukazi uma idatha ephelele yokuhlola ingathunyelwanga njengoba kudingeka, izwe eliphethe lizokwazisa umfakisicelo ngokuqukethwe okungekho zingakapheli inyanga kusukela osukwini lokwamukelwa kwesicelo, futhi lidinge ukushintshwa zingakapheli izinsuku eziyi-14, uma izinto ezilahlekile zingathunyelwanga noma kungekho zizathu ezizwakalayo ezinikeziwe ekupheleni kwesikhathi, isicelo sokuvuselela ngeke samukelwe. UMbuso ophethe uzokwazisa ngokushesha umfakisicelo, uMbuso ophethe, iKhomishini, amanye amazwe angamalungu kanye ne-EFSA ngesinqumo kanye nezizathu zokungamukelwa kwaso. Ngaphambi kosuku lokugcina lokuqhubeka kwesicelo, iZwe elibusa ngokubambisana lizovumelana ngayo yonke imisebenzi yokubuyekeza kanye nokwabiwa komsebenzi.
2.1.1.3 Ukubuyekezwa kwedatha
Uma isicelo sokuqhubeka samukelwa, uMbuso ophethe uzobuyekeza ulwazi oluyinhloko futhi afune imibono yomphakathi. I-EFSA, zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-60 kusukela ngosuku lokushicilelwa kwesicelo sokuqhubeka, izovumela umphakathi ukuthi uthumele imibono ebhaliwe ngolwazi lwesicelo sokuqhubeka kanye nokuba khona kweminye imininingwane noma izivivinyo ezifanele. UMbuso ophethe kanye noMbuso ophethe ngokubambisana bazoqhuba ukuhlolwa okuzimele, okunenhloso nokusobala kokuthi isithako esisebenzayo sisahlangabezana yini nezidingo zenqubo yokubhalisa, ngokusekelwe kokutholakele kwesayensi kwamanje kanye nemibhalo yesiqondiso esebenzayo, ukuhlola lonke ulwazi olutholiwe ngesicelo sokuvuselela, idatha yokubhalisa ethunyelwe ngaphambilini kanye neziphetho zokuhlola (kufaka phakathi ukuhlolwa kohlaka lwangaphambilini) kanye nemibono ebhaliwe etholiwe ngesikhathi sokuxoxisana nomphakathi. Ulwazi oluthunyelwe ngabafakizicelo ngaphandle kobubanzi besicelo, noma ngemuva kwesikhathi esibekiwe sokuhambisa, ngeke lucatshangelwe. UMbuso ophethe uzothumela umbiko wokuhlola wokuvuselela (i-dRAR) kwiKhomishini kanye ne-EFSA zingakapheli izinyanga eziyi-13 kusukela kuthunyelwe isicelo sokuvuselela. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, uMbuso ophethe ungacela ulwazi olwengeziwe kumfakisicelo futhi ubeke umkhawulo wesikhathi solwazi olwengeziwe, ungaxhumana ne-EFSA noma ucele ulwazi olwengeziwe lwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kwamanye amazwe angamalungu, kodwa ngeke ubangele ukuthi isikhathi sokuhlola sidlule izinyanga ezingu-13 ezibekiwe. Umbiko wokuhlolwa kokwandiswa kokubhaliswa okusalungiswa kufanele uqukathe izinto ezilandelayo:
1) Iziphakamiso zokuqhubeka nokubhalisa, okuhlanganisa noma yimiphi imibandela nemikhawulo edingekayo.
2) Izincomo zokuthi isithako esisebenzayo kufanele sibhekwe njengesithako esisebenzayo “esinobungozi obuphansi”.
3) Izincomo zokuthi isithako esisebenzayo kufanele sibhekwe njengesifanele ukushintshwa.
4) Izincomo zokusetha umkhawulo wensalela ephezulu (i-MRL), noma izizathu zokungabandakanyi i-MRL.
5) Izincomo zokuhlukanisa, ukuqinisekiswa noma ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezithako ezisebenzayo.
6) Ukunqunywa kokuthi yiziphi izivivinyo kudatha yokuqhubeka kokubhaliswa ezihambisana nokuhlolwa.
7) Izincomo mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izingxenye zombiko okufanele zibhekwe ngochwepheshe.
8) Lapho kufanele khona, uMbuso ophethe ngokubambisana awuvumelani namaphuzu okuhlolwa koMbuso oPhethe, noma amaphuzu lapho kungekho sivumelwano khona phakathi kwaMazwe Angamalungu akha iPhaneli ehlangene yaMazwe oPhethe.
9) Umphumela wokubonisana nomphakathi nokuthi uzocatshangelwa kanjani.
Umbuso ophethe kufanele uxhumane ngokushesha neziphathimandla zokulawula amakhemikhali, futhi, okungenani, uthumele isiphakamiso ku-European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) ngesikhathi sokulethwa kombiko wokuhlolwa okuqhubekayo ukuze uthole okungenani ukuhlukaniswa ngaphansi kwe-EU Classification, Labeling and Packaging Regulation for Substances and Mixtures. Isithako esisebenzayo siwukuqhuma, ubuthi obukhulu, ukugqwala/ukucasuka kwesikhumba, ukulimala/ukucasuka okukhulu kwamehlo, ukungezwani nokuphefumula noma isikhumba, ukuguquguquka kwamangqamuzana egciwane, umdlavuza, ubuthi bokuzala, ubuthi obuthile obuqondiwe obuvela ekuvezweni okukodwa nokuphindaphindiwe, kanye nokuhlukaniswa okufanayo kwezingozi endaweni yasemanzini. Umbuso ohlolayo uzosho ngokwanele izizathu zokuthi kungani isithako esisebenzayo singahlangabezani nemigomo yokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba esisodwa noma ngaphezulu sezingozi, futhi i-ECHA ingaphawula ngemibono yoMbuso ohlolayo.
2.1.1.4 Amazwana embikweni wokuhlola okuqhubekayo owuhlaka
I-EFSA izobuyekeza ukuthi umbiko wokuhlolwa kokuqhubeka kohlaka uqukethe lonke ulwazi olufanele bese iwuhambisa kumfakisicelo nakwamanye amazwe angamalungu kungakapheli izinyanga ezi-3 ngemuva kokuthola umbiko. Lapho ethola umbiko wokuhlolwa kokuqhubeka kohlaka, umfakisicelo angacela, zingakapheli amasonto amabili, ukuthi i-EFSA igcine ulwazi oluthile luyimfihlo, futhi i-EFSA izokwenza umbiko wokuhlolwa kokuqhubeka kohlaka ube sobala, ngaphandle kolwazi oluyimfihlo olwamukelwe ngokufanele, kanye nolwazi olusha lwesicelo sokuqhubeka. I-EFSA izovumela umphakathi ukuthi uthumele imibono ebhaliwe zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-60 kusukela ngosuku lokushicilelwa kombiko wokuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kohlaka futhi uyithumele, kanye nemibono yawo, kuHulumeni ophethe, kuHulumeni ophethe ngokubambisana noma eqenjini lamazwe angamalungu aphethe ngokubambisana.
2.1.1.5 Ukubuyekezwa kontanga kanye nokukhishwa kwesisombululo
I-EFSA ihlela ochwepheshe (ochwepheshe bezwe eliphethe kanye nochwepheshe bamanye amazwe angamalungu) ukuthi benze ukubuyekezwa kontanga, baxoxe ngemibono yokubuyekezwa kwezwe eliphethe kanye nezinye izinkinga ezisasele, bakhe iziphetho zokuqala kanye nokubonisana nomphakathi, bese ekugcineni behambisa iziphetho nezinqumo kwiKhomishini yaseYurophu ukuze zivunywe futhi zikhishwe. Uma, ngezizathu ezingaphezu kwamandla omfakisicelo, ukuhlolwa kwesithako esisebenzayo kungaqedwanga ngaphambi kosuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi, i-EU izokhipha isinqumo sokwandisa ukusebenza kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa kuqedwa kahle.
2.1.2 Amalungiselelo
Umnikazi wesitifiketi sokubhalisa esifanele, zingakapheli izinyanga ezi-3 zokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo, uzofaka isicelo sokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa komkhiqizo wemithi eZweni Eliyilungu elithole ukubhaliswa komkhiqizo wemithi ohambisanayo. Uma umnikazi wokubhalisa efaka isicelo sokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa komkhiqizo wemithi ofanayo ezifundeni ezahlukene, lonke ulwazi lwesicelo kufanele ludluliselwe kuwo wonke amaZwe Angamalungu ukuze kube lula ukushintshana ngolwazi phakathi kwamaZwe Angamalungu. Ukuze kugwenywe ukuhlolwa okuphindwe kabili, umfakisicelo, ngaphambi kokwenza ukuhlolwa noma ukuhlolwa, kufanele ahlole ukuthi amanye amabhizinisi athole ukubhaliswa komkhiqizo wokulungiselela okufanayo, futhi kufanele athathe zonke izinyathelo ezifanele ngendlela efanele nesobala ukuze afinyelele isivumelwano sokwabelana ngombiko wokuhlola nokuhlolwa.
Ukuze kudalwe uhlelo lokusebenza oluhlelekile nolusebenzayo, i-EU isebenzisa uhlelo lokubhalisa lwesifunda lokulungiselela, oluhlukaniswe izifunda ezintathu: eNyakatho, emaphakathi naseNingizimu. IKomidi Eliqondisayo lesifunda (i-SC yesifunda) noma iZizwe Ezingamalungu ezimele lizobuza bonke abaphethe izitifiketi zokubhalisa umkhiqizo ezifanele ukuthi bafake isicelo sokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa nokuthi kusiphi isifunda, futhi linquma neLungu Lesifunda Eliyilungu (i-RMS yesifunda). Ukuze kuhlelwe kusengaphambili, uMbuso ophethe isifunda kufanele uqokwe kusenesikhathi ngaphambi kokufakwa kwesicelo sokuqhubeka komkhiqizo wesidakamizwa, okunconywa ukuthi kwenziwe ngaphambi kokuba i-EFSA ishicilele iziphetho zokubuyekezwa kwesithako esisebenzayo. Kungumsebenzi woMbuso ophethe isifunda ukuqinisekisa inani labafakizicelo abafake izicelo zokuvuselela, ukwazisa abafakizicelo ngesinqumo nokuqedela ukuhlolwa egameni lamanye amazwe esifundeni (ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kokusetshenziswa okuthile kwemikhiqizo yemithi ngezinye izikhathi kwenziwa yiLungu Lesizwe ngaphandle kokusebenzisa uhlelo lokubhalisa lwesifunda). Izwe lokubuyekezwa kwesithako esisebenzayo liyadingeka ukuze kuqedwe ukuqhathanisa idatha yokuqhubeka kwesithako esisebenzayo nedatha yokuqhubeka komkhiqizo wezidakamizwa. Umbuso ophethe isifunda uzoqedela ukuhlolwa kwedatha yokuqhubeka kokulungiselela zingakapheli izinyanga eziyi-6 bese uyithumela emazweni angamalungu kanye nabafakizicelo ukuze baphawule. Umbuso ngamunye ongamalungu uzoqedela ukuvunyelwa okuqhubekayo kwemikhiqizo yawo yokukhiqiza zingakapheli izinyanga ezintathu. Inqubo yonke yokuvuselela ukukhiqiza idinga ukuqedwa zingakapheli izinyanga eziyi-12 kusukela ekupheleni kokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo.
2.2 I-United States
Enqubweni yokuhlola kabusha, i-US EPA iyadingeka ukuthi yenze ukuhlolwa kwengozi, inqume ukuthi umuthi wokubulala izinambuzane uyahlangabezana yini nemigomo yokubhalisa ye-FIFRA, futhi ikhiphe isinqumo sokubuyekezwa. I-Ejensi Yokulawula Izibulala-zinambuzane ye-EPA inezigaba eziyisikhombisa, izigaba ezine zokulawula, kanye nezigaba ezintathu ezikhethekile. I-Registry and Revaluation Service yiGatsha Lokulawula, kanti i-Registry inesibopho sezicelo ezintsha, ukusetshenziswa kanye nezinguquko kuzo zonke izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali ezivamile; I-Revaluation Service inesibopho sokuhlolwa kwangemva kokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezivamile. IGatsha Lemiphumela Yezempilo, IGatsha Lokuziphatha Nemiphumela Yezemvelo kanye neGatsha Lokuhlaziywa Kwezinto Eziphilayo Nezomnotho, okuyizingxenye ezikhethekile, ngokuyinhloko zinesibopho sokubuyekezwa kobuchwepheshe kwayo yonke idatha efanele yokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokuhlolwa kwangemva kokubhaliswa, kanye nokuphothulwa kokuhlolwa kwezingozi.
2.2.1 Ukwahlukaniswa kwezihloko
Isihloko sokuhlolwa kabusha siqukethe izithako ezisebenzayo esisodwa noma ngaphezulu kanye nayo yonke imikhiqizo equkethe lezo zithako ezisebenzayo. Lapho isakhiwo samakhemikhali kanye nezici ezinobuthi zezithako ezisebenzayo ezahlukene kuhlobene eduze, futhi ingxenye noma yonke idatha edingekayo yokuhlola izingozi ingabiwa, ingahlukaniswa ngesihloko esifanayo; Imikhiqizo yezibulala-zinambuzane equkethe izithako ezisebenzayo eziningi nayo ingaphansi kwesihloko sokuhlolwa kabusha kwesithako ngasinye esisebenzayo. Lapho idatha noma ulwazi olusha lutholakala, i-EPA ingenza nezinguquko esihlokweni sokuhlolwa kabusha. Uma ithola ukuthi izithako ezisebenzayo eziningi esihlokweni azifani, i-EPA ingahlukanisa isihloko sibe yizihloko ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezizimele, noma ingangeza noma isuse izithako ezisebenzayo esihlokweni sokuhlolwa kabusha.
2.2.2 Ukwakhiwa kweshejuli
Isihloko ngasinye sokuhlola kabusha sinosuku oluyisisekelo, oluwusuku lokuqala lokubhalisa noma usuku lokubhalisa kabusha lomkhiqizo wezibulala-zinambuzane obhaliswe okokuqala esihlokweni (usuku lokubhalisa kabusha lubhekisela osukwini lapho isinqumo sokubhalisa kabusha noma isinqumo sesikhashana sasayinwa ngalo), ngokuvamile noma yikuphi okulandelayo. I-EPA ivame ukusekela isheduli yayo yamanje yokuhlola kabusha osukwini oluyisisekelo noma ukuhlolwa kabusha kwakamuva, kodwa ingabuyekeza nezihloko eziningi ezifanele ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuze isebenze kahle. I-EPA izothumela ifayela lokuhlola kabusha, kufaka phakathi usuku oluyisisekelo, kuwebhusayithi yayo futhi igcine isheduli yokuhlaziya kabusha yonyaka eyashicilelwa ngawo kanye okungenani iminyaka emibili eyalandela ngemva kwalokho.
2.2.3 Ukuhlolwa kabusha kuyaqala
2.2.3.1 ukuvula idokhethi
I-EPA iqala ukuhlolwa kabusha ngokudala idokhumenti yomphakathi yesihloko ngasinye sokuhlolwa kabusha kwezibulala-zinambuzane nokucela imibono. Kodwa-ke, uma i-EPA inquma ukuthi isibulala-zinambuzane siyahlangabezana nemigomo yokubhaliswa kwe-FIFRA futhi akukho okunye ukubuyekezwa okudingekayo, ingasiqa lesi sinyathelo futhi imemezele isinqumo sayo sokugcina ngqo nge-Federal Register. Ifayela ngalinye lecala lizohlala livulekile kuyo yonke inqubo yokuhlola kabusha kuze kube yilapho kwenziwa isinqumo sokugcina. Ifayela lifaka, kodwa alikhawulelwe kulokhu okulandelayo: ukubuka konke kwesimo sephrojekthi yokuhlola kabusha; Uhlu lokubhaliswa okukhona kanye nababhalisile, noma yisiphi isaziso se-Federal Register mayelana nokubhaliswa okulindile, imikhawulo ekhona noma engase isetshenziswe; Imibhalo yokuhlola ubungozi; Uhlu lwezincwadi zerejista yamanje; Isifinyezo sedatha yengozi; Nanoma yiluphi olunye ulwazi noma ulwazi olufanele. Ifayela lifaka nohlelo lomsebenzi wokuqala olufaka ulwazi oluyisisekelo i-EPA enalo njengamanje mayelana nesibulala-zinambuzane okufanele silawulwe nokuthi sizosetshenziswa kanjani, kanye nokuhlolwa kobungozi okulindelwe, izidingo zedatha, kanye nesheduli yokubuyekezwa.
2.2.3.2 Ukuphawula komphakathi
I-EPA ishicilela isaziso ku-Federal Register ukuze umphakathi uphawule ngefayela lokuhlola kabusha kanye nohlelo lomsebenzi wokuqala isikhathi esingaphansi kwezinsuku ezingama-60. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, abathintekayo bangabuza imibuzo, benze iziphakamiso noma banikeze ulwazi olufanele. Ukulethwa kolwazi olunjalo kumele kuhlangabezane nezidingo ezilandelayo.
1) Ulwazi olufanele kumele luthunyelwe zingakapheli isikhathi sokuphawula esibekiwe, kodwa i-EPA izophinde icabangele, ngokubona kwayo, ukuthi iyayamukela yini idatha noma ulwazi oluthunyelwe ngemva kwalokho.
2) Ulwazi kumele luthunyelwe ngendlela efundekayo nesebenzisekayo. Isibonelo, noma yikuphi okuqukethwe okungekho ngesiNgisi kumele kuhambisane nokuhunyushwa kwesiNgisi, futhi noma yiluphi ulwazi oluthunyelwe ngendlela yomsindo noma yevidiyo kumele luhambisane nerekhodi elibhaliwe. Iziphakamiso ezibhaliwe zingathunyelwa ngendlela yephepha noma ye-elekthronikhi.
3) Umthumeli kumele aveze ngokucacile umthombo wedatha noma ulwazi oluthunyelwe.
4) Umuntu ofaka ifayela angacela ukuthi i-EPA iphinde ihlole ulwazi olunqatshiwe ekubuyekezweni kwangaphambilini, kodwa kumele achaze izizathu zokubuyekezwa kabusha.
Ngokusekelwe olwazini olutholiwe ngesikhathi sokuphawula kanye nokubuyekezwa kwangaphambilini, i-EPA ithuthukisa futhi ikhiphe uhlelo lokusebenza lokugcina oluhlanganisa izidingo zedatha zohlelo, imibono etholiwe, kanye nesifinyezo sezimpendulo ze-EPA.
Uma isithako esisebenzayo sesibulala-zinambuzane singabhaliswanga umkhiqizo, noma yonke imikhiqizo ebhalisiwe ihoxisiwe, i-EPA ngeke isahlola isibulala-zinambuzane.
2.2.3.3 Ukubamba iqhaza kwababambe iqhaza
Ukuze kwandiswe ukucaca nokuzibandakanya kanye nokubhekana nokungaqiniseki okungase kuthinte ukuhlolwa kwengozi yezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nezinqumo zokuphathwa kwengozi, njengokulebula okungacacile noma idatha yokuhlolwa engekho, i-EPA ingenza imihlangano yokugxila nabathintekayo ngezihloko zokuhlolwa kabusha ezizayo noma eziqhubekayo. Ukuba nolwazi olwanele kusenesikhathi kungasiza i-EPA ukunciphisa ukuhlolwa kwayo ezindaweni ezidinga ukunakwa ngempela. Isibonelo, ngaphambi kokuqala kokuhlolwa kabusha, i-EPA ingabonisana nomnikazi wesitifiketi sokubhalisa noma umsebenzisi wezibulala-zinambuzane mayelana nokusetshenziswa nokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo, futhi ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kabusha, i-EPA ingabonisana nomnikazi wesitifiketi sokubhalisa, umsebenzisi wezibulala-zinambuzane noma abanye abasebenzi abafanelekile ukuze bathuthukise uhlelo lokuphathwa kwengozi yezibulala-zinambuzane ngokubambisana.
2.2.4 Ukuhlola kabusha kanye nokusetshenziswa
2.2.4.1 Hlola izinguquko ezenzekile kusukela ekubuyekezweni kokugcina
I-EPA izohlola noma yiziphi izinguquko emithethweni, ezinqubomgomo, ezindleleni zokuhlola ubungozi, noma ezidingweni zedatha ezenzeke kusukela ekubuyekezweni kokubhalisa kokugcina, inqume ukubaluleka kwalezo zinguquko, futhi inqume ukuthi isibulala-zinambuzane esihlolwe kabusha sisahlangabezana yini nemigomo yokubhalisa ye-FIFRA. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, buyekeza yonke idatha noma ulwazi olusha olufanele ukuze unqume ukuthi ukuhlolwa kobungozi okusha noma ukuhlolwa kobungozi/inzuzo okusha kuyadingeka yini.
2.2.4.2 Yenza ukuhlolwa okusha njengoba kudingeka
Uma kutholakala ukuthi ukuhlolwa okusha kuyadingeka futhi idatha yokuhlola ekhona yanele, i-EPA izophinde yenze ukuhlolwa kwengozi noma ukuhlolwa kwengozi/izinzuzo. Uma idatha noma ulwazi olukhona lungahlangabezani nezidingo zokuhlola ezintsha, i-EPA izokhipha isaziso sokushaya idatha kumnikazi wesitifiketi sokubhalisa ofanele ngokuhambisana nemithethonqubo ye-FIFRA efanele. Umnikazi wesitifiketi sokubhalisa ngokuvamile kudingeka aphendule zingakapheli izinsuku ezingu-90 ukuze avumelane ne-EPA ngolwazi oluzothunyelwa kanye nesikhathi sokuqedela uhlelo.
2.2.4.3 Ukuhlolwa kwemiphumela ezinhlotsheni ezisengozini yokuqothulwa
Uma i-EPA iphinda ihlole isithako esisebenzayo sokubulala izinambuzane ekuhlolweni kabusha, inesibopho sokuthobela izimiso zoMthetho Wezinhlobo Ezisengozini Yokushabalala ukuze igweme ukulimala kwezinhlobo ezisengozini noma ezisengozini yokuqothulwa ezisohlwini lukahulumeni kanye nemiphumela emibi ezindaweni zokuhlala ezibalulekile ezikhethiwe. Uma kudingeka, i-EPA izoxhumana ne-US Fish and Wildlife Service kanye ne-National Marine Fisheries Service.
2.2.4.4 Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi
Uma kwenziwa ukuhlolwa okusha kwengozi, i-EPA ngokuvamile izoshicilela isaziso ku-Federal Register enikeza ukuhlolwa kwengozi okusalungiswa ukuze kubuyekezwe umphakathi futhi kuphawulwe, kanye nesikhathi sokuphawula okungenani izinsuku ezingama-30 futhi ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingama-60. I-EPA izophinde ithumele umbiko wokuhlolwa kwengozi obuyekeziwe ku-Federal Register, incazelo yanoma yiziphi izinguquko kumbhalo ohlongozwayo, kanye nempendulo kumazwana omphakathi. Uma ukuhlolwa kwengozi okubuyekeziwe kukhombisa ukuthi kunezingozi zokukhathazeka, isikhathi sokuphawula okungenani izinsuku ezingama-30 singanikezwa ukuze umphakathi uthumele iziphakamiso ezengeziwe zezinyathelo zokunciphisa ingozi. Uma ukuhlolwa kokuqala kubonisa izinga eliphansi lokusetshenziswa/ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, umthelela ophansi kubabambiqhaza noma umphakathi, ubungozi obuphansi, kanye nesinyathelo esincane noma esingekho sokunciphisa ingozi esidingekayo, i-EPA ingase ingenzi ukuphawula komphakathi okuhlukile ekuhlolweni kwengozi okusalungiswa, kodwa kunalokho yenza uhlaka lutholakale ukuze lubuyekezwe umphakathi kanye nesinqumo sokuhlola kabusha.
2.2.5 isinqumo sokubuyekezwa kokubhalisa
Isinqumo sokuhlola kabusha yisinqumo se-EPA sokuthi ingabe isibulala-zinambuzane siyahlangabezana yini nemigomo yokubhalisa esemthethweni, okungukuthi, sihlola izici ezifana nelebula lomkhiqizo, izithako ezisebenzayo kanye nokupakishwa ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi isibulala-zinambuzane sizowenza yini umsebenzi waso ohlosiwe ngaphandle kokubanga imiphumela emibi engafanele empilweni yabantu noma emvelweni.
2.2.5.1 isinqumo sokubuyekezwa kokubhalisa esiphakanyisiwe noma isinqumo sesikhashana esiphakanyisiwe
Uma i-EPA ithola ukuthi ukuhlolwa okusha kwengozi akudingeki, izokhipha isinqumo sokuhlola kabusha esihlongozwayo ngaphansi kwemithethonqubo ("Isinqumo Esihlongozwayo"); Uma kudingeka ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe, njengokuhlolwa kwezinhlobo ezisengozini noma ukuhlolwa kwe-endocrine, kungakhishwa isinqumo sesikhashana esihlongozwayo. Isinqumo esihlongozwayo sizoshicilelwa nge-Federal Register futhi sizotholakala emphakathini isikhathi sokuphawula okungenani izinsuku ezingama-60. Isinqumo esihlongozwayo sihlanganisa ikakhulukazi izinto ezilandelayo:
1) Yisho iziphetho zayo eziphakanyisiwe mayelana nezindlela zokubhaliswa kwe-FIFRA, okuhlanganisa nokutholakele kokubonisana okusemthethweni kwe-Endangered Species Act, bese ukhombisa isisekelo salezi ziphetho eziphakanyisiwe.
2) Thola izindlela zokunciphisa ubungozi eziphakanyisiwe noma ezinye izindlela zokwelapha ezidingekayo bese uzithethelela.
3) Khombisa ukuthi idatha eyengeziwe iyadingeka yini; Uma kudingeka, chaza izidingo zedatha bese wazisa umnikazi wekhadi lokubhalisa ngocingo lwedatha.
4) Cacisa noma yiziphi izinguquko zelebula eziphakanyisiwe.
5) Beka isikhathi esinqunyiwe sokuqeda isenzo ngasinye esidingekayo.
2.2.5.2 Isinqumo sokubuyekezwa kokubhaliswa kwesikhashana
Ngemva kokucabangela zonke izimvo ngesinqumo sesikhashana esiphakanyisiwe, i-EPA, ngokubona kwayo, ingakhipha isinqumo sesikhashana nge-Federal Register ngaphambi kokuphothulwa kokuhlolwa kabusha. Isinqumo sesikhashana sihlanganisa incazelo yanoma yiziphi izinguquko esinqumweni sesikhashana esiphakanyisiwe sangaphambilini kanye nempendulo kumazwana abalulekile, kanti isinqumo sesikhashana singadinga futhi: izindlela ezintsha zokunciphisa ubungozi noma sisebenzise izindlela zesikhashana zokunciphisa ubungozi; Cela ukulethwa kwamalebula abuyekeziwe; Cacisa ulwazi lwedatha oludingekayo ukuze kuqedwe ukuhlolwa kanye neshejuli yokuthumela (izaziso zocingo lwedatha zingakhishwa ngaphambi, ngesikhathi esifanayo noma ngemva kokukhishwa kwesinqumo sesikhashana sokuhlolwa kabusha). Uma umnikazi wesitifiketi sokubhalisa ehluleka ukubambisana nezenzo ezidingekayo esinqumweni sesikhashana sokuhlolwa kabusha, i-EPA ingathatha isinyathelo esifanelekile sezomthetho.
2.2.5.3 isinqumo sokugcina
I-EPA izokhipha isinqumo sokugcina uma sekuqediwe konke ukuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kabusha, okuhlanganisa, lapho kufaneleka khona, ukuhlolwa kanye nokubonisana kwezinhlobo ezibalwe ku-Federal Endangered and Threatened Wildlife List, kanye nokubuyekezwa kwezinhlelo zokuhlola ukuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine. Uma umnikazi wesitifiketi sokubhalisa ehluleka ukubambisana nezenzo ezidingekayo esinqumweni sokuhlolwa kabusha, i-EPA ingathatha isinyathelo esifanelekile sezomthetho ngaphansi kwe-FIFRA.
3 Bhalisa isicelo sokuqhubeka
3.1 I-European Union
Ukuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa kwe-EU kwezithako ezisebenzayo zezibulala-zinambuzane kuwukuhlolwa okuphelele okuhlanganisa idatha endala nentsha, futhi abafakizicelo kumele bathumele idatha ephelele njengoba kudingeka.
3.1.1 Izithako ezisebenzayo
Isigaba 6 soMthethonqubo 2020/1740 mayelana nokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa sichaza ulwazi okufanele luthunyelwe ukuze kuvuselelwe ukubhaliswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo, okuhlanganisa:
1) Igama nekheli lomfakisicelo onesibopho sokuqhubeka nesicelo nokugcwalisa izibopho ezichazwe yimithethonqubo.
2) Igama nekheli lomfakisicelo ohlanganyelwe kanye negama lenhlangano yabakhiqizi.
3) Indlela emele yokusebenzisa okungenani umkhiqizo owodwa wokuvikela izitshalo oqukethe isithako esisebenzayo esitshalweni esikhuliswe kabanzi esifundeni ngasinye, kanye nobufakazi bokuthi umkhiqizo uhlangabezana nemigomo yokubhalisa ebekwe ku-Article 4 yoMthethonqubo No. 1107/2009.
“Indlela yokusebenzisa” engenhla ihlanganisa indlela yokubhalisa kanye nokuhlola ekuqhubekeni kokubhalisa. Okungenani omunye wemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo enezindlela ezingenhla zokusebenzisa kufanele ungabi nezinye izithako ezisebenzayo. Uma ulwazi oluthunyelwe ngumfakisicelo lungahlanganisi zonke izindawo ezihilelekile, noma lungakhuliswa kabanzi endaweni, kufanele kunikezwe isizathu.
4) idatha edingekayo kanye nemiphumela yokuhlola ubungozi, okuhlanganisa: i) okubonisa izinguquko ezidingweni zomthetho nezokulawula kusukela ekuvunyelweni kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo noma ukuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa kwakamuva; ii) okubonisa izinguquko kwisayensi nobuchwepheshe kusukela ekuvunyelweni kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo noma ukuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa kwakamuva; iii) okubonisa ushintsho ekusetshenzisweni okumelelayo; iv) okubonisa ukuthi ukubhaliswa kuyaqhubeka nokushintsha kusukela ekubhalisweni kokuqala.
(5) umbhalo ogcwele wombiko ngamunye wokuhlola noma wocwaningo kanye nesifinyezo sawo njengengxenye yolwazi lokubhalisa lokuqala noma ulwazi olulandelayo lokuqhubeka kokubhalisa ngokuhambisana nezidingo zolwazi lwesithako esisebenzayo.
6) umbhalo ogcwele wombiko ngamunye wokuhlola noma wocwaningo kanye nesifinyezo sawo njengengxenye yedatha yokubhalisa yokuqala noma idatha yokubhalisa elandelayo, ngokuhambisana nezidingo zedatha yokulungiselela izidakamizwa.
7) Ubufakazi obubhaliwe bokuthi kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa isithako esisebenzayo esingahlangabezani nezindinganiso zokubhalisa zamanje ukulawula izinambuzane ezinkulu zezitshalo.
8) Ekuphetheni kokuhlolwa ngakunye noma ucwaningo oluhilela izilwane ezinomgogodla, chaza izinyathelo ezithathiwe ukugwema ukuhlolwa kwezilwane ezinomgogodla. Ulwazi lokwandiswa kokubhaliswa akufanele luqukathe noma yimuphi umbiko wokuhlolwa wokusetshenziswa ngamabomu kwesithako esisebenzayo kubantu noma ukusetshenziswa komkhiqizo oqukethe isithako esisebenzayo.
9) Ikhophi yesicelo se-MRLS esithunyelwe ngokuhambisana ne-Athikili 7 yoMthethonqubo (EC) No 396/2005 wePhalamende laseYurophu kanye noMkhandlu.
10) Isiphakamiso sokuhlukaniswa noma ukuhlelwa kabusha kwesithako esisebenzayo ngokuhambisana noMthethonqubo 1272/2008.
11) Uhlu lwezinto ezingafakazela ukuphelela kohlelo lokusebenza lokuqhubeka, futhi ziphawule idatha entsha ethunyelwe ngalesi sikhathi.
12) Ngokuvumelana ne-Athikili 8 (5) yoMthethonqubo No. 1107/2009, isifinyezo kanye nemiphumela yezincwadi zesayensi zomphakathi ezibuyekezwe ontanga.
13) Hlola lonke ulwazi oluthunyelwe ngokwesimo samanje sesayensi nobuchwepheshe, okuhlanganisa nokuhlolwa kabusha kweminye yemininingwane yokubhalisa yokuqala noma idatha elandelayo yokuqhubeka kokubhalisa.
14) Ukucatshangelwa kanye nokunconywa kwanoma yiziphi izinyathelo zokunciphisa ubungozi ezidingekayo nezifanele.
15) Ngokuvumelana ne-Athikili 32b yoMthethonqubo 178/2002, i-EFSA ingathumela izivivinyo zesayensi ezidingekayo ukuze zenziwe yisikhungo socwaningo lwesayensi esizimele futhi idlulisele imiphumela yezivivinyo ePhalamende laseYurophu, kwiKhomishini kanye namazwe angamalungu. Imiyalelo enjalo ivulekile futhi isobala, futhi lonke ulwazi oluhlobene nesaziso sesilingo kufanele lufakwe esicelweni sokwandiswa kokubhaliswa.
Uma idatha yokubhalisa yokuqala isahlangabezana nezidingo zamanje zedatha kanye nezindinganiso zokuhlola, ingaqhubeka isetshenziswa kulokhu kwandiselwa kokubhalisa, kodwa idinga ukuthunyelwa futhi. Umfakisicelo kufanele asebenzise yonke imizamo yakhe ukuthola nokunikeza ulwazi lokubhalisa lokuqala noma ulwazi olufanele njengokuqhubeka kokubhaliswa okulandelayo. Uma umfakisicelo wokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa kungeyena umfakisicelo wokubhaliswa kokuqala kwesithako esisebenzayo (okungukuthi, umfakisicelo akanalo ulwazi oluthunyelwe okokuqala), kuyadingeka ukuthola ilungelo lokusebenzisa ulwazi lokubhalisa olukhona lwesithako esisebenzayo ngomfakisicelo wokubhaliswa kokuqala noma umnyango wokuphatha wezwe lokuhlola. Uma umfakisicelo wokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa enikeza ubufakazi bokuthi ulwazi olufanele alutholakali, uHulumeni ophethe noma i-EFSA eyenze ukubuyekezwa kokuvuselelwa kwangaphambilini kanye/noma okulandelayo izozama ukunikeza ulwazi olunjalo.
Uma idatha yokubhalisa yangaphambilini ingahlangabezani nezidingo zamanje, kudingeka kwenziwe ukuhlolwa okusha kanye nemibiko emisha. Umfakisicelo kufanele akhombe futhi abhale phansi ukuhlolwa okusha okuzokwenziwa kanye nesheduli yazo, kufaka phakathi uhlu oluhlukile lokuhlolwa okusha kwazo zonke izilwane ezinomgogodla, kucatshangelwa impendulo enikezwe yi-EFSA ngaphambi kokuvuselelwa kwesicelo. Umbiko omusha wokuhlola kufanele umakwe ngokucacile, uchaze isizathu kanye nesidingo. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvuleka kanye nokucaca kanye nokunciphisa ukuphindaphindwa kokuhlolwa, ukuhlolwa okusha kufanele kufakwe ku-EFSA ngaphambi kokuqala, futhi ukuhlolwa okungafakwanga ngeke kwamukelwe. Umfakisicelo angathumela isicelo sokuvikelwa kwedatha futhi athumele kokubili izinguqulo eziyimfihlo nezingezona eziyimfihlo zale datha.
3.1.2 Amalungiselelo
Ukuqhubeka nokubhaliswa kwemikhiqizo yemithi kusekelwe ezithakweni ezisebenzayo eseziqediwe. Ngokuhambisana ne-Athikili 43 (2) yoMthethonqubo No. 1107/2009, izicelo zokuqhubeka nokulungiselela kufanele zifake:
1) Ikhophi yesitifiketi sokubhalisa sokulungiselela.
2) noma yiluphi ulwazi olusha oludingekayo ngesikhathi sokufaka isicelo ngenxa yezinguquko ezidingweni zolwazi, iziqondiso kanye nemigomo yazo (okungukuthi, izinguquko ezindaweni zokuhlola zezingxenye ezisebenzayo ezivela ekuhlolweni okuqhubekayo kokubhaliswa).
3) Izizathu zokuthumela idatha entsha: izidingo zolwazi olusha, iziqondiso kanye nezindinganiso bezingasebenzi ngesikhathi sokubhaliswa komkhiqizo; Noma ukushintsha imibandela yokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo.
4) Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo uhlangabezana nezidingo zokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo emithethweni (kufaka phakathi imikhawulo efanele).
5) Uma umkhiqizo uqashwe, umbiko wolwazi lokuqapha kufanele unikezwe.
6) Lapho kudingeka khona, ulwazi lokuhlola okuqhathanisayo kufanele luthunyelwe ngokuhambisana neziqondiso ezifanele.
3.1.2.1 Ukuqhathaniswa kwedatha yezithako ezisebenzayo
Lapho efaka isicelo sokuqhubeka nokubhaliswa kwemikhiqizo yemithi, umfakisicelo, ngokwesiphetho sokuhlola sesithako esisebenzayo, kufanele anikeze ulwazi olusha lwesithako ngasinye esisebenzayo esidinga ukubuyekezwa ngenxa yezinguquko ezidingweni zedatha kanye namazinga, ashintshe futhi athuthukise idatha yomkhiqizo wemithi ehambisanayo, futhi enze ukuhlolwa kwengozi ngokuhambisana neziqondiso ezintsha kanye namanani okugcina ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ingozi isesebangeni elamukelekayo. Ukufanisa idatha yesithako esisebenzayo ngokuvamile kungumthwalo wemfanelo wezwe eliphethe eliqhuba ukubuyekezwa okuqhubekayo kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo. Umfakisicelo anganikeza ulwazi lwesithako esisebenzayo olufanele eZweni eliholayo eliqokiwe ngokunikeza isimemezelo sokuthi ulwazi lwesithako esisebenzayo lusesikhathini esingavikeli, ubufakazi belungelo lokusebenzisa ulwazi, isimemezelo sokuthi ukulungiswa akuvunyelwe ekuthumeleni ulwazi lwesithako esisebenzayo, noma ngokuphakamisa ukuphinda ukuhlolwa. Ukuvunyelwa kolwazi lwesicelo sokuqhubeka nokubhaliswa kwamalungiselelo kungathembela kuphela kumuthi wokuqala ofanayo ohlangabezana nezindinganiso ezintsha, futhi lapho ikhwalithi yomuthi wokuqala ofanayo ohlonziwe ishintsha (kufaka phakathi okuqukethwe okuphezulu kokungcola), umfakisicelo anganikeza izimpikiswano ezinengqondo zokuthi umuthi wokuqala osetshenzisiwe usengabhekwa njengolingana.
3.1.2.2 Izinguquko emikhubeni emihle yezolimo (i-GAP)
Umfakisicelo kufanele anikeze uhlu lokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe komkhiqizo, okuhlanganisa nesitatimende esibonisa ukuthi akukho shintsho olukhulu ku-GAP endaweni kusukela ngesikhathi sokubhalisa, kanye nohlu oluhlukile lokusetshenziswa kwesibili kwifomu le-GAP ngendlela enqunyiwe. Izinguquko ezibalulekile kuphela ku-GAP ezidingekayo ukuze kuhambisane nezinguquko ekuhlolweni kwengxenye esebenzayo (amanani amasha okugcina, ukwamukelwa kweziqondiso ezintsha, imibandela noma imikhawulo emithethweni yokuvuselela ukubhalisa) ezamukelekayo, uma nje umfakisicelo ehambisa lonke ulwazi oludingekayo olusekelayo. Ngokomthetho, akukho zinguquko ezibalulekile zefomu lomthamo ezingaba khona ekusetshenzisweni okuqhubekayo.
3.1.2.3 Idatha yokusebenza kahle kwemithi
Ukuze kusebenze kahle, umfakisicelo kufanele anqume futhi athethelele ukuhanjiswa kwedatha entsha yokuhlola. Uma ushintsho lwe-GAP lubangelwa inani elisha lokugcina, kufanele kuthunyelwe iziqondiso ezintsha, idatha yesivivinyo sokusebenza kahle kwe-GAP entsha, ngaphandle kwalokho, kufanele kuthunyelwe idatha yokumelana kuphela yesicelo sokuqhubeka.
3.2 I-United States
Izidingo zedatha ze-US EPA zokuhlolwa kabusha kwezibulala-zinambuzane ziyahambisana nokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, izinguquko zokubhaliswa, kanye nokubhaliswa kabusha, futhi azikho imithethonqubo ehlukile. Izicelo eziqondiwe zolwazi olusekelwe ezidingweni zokuhlolwa kwengozi ekuhlolweni kabusha, impendulo etholwe ngesikhathi sokuxoxisana nomphakathi, njll., zizoshicilelwa ngesimo sohlelo lomsebenzi lokugcina kanye nesaziso socingo lwedatha.
Ezinye Izinkinga Ezi-4
4.1 Isicelo Esihlangene
4.1.1 I-European Union
Ngokuvumelana ne-Athikili 5, iSahluko 3 soMthethonqubo 2020/1740, uma abafakizicelo abangaphezu koyedwa befaka isicelo sokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa kwesithako esifanayo esisebenzayo, bonke abafakizicelo kufanele bathathe zonke izinyathelo ezifanele zokuthumela ulwazi ngokubambisana. Inhlangano eqokwe ngumfakisicelo ingenza isicelo esihlanganyelwe egameni lomfakisicelo, futhi bonke abafakizicelo abangaba khona bangaxhunyanwa nesiphakamiso sokulethwa kolwazi ngokubambisana.
Abafakizicelo bangaphinde bathumele ulwazi oluphelele ngokwahlukana, kodwa kufanele bachaze izizathu ezikulolu lwazi. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhambisana ne-Athikili 62 yoMthethonqubo 1107/2009, ukuhlolwa okuphindaphindiwe kwezilwane ezinomgogodla akwamukeleki, ngakho-ke abafakizicelo abangaba khona kanye nabanikazi bedatha yokugunyazwa efanele kufanele benze yonke imizamo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwezilwane ezinomgogodla kanye nezifundo ezihilelekile ziyabiwa. Ukuze kuvuselelwe ukubhaliswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo okubandakanya abafakizicelo abaningi, yonke idatha kufanele ibuyekezwe ndawonye, futhi iziphetho nemibiko kufanele zenziwe ngemva kokuhlaziywa okuphelele.
4.1.2 I-United States
I-EPA incoma ukuthi abafakizicelo babelane ngedatha yokuhlola kabusha, kodwa akukho mfuneko ephoqelekile. Ngokwesaziso socingo lwedatha, umnikazi wesitifiketi sokubhalisa sesithako esisebenzayo sesibulala-zinambuzane anganquma ukuthi ahlinzeke ngedatha ngokubambisana nabanye abafakizicelo, enze izifundo ezihlukene, noma ahoxise ukubhaliswa. Uma izivivinyo ezihlukene zabafakizicelo abahlukene ziphumela emaphuzwini amabili ahlukene okugcina, i-EPA izosebenzisa iphuzu lokugcina elilondolozayo kakhulu.
4.2 Ubudlelwano phakathi kokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa kanye nokubhaliswa okusha
4.2.1 I-European Union
Ngaphambi kokuqala kokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo, okungukuthi, ngaphambi kokuba iLizwe Eliyilungu lithole ukuvuselelwa kwesicelo sokubhaliswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo, umfakisicelo angaqhubeka nokuthumela isicelo sokubhaliswa komkhiqizo wemithi ofanele eLizweni Eliyilungu (isifunda); Ngemva kokuqala kokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo, umfakisicelo akasakwazi ukuhambisa isicelo sokubhaliswa kokulungiswa okuhambisanayo eLizweni Eliyilungu, futhi kumele alinde ukukhishwa kwesinqumo sokuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo ngaphambi kokusithumela ngokuhambisana nezidingo ezintsha.
4.2.2 I-United States
Uma ukubhaliswa okwengeziwe (isb., ukulungiswa komthamo omusha) kungavusi ukuhlolwa okusha kwengozi, i-EPA ingamukela ukubhaliswa okwengeziwe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kabusha; Kodwa-ke, uma ukubhaliswa okusha (njengobubanzi obusha bokusetshenziswa) kungabangela ukuhlolwa okusha kwengozi, i-EPA ingafaka umkhiqizo ekuhlolweni kwengozi kokuhlolwa kabusha noma yenze ukuhlolwa okuhlukile kwengozi yomkhiqizo bese isebenzisa imiphumela ekuhlolweni kabusha. Ukuguquguquka kwe-EPA kungenxa yokuthi izigaba ezintathu ezikhethekile zeGatsha Lemiphumela Yezempilo, iGatsha Lokuziphatha Nemiphumela Yezemvelo, kanye neGatsha Lokuhlaziywa Kwezinto Eziphilayo Nezomnotho zisekela umsebenzi weRejista kanye neGatsha Lokuhlola Kabusha, futhi zingabona yonke idatha yerejista kanye nokuhlolwa kabusha ngasikhathi sinye. Isibonelo, lapho ukuhlolwa kabusha sekwenze isinqumo sokushintsha ilebula, kodwa lingakakhishwa, uma inkampani ithumela isicelo sokushintsha ilebula, irejista izoyicubungula ngokwesinqumo sokuhlolwa kabusha. Le ndlela eguquguqukayo ivumela i-EPA ukuthi ihlanganise kangcono izinsiza futhi isize izinkampani ukuthi zibhaliswe kusenesikhathi.
4.3 Ukuvikelwa Kwedatha
4.3.1 I-European Union
Isikhathi sokuvikelwa kwedatha yesithako esisha esisebenzayo kanye nedatha yokulungiselela esetshenziselwa ukuvuselelwa kokubhaliswa yizinyanga ezingama-30, kusukela ngosuku lapho umkhiqizo wokulungiselela ohambisanayo ubhaliselwa ukuvuselelwa okokuqala kuZwe ngalinye Elilungu, usuku oluthile luyahlukahluka kancane kusuka kwelinye iZwe Elilungu kuya kwelinye.
4.3.2 I-United States
Idatha yokuhlolwa kabusha esanda kungeniswa inesikhathi sokuvikelwa kwedatha seminyaka eyi-15 kusukela ngosuku lokufakwa, futhi lapho umfakisicelo ebhekisela kudatha ethunyelwe yinye inkampani, ngokuvamile kumele afakazele ukuthi isinxephezelo sinikezwe umnikazi wedatha noma imvume itholiwe. Uma inkampani yokubhalisa izidakamizwa esebenzayo inquma ukuthi ithumele idatha edingekayo ukuze ihlolwe kabusha, umkhiqizo wokulungiselela okhiqizwe kusetshenziswa umuthi osebenzayo uthole imvume yokusebenzisa idatha yomuthi osebenzayo, ukuze ikwazi ukugcina ukubhaliswa ngokuqondile ngokwesiphetho sokuhlolwa kabusha komuthi osebenzayo, ngaphandle kokwengeza ulwazi olwengeziwe, kodwa kusadingeka ithathe izinyathelo zokulawula ubungozi njengokushintsha ilebula njengoba kudingeka.
5. Isifinyezo kanye nethemba
Sekukonke, i-EU kanye ne-US banenhloso efanayo ekwenzeni ukuhlolwa kabusha kwemikhiqizo yezibulala-zinambuzane ebhalisiwe: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi njengoba amakhono okuhlola ubungozi ethuthuka futhi izinqubomgomo zishintsha, zonke izibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe zingaqhubeka nokusetshenziswa ngokuphephile futhi azibeki ingozi engafanele empilweni yabantu kanye nemvelo. Kodwa-ke, kukhona umehluko othile ezinqubweni ezithile. Okokuqala, kubonakala ekuxhumaneni phakathi kokuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe kanye nokwenza izinqumo zokuphatha. Isandiso sokubhaliswa kwe-EU sihlanganisa kokubili ukuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe kanye nezinqumo zokugcina zokuphatha; Ukuhlolwa kabusha e-United States kwenza kuphela iziphetho zokuhlola kobuchwepheshe njengokushintsha amalebula nokuthumela idatha entsha, futhi umnikazi wesitifiketi sokubhalisa udinga ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuthatha isinyathelo ngokuhambisana nesiphetho futhi enze izicelo ezifanele zokusebenzisa izinqumo zokuphatha. Okwesibili, izindlela zokusebenzisa zihlukile. Ukwandiswa kokubhaliswa e-EU kuhlukaniswe ngezinyathelo ezimbili. Isinyathelo sokuqala ukwandiswa kokubhaliswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo ezingeni le-EU. Ngemva kokwandiswa kokubhaliswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo, ukwandiswa kokubhaliswa kwemikhiqizo yemithi kwenziwa emazweni angamalungu afanele. Ukuhlolwa kabusha kwezithako ezisebenzayo kanye nemikhiqizo yokwakheka e-United States kwenziwa ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ukuvunyelwa kokubhaliswa kanye nokuhlolwa kabusha ngemva kokubhaliswa kuyizici ezimbili ezibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane. NgoMeyi 1997, iShayina yamemezela "Imithethonqubo Yokuphathwa Kwezibulala-zinambuzane", futhi ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 yentuthuko, sekusungulwe uhlelo oluphelele lokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nohlelo olujwayelekile lokuhlola. Njengamanje, iShayina ibhalise izinhlobo zezibulala-zinambuzane ezingaphezu kuka-700 kanye nemikhiqizo yokulungiselela engaphezu kuka-40,000, engaphezu kwengxenye yayo ebhaliswe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20. Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kwesikhathi eside, okubanzi nokukhulu kuzoholela ekukhuleni kokumelana kwezinto eziphilayo kwenhloso, ukwanda kokuqongelela kwemvelo, kanye nokwanda kwezingozi zokuphepha kwabantu nezilwane. Ukuhlolwa kabusha ngemva kokubhaliswa kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokunciphisa ingozi yesikhathi eside yokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokuqaphela ukuphathwa komjikelezo wokuphila wonke wezibulala-zinambuzane, futhi kuyisengezo esiwusizo ohlelweni lokubhalisa nokugunyaza. Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi wokuhlola kabusha izibulala-zinambuzane waseShayina waqala sekwephuzile, futhi "Izinyathelo Zokuphathwa Kokubhaliswa Kwezibulala-zinambuzane" ezamenyezelwa ngo-2017 zaveza okokuqala kusukela ezingeni lokulawula ukuthi izinhlobo zezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhaliswe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15 kufanele zihlelwe ukuze kwenziwe ukuhlolwa okwenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile ngokuya ngesimo sokukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa kanye nezinguquko zenqubomgomo yezimboni. I-NY/ T2948-2016 "Incazelo Yobuchwepheshe Yokuhlolwa Kabusha Kwezibulala-zinambuzane" eyakhishwa ngo-2016 inikeza izimiso eziyisisekelo kanye nezinqubo zokuhlola zokuhlolwa kabusha kwezinhlobo zezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe, futhi ichaza imigomo efanele, kodwa ukuphoqelelwa kwayo kunqunyelwe njengendinganiso enconywayo. Ngokuphathelene nomsebenzi osebenzayo wokuphathwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane eShayina, ucwaningo kanye nokuhlaziywa kohlelo lokuhlola kabusha lwe-EU kanye ne-United States kungasinika imicabango elandelayo kanye nokukhanyiselwa.
Okokuqala, nikeza indima ephelele kumthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko womnikazi wesitifiketi sokubhalisa ekuhlolweni kabusha kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe. Inqubo evamile yokuhlola kabusha izibulala-zinambuzane e-EU nase-United States ukuthi umnyango wokuphatha ukubhalisa uthuthukise uhlelo lomsebenzi, uveze izinhlobo zokuhlola kabusha kanye nokukhathazeka ngamaphuzu engozi, futhi umnikazi wesitifiketi sokubhalisa izibulala-zinambuzane uthumela ulwazi njengoba kudingeka ngaphakathi kwesikhathi esibekiwe. I-China ingathola izifundo esimweni sangempela, ishintshe ukucabanga komnyango wokuphatha ukubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ukuze yenze izivivinyo zokuqinisekisa futhi iqedele umsebenzi ophelele wokuhlola kabusha izibulala-zinambuzane, icacise ngokwengeziwe umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko womnikazi wesitifiketi sokubhalisa izibulala-zinambuzane ekwenzeni ukuhlolwa kabusha nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha komkhiqizo, futhi ithuthukise izindlela zokusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kabusha kwezibulala-zinambuzane e-China.
Okwesibili ukusungulwa kohlelo lokuvikela idatha yokuhlolwa kabusha kwezibulala-zinambuzane. Imithethonqubo Yokuphathwa Kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nemithetho yayo esekelayo ichaza ngokucacile uhlelo lokuvikela izinhlobo ezintsha zezibulala-zinambuzane eShayina kanye nezidingo zokugunyazwa kwedatha yokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, kodwa izidingo zokuvikelwa kwedatha yokuhlolwa kabusha kanye nezimfuneko zokugunyazwa kwedatha azicacile. Ngakho-ke, abaphethe izitifiketi zokubhalisa izibulala-zinambuzane kufanele bakhuthazwe ukuthi bahlanganyele ngenkuthalo emsebenzini wokuhlolwa kabusha, kanye nohlelo lokuvikela idatha yokuhlolwa kabusha kufanele luchazwe ngokucacile, ukuze abanikazi bedatha bokuqala bakwazi ukunikeza idatha kwabanye abafake izicelo ukuze bathole isinxephezelo, banciphise ukuhlolwa okuphindaphindiwe, futhi banciphise umthwalo emabhizinisini.
Okwesithathu ukwakha uhlelo lokuhlola ngemuva kokubhaliswa lokuqapha ingozi yezibulala-zinambuzane, ukuhlola kabusha kanye nokuqhubeka kokubhaliswa. Ngo-2022, uMnyango Wezolimo Nezindaba Zasemakhaya usanda kukhipha "Imithethonqubo Yokuphathwa Kokuqapha Nokuhlola Ingozi Yezibulala-zinambuzane (Uhlaka Lokuphawula)", okubonisa ukuzimisela kweShayina ukusebenzisa ngokuhlelekile nokwenza njalo ukuphathwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngemuva kokubhaliswa. Esikhathini esizayo, kufanele futhi sicabange kahle, senze ucwaningo olubanzi, futhi sifunde ezicini eziningi, futhi kancane kancane sisungule futhi sithuthukise uhlelo lokuphatha ukuphepha ngemuva kokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane oluhambisana nezimo zezwe laseShayina ngokuqapha, ukuhlola kabusha kanye nokubhalisa ingozi yokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, ukuze kuncishiswe ngempela zonke izinhlobo zezingozi zokuphepha ezingabangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, futhi kuvikelwe ngempumelelo umkhiqizo wezolimo, impilo yomphakathi kanye nokuphepha kwemvelo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-27-2024