Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukuhlinzeka ngemininingwane mayelanaisibulala-zinambuzaneukumelana nokwenza izinqumo ezinhlelweni zokuphatha ukumelana eTogo.
Isimo sokuzwela kwe-Anopheles gambiae (SL) kuma-insecticide asetshenziswa empilweni yomphakathi sihlolwe kusetshenziswa iphrothokholi yokuhlola ye-WHO in vitro. Ukuhlolwa kwe-bioassays kokumelana ne-pyrethroid kwenziwe ngokwephrothokholi yokuhlola ibhodlela ye-CDC. Imisebenzi ye-enzyme yokususa ubuthi ihlolwe kusetshenziswa i-synergists piperonyl butoxide, SSS-phosphorothioate, kanye ne-ethacrine. Ukuhlonza uhlobo oluthile kanye nokuguqulwa kwe-genotyping kwe-kdr mutation ku-Anopheles gambiae SL kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-PCR.
Imiphakathi yendawo ye-Anopheles gambiae sl ibonise ukuthambekela okuphelele ku-pirimiphos-methyl eLomé, eKowie, e-Aniye naseKpeletutu. Ukufa kwaba ngu-90% e-Bayda, okubonisa ukumelana okungenzeka ku-pirimiphos-methyl. Ukumelana ne-DDT, i-benzodicarb kanye ne-propoxur kwaqoshwa kuzo zonke izindawo. Amazinga aphezulu okumelana nama-pyrethroids aqoshwa, kanti ama-oxidases, ama-esterases kanye nama-glutathione-s-transferases kuyizinto ezikhipha ubuthi ezibangela ukumelana, ngokusho kokuhlolwa kwe-synergistic. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ezitholakele kwakuyi-Anopheles gambiae (ss) kanye ne-Anopheles cruzi. Ama-frequency aphezulu e-kdr L1014F kanye nama-frequency aphansi e-kdr L1014S alleles atholakale kuzo zonke izindawo.
Lolu cwaningo lubonisa isidingo samathuluzi engeziwe okuqinisa izindlela zokulawula umalaleveva ezikhona ezisekelwe ezibulala-zinambuzane (i-IRS kanye ne-LLIN).
Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuyisici esibalulekile sezinhlelo zokulawula i-malaria vector e-Afrika [1]. Kodwa-ke, ukuvela kokumelana nezinhlobo eziyinhloko zezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa ekwelashweni kwenethi yombhede kanye nokufutha okusele endlini (i-IRS) kudinga ukuthi sicabange kabusha ngokusetshenziswa kwale mikhiqizo kanye nokuphathwa kokumelana ne-vector [2]. Ukuvela kokumelana nemithi kubikwe emazweni ahlukahlukene eNtshonalanga Afrika okuhlanganisa iBenin, iBurkina Faso, iMali [3, 4, 5] futhi ikakhulukazi iTogo [6, 7]. Izifundo zakamuva zikhombisile ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwama-synergists kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kwandisa ukuthambekela kwe-malaria vectors ezindaweni ezinokumelana okuphezulu ne-pyrethroids [8, 9]. Ukuze kugcinwe ukusimama kwamasu okulawula, ukuhlanganiswa okuhlelekile kokuphathwa kokumelana kunoma iyiphi inqubomgomo yokulawula i-vector kufanele kucatshangelwe [2]. Noma yiliphi izwe kufanele lisekele ukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo zokuphatha ukumelana ngokubona ukumelana [10]. Ngokusho kwezincomo ze-World Health Organization (WHO) [10], ukuphathwa kokumelana kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwendlela enezinyathelo ezintathu ezihlanganisa (1) ukuhlolwa kwesimo sokuzwela kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuma-vectors, (2) ukucaciswa kokuqina kokumelana, kanye (3) ukuhlolwa kwezindlela zomzimba, ngokunaka kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwe-synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO). ETogo, isinyathelo sokuqala, ukuhlolwa kwesimo sokuzwela kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuma-vectors kamalaleveva, kwenziwa njalo eminyakeni emi-2-3 ezindaweni ezilindile ze-National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP). Amandla okumelana nokusebenza kahle kwezinyathelo ezimbili zokugcina (okungukuthi, ama-potentiators piperonyl butoxide (PBO), i-S,S,S-tributyl trisulfate phosphate (DEF), kanye ne-ethacrynic acid (EA)) akukafundwa kabanzi.
Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukubhekana nalezi zici ezintathu nokunikeza i-NMCP idatha ethembekile yokwenza izinqumo ngokuphathwa kokumelana eTogo.
Lolu cwaningo lwenziwe kusukela ngoJuni kuya kuSepthemba 2021 ezindaweni ezikhethiwe ze-NMCP Guardian ezifundeni ezintathu zezempilo eningizimu yeTogo (Isithombe 1). Izindawo ezinhlanu zokuqapha ze-NMCP zakhethwa ukuze ziqashwe ngokusekelwe endaweni yazo (izindawo ezahlukene zokuhlanzeka) kanye nezici zemvelo (ubuningi bezilwane ezithwala izinambuzane, izindawo ezihlala njalo zokuzalela izibungu): iLomé, iBayda, iKowie, i-Anyère kanye neKpeletoutou (Ithebula 1).
Lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthi inqwaba yomiyane base-Anopheles gambiae eningizimu yeTogo imelana nemithi eminingi emikhulu yokubulala izinambuzane emphakathini, ngaphandle kwe-pirimiphos-methyl. Amazinga aphezulu okumelana ne-pyrethroid abonwe endaweni yocwaningo, okungenzeka ukuthi ahlotshaniswa nama-enzyme okususa ubuthi (ama-oxidases, ama-esterases kanye nama-glutathione-s-transferases). Ukuguqulwa kwe-kdr L1014F kutholakale ezinhlotsheni ezimbili ezingodadewabo i-Anopheles gambiae ss kanye ne-Anopheles kruzi ezinama-allele frequency aguquguqukayo kodwa aphezulu (>0.50), kanti ukuguqulwa kwe-kdr L1014S kwenzeke ngesivinini esiphansi kakhulu futhi kutholakale kuphela komiyane base-Anopheles cruzi. Ama-synergists i-PBO kanye ne-EA abuyisele kancane ukuzwela kuma-pyrethroids kanye nama-organochlorine, ngokulandelana, kuzo zonke izindawo, kuyilapho i-DEF yandisa ukuzwela kuma-carbamates kanye nama-organophosphate kuzo zonke izindawo ngaphandle kwe-Anye. Le datha ingasiza i-Togolese National Malaria Control Program ukuthuthukisa amasu okulawula ama-vector asebenza kahle kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 23-2024