Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukuhlinzeka ngedatha mayelanaisibulala-zinambuzaneukumelana ekuthathweni kwezinqumo ngezinhlelo zokuphatha ukumelana eTogo.
Isimo sokungenwa kalula kwe-Anopheles gambiae (SL) kwizibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa empilweni yomphakathi sahlolwa kusetshenziswa i-WHO in vitro test protocol. Ama-Bioassays wokumelana ne-pyrethroid ayenziwa ngokuya ngezivumelwano zokuhlola ibhodlela le-CDC. Imisebenzi ye-enzyme yokukhipha ubuthi ihlolwe kusetshenziswa i-synergists i-piperonyl butoxide, i-SSS-phosphorothioate, ne-ethacrine. Ukuhlonza okuqondene nezinhlobo ezithile kanye ne-genotyping ye-kdr mutation e-Anopheles gambiae SL kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-PCR.
Abantu bendawo base-Anopheles gambiae sl babonise ukungenwa ngokuphelele yi-pirimiphos-methyl e-Lomé, e-Kowie, e-Aniye nase-Kpeletutu. Ukufa kwakungama-90% e-Bayda, okubonisa ukumelana okungenzeka ne-pirimiphos-methyl. Ukumelana ne-DDT, i-benzodicarb ne-propoxur kwarekhodwa kuzo zonke iziza. Amazinga aphezulu okumelana nama-pyrethroids aqoshwa, nama-oxidase, ama-esterases kanye ne-glutathione-s-transferase abe ama-enzyme aqeda ubuthi anomthwalo wokumelana, ngokusho kokuhlolwa kwe-synergistic. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ezitholakele i-Anopheles gambiae (ss) ne-Anopheles cruzi. Amafrikhwensi aphezulu we-kdr L1014F namaza aphansi we-kdr L1014S alleles atholwe kuwo wonke amasayithi.
Lolu cwaningo lubonisa isidingo samathuluzi engeziwe okuqinisa ukungenelela kokulawula umalaleveva okusekelwe ezinambuzaneni (IRS kanye ne-LLN).
Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuyisici esibalulekile sezinhlelo zokulawula i-malaria e-Afrika [1]. Kodwa-ke, ukuvela kokumelana nezigaba eziyinhloko zama-insecticides asetshenziswa ekwelapheni kwe-bednet kanye ne-indoor residual spraying (IRS) kudinga ukuthi sicabangele kabusha ukusetshenziswa kwale mikhiqizo kanye nokuphathwa kokumelana ne-vector [2]. Ukuvela kokumelana nezidakamizwa kuye kwabikwa emazweni ahlukahlukene eNtshonalanga Afrika kuhlanganise neBenin, Burkina Faso, Mali [3, 4, 5] futhi ikakhulukazi iTogo [6, 7]. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwama-synergists kanye nenhlanganisela yezibulala-zinambuzane kwandisa ukuthambekela kwezifo zikamalaleveva ezindaweni ezinokumelana okuphezulu nama-pyrethroids [8, 9]. Ukugcina ukusimama kwamasu okulawula, ukuhlanganiswa okuhlelekile kokuphathwa kokumelana kunoma iyiphi inqubomgomo yokulawula i-vector kufanele kucatshangelwe [2]. Noma yiliphi izwe kufanele lisekele ukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo zokulawula ukumelana ngokutholwa kokumelana [10]. Ngokusho kwezincomo ze-World Health Organization (WHO) [10], ukuphathwa kokumelana kuhilela ukuqaliswa kwezinyathelo ezintathu ezihlanganisa (1) ukuhlolwa kwesimo sokuthambekela kwezinambuzane, (2) ukubonakaliswa kokuqina kokumelana, kanye (3) nokuhlolwa kwezinqubo ze-physiological, ikakhulukazi ekusebenzeni kwe-synergist butoxide piperon (i-Pyl oxide). E-Togo, isinyathelo sokuqala, ukuhlolwa kwesimo sokungenwa yizinambuzane ezithwala umalaleveva, kwenziwa njalo eminyakeni emi-2-3 ezindaweni zabalindi ZoHlelo Lukazwelonke Lokulawula Umalaleveva (NMCP). Amandla okumelana nokusebenza kwezinyathelo ezimbili zokugcina (okungukuthi, ama-potentiator piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S,S,S-tributyl trisulfate phosphate (DEF), kanye ne-ethacrynic acid (EA)) akuzange kufundwe kabanzi.
Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukubhekana nalezi zici ezintathu futhi inikeze i-NMCP idatha ethembekile ukuze yenze izinqumo mayelana nokuphathwa kokumelana e-Togo.
Lolu cwaningo lwenziwe kusukela ngoJuni kuya kuSepthemba 2021 ezindaweni zabalindi ze-NMCP ezifundeni ezintathu zezempilo eningizimu ye-Togo (Umfanekiso 1). Izizinda ezinhlanu zokuqapha ze-NMCP zikhethelwe ukuqapha ngokusekelwe endaweni yazo (izindawo ezihlukene zokuhlanzeka) kanye nezici zemvelo (ubuningi bezilwane ezithwalayo, izindawo ezizalanisa izibungu ezihlala njalo): i-Lomé, i-Bayda, i-Kowie, i-Anyère ne-Kpeletoutou (Ithebula 1).
Lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthi omiyane bendawo i-Anopheles gambiae eningizimu ye-Togo bayakwazi ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane ezinkulu ezimbalwa zezempilo zomphakathi, ngaphandle kwe-pirimiphos-methyl. Amazinga aphezulu okumelana ne-pyrethroid abonwa endaweni yocwaningo, okungenzeka ahlotshaniswe nama-enzyme e-detoxifying (oxidase, esterases kanye ne-glutathione-s-transferases). Ukuguqulwa kwe-kdr L1014F kutholwe ohlotsheni olungudadewabo ababili i-Anopheles gambiae ss kanye ne-Anopheles kruzi enamaza aguquguqukayo kodwa aphezulu (>0.50), kanti ukuguqulwa kwe-kdr L1014S kwenzeka ngefrikhwensi ephansi kakhulu futhi kutholwe omiyane be-Anopheles cruzi kuphela. Ama-synergists e-PBO kanye ne-EA abuyisele kancane ukungenwa kalula yi-pyrethroids nama-organochlorines, ngokulandelanayo, kuzo zonke iziza, kuyilapho i-DEF ikhulise ukungenwa kalula kwama-carbamates nama-organophosphates kuzo zonke iziza ngaphandle kwe-Anye. Le datha ingase isize Uhlelo Lukazwelonke Lokulawula Umalaleveva lwase-Togo ukuthuthukisa amasu okulawula ama-vector asebenza kangcono.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-23-2024