Ukuhlasela kuka-Anopheles stephensi e-Ethiopia kungase kubangele ukwanda kwezibalo zikamalaleveva esifundeni. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda iphrofayili yokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nesakhiwo sabantu be-Anopheles stephensi esanda kutholwa e-Fike, e-Ethiopia kubalulekile ukuze kuqondiswe ukulawulwa kwezilwane ukuze kunqandwe ukusabalala kwalolu hlobo lukamalaleveva oluhlaselayo ezweni. Ngokulandela ukubhekwa kwezinambuzane ze-Anopheles stephensi e-Fike, esifundeni sase-Somali, e-Ethiopia, siqinisekise ukuba khona kwe-Anopheles stephensi e-Fike ezingeni le-morphological and molecular. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo ezihlala izibungu kanye nokuhlola ukuthambekela kwesibulala-zinambuzane kwembula ukuthi i-A. fixini yayivame ukutholakala ezitsheni zokwenziwa futhi yayikwazi ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane eziningi zabantu abadala ezihloliwe (ama-organophosphates, ama-carbamates,ama-pyrethroids) ngaphandle kwe-pirimiphos-methyl ne-PBO-pyrethroid. Nokho, izigaba zezibungu ezingavuthiwe zazingenwa kalula yi-temephos. Ukuhlaziywa okwengeziwe kofuzo lwe-genomic kwenziwa nohlobo lwangaphambilini i-Anopheles stephensi. Ukuhlaziywa kwesibalo sabantu be-Anopheles stephensi e-Ethiopia kusetshenziswa ama-SNP angu-1704 biallelic aveze ukuxhumana kofuzo phakathi kwe-A. fixais kanye ne-Anopheles stephensi yabantu enkabeni nasempumalanga ye-Ethiopia, ikakhulukazi i-A. jiggigas. Esikutholile mayelana nezici zokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nemithombo engaba khona ye-Anopheles fixini kungase kusize ekusunguleni amasu okulawula lesi sitshalo esithwala umalaleveva esifundeni sase-Fike naseJigjiga ukuze sinqande ukusakazeka kwaso sisuka kulezi zifunda ezimbili siye kwezinye izingxenye zezwe nasezwenikazi lonke lase-Afrika.
Ukuqonda izindawo ezizalela kuzo omiyane kanye nezimo zemvelo kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amasu okulawula omiyane njengokusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane (temephos) nokulawula imvelo (ukuqedwa kwezindawo ezihlala izibungu). Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba incoma ukulawulwa kwezibungu njengelinye lamasu okulawula ngokuqondile i-Anopheles stephensi ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni nasezindaweni eziseduze nedolobha ezindaweni ezihlaselwe abantu. 15 Uma umthombo wezibungu ungenakuqedwa noma uncishiswe (isb. amachibi amanzi asekhaya noma asemadolobheni), ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kungabhekwa. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela yokulawula ama-vector iyabiza lapho welapha izindawo ezinkulu ezihlala izibungu. 19 Ngakho-ke, ukukhomba izindawo ezithile zokuhlala lapho omiyane abadala bekhona ngobuningi babo kungenye indlela eyongayo. 19 Ngakho-ke, ukunquma ukuthambekela kwe-Anopheles stephensi e-Fik City izibulala-zinambuzane ezifana ne-temephos kungase kusize ukwazisa izinqumo lapho kwakhiwa izindlela zokulawula amagciwane ahlaselayo kamalaleveva e-Fik City.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziywa kwe-genomic kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni amasu okulawula engeziwe e-Anopheles stephensi esanda kutholwa. Ikakhulukazi, ukuhlola ukuhlukahluka kofuzo kanye nesakhiwo sabantu be-Anopheles stephensi futhi sibaqhathanise nenani labantu abakhona esifundeni kungase kunikeze ukuqonda ngomlando wabo wesibalo sabantu, amaphethini okuhlakazeka, kanye nemithombo yabantu engaba khona.
Ngakho-ke, ngemva konyaka kutholwe i-Anopheles stephensi okokuqala edolobheni laseFike, esifundeni saseSomalia, e-Ethiopia, senza ucwaningo lwezinambuzane ukuze siqale sibone indawo yezibungu okuthiwa i-Anopheles stephensi futhi sathola ukuthi zizwela kanjani izibulala-zinambuzane, kuhlanganise ne-larvicide temephos. Ngemva kokuhlonza i-morphological identification, senza ukuqinisekiswa kwamangqamuzana ebhayoloji futhi sasebenzisa izindlela ze-genomic ukuze sihlaziye umlando wabantu kanye nesakhiwo sabantu base-Anopheles stephensi edolobheni laseFike. Siqhathanise lesi sakhiwo sabantu kanye nesase-Anopheles stephensi esatholwa ngaphambilini empumalanga ye-Ethiopia ukuze sithole ukuthi ikoloni laso lingakanani edolobheni lase-Fike. Siphinde sahlola ubudlelwano babo bofuzo kulezi zibalo ukuze sihlonze abantu abangaba umthombo wabo endaweni.
I-synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) ihlolwe ngokumelene nama-pyrethroids amabili (deltamethrin ne-permethrin) ngokumelene ne-Anopheles stephensi. Ukuhlolwa kwe-synergistic kwenziwa ngokudalula omiyane ngaphambili ku-4% wephepha le-PBO imizuzu engama-60. Omiyane babe sebedluliselwa kumashubhu aqukethe i-pyrethroid eqondiwe imizuzu engu-60 futhi ukuthambekela kwabo kwanqunywa ngokuvumelana nenqubo yokufa ye-WHO echazwe ngenhla24.
Ukuthola ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nemithombo engaba khona yezibalo zabantu be-Fiq Anopheles stephensi, senze ukuhlaziya kwenethiwekhi sisebenzisa idathasethi yedatha ye-SNP ehlanganisiwe ye-Biallelic kusukela ekulandeleni kwe-Fiq (n = 20) futhi i-Genbank ikhiphe ukulandelana kwe-Anopheles stephensi ezindaweni ezingu-10 ezihlukene empumalanga ye-Ethiopia (n = 183, Samake et al. 29). Sisebenzise i-EDENetworks41, evumela ukuhlaziywa kwenethiwekhi okusekelwe kumatrices webanga lofuzo ngaphandle kokuqagela okuphambili. Inethiwekhi iqukethe ama-node amele abantu abaxhunywe imiphetho/izixhumanisi ezikala ngebanga lofuzo le-Reynolds (D)42 elisekelwe ku-Fst, elinikeza amandla esixhumanisi phakathi kwamapheya abantu41. Uma umphetho/isixhumanisi siba mkhulu, buqina ubuhlobo bofuzo phakathi kwalezi zizwe ezimbili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usayizi we-node ulingana nezixhumanisi zonqenqema eziqoqiwe zesibalo sabantu ngasinye. Ngakho-ke, lapho i-node iba nkulu, iyanda ihabhu noma indawo yokuhlangana yokuxhuma. Ukubaluleka kwezibalo zama-node kwahlolwa kusetshenziswa ukuphindaphinda kwe-bootstrap engu-1000. Ama-Node avela ohlwini olu-5 no-1 oluphezulu lwamanani aphakathi nendawo (BC) (inani lezindlela zofuzo ezimfushane kakhulu nge-node) zingabhekwa njengezibalo ezibalulekile43.
Sibika ubukhona buka-An. stephensi ngamanani amakhulu ngesikhathi sezimvula (May–June 2022) eFike, esifundeni saseSomalia, e-Ethiopia. Kulezi zibungu ze-Anopheles ezingaphezu kuka-3 500 ezaqoqwa, zonke zakhuliswa futhi zahlonzwa ngokwendlela yokwakheka kwazo ngokuthi i-Anopheles stephensi. Ukuhlonzwa kwamangqamuzana esethi encane yezibungu kanye nokuhlaziywa okwengeziwe kwamangqamuzana nakho kwaqinisekisa ukuthi isampula elihloliwe ngelika-Anopheles stephensi. Bonke bahlonzwe u-An. Izindawo ezihlala izibungu zasestetheni kwakuyizindawo zokuzalela zokwenziwa njengamachibi afakwe ulayini wepulasitiki, amathange amanzi avaliwe navulekile, kanye nemiphongolo, ehambisana nezinye i-An. izindawo ezihlala izibungu zasestephensi zibikwa empumalanga ye-Ethiopia45. Iqiniso lokuthi izibungu zezinye i-An. izinhlobo ze-stephen zaqoqwa zisikisela ukuthi u-An. i-stethensi ingasinda ngenkathi eyomile e-Fike15, evame ukuhluka ku-An. i-arabiensis, i-vector eyinhloko kamalaleveva e-Ethiopia46,47. Kodwa-ke, eKenya, u-Anopheles stephensi… izibungu zatholwa kuzo zombili iziqukathi zokwenziwa nasezindaweni ezifuywayo48, okugqamisa ukuhlukahluka okungaba khona kwezindawo zokuhlala zalezi zibungu ezihlasela i-Anopheles stephensi, okunomthelela ekuqapheni kwezinambuzane esikhathini esizayo kwalesi silwane esihlasela umalaleveva e-Ethiopia nase-Afrika.
Ucwaningo luhlonze izinga eliphezulu lomiyane abahlasela umalaleveva i-Anopheles e-Fickii, izindawo zabo ezihlala izibungu, isimo sokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane kubantu abadala nezibungu, ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo, ukwakheka kwabantu kanye nemithombo engaba khona. Imiphumela yethu yabonisa ukuthi inani labantu base-Anopheles fickii lalingenwa kalula yi-pirimiphos-methyl, PBO-pyrethrin kanye ne-temetafos. B1 Ngakho-ke, lezi zibulala-zinambuzane zingasetshenziswa ngempumelelo ekulawuleni amasu alo mkhuhlane we-malaria ohlaselayo esifundeni sase-Fickii. Siphinde sathola ukuthi abantu base-Anopheles fik babenobudlelwano bofuzo nezikhungo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-Anopheles empumalanga ye-Ethiopia, okuyi-Jig Jiga ne-Dire Dawa, futhi babehlobene kakhulu ne-Jig Jiga. Ngakho-ke, ukuqinisa ukulawula ama-vector kulezi zindawo kungase kusize ekuvimbeleni ukuhlasela omiyane be-Anopheles ku-Fike nakwezinye izindawo. Sengiphetha, lolu cwaningo lunikeza indlela ebanzi ocwaningweni lwakamuva lokuqubuka kwe-Anopheles. I-stem borer ka-Stephenson inwetshwa ezindaweni ezintsha ukuze kutholwe izinga lokusabalala kwayo, kuhlolwe ukusebenza kahle kwezibulala-zinambuzane, futhi kuhlonzwe izindawo ezingaba umthombo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusakazeka okwengeziwe.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-19-2025