Ukuhlasela kwe-Anopheles stephensi e-Ethiopia kungaholela ekwandeni kokusabalala kwe-malaria esifundeni. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda iphrofayili yokumelana nezinambuzane kanye nesakhiwo sabantu be-Anopheles stephensi esitholakale muva nje eFike, e-Ethiopia kubalulekile ekuqondiseni ukulawulwa kwe-vector ukuze kumiswe ukusabalala kwalolu hlobo lwe-malaria oluhlaselayo ezweni. Ngemva kokubhekwa kwezinambuzane ze-Anopheles stephensi eFike, eSomalia Region, e-Ethiopia, siqinisekisile ukuba khona kwe-Anopheles stephensi eFike emazingeni okwakheka kanye nama-molecule. Ukuchazwa kwezindawo zokuhlala ze-larval kanye nokuhlolwa kokuzwela kwezinambuzane kwembule ukuthi i-A. fixini yayivame ukutholakala ezitsheni zokwenziwa futhi yayimelana nezinambuzane eziningi ezindala ezihlolwe (ama-organophosphate, ama-carbamates,ama-pyrethroids) ngaphandle kwe-pirimiphos-methyl kanye ne-PBO-pyrethroid. Kodwa-ke, izigaba zama-larval angakavuthwa zazisengozini ye-temephos. Ukuhlaziywa okwengeziwe kwe-genomic kwenziwa ngezinhlobo zangaphambilini ze-Anopheles stephensi. Ukuhlaziywa kwenani le-Anopheles stephensi e-Ethiopia kusetshenziswa ama-SNP angu-1704 e-biallelic kwembule ukuxhumana kwezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwenani le-A. fixais kanye nenani le-Anopheles stephensi e-Ethiopia ephakathi nasempumalanga, ikakhulukazi i-A. jiggigas. Okutholakele kwethu ngezici zokumelana nezinambuzane kanye nenani lemithombo engaba khona ye-Anopheles fixini kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni amasu okulawula lo mshini we-malaria ezifundeni zaseFike naseJigjiga ukuze kuncishiswe ukusabalala kwawo kusuka kulezi zifunda ezimbili kuya kwezinye izingxenye zezwe nakuyo yonke izwekazi lase-Afrika.
Ukuqonda izindawo zokuzalela omiyane kanye nezimo zemvelo kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amasu okulawula omiyane njengokusetshenziswa kwama-larvicides (temephos) kanye nokulawulwa kwemvelo (ukususwa kwezindawo zokuhlala zama-larval). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-World Health Organisation itusa ukuphathwa kwama-larval njengenye yamasu okulawula ngqo ama-Anopheles stephensi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nasezindaweni eziseduze nedolobha ezindaweni ezihlaselwe yizifo. 15 Uma umthombo wama-larval ungenakuqedwa noma uncishiswe (isb. izindawo zokugcina amanzi zasekhaya noma zasemadolobheni), ukusetshenziswa kwama-larvicides kungacatshangelwa. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela yokulawula ama-vector iyabiza lapho welapha izindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu zama-larval. 19 Ngakho-ke, ukuqondisa izindawo ezithile lapho omiyane abadala bekhona ngobuningi kungenye indlela engabizi kakhulu. 19 Ngakho-ke, ukunquma ukuthi ama-Anopheles stephensi eFik City asengozini yokubhekana nama-larvicides afana nama-temephos kungasiza ekunikezeni izinqumo lapho kuthuthukiswa izindlela zokulawula ama-vectors e-malaria ahlaselayo eFik City.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziywa kwezakhi zofuzo kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni amasu okulawula engeziwe e-Anopheles stephensi esanda kutholakala. Ikakhulukazi, ukuhlola ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nesakhiwo sabantu be-Anopheles stephensi nokuyiqhathanisa nabantu abakhona esifundeni kunganikeza ukuqonda ngomlando wabo wabantu, amaphethini okusabalala, kanye nabantu abangaba khona abavela emthonjeni.
Ngakho-ke, ngemva konyaka owodwa kutholakale okokuqala i-Anopheles stephensi edolobheni laseFike, esifundeni saseSomalia, e-Ethiopia, senze ucwaningo lwezinambuzane ukuze siqale sichaze indawo yokuhlala yezibungu ze-Anopheles stephensi futhi sithole ukuzwela kwazo emithini yokubulala izinambuzane, okuhlanganisa ne-larvicide temephos. Ngemva kokuhlonza i-morphological, senze ukuqinisekiswa kwe-molecular biological futhi sasebenzisa izindlela ze-genomic ukuhlaziya umlando wabantu kanye nesakhiwo sabantu be-Anopheles stephensi edolobheni laseFike. Siqhathanise lesi sakhiwo sabantu nesibalo sabantu be-Anopheles stephensi abatholakale ngaphambilini empumalanga ye-Ethiopia ukuze sithole ukuthi bathunjwa kangakanani edolobheni laseFike. Siphinde sahlola ubudlelwano babo bezakhi zofuzo nalezi zinhlobo zabantu ukuze sithole ukuthi zingaba umthombo wazo wabantu esifundeni.
I-synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) ihlolwe ngokumelene nama-pyrethroids amabili (i-deltamethrin ne-permethrin) ngokumelene nama-Anopheles stephensi. Ukuhlolwa kwe-synergistic kwenziwa ngokuveza omiyane ngaphambi kokufaka iphepha le-PBO elingu-4% imizuzu engama-60. Omiyane babe sebedluliselwa emapayipini aqukethe i-pyrethroid eqondiwe imizuzu engama-60 futhi ukuthambekela kwabo kwanqunywa ngokwemigomo yokufa ye-WHO echazwe ngenhla.
Ukuze sithole ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nemithombo engaba khona yabantu be-Fiq Anopheles stephensi, senze ukuhlaziywa kwenethiwekhi sisebenzisa isethi yedatha ye-biallelic SNP ehlanganisiwe kusuka ku-Fiq sequences (n = 20) futhi i-Genbank yakhipha i-Anopheles stephensi sequences ezindaweni eziyi-10 ezahlukene empumalanga ye-Ethiopia (n = 183, Samake et al. 29). Sisebenzise i-EDENetworks41, evumela ukuhlaziywa kwenethiwekhi ngokusekelwe ku-matrices yebanga lezakhi zofuzo ngaphandle kokuqagela kwangaphambili. Inethiwekhi iqukethe ama-node amelela abantu abaxhunywe ngama-edge/links anesisindo se-Reynolds genetic distance (D)42 ngokusekelwe ku-Fst, enikeza amandla esixhumanisi phakathi kwama-pair of populations41. Uma umphetho/isixhumanisi sijiyile, kulapho ubudlelwano bezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwabantu ababili buqina khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usayizi we-node ulingana nezixhumanisi zomphetho ezihlanganisiwe zenani labantu ngalinye. Ngakho-ke, lapho i-node inkulu, kulapho i-hub noma iphuzu lokuhlangana lokuxhumana liphakama khona. Ukubaluleka kwezibalo kwama-node kuhlolwe kusetshenziswa ama-bootstrap replicates ayi-1000. Ama-node avela ohlwini oluphezulu lwe-5 no-1 lwamanani e-betweenness centrality (BC) (inani lezindlela ezimfushane kakhulu zofuzo ezidlula ku-node) angabhekwa njengabalulekile ngokwezibalo43.
Sibika ukuba khona kwe-An. stephensi ngobuningi ngesikhathi semvula (Meyi-Juni 2022) eFike, eSomalia Region, e-Ethiopia. Kuma-Anopheles larvae angaphezu kuka-3,500 aqoqwe, wonke akhuliswa futhi ahlonzwa ngokwesimo somzimba njenge-Anopheles stephensi. Ukuhlonza ama-molecule eqembu lama-larvae kanye nokuhlaziywa okwengeziwe kwama-molecule nakho kuqinisekisile ukuthi isampula ehloliwe yayingeyakwa-Anopheles stephensi. Zonke izindawo zokuhlala zama-larvae ze-An. stephensi ezikhonjiwe zaziyizindawo zokuzalela ezenziwe ngokwenziwa njengamachibi ambozwe ngepulasitiki, amathangi amanzi avaliwe navulekile, kanye nemiphongolo, okuhambisana nezinye izindawo zokuhlala zama-larvae ze-An. stephensi ezibikwe empumalanga ye-Ethiopia45. Iqiniso lokuthi ama-larvae ezinye izinhlobo ze-An. stephensi aqoqwe lisikisela ukuthi i-An. stephensi ingasinda ngenkathi yesomiso ku-Fike15, okuvame ukuhluka ku-An. arabiensis, i-vector eyinhloko ye-malaria e-Ethiopia46,47. Kodwa-ke, eKenya, izibungu ze-Anopheles stephensi… zitholakale kokubili ezitsheni zokwenziwa kanye nasezindaweni eziseduze nemifudlana48, okugqamisa ukuhlukahluka kwezindawo zokuhlala zalezi zibungu ze-Anopheles stephensi ezihlaselayo, okunomthelela ekuqaphelweni kwezinambuzane esikhathini esizayo kwalesi simila somalaleveva esihlaselayo e-Ethiopia nase-Afrika.
Ucwaningo luthole ukwanda okukhulu komiyane abasabalalisa umalaleveva i-Anopheles eFickii, izindawo zabo zokuhlala ezidla izibungu, isimo sokumelana nezinambuzane zabantu abadala kanye nezibungu, ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo, isakhiwo sabantu kanye nemithombo engaba khona. Imiphumela yethu ikhombisile ukuthi inani labantu be-Anopheles fickii lalisengozini yokuthola i-pirimiphos-methyl, i-PBO-pyrethrin kanye ne-temetafos. B1 Ngakho-ke, lezi zinambuzane zingasetshenziswa ngempumelelo emasu okulawula lesi sidalwa sikamalaleveva esihlaselayo esifundeni saseFickii. Sithole nokuthi inani labantu be-Anopheles fik lalinobudlelwano bezakhi zofuzo nezikhungo ezimbili ezinkulu ze-Anopheles empumalanga ye-Ethiopia, okuyi-Jig Jiga kanye ne-Dire Dawa, futhi lalihlobene kakhulu ne-Jig Jiga. Ngakho-ke, ukuqinisa ukulawula izinambuzane kulezi zindawo kungasiza ekuvimbeleni ukuhlasela okwengeziwe komiyane be-Anopheles eFike nakwezinye izindawo. Ekuphetheni, lolu cwaningo lunikeza indlela ephelele yokutadisha ukuqubuka kwamuva kwe-Anopheles. I-Stephenson's stem borer inwetshwa ezindaweni ezintsha zezwe ukuze kutholakale izinga lokusabalala kwayo, kuhlolwe ukusebenza kahle kwemithi yokubulala izinambuzane, futhi kutholakale inani labantu abangaba khona bemithombo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusabalala okwengeziwe.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-19-2025