Umalaleveva usalokhu uyimbangela enkulu yokufa nokugula e-Afrika, kanye nomthwalo omkhulu phakathi kwezingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emi-5 ubudala. Izindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokuvimbela lesi sifo yizinto zokulawula izinambuzane ezibulala izinambuzane ezihlasela omiyane abadala be-Anopheles. Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwalezi zindlela zokungenelela, ukumelana nezinhlobo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane manje sekusakazeke kulo lonke elase-Afrika. Ukuqonda izindlela eziyisisekelo eziholela kulolu hlobo lokumelana kubalulekile kokubili ukulandelela ukusabalala kokumelana nokutheleleka kanye nokuthuthukisa amathuluzi amasha okukunqoba.
Kulolu cwaningo, siqhathanise ukwakheka kwe-microbiome ye-Anopheles gambiae engamelani nezinambuzane, i-Anopheles cruzi, kanye ne-Anopheles arabiensis evela eBurkina Faso kanye nezinhlobo ezizwela kakhulu izinambuzane, nazo ezivela e-Ethiopia.
Asitholanga mehluko ekwakhiweni kwe-microbiota phakathi kokungazweli ezibulala-zinambuzane kanyeisibulala-zinambuzane-inani labantu abasengozini eBurkina Faso. Lo mphumela uqinisekiswe yizifundo zaselabhorethri zamakoloni avela emazweni amabili aseBurkina Faso. Ngokuphambene nalokho, komiyane base-Anopheles arabiensis abavela e-Ethiopia, umehluko ocacile ekwakhiweni kwama-microbiota wabonwa phakathi kwalabo abafa nalabo abasinda ekuvezweni yizinambuzane. Ukuze siqhubeke sihlola ukumelana kwaleli nani le-Anopheles arabiensis, senze ukulandelana kwe-RNA futhi sathola ukubonakaliswa okuhlukile kwezakhi zofuzo zokususa ubuthi ezihlotshaniswa nokumelana nezinambuzane, kanye nezinguquko eziteshini ze-ion zokuphefumula, ze-metabolic, kanye neze-synaptic.
Imiphumela yethu iphakamisa ukuthi kwezinye izimo i-microbiota ingase ibe negalelo ekuthuthukisweni kokumelana nezinambuzane, ngaphezu kwezinguquko ze-transcriptome.
Nakuba ukumelana kuvame ukuchazwa njengengxenye yezakhi zofuzo ze-Anopheles vector, izifundo zakamuva zibonise ukuthi i-microbiome iyashintsha ekuphenduleni ekuvezweni yizinambuzane, okuphakamisa indima yalezi zinto eziphilayo ekuphikisweni. Ngempela, izifundo ze-Anopheles gambiae mosquito vectors eNingizimu neMelika Ephakathi zibonise izinguquko ezibalulekile ku-epidermal microbiome ngemuva kokuchayeka kuma-pyrethroids, kanye nezinguquko ku-microbiome iyonke ngemuva kokuchayeka kuma-organophosphates. E-Afrika, ukumelana ne-pyrethroid kuye kwahlotshaniswa nokushintsha kokwakheka kwe-microbiota eCameroon, eKenya, naseCôte d'Ivoire, kuyilapho i-Anopheles gambiae eguqulwe elebhu ibonise izinguquko ku-microbiota yayo ngemuva kokukhethwa kokumelana ne-pyrethroid. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwelashwa kokuhlola ngama-antibiotic kanye nokwengezwa kwamagciwane aziwayo komiyane be-Anopheles arabiensis abakhiwe elabhorethri kubonise ukubekezelelana okukhulu kuma-pyrethroids. Ndawonye, le mininingwane iphakamisa ukuthi ukumelana nezinambuzane kungase kuhlotshaniswe ne-microbiome yomiyane nokuthi lesi sici sokumelana nezinambuzane singasetshenziswa ekulawuleni izifo.
Kulolu cwaningo, sisebenzise ukulandelana kwe-16S ukuthola ukuthi i-microbiota yomiyane abaqoqwe elabhorethri kanye nabaqoqwe ensimini eNtshonalanga naseMpumalanga Afrika ihluke yini phakathi kwalabo abasinda kanye nalabo abafa ngemva kokuchayeka ku-pyrethroid deltamethrin. Ngokwesimo sokumelana nezinambuzane, ukuqhathanisa i-microbiota evela ezifundeni ezahlukene zase-Afrika enezinhlobo ezahlukene kanye namazinga okumelana kungasiza ukuqonda ithonya lesifunda emiphakathini yamagciwane. Amakholoni elabhorethri ayevela eBurkina Faso futhi akhuliswe ezindaweni ezimbili ezahlukene zaseYurophu (i-An. coluzzii eJalimane kanye ne-An. arabiensis e-United Kingdom), omiyane abavela eBurkina Faso bamele zonke izinhlobo ezintathu ze-An. gambiae species complex, kanti omiyane abavela e-Ethiopia bamele i-An. arabiensis. Lapha, sibonisa ukuthi i-Anopheles arabiensis evela e-Ethiopia yayinezimpawu ezihlukile ze-microbiota komiyane abaphilayo nabafile, kuyilapho i-Anopheles arabiensis evela eBurkina Faso kanye nama-laboratory amabili ayengenazo. Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukuphenya kabanzi ukumelana nezinambuzane. Senze uchungechunge lwe-RNA ezinhlotsheni ze-Anopheles arabiensis futhi sathola ukuthi izakhi zofuzo ezihambisana nokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane zanda, kuyilapho izakhi zofuzo ezihlobene nokuphefumula ngokuvamile zashintshwa. Ukuhlanganiswa kwale datha neqembu lesibili elivela e-Ethiopia kwathola izakhi zofuzo ezibalulekile zokususa ubuthi esifundeni. Ukuqhathaniswa okwengeziwe ne-Anopheles arabiensis yaseBurkina Faso kwembule umehluko omkhulu kumaphrofayili e-transcriptome, kodwa sathola izakhi zofuzo ezine ezibalulekile zokususa ubuthi ezazivezwa kakhulu kulo lonke elase-Afrika.
Omiyane abaphilayo nabafile bohlobo ngalunye oluvela esifundeni ngasinye bahlelwa ngokulandelana kusetshenziswa ukulandelana kwe-16S futhi kwabalwa ubungako obuhlobene. Akukho mehluko ekuhlukeni kwe-alpha okwabonwa, okubonisa ukuthi akukho mehluko ekucebeni kweyunithi yokusebenza ye-taxonomic (OTU); noma kunjalo, ukuhlukahluka kwe-beta kwahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe, kanye namagama okusebenzisana kwezwe kanye nesimo esiphilayo/esifile (i-PANOVA = 0.001 kanye no-0.008, ngokulandelana) kubonise ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kwakukhona phakathi kwalezi zici. Akukho mehluko ekuhlukeni kwe-beta okwabonwa phakathi kwamazwe, okubonisa ukuhlukahluka okufanayo phakathi kwamaqembu. I-Bray-Curtis multivariate scaling plot (Isithombe 2A) sibonise ukuthi amasampula ahlukaniswe kakhulu ngendawo, kodwa kwakukhona okuhlukile okuphawulekayo. Amasampula amaningana avela emphakathini we-An. arabiensis kanye nesampula eyodwa evela emphakathini we-An. coluzzii ahambisana nesampula evela eBurkina Faso, kanti isampula eyodwa evela kumasampula we-An. arabiensis avela eBurkina Faso ihambisana nesampula yomphakathi we-An. arabiensis, okungase kubonise ukuthi i-microbiota yokuqala yayigcinwe ngokungahleliwe ezizukulwaneni eziningi nasezifundeni eziningi. Amasampula aseBurkina Faso awahlukaniswanga ngokucacile ngezinhlobo; Lokhu kuntuleka kokuhlukaniswa kwakulindelekile njengoba abantu babehlanganiswa kamuva naphezu kokuba bevela ezindaweni ezahlukene zama-larva. Ngempela, izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi ukwabelana ngendawo yemvelo ngesikhathi sesigaba sasemanzini kungathinta kakhulu ukwakheka kwe-microbiota [50]. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ngenkathi amasampula omiyane baseBurkina Faso kanye nemiphakathi kungabonisi mehluko ekusindeni noma ekufeni komiyane ngemva kokuchayeka ezibulala-zinambuzane, amasampula ase-Ethiopia ahlukaniswa ngokusobala, okuphakamisa ukuthi ukwakheka kwe-microbiota kulezi zibonelo ze-Anopheles kuhlotshaniswa nokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane. Amasampula aqoqwe endaweni efanayo, okungachaza ukuhlangana okuqinile.
Ukumelana nezinambuzane ze-pyrethroid kuyindlela eyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ngenkathi izinguquko ku-metabolism kanye nezinhloso zifundwa kahle, izinguquko ku-microbiota ziqala ukuhlolwa. Kulolu cwaningo, sibonisa ukuthi izinguquko ku-microbiota zingaba zibaluleke kakhulu kubantu abathile; siqhubeka sichaza ukumelana nezinambuzane ku-Anopheles arabiensis evela eBahir Dar futhi sibonisa izinguquko emibhalweni eyaziwayo ehlobene nokumelana, kanye nezinguquko ezibalulekile ku-genes ezihlobene nokuphefumula ezazibonakala ocwaningweni lwangaphambilini lwe-RNA-seq lwabantu base-Anopheles arabiensis abavela e-Ethiopia. Ndawonye, le miphumela iphakamisa ukuthi ukumelana nezinambuzane kulaba omiyane kungase kuncike ekuhlanganisweni kwezici zofuzo nezingezona ezofuzo, mhlawumbe ngoba ubudlelwano bokubambisana namabhaktheriya endabuko bungase buhambisane nokuwohloka kwezinambuzane kubantu abanamazinga aphansi okumelana.
Izifundo zakamuva zixhumanise ukuphefumula okwandisiwe nokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane, okuhambisana namagama e-ontology acebile ku-Bahir Dar RNAseq kanye nedatha ehlanganisiwe yase-Ethiopia etholwe lapha; futhi iphakamisa ukuthi ukumelana kuholela ekuphefumuleni okwandisiwe, kungaba njengembangela noma umphumela walolu hlobo. Uma lezi zinguquko ziholela ekwehlukeni kwamandla ezinhlobo ze-oxygen ne-nitrogen, njengoba kuphakanyiswe ngaphambili, lokhu kungathinta ikhono le-vector kanye nokwakheka kwama-microbial ngokumelana okuhlukile kwamagciwane ekuqoqweni kwe-ROS ngamagciwane ahlala isikhathi eside.
Idatha evezwe lapha inikeza ubufakazi bokuthi i-microbiota ingathonya ukumelana nezinambuzane ezindaweni ezithile. Siphinde sabonisa ukuthi omiyane base-An. arabiensis e-Ethiopia babonisa izinguquko ezifanayo ze-transcriptome ezinikeza ukumelana nezinambuzane; noma kunjalo, inani lezakhi zofuzo ezihambisana nalezo eziseBurkina Faso lincane. Kusele izixwayiso eziningana mayelana neziphetho ezifinyelelwe lapha nakwezinye izifundo. Okokuqala, ubudlelwano obuyimbangela phakathi kokusinda kwe-pyrethroid kanye ne-microbiota kudingeka buboniswe kusetshenziswa izifundo ze-metabolomic noma ukufakelwa kwe-microbiota. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqinisekiswa kwabafakizicelo ababalulekile ezindaweni eziningi ezivela ezifundeni ezahlukene kudingeka kuboniswe. Okokugcina, ukuhlanganisa idatha ye-transcriptome nedatha ye-microbiota ngezifundo eziqondiwe ngemuva kokutshala kuzohlinzeka ngolwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nokuthi i-microbiota ithonya ngqo i-transcriptome yomiyane maqondana nokumelana ne-pyrethroid. Kodwa-ke, uma sibheka ndawonye, idatha yethu iphakamisa ukuthi ukumelana kungokwasendaweni kanye nokwamazwe ngamazwe, kugqamisa isidingo sokuhlola imikhiqizo emisha yezinambuzane ezindaweni eziningi.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Mashi-24-2025