I-Lambda-cyhalothrin, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-cyhalothrin kanye ne-kungfu cyhalothrin, yathuthukiswa ngempumelelo yithimba le-AR Jutsum ngo-1984. Indlela esebenza ngayo ukushintsha ukungena kwe-membrane yemizwa yezinambuzane, ukuvimbela ukuqhutshwa kwe-axon yemizwa yezinambuzane, ukubhubhisa umsebenzi we-neuron ngokusebenzisana nesiteshi se-sodium ion, ukwenza isinambuzane esinobuthi sijabule kakhulu, singasebenzi futhi sife, futhi singasiwisa ngokushesha isinambuzane. I-Lambda-cyhalothrin inezici zobubanzi bezinambuzane ezibulala izinambuzane, umsebenzi ophezulu kanye nomphumela omude, futhi ifanelekela ukulawula izinambuzane ezitshalweni ezifana nokolweni, ummbila, izihlahla zezithelo, ukotini, imifino ebethelwe esiphambanweni, njll.
1 Isimo esiyisisekelo
高效氯氟氰菊酯Igama lesiNgisi: iLambda-cyhalothrin; Ifomula yama-molecule: C23H19ClF3NO3; Iphuzu lokubila: 187～190℃/0.2 mmHg; Inombolo ye-CAS: 91465-08-633.
Isakhiwo somkhiqizo siboniswe kuMfanekiso 1.
Umfanekiso 1 Ifomula yesakhiwo se-beta-cyhalothrin
2 Izinhloso zobuthi kanye nokulawula
I-Beta-cyhalothrin inemiphumela yokubulalana kanye nobuthi esiswini, futhi inomphumela othile wokugwema futhi ayinawo umphumela ojwayelekile. Inomphumela omuhle wokulawula izinambuzane ezihlafuna umlomo njenge-Lepidoptera larvae kanye nezinye izimbungulu ze-Coleoptera, futhi ingasetshenziswa futhi ukulawula izinambuzane ezimunca umlomo njenge-pear psyllium. Izinto eziyinhloko zokulawula ze-beta-cyhalothrin yizimpukane, izimbungulu, izimbungulu zommbila, izimbungulu ze-beet, izimbungulu ze-heartworm, ama-leaf rollers, izimbungulu ze-armyworm, izimbungulu ze-swallowtail, izimbungulu ze-fruit armyworm, izimbungulu ze-cotton bollworm, izimbungulu ze-red boll, izimbungulu zeklabishi, njll. Ezitshalweni zotshani, utshani kanye nezitshalo zasensimini eyomile, ingavimbela futhi ilawule izimbungulu zotshani, njll. Sebenzisa izinkathi zonyaka ezindaweni ezahlukene zomhlaba: eShayina, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngoMashi kuya ku-Agasti; eNingizimu/eNyakatho Melika, kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuMeyi kanye noSepthemba kuya kuDisemba; eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, kusukela ngoDisemba kuya kuMeyi; eYurophu, kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuMeyi kanye noSepthemba kuya kuDisemba inyanga.
3 Inqubo yokwenziwa kanye nezingxenye eziyinhloko
(1) Ukwenziwa kwe-trifluorochlorochrysanthemum acid chloride
I-Trifluorochlorochrysanthemum acid (i-Kung fu acid) iphendula ne-thionyl chloride, incibilike futhi ilungise ukuze kutholakale i-trifluorochlorochrysanthemic acid chloride.
(2) Ukwenziwa kukawoyela ongahluziwe we-chlorofluorocyanide
I-chlorofluroyl chloride, i-m-phenoxybenzaldehyde (i-ether aldehyde) kanye ne-sodium cyanide kwakheka ukuze kutholakale uwoyela ongahluziwe we-chlorofluorocyanide ngaphansi kwesenzo se-catalyst.
(3) Ukwenziwa kwe-beta-cyhalothrin
Ngaphansi kwesenzo sama-amine e-organic, i-chlorofluorocyanide eluhlaza idlula epimerization ukuze ikhiqize i-beta-cyhalothrin.
4 Isimo semakethe yasekhaya
Ngokusho kombuzo we-China Pesticide Information Network, kusukela ngoMeyi 20, 2022, inani lokubhaliswa kobuchwepheshe be-alpha-cyhalothrin lalingu-45, kanti okuqukethwe okubhalisiwe kwakungu-81%, 95%, 97%, 96%, kanye no-98%. Phakathi kwabo, ukubhaliswa okunokuqukethwe okungu-95%, 96%, kanye no-98% kwaba yingxenye enkulu.
Ngokusho kombuzo we-China Pesticide Information Network, kusukela ngoMeyi 20, 2022. Imininingwane yokubhaliswa kwasekhaya yamalungiselelo e-beta-cyhalothrin ikhombisa ukuthi kunezingxube zomthamo owodwa, lapho ezingu-621 kuzo zingumthamo owodwa kanti ezingu-216 zihlanganisiwe. Isilinganiso esisodwa: 621 esibhalisiwe, amalungiselelo ayinhloko yi-2.5%, 2.7%, 5%, 25g/L microemulsion, 5%, 10%, 25g/L, 2.5% water emulsion, 5%, 2.5%, 25% g/L, 50 g/L EC, 25%, 10%, 2.5% WP, 2.5%, 10%, 25 g/L microcapsule suspension, njll. Izingxube ezihlanganisiwe: 216 ezibhalisiwe, ikakhulukazi nge-Acitretin, Acitrate, Thiamethoxam, Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid, Phoxim, Triazophos, Dextromethrin, Pymetrozine kanye neminye imikhiqizo ehlanganisiwe. Amafomu amakhulu omthamo yilawa: 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 22%, 44% i-emulsion yamanzi, 16%, 20%, 25%, 26% EC, 15%, 22%, 30% i-ejenti yokumisa, 2%, 5%, 10%, 12%, 30% i-microemulsion, 2%, 4% ama-granule, 4.5%, 22%, 24%, 30% impuphu emanzi, njll.
5 Isimo semakethe yaphesheya kwezilwandle
5.1 Ukubhaliswa kwamalungiselelo aphesheya kwezilwandle
Imithamo eyodwa eyinhloko ebhalisiwe ingu-25 g/L, 50 g/L, 2.5% EC, 2.5%, 10% WP.
Izingxube eziyinhloko yilezi: i-beta-cyhalothrin 9.4% + i-thiamethoxam 12.6% i-microcapsule suspension, i-beta-cyhalothrin 1.7% + i-abamectin 0.3% EC, i-thiamethoxam 14.1% + i-chlorofluorocarbon esebenza kahle kakhulu i-Cypermethrin 10.6% i-suspension agent, i-Acetamiprid 2% + i-Beta-cyhalothrin 1.5% EC.
5.2 Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kweShayina
Kusukela ngo-2015 kuya ku-2019, izinkampani ezingu-582 zithumele imikhiqizo yezobuchwepheshe neyokulungiselela ye-cyhalothrin esebenza kahle kakhulu, kanti inani lokuthumela kwamanye amazwe lezinkampani eziyishumi eziphezulu labalelwa ku-45% wenani eliphelele lokuthumela kwamanye amazwe (ukuqongelela kweminyaka emi-5). Izinkampani eziyishumi eziphezulu zibhalwe kuThebula 2.
Isilinganiso somthamo wezinto zobuchwepheshe zokuthumela kwamanye amazwe singamathani angu-2,400 ngonyaka, kanti isamba esiphezulu sokuthumela kwamanye amazwe singamathani angu-3,000 ngonyaka. Isamba sokuthumela kwamanye amazwe sikhuphuke unyaka nonyaka kusukela ngo-2015 kuya ku-2019. Isilinganiso somthamo wokuthumela kwamanye amazwe wamalungiselelo angokoqobo singamathani angu-14,800 ngonyaka, kanti isamba esiphezulu sokuthumela kwamanye amazwe singamathani angu-17,000 (2017), bese kuthi isamba sokuthumela kwamanye amazwe sizinzile; isamba esimaphakathi sokuthumela kwamanye amazwe singamathani angu-460 ngonyaka, kanti esiphezulu singamathani angu-515 ngonyaka.
Kusukela ngo-2015 kuya ku-2019, imikhiqizo yobuchwepheshe kanye neyokulungiselela ye-cyhalothrin yathunyelwa ezimakethe ezingu-77. Izimakethe ezinhlanu eziphezulu kwakuyi-United States, iBelgium, i-India, i-Argentina, kanye nePakistan. Izimakethe ezinhlanu eziphezulu zazingu-57% wengqikithi yokuthunyelwa kwe-China. (Iminyaka emi-5 ihlanganisiwe).
Izitayela zakamuva zemakethe ezi-6
Ngokusho kwemithombo yabezindaba, ngomhlaka-7 Meyi 2022, ngesikhathi sendawo, ifektri yenkampani yamakhemikhali ezolimo yaseNdiya iBharat Rasayan, ekhiqiza kakhulu imikhiqizo ye-pyrethroid kanye nezinye izinto ezihlobene nayo, yasha ngemuva kokuqhuma kwebhoyila.
I-India ingenye yabakhiqizi abakhulu bezibulala-zinambuzane abangewona amalungelo obunikazi emhlabeni, phakathi kwabo amandla okukhiqizwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezibalulekile zemikhiqizo ye-pyrethroid, i-methyl betinate kanye ne-ether aldehyde, aphezulu kakhulu. Ngo-2021, i-Bharat Rasayan izothumela ngaphandle inani elingaphezu kwamathani ayi-6,000 emithi yobuchwepheshe yezibulala-zinambuzane, amalungiselelo kanye nemithi yobuchwepheshe, okungu-61% kuyo kuyimithi yobuchwepheshe, amalungiselelo angu-13% kanye nama-26% aphakathi (ikakhulukazi ama-pyrethroid intermediates). Njengemithi yokwelapha izinambuzane ye-pyrethroid ebalulekile, i-ether aldehyde inesidingo sasekhaya saminyaka yonke esingamathani angaba ngu-6,000, cishe ingxenye yawo idinga ukuthengwa eNdiya.
Njengoba imakethe yasekhaya ye-cyhalothrin isondela ekupheleni kwayo, futhi inkampani yaseNdiya akuyona inkampani eyinhloko ekhiqiza izinto eziphathelene ne-alpha-cyhalothrin ezifana ne-ether aldehydes, umthelela emakethe yasekhaya mncane kakhulu, futhi kubalulekile kakhulu ukunaka ukuthunyelwa kwamuva kwe-cyhalothrin. Izilinganiso.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-08-2022