Omiyane nezifo ezithwalwa omiyane kuyinkinga ekhulayo emhlabeni jikelele. Izithako zezitshalo kanye/noma amafutha angasetshenziswa njengendlela ehlukile kunezibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa. Kulolu cwaningo, amafutha angu-32 (ku-1000 ppm) ahlolwe umsebenzi wawo wokubulala ama-larvicidal ngokumelene nezibungu ze-Culex pipiens ezine-instar futhi amafutha amahle kakhulu ahlolwe umsebenzi wawo wokubulala ama-adultist futhi ahlaziywa yi-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) kanye ne-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Omiyane bangu-izinambuzane zasendulo,kanye nezifo ezithwalwa omiyane ziyingozi enkulu empilweni yomhlaba wonke, zisongela abantu abangaphezu kuka-40% emhlabeni. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngo-2050, cishe ingxenye yabantu emhlabeni izoba sengozini yamagciwane athwalwa omiyane. 1 I-Culex pipiens (i-Diptera: Culicidae) iwumiyane osakazeke kabanzi odlulisela izifo eziyingozi ezibangela ukugula okubi futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukufa kubantu nasezilwaneni.
Ukulawula ama-vector kuyindlela eyinhloko yokunciphisa ukukhathazeka komphakathi ngezifo ezithwalwa omiyane. Ukulawula omiyane abadala kanye nabayizibungu ngemithi yokuxosha kanye nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokunciphisa ukulunywa omiyane. Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa kungaholela ekumelaneni nezibulala-zinambuzane, ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, kanye nezingozi zempilo kubantu nasezintweni eziphilayo ezingahlosiwe.
Kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuthola ezinye izindlela ezinobungani nemvelo ezithakweni ezisekelwe ezitshalweni ezifana namafutha abalulekile (ama-EO). Amafutha abalulekile ayizinto eziguquguqukayo ezitholakala emindenini eminingi yezitshalo njenge-Asteraceae, Rutaceae, Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Piperaceae, Poaceae, Zingiberaceae, kanye ne-Cupressaceae14. Amafutha abalulekile aqukethe ingxube eyinkimbinkimbi yamakhemikhali afana nama-phenols, sesquiterpenes, kanye ne-monoterpenes15.
Amafutha abalulekile anezakhiwo zokulwa namagciwane, ukulwa namagciwane kanye nezokulwa namagciwane. Aphinde abe nezakhiwo zokubulala izinambuzane futhi angabangela imiphumela enobuthi ku-neuro ngokuphazamisa imisebenzi yomzimba, ye-metabolic, yokuziphatha kanye neye-biochemical yezinambuzane lapho amafutha abalulekile ephefumulwa, egwinywa noma emuncwa esikhumbeni16. Amafutha abalulekile angasetshenziswa njengemithi yokubulala izinambuzane, imithi yokubulala ama-larvicides, imithi yokuxosha kanye nemithi yokuxosha izinambuzane. Ayinabo ubuthi obuncane, ayiboli futhi inganqoba ukumelana nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane.
Amafutha abalulekile aya ngokuya ethandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabakhiqizi bezinto eziphilayo kanye nabathengi abaqaphela imvelo futhi afanelekela izindawo zasemadolobheni, emakhaya nakwezinye izindawo ezizwela imvelo.
Indima yamafutha abalulekile ekulawuleni omiyane ixoxwe ngayo15,19. Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuhlola nokuhlola amanani okubulala ama-larvicidal abulalayo amafutha abalulekile angu-32 nokuhlaziya umsebenzi we-adenocidal kanye namakhemikhali e-phytochemicals amafutha abalulekile asebenza kahle kakhulu ngokumelene ne-Culex pipiens.
Kulolu cwaningo, kutholakale ukuthi amafutha e-An. graveolens kanye ne-V. odorata asebenza kahle kakhulu kubantu abadala, alandelwa yi-T. vulgaris kanye ne-N. sativa. Okutholakele kukhombisile ukuthi i-Anopheles vulgare iyi-larvicide enamandla. Ngokufanayo, amafutha ayo angalawula i-Anopheles atroparvus, i-Culex quinquefasciatus kanye ne-Aedes aegypti. Nakuba i-Anopheles vulgaris ibonise ukusebenza kahle kwe-larvicide kulolu cwaningo, yayingasebenzi kahle kakhulu kubantu abadala. Ngokuphambene nalokho, inezakhiwo ze-adenocidal ngokumelene ne-Cx. quinquefasciatus.
Idatha yethu ikhombisa ukuthi i-Anopheles sinensis iphumelela kakhulu njengombulali wezibungu kodwa ayisebenzi kahle njengombulali wabantu abadala. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izingcezu zamakhemikhali ze-Anopheles sinensis zazixosha izibungu kanye nabantu abadala be-Culex pipiens, kanti isivikelo esiphezulu (100%) ekulunyweni komiyane besifazane abangadliwe sitholakala ngomthamo ongu-6 mg/cm2. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isingcezu sayo samaqabunga siphinde sabonisa umsebenzi wokubulala izibungu ngokumelene ne-Anopheles arabiensis kanye ne-Anopheles gambiae (ss).
Kulolu cwaningo, i-thyme (An. graveolens) ibonise umsebenzi onamandla wokubulala ama-larvicidal kanye nokubulala abantu abadala. Ngokufanayo, i-thyme ibonise umsebenzi wokubulala ama-larvicidal ngokumelene ne-Cx. quinquefasciatus28 kanye ne-Aedes aegypti29. I-Thyme ibonise umsebenzi wokubulala ama-larvicidal kuma-Culex pipiens larvae ku-200 ppm concentration kanye nokufa okungu-100% kuyilapho amanani e-LC25 kanye ne-LC50 awabonisanga mthelela emsebenzini we-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) kanye nokusebenza kohlelo lokukhipha ubuthi, umsebenzi we-GST owandisiwe kanye nokwehla kokuqukethwe kwe-GSH ngo-30%.
Amanye amafutha abalulekile asetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo abonise umsebenzi ofanayo wokubulala ama-larvicidal ngokumelene nezibungu ze-Culex pipiens njenge-N. sativa32,33 kanye ne-S. officinalis34. Amanye amafutha abalulekile njenge-T. vulgaris, i-S. officinalis, i-C. sempervirens kanye ne-A. graveolens abonise umsebenzi wokubulala ama-larvicidal ngokumelene nezibungu zomiyane ezinamanani e-LC90 angaphansi kuka-200–300 ppm. Lo mphumela ungase ube ngenxa yezizathu eziningana ezifaka phakathi ukuthi iphesenti lezingxenye zawo eziyinhloko liyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi imvelaphi yamafutha emifino, ikhwalithi yamafutha, ukuzwela kohlobo olusetshenzisiwe, izimo zokugcina zamafutha kanye nezimo zobuchwepheshe.
Kulolu cwaningo, i-turmeric yayingasebenzi kahle, kodwa izingxenye zayo ezingu-27 ezifana ne-curcumin kanye ne-monocarbonyl derivatives ye-curcumin zibonise umsebenzi wokubulala ama-larvicidal ngokumelene ne-Culex pipiens kanye ne-Aedes albopictus43, kanye ne-hexane extract ye-turmeric ekugxilweni kwe-1000 ppm amahora angu-244 kusabonise umsebenzi wokubulala ama-larvicidal ongu-100% ngokumelene ne-Culex pipiens kanye ne-Aedes albopictus.
Imiphumela efanayo yokubulala izibungu ibikwe ngezingcezu ze-hexane ze-rosemary (80 kanye ne-160 ppm), okunciphisa ukufa ngo-100% ezibungwini ze-Culex pipiens zesigaba sesithathu nesesine kanye nokwandisa ubuthi ngo-50% ezimpukaneni nakubantu abadala.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-phytochemical kulolu cwaningo kwembule amakhemikhali asebenzayo ayinhloko amafutha ahlaziyiwe. Uwoyela wetiye eliluhlaza uyi-larvicide ephumelela kakhulu futhi uqukethe inani elikhulu lama-polyphenols anomsebenzi we-antioxidant, njengoba kutholakale kulolu cwaningo. Imiphumela efanayo itholakale59. Imininingwane yethu iphakamisa ukuthi uwoyela wetiye eliluhlaza uqukethe nama-polyphenols afana ne-gallic acid, ama-catechins, i-methyl gallate, i-caffeic acid, i-coumaric acid, i-naringenin, ne-kaempferol, okungaba nomthelela emphumeleni wawo wokubulala izinambuzane.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-biochemical kukhombisile ukuthi uwoyela obalulekile we-Rhodiola rosea uthinta izindawo zokugcina amandla, ikakhulukazi amaprotheni nama-lipids30. Ukungafani phakathi kwemiphumela yethu nokwezinye izifundo kungase kube ngenxa yomsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwamafutha abalulekile, okungase kuhluke kuye ngobudala besitshalo, isakhiwo sezicubu, imvelaphi yendawo, izingxenye ezisetshenziswa enkambisweni yokucwilisa, uhlobo lokucwilisa, kanye nohlobo lwesitshalo. Ngakho-ke, uhlobo kanye nokuqukethwe kwezithako ezisebenzayo ku-oyela ngamunye obalulekile kungabangela umehluko emandleni azo okulwa nokulimala16.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-13-2025