Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa kuye kwaholela ezinkingeni eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukuvela kwezinto ezimelana nezifo, ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo kanye nokulimala empilweni yomuntu.Ngakho-ke, izibulala-zinambuzane ezintsha eziphephile empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo zidingeka ngokushesha.Kulolu cwaningo, i-rhamnolipid biosurfactant ekhiqizwa yi-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 isetshenziselwe ukuhlola ubuthi omiyane (Culex quinquefasciatus) kanye nezibungu zomuhlwa (Odontotermes obesus).Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi kwakukhona izinga lokufa elincike kumthamo phakathi kokwelashwa.Inani le-LC50 (50% lethal concentration) emahoreni angu-48 lomuhlwa kanye nama-biosurfactants omiyane lanqunywa kusetshenziswa indlela yokulinganisa ijika lokuhlehla elingaqondile.Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi amanani we-LC50 wamahora angu-48 (isikhawu sokuzethemba esingu-95%) we-larvicidal kanye nomsebenzi we-antitermite we-biosurfactant wawungu-26.49 mg/L (ububanzi obungu-25.40 kuye ku-27.57) no-33.43 mg/L (ububanzi obungu-31.09 ukuya ku-35.68) ngokulandelanayo.Ngokusho kokuhlolwa kwe-histopathological, ukwelashwa ngama-biosurfactants kubangele umonakalo omkhulu ezicutshini ze-organelle zezibungu nomuhlwa.Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ibonisa ukuthi i-microbial biosurfactant ekhiqizwa yi-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 iyithuluzi elihle kakhulu futhi elinamandla okulawula i-Cx.i-quinquefasciatus ne-O. obesus.
Amazwe ashisayo abhekana nenani elikhulu lezifo ezithwalwa omiyane1.Ukubaluleka kwezifo ezithwalwa omiyane kusabalele.Bangaphezu kuka-400,000 abantu ababulawa umalaleveva unyaka ngamunye, kanti amanye amadolobha amakhulu abhekana nemiqedazwe yezifo ezimbi kakhulu njengodenga, i-yellow fever, i-chikungunya kanye ne-Zika.2 Izifo ezithwalwa yizilwane zihlotshaniswa nokutheleleka okukodwa kweziyisithupha emhlabeni wonke. amacala abalulekile3,4.I-Culex, i-Anopheles kanye ne-Aedes yizinhlobo ezintathu zomiyane ezivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokudluliswa kwezifo5.Ukusabalala komkhuhlane wodenga, ukutheleleka okudluliselwa umiyane i-Aedes aegypti, kuye kwanda kule minyaka eyishumi edlule futhi kubangela usongo olukhulu empilweni yomphakathi4,7,8.Ngokusho kwe-World Health Organization (WHO), ngaphezu kuka-40% wabantu emhlabeni wonke basengozini yomkhuhlane wodenga, kanti izigidi ezingu-50-100 zezifo ezintsha zenzeka minyaka yonke emazweni angaphezu kwe-1009,10,11.Umkhuhlane wodenga usuphenduke inkinga enkulu yezempilo yomphakathi njengoba izinga lawo lenyuke emhlabeni wonke12,13,14.I-Anopheles gambiae, evame ukwaziwa ngokuthi umiyane wase-Afrika i-Anopheles, iyigciwane elibaluleke kakhulu likamalaleveva wabantu ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo15.Igciwane laseWest Nile, i-St. Louis encephalitis, i-encephalitis yaseJapane, kanye nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane zamahhashi nezinyoni zisakazwa omiyane baseCulex, abavame ukubizwa ngokuthi omiyane bezindlu ezivamile.Ngaphezu kwalokho, nazo zingabathwali bezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane namagciwane16.Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-3,000 zomuhlwa emhlabeni, futhi sezineminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-15017.Izinambuzane eziningi zihlala emhlabathini futhi zidla izinkuni nemikhiqizo yezinkuni equkethe i-cellulose.Umhlwa waseNdiya i-Odontotermes obesus iyisilokazana esibalulekile esidala umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni ezibalulekile nasezihlahleni zokutshala18.Ezindaweni zezolimo, ukuhlasela kwemihlwa ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene kungabangela umonakalo omkhulu wezomnotho ezitshalweni ezihlukahlukene, izinhlobo zezihlahla kanye nezinto zokwakha.Imihlwa nayo ingabanga izinkinga zempilo yabantu19.
Indaba yokumelana nama-microorganisms kanye nezinambuzane emikhakheni yanamuhla yemithi nezolimo iyinkimbinkimbi20,21.Ngakho-ke, zombili izinkampani kufanele zibheke ama-antimicrobial amasha angabizi kanye nama-biopesticides aphephile.Izibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa seziyatholakala futhi zibonisiwe ukuthi ziyathelelana futhi zixosha izinambuzane ezinenzuzo ezingahlosiwe22.Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ucwaningo lwama-biosurfactants luye lwanda ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwawo ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene.Ama-Biosurfactants awusizo kakhulu futhi abalulekile kwezolimo, ukulungisa umhlabathi, ukukhishwa kwe-petroleum, amagciwane nokususwa kwezinambuzane, kanye nokucubungula ukudla23,24.Ama-biosurfactants noma ama-microbial surfactants angamakhemikhali e-biosurfactant akhiqizwa ama-microorganisms afana namagciwane, imvubelo nesikhunta ezindaweni ezihlala ogwini nasezindaweni ezingcoliswe uwoyela25,26.Ama-surfactants athathwe ngamakhemikhali kanye nama-biosurfactants ayizinhlobo ezimbili ezitholakala ngokuqondile endaweni yemvelo27.Ama-biosurfactants ahlukahlukene atholakala ezindaweni ezihlala olwandle28,29.Ngakho-ke, ososayensi bafuna ubuchwepheshe obusha bokukhiqiza ama-biosurfactants asekelwe kumagciwane emvelo30,31.Intuthuko ocwaningweni olunjalo ibonisa ukubaluleka kwalezi zinhlanganisela zebhayoloji ekuvikelweni kwemvelo32.I-Bacillus, i-Pseudomonas, i-Rhodococcus, i-Alcaligenes, i-Corynebacterium kanye nalezi zinhlobo zebhaktheriya zingabamele abafundelwe kahle23,33.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-biosurfactants anezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza34.Inzuzo ephawulekayo yalezi zinhlanganisela ukuthi ezinye zazo zine-antibacterial, larvicidal kanye nomsebenzi we-insecticidal.Lokhu kusho ukuthi zingasetshenziswa ezimbonini zezolimo, zamakhemikhali, ezemithi nezimonyo35,36,37,38.Ngenxa yokuthi ama-biosurfactants ngokuvamile ayabola futhi azuzisa imvelo, asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezididiyelwe zokulawula izinambuzane ukuze kuvikelwe izitshalo39.Ngakho-ke, ulwazi oluyisisekelo luye lwatholakala mayelana nomsebenzi we-larvicidal kanye ne-antitermite wama-microbial biosurfactants akhiqizwa yi-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2.Sihlole izinguquko zokufa kanye ne-histological lapho sichayeka ekugxilweni okuhlukene kwama-rhamnolipid biosurfactants.Ngaphezu kwalokho, sihlole uhlelo lwekhompiyutha olusetshenziswa kabanzi lwe-Quantitative Structure-Activity (QSAR) lwe-Ecological Structure-Activity (ECOSAR) ukuze sithole ubuthi obunamandla be-microalgae, i-daphnia, nenhlanzi.
Kulolu cwaningo, umsebenzi we-antitermite (ubuthi) wama-biosurfactants ahlanziwe ekugxilweni okuhlukahlukene kusukela ku-30 kuya ku-50 mg/ml (ngezikhawu ze-5 mg/ml) uhlolwe ngokumelene nomuhlwa waseNdiya, i-O. obesus kanye nezinhlobo zesine )Hlola.Izibungu ze-instar Cx.Izibungu zomiyane i-quinquefasciatus.I-Biosurfactant LC50 igxila emahoreni angu-48 ngokumelene ne-O. obesus ne-Cx.C. solanacearum.Izibungu zomiyane zihlonzwe kusetshenziswa indlela yokulinganisa ijika elingaqondile.Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ukufa kwemihlwa kwanda ngokugxila kwe-biosurfactant okwandayo.Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi i-biosurfactant inomsebenzi we-larvicidal (Umfanekiso 1) nomsebenzi wokulwa nomuhlwa (Umfanekiso 2), onamanani angu-48 we-LC50 (95% CI) angu-26.49 mg/L (25.40 kuya ku-27.57) kanye no-33.43 mg/ l (Fig. 31.09 kuya ku-35.68), ngokulandelana (Ithebula 1).Ngokuphathelene nobuthi obunzima (amahora angu-48), i-biosurfactant ihlukaniswa “njengeyingozi” ezintweni eziphilayo ezihloliwe.I-biosurfactant ekhiqizwe kulolu cwaningo ikhombise umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu wokuqeda izibungu ngokufa okungama-100% phakathi namahora angama-24-48 wokuchayeka.
Bala inani le-LC50 lomsebenzi wokuqeda izibungu.Ukulinganisa ijika lokuhlehla okungaqondile (umugqa oqinile) kanye nesikhawu sokuzethemba esingu-95% (indawo enomthunzi) kokufa okuhlobene (%).
Bala inani le-LC50 lomsebenzi wokulwa nomuhlwa.Ukulinganisa ijika lokuhlehla okungaqondile (umugqa oqinile) kanye nesikhawu sokuzethemba esingu-95% (indawo enomthunzi) kokufa okuhlobene (%).
Ekupheleni kokuhlolwa, izinguquko ze-morphological and anomalies zabonwa ngaphansi kwe-microscope.Izinguquko ze-morphological zabonwa ekulawuleni nasekuphathweni kwamaqembu ekukhulisweni okungu-40x.Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMdwebo 3, ukukhubazeka kokukhula kwenzeka eningini lezibungu ezelashwa ngama-biosurfactants.Umfanekiso 3a ubonisa i-Cx evamile.quinquefasciatus, Umfanekiso 3b ubonisa i-Cx exakile.Ibangela izibungu ezinhlanu ze-nematode.
Umphumela wemithamo ye-sublethal (LC50) yama-biosurfactants ekuthuthukisweni kwezibungu ze-Culex quinquefasciatus.Isithombe se-microscopy esikhanyayo (a) se-Cx evamile ekukhuliseni okungu-40×.i-quinquefasciatus (b) I-Cx Engavamile.Ibangela izibungu ezinhlanu ze-nematode.
Esifundweni samanje, ukuhlolwa kwe-histological yezibungu eziphathwayo (Fig. 4) kanye nomuhlwa (Fig. 5) kwembula ukungavamile okuningana, okuhlanganisa ukunciphisa endaweni yesisu kanye nokulimala kwemisipha, izingqimba ze-epithelial kanye nesikhumba.i-midgut.I-Histology yembula indlela yokusebenza evimbelayo ye-biosurfactant esetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo.
I-Histopathology yezibungu ze-Cx ezivamile ezingalashwanga.i-quinquefasciatus izibungu (ukulawula: (a,b)) futhi yelashwe nge-biosurfactant (ukwelashwa: (c,d)).Imicibisholo ikhombisa i-epithelium yamathumbu (epi), i-nuclei (n), nemisipha (mu) eselashiwe.Ibha = 50 µm.
I-Histopathology ye-O. obesus evamile engelashiwe (ukulawula: (a,b)) kanye nokwelashwa kwe-biosurfactant (ukwelashwa: (c,d)).Imicibisholo ibonisa i-epithelium yamathumbu (epi) kanye nemisipha (mu), ngokulandelanayo.Ibha = 50 µm.
Kulolu cwaningo, i-ECOSAR yasetshenziselwa ukubikezela ubuthi obukhulu bemikhiqizo ye-rhamnolipid biosurfactant kubakhiqizi bokuqala (ulwelwe oluluhlaza), abathengi abayinhloko (amazeze amanzi) kanye nabathengi besibili (inhlanzi).Lolu hlelo lusebenzisa amamodeli ahlanganisiwe wesakhiwo sobuningi bomsebenzi ukuhlola ubuthi ngokusekelwe esakhiweni samangqamuzana.Imodeli isebenzisa isofthiwe ye-structural-activity (SAR) ukubala ubuthi obuyingozi nobudala bezinto ezinhlobonhlobo zasemanzini.Ngokucacile, Ithebula 2 lifingqa ukugxiliswa kwesilinganiso esibulalayo (LC50) kanye nokugxilisa okusebenzayo (EC50) kwezinhlobo ezimbalwa.Ubuthi obusolwayo bahlukaniswa ngamaleveli amane kusetshenziswa Uhlelo Lokuhlukaniswa Komhlaba Oluvumelanayo Lokuhlukaniswa kanye Nokulebula Amakhemikhali (Ithebula 3).
Ukulawulwa kwezifo ezithwalwa yizilwane, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo zomiyane kanye nomiyane i-Aedes.abaseGibhithe, manje umsebenzi onzima 40,41,42,43,44,45,46.Nakuba ezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ezitholakala ngamakhemikhali, njenge-pyrethroids nama-organophosphates, zinenzuzo ngandlela-thile, zibeka engcupheni enkulu empilweni yomuntu, okuhlanganisa isifo sikashukela, ukuphazamiseka kokuzala, ukuphazamiseka kwemizwa, umdlavuza, nezifo zokuphefumula.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezi zinambuzane zingamelana nazo13,43,48.Ngakho-ke, izinyathelo zokulawula izinto eziphilayo ezisebenzayo nezinobungani nemvelo zizoba indlela ethandwa kakhulu yokulawula omiyane49,50.U-Benelli51 uphakamise ukuthi ukulawulwa kusenesikhathi kwezindawo ezithwala omiyane kuzosebenza kangcono ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, kodwa abazange batuse ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezindaweni zasemakhaya52.U-Tom et al 53 uphinde waphakamisa ukuthi ukulawula omiyane ezigabeni zabo ezingavuthiwe kungaba isu eliphephile nelilula ngoba bazwela kakhulu kuma-ejenti okulawula 54.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Biosurfactant ngobunzima obunamandla (I-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2) kubonise ukusebenza okuhambisanayo nokuthembisayo.Ucwaningo lwethu lwangaphambilini lubike ukuthi i-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ithuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-biosurfactant isebenzisa imingcele ye-physicochemical26.Ngokocwaningo lwabo, izimo ezifanele zokukhiqizwa kwe-biosurfactant nge-E. cloacae isolate engaba khona zafakwa ekufukameleni amahora angu-36, ukuyaluza ku-150 rpm, pH 7.5, 37 °C, salinity 1 ppt, 2% glucose njengomthombo wecarbon, 1 % yeast. .i-extract isetshenziswe njengomthombo we-nitrogen ukuze kutholwe i-biosurfactant engu-2.61 g/L.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-biosurfactants abonakala esebenzisa i-TLC, i-FTIR ne-MALDI-TOF-MS.Lokhu kuqinisekisile ukuthi i-rhamnolipid iyi-biosurfactant.Ama-biosurfactants e-Glycolipid ayikilasi elifundwa kakhulu kwezinye izinhlobo zama-biosurfactants55.Aqukethe izingxenye ze-carbohydrate ne-lipid, ikakhulukazi amaketanga e-fatty acid.Phakathi kwe-glycolipids, abameleli abakhulu yi-rhamnolipid ne-sophorolipid56.Ama-Rhamnolipids aqukethe izingxenye ezimbili ze-rhamnose ezixhunywe ku-mono- noma i-di-β-hydroxydecanoic acid 57.Ukusetshenziswa kwe-rhamnolipids embonini yezokwelapha kanye nemithi kusungulwe kahle i-58, ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwabo kwakamuva njengezibulala-zinambuzane 59.
Ukusebenzisana kwe-biosurfactant nesifunda se-hydrophobic se-siphon yokuphefumula kuvumela amanzi ukuba adlule emgodini wayo wesisu, ngaleyo ndlela andise ukuthintana kwezibungu nemvelo yasemanzini.Ukuba khona kwama-biosurfactants nakho kuthinta uqhoqhoqho, ubude bawo obuseduze nendawo, okwenza kube lula ukuthi izibungu zikhase phezulu futhi ziphefumule.Ngenxa yalokho, ukushuba kwamanzi kwamanzi kuncipha.Njengoba izibungu zingakwazi ukunamathela ebusweni bamanzi, ziwela phansi ethangini, ziphazamise ukucindezela kwe-hydrostatic, okuholela ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla ngokweqile nokufa ngokuminza38,60.Imiphumela efanayo yatholwa yi-Ghribi61, lapho i-biosurfactant ekhiqizwe i-Bacillus subtilis ibonise umsebenzi wokuqeda izibungu ngokumelene ne-Ephestia kuehniella.Ngokufanayo, umsebenzi we-larvicidal we-Cx.I-Das ne-Mukherjee23 iphinde yahlola umphumela wama-lipopeptides angama-cyclic kuzibungu ze-quinquefasciatus.
Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo iphathelene nomsebenzi we-larvicidal we-rhamnolipid biosurfactants ngokumelene ne-Cx.Ukubulawa komiyane be-quinquefasciatus kuhambisana nemiphumela eshicilelwe ngaphambilini.Isibonelo, ama-biosurfactants asuselwa ku-surfactin akhiqizwa amagciwane ahlukahlukene ohlobo lwe-Bacillus asetshenziswa.kanye nePseudomonas spp.Eminye imibiko yasekuqaleni64,65,66 ibike umsebenzi wokubulala izibungu wama-lipopeptide biosurfactants avela ku-Bacillus subtilis23.Deepali et al.63 ithole ukuthi i-rhamnolipid biosurfactant ehlukanisiwe ku-Stenotropomonas maltophilia inomsebenzi onamandla wokuqeda izibungu ekuhlanganiseni okungu-10 mg/L.Silva et al.67 ibike umsebenzi we-larvicidal we-rhamnolipid biosurfactant ngokumelene ne-Ae ekuhlanganiseni kwe-1 g/L.I-Aedes yaseGibhithe.Kanakdande et al.I-68 ibike ukuthi ama-biosurfactants e-lipopeptide akhiqizwa yi-Bacillus subtilis abangela ukufa okuphelele kwezibungu zaseCulex kanye nomuhlwa ngengxenye ye-lipophilic ye-Eucalyptus.Ngokufanayo, uMasendra et al.69 intuthwane esebenzayo ebikiwe (i-Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) yokufa okungama-61.7% kumaqhezu e-lipophilic n -hexane kanye ne-EtOAc ye-E. crude extract.
I-Parthipan et al 70 ibike ukusetshenziswa kokubulala izinambuzane kwe-lipopeptide biosurfactants ekhiqizwa i-Bacillus subtilis A1 kanye ne-Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 ngokumelene no-Anopheles Stephensi, i-vector ye-malaria parasite Plasmodium.Baqaphela ukuthi izibungu neziphungumangathi ziphila isikhathi eside, zinezikhathi zokuphuma kwamaqanda ezimfishane, zaziyinyumba, futhi zinesikhathi sokuphila esifushane lapho zelashwa ngokugxiliswa okuhlukahlukene kwama-biosurfactants.Amanani aqashelwayo e-LC50 e-B. subtilis biosurfactant A1 ayengu-3.58, 4.92, 5.37, 7.10 kanye no-7.99 mg/L ezifundeni ezihlukene zezibungu (okungukuthi izibungu I, II, III, IV kanye neziphungumangathi zesiteji) ngokulandelana.Uma kuqhathaniswa, ama-biosurfactants ezigaba ze-larval I-IV kanye nezigaba ze-pupal ze-Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 zazingu-2.61, 3.68, 4.48, 5.55 kanye no-6.99 mg/L, ngokulandelana.I-phenology ebambezelekile yezibungu neziphungumangathi ezisaphila kucatshangwa ukuthi iwumphumela wokuphazamiseka okuphawulekayo kokusebenza komzimba nokuguquguquka komzimba okubangelwa ukwelapha ngezibulala-zinambuzane71.
I-Wickerhamomyces anomalus strain i-CCMA 0358 ikhiqiza i-biosurfactant ene-100% yomsebenzi wokuqeda izibungu ngokumelene nomiyane be-Aedes.I-aegypti isikhawu samahora angu-24 i-38 yayiphakeme kunalokho okubikwe nguSilva et al.I-biosurfactant ekhiqizwa ku-Pseudomonas aeruginosa isebenzisa uwoyela we-sunflower njengomthombo wekhabhoni kukhonjiswe ukuthi ibulala u-100% wezibungu phakathi namahora angu-48 67.U-Abinaya et al.72 kanye no-Pradhan et al.73 baphinde babonisa imiphumela ye-larvicidal noma ye-insecticidal yama-surfactants akhiqizwa ama-isolate amaningana ohlobo lwe-Bacillus.Ucwaningo olushicilelwe ngaphambilini nguSenthil-Nathan et al.ithole ukuthi u-100% wezibungu zomiyane ezichayeka emachwebeni ezitshalo kungenzeka zife.74.
Ukuhlola imiphumela eyingozi yezibulala-zinambuzane kubhayoloji yezinambuzane kubalulekile ezinhlelweni ezididiyelwe zokulawula izinambuzane ngoba imithamo ebulalayo/ukugxilisa ingqondo akuzibulali izinambuzane kodwa kungase kunciphise inani lezinambuzane ezizukulwaneni ezizayo ngokuphazamisa izici zezinto eziphilayo10.U-Siqueira et al 75 wabona umsebenzi ophelele we-larvicidal (ukufa kwe-100%) we-rhamnolipid biosurfactant (300 mg/ml) lapho ihlolwa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ezisuka ku-50 kuya ku-300 mg/ml.Isigaba sezibungu se-Aedes aegypti strains.Bahlaziye imiphumela yesikhathi sokufa kanye nokugxila okuyingozi ekusindeni kwezibungu kanye nomsebenzi wokubhukuda.Ukwengeza, babone ukwehla kwejubane lokubhukuda ngemva kwamahora angu-24-48 wokuchayeka ekugxilweni okungaphansi kwe-biosurfactant (isb, 50 mg/mL kanye ne-100 mg/mL).Ubuthi obuthembisa izindima eziyingozi bucatshangelwa ukuthi busebenza kangcono ekudaleni umonakalo omningi ezinambuzaneni eziveziwe76.
Ukubhekwa kwe-histological kwemiphumela yethu kubonisa ukuthi ama-biosurfactants akhiqizwa yi-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ashintsha kakhulu izicubu zomiyane (Cx. quinquefasciatus) kanye nezibungu ze-termite (O. obesus).Iziphambeko ezifanayo zabangelwa ukulungiswa kwamafutha e-basil ku-An.gambiaes.s kanye no-An.ama-arabica achazwe ngu-Ochola77.U-Kamaraj et al.78 baphinde bachaza ukungajwayelekile okufanayo kwe-morphological ku-An.Izibungu zikaStephanie zavezwa kuma-nanoparticles egolide.U-Vasantha-Srinivasan et al.79 uphinde wabika ukuthi isikhwama sikamalusi esibalulekile samafutha alimaza kakhulu igumbi kanye nezingqimba ze-epithelial ze-Aedes albopictus.I-Aedes yaseGibhithe.U-Raghavendran et al ubike ukuthi izibungu zomiyane zalashwa nge-500 mg/ml i-mycelial extract yesikhunta se-Penicillium sendawo.Ae bonisa umonakalo omkhulu we-histological.iGibhithe kanye neCx.Izinga lokufa kwabantu 80. Ngaphambilini, u-Abinaya et al.Izibungu zesine ze-An zafundwa.Stephensi futhi Ae.I-aegypti ithole izinguquko eziningi ze-histological ku-Aedes aegypti ephathwa nge-B. licheniformis exopolysaccharides, okuhlanganisa i-gastric cecum, i-muscle atrophy, ukulimala kanye nokungahleleki kwe-nerve cord ganglia72.Ngokuka-Raghavendran et al., ngemva kokwelashwa nge-P. daleae mycelial extract, amangqamuzana e-midgut omiyane abahloliwe (izibungu ze-4th instar) abonise ukuvuvukala kwe-lumen yamathumbu, ukuncipha kokuqukethwe kwe-intercellular, kanye nokuwohloka kwe-nuclear81.Izinguquko ezifanayo ze-histological zabonwa ezibungwini zomiyane eziphathwe nge-echinacea leaf extract, okubonisa amandla okubulala izinambuzane ezinhlanganisela ezilashwa50.
Ukusetshenziswa kwesoftware ye-ECOSAR sekuthole ukuqashelwa emhlabeni jikelele82.Ucwaningo lwamanje luphakamisa ukuthi ubuthi obukhulu be-ECOSAR biosurfactants to microalgae (C. vulgaris), fish and water fleas (D. magna) buwela ngaphansi kwesigaba "sobuthi" esichazwe yiNhlangano Yezizwe83.Imodeli ye-ECOSAR ye-ecotoxicity isebenzisa i-SAR ne-QSAR ukubikezela ubuthi obunamandla nobuhlala isikhathi eside bezinto futhi ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukubikezela ubuthi bezinto ezingcolisa izinto eziphilayo82,84.
I-Paraformaldehyde, i-sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) nawo wonke amanye amakhemikhali asetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo athengwe kwa-HiMedia Laboratories, e-India.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Biosurfactant kwenziwa kumaflasks e-Erlenmeyer angu-500 mL aqukethe u-200 mL we-Bushnell Haas medium oyinyumba engezwe ngo-1% kawoyela ongahluziwe njengowodwa umthombo wekhabhoni.I-preculture ye-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 (1.4 × 104 CFU/ml) yagonywa futhi yakhuliswa ku-orbital shaker ku-37 ° C, i-200 rpm izinsuku ezingu-7.Ngemuva kwesikhathi sokufukamela, i-biosurfactant yakhishwa ngokufaka i-centrifuging i-culture medium ku-3400×g imizuzu engu-20 ku-4°C futhi i-supernatant eyaba umphumela yasetshenziselwa izinjongo zokuhlola.Izinqubo zokuthuthukisa kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlamvu ze-biosurfactants kwamukelwe ocwaningweni lwethu lwangaphambili26.
Izibungu ze-Culex quinquefasciatus zitholwe ku-Center for Advanced Study in Marine Biology (CAS), Palanchipetai, Tamil Nadu (India).Izibungu zakhuliswa ezitsheni zepulasitiki ezigcwele amanzi angcolile ku-27 ± 2°C kanye nenkathi yesithombe engu-12:12 (ukukhanya:kumnyama).Izibungu zomiyane zaphakelwa isisombululo se-glucose esingu-10%.
Izibungu ze-Culex quinquefasciatus zitholwe emathangeni e-septic avulekile futhi angavikelekile.Sebenzisa imihlahlandlela yokuhlukaniswa okujwayelekile ukuhlonza kanye nezibungu zesiko elabhorethri85.Ukuhlolwa kwe-Larvicidal kwenziwa ngokuhambisana nezincomo ze-World Health Organization 86.SH.Izibungu zesine ze-quinquefasciatus zaqoqwa ngamashubhu avaliwe ngamaqembu angama-25 ml no-50 ml anegebe lomoya lezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zomthamo wazo.I-Biosurfactant (0–50 mg/ml) yengezwe kushubhu ngayinye ngayinye futhi yagcinwa ku-25 °C.I-tube yokulawula isebenzisa amanzi acwecwe kuphela (50 ml).Izibungu ezifile zazibhekwa njengezingabonisi izimpawu zokubhukuda ngesikhathi sokufukamela (amahora angu-12-48) 87.Bala iphesenti lokufa kwezibungu usebenzisa isibalo.(1)88.
Umndeni we-Odontotermitidae uhlanganisa umuhlwa waseNdiya i-Odontotermes obesus, otholakala ezingodweni ezibolayo e-Agricultural Campus (iNyuvesi yase-Annamalai, e-India).Hlola le biosurfactant (0–50 mg/ml) usebenzisa izinqubo ezivamile ukuze uthole ukuthi iyingozi yini.Ngemva kokoma ekugelezeni komoya we-laminar imizuzu engu-30, umugqa ngamunye wephepha le-Whatman wawumbozwe nge-biosurfactant ekuhlanganiseni kwe-30, 40, noma 50 mg/ml.Imichilo yephepha enamekwe ngaphambili nengavaliwe yahlolwa futhi yaqhathaniswa maphakathi nesitsha sePetri.Isitsha ngasinye se-petri siqukethe cishe umuhlwa osebenzayo i-O. obesus osebenzayo.Ukulawula nokuhlola umuhlwa kwanikezwa iphepha elimanzi njengomthombo wokudla.Wonke amapuleti ayegcinwa ekamelweni lokushisa phakathi naso sonke isikhathi sokufukamela.Umuhlwa ushone ngemuva kwamahora ayi-12, 24, 36 kanye nama-4889,90.I-equation 1 yabe isisetshenziselwa ukulinganisa iphesenti lokufa komhlwa ezindaweni ezihlukene ze-biosurfactant.(2).
Amasampula agcinwe eqhweni futhi apakishwa kuma-microtube aqukethe u-100 ml we-0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) futhi athunyelwa e-Central Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory (CAPL) ye-Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture (RGCA).Histology Laboratory, Sirkali, Mayiladuthurai.Isifunda, iTamil Nadu, India ukuze uthole ukuhlaziya okwengeziwe.Amasampuli alungiswa ngokushesha ku-4% paraformaldehyde ku-37°C amahora angu-48.
Ngemuva kwesigaba sokulungisa, okokusebenza kwawashwa izikhathi ezintathu nge-0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), kancane kancane kwaphelelwa amanzi ku-ethanol futhi kucwiliswe ku-LEICA resin izinsuku ezingu-7.Lo muthi ube usufakwa esikhunjeni sepulasitiki esigcwaliswe nge-resin ne-polymerizer, bese sifakwa kuhhavini oshiswe sibe ngu-37°C kuze kube yilapho ibhulokhi eliqukethe le nto seliyi-polymerized ngokuphelele.
Ngemuva kokwenziwa kwe-polymerization, amabhulokhi asikwa kusetshenziswa i-LEICA RM2235 microtome (Rankin Biomedical Corporation 10,399 Enterprise Dr. Davisburg, MI 48,350, USA) ukujiya okungu-3 mm.Izigaba ziqoqwe kuma-slides, anezigaba eziyisithupha ngesilayidi ngasinye.Amaslayidi omisiwe ekamelweni lokushisa, abese egcotshwa nge-hematoxylin imizuzu engu-7 futhi ahlanjwe ngamanzi agelezayo amaminithi angu-4.Ngaphezu kwalokho, sebenzisa isisombululo se-eosin esikhumbeni imizuzu engu-5 bese ugeza ngamanzi agijimayo imizuzu engu-5.
Ubuthi obuyingozi babikezelwa kusetshenziswa izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini ezivela kumazinga ahlukene asezindaweni ezishisayo: izinhlanzi zamahora angu-96 LC50, amahora angu-48 D. magna LC50, kanye ne-algae eluhlaza EC50 yamahora angu-96.Ubuthi be-rhamnolipid biosurfactants odobeni kanye nolwelwe oluluhlaza buhlolwe kusetshenziswa isoftware ye-ECOSAR version 2.2 ye-Windows eyakhiwe yi-US Environmental Protection Agency.(Itholakala ku-inthanethi kokuthi https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/ecological-struct-activity-relationships-ecosar-predictive-model).
Zonke izivivinyo zomsebenzi we-larvicidal kanye ne-antitermite zenziwe ngokuphindwe kathathu.Ukuhlehla okungezona umugqa (ilogi yokuhlukahluka kwempendulo yomthamo) yedatha yokufa kwezibungu nomuhlwa kwenziwa ukuze kubalwe ukuhlushwa okubulalayo okumaphakathi (i-LC50) ngesikhawu sokuzithemba esingu-95%, futhi amajika okuphendula okugxilile akhiqizwa kusetshenziswa i-Prism® (inguqulo 8.0, i-GraphPad Software) Inc. USA) 84, 91.
Ucwaningo lwamanje luveza amandla e-microbial biosurfactants akhiqizwa yi-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 njengama-mosquito larvicidal kanye nama-antitermite agents, futhi lo msebenzi uzofaka isandla ekuqondeni kangcono izindlela zesenzo se-larvicidal kanye ne-antitermite.Izifundo ze-histological zezibungu ezilashwa ngama-biosurfactants zibonise ukulimala komgudu wokugaya ukudla, i-midgut, i-cerebral cortex kanye ne-hyperplasia yamaseli e-epithelial yamathumbu.Imiphumela: Ukuhlolwa kwe-Toxicological kwe-antitermite kanye nomsebenzi we-larvicidal we-rhamnolipid biosurfactant okukhiqizwa yi-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 kwembula ukuthi le isolate i-biopesticide engaba khona yokulawula izifo ezithwalwa yi-vector zomiyane (Cx quinquefasciatus) kanye nomuhlwa (O. obesus).Kunesidingo sokuqonda ubuthi obuyisisekelo bemvelo bama-biosurfactants kanye nomthelela wawo ongaba khona kwezemvelo.Lolu cwaningo luhlinzeka ngesisekelo sesayensi sokuhlola ubungozi bendawo yama-biosurfactants.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-09-2024