Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa kuholele ezinkingeni eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukuvela kwezinto eziphilayo ezingamelana nokumelana, ukuwohloka kwemvelo kanye nokulimala empilweni yabantu. Ngakho-ke, amagciwane amashaizibulala-zinambuzaneeziphephile empilweni yabantu kanye nemvelo ziyadingeka ngokushesha. Kulolu cwaningo, i-rhamnolipid biosurfactant ekhiqizwe yi-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 yasetshenziswa ukuhlola ubuthi ku-mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus) kanye ne-termite (Odontotermes obesus) labuna. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi kwakukhona izinga lokufa elixhomeke kumthamo phakathi kokwelashwa. Inani le-LC50 (50% lethal concentration) emahoreni angu-48 kuma-biosurfactants ezinhlwa kanye nezinhlwana zomiyane lanqunywa kusetshenziswa indlela yokulinganisa i-nonlinear regression curve. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi amanani e-LC50 amahora angu-48 (isikhawu sokuzethemba esingu-95%) somsebenzi wokubulala izinhlwa kanye nowokulwa nezinhlwana we-biosurfactant ayengu-26.49 mg/L (ibanga eliphakathi kuka-25.40 kuya ku-27.57) kanye no-33.43 mg/L (ibanga eliphakathi kuka-31.09 kuya ku-35.68) ngokulandelana. Ngokusho kokuhlolwa kwe-histopathological, ukwelashwa ngama-biosurfactants kubangele umonakalo omkhulu ezicutshini ze-organelle zezibungu kanye nezintuthwane. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi i-biosurfactant yamagciwane ekhiqizwa yi-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 iyithuluzi elihle kakhulu futhi elingase lisebenze kahle lokulawula i-Cx. quinquefasciatus kanye ne-O. obesus.
Amazwe asezindaweni ezishisayo abhekene nenani elikhulu lezifo ezithwalwa omiyane1. Ukubaluleka kwezifo ezithwalwa omiyane kusakazeke kabanzi. Abantu abangaphezu kuka-400,000 bafa ngenxa kamalaleveva minyaka yonke, kanti amanye amadolobha amakhulu abhekene nobhubhane lwezifo ezimbi njenge-dengue, i-yellow fever, i-chikungunya kanye ne-Zika.2 Izifo ezithwalwa yi-vector zihlotshaniswa nokutheleleka okukodwa kweziyisithupha emhlabeni jikelele, kanti omiyane babangela amacala abaluleke kakhulu3,4. I-Culex, i-Anopheles kanye ne-Aedes yizona zinhlobo ezintathu zomiyane ezivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokudluliswa kwezifo5. Ukusabalala komkhuhlane we-dengue, ukutheleleka okudluliswa umiyane we-Aedes aegypti, kukhule eminyakeni eyishumi edlule futhi kubeka usongo olukhulu empilweni yomphakathi4,7,8. Ngokusho kwe-World Health Organization (WHO), abantu abangaphezu kuka-40% emhlabeni basengozini yomkhuhlane we-dengue, kanti amacala amasha ayizigidi ezingu-50-100 ayenzeka minyaka yonke emazweni angaphezu kwe-1009,10,11. Umkhuhlane we-dengue usube yinkinga enkulu yempilo yomphakathi njengoba ukwanda kwawo kukhuphuke emhlabeni jikelele12,13,14. I-Anopheles gambiae, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi umiyane wase-Afrika i-Anopheles, iyisithako esibaluleke kakhulu somalaleveva kubantu ezindaweni ezishisayo nezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo15. Igciwane laseNtshonalanga yeNayile, i-encephalitis yaseSt. Louis, i-encephalitis yaseJapan, kanye nokutheleleka ngamagciwane kwamahhashi nezinyoni kudluliswa omiyane baseCulex, abavame ukubizwa ngokuthi omiyane abavamile basekhaya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, baphinde babe ngabathwali bezifo zamagciwane nezibangelwa amagciwane16. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-3,000 zezintuthwane emhlabeni, futhi sezikhona iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-15017. Iningi lezinambuzane lihlala enhlabathini futhi lidla imikhiqizo yokhuni neyokhuni equkethe i-cellulose. I-termite yaseNdiya i-Odontotermes obesus iyisinambuzane esibalulekile esibangela umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni ezibalulekile nasezihlahleni zamahlathi18. Ezindaweni zezolimo, ukuhlasela kwezintuthwane ezigabeni ezahlukene kungabangela umonakalo omkhulu kwezomnotho ezitshalweni ezahlukene, ezinhlotsheni zezihlahla kanye nezinto zokwakha. Izintuthwane nazo zingadala izinkinga zempilo yabantu19.
Udaba lokumelana nama-microorganism nezinambuzane emikhakheni yezokwelapha neyezolimo yanamuhla luyinkimbinkimbi20,21. Ngakho-ke, zombili izinkampani kufanele zifune ama-antimicrobial amasha angabizi kakhulu kanye nama-biopesticides aphephile. Izibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa seziyatholakala manje futhi zikhonjisiwe ukuthi ziyathelelana futhi zixosha izinambuzane eziwusizo ezingahlosiwe22. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ucwaningo ngama-biosurfactants luye lwanda ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwawo ezimbonini ezahlukene. Ama-Biosurfactants awusizo kakhulu futhi abalulekile kwezolimo, ekulungisweni komhlabathi, ekukhishweni kukaphethiloli, ekususweni kwamagciwane nasekucutshungulweni kokudla23,24. Ama-Biosurfactants noma ama-microbial surfactants ngamakhemikhali e-biosurfactant akhiqizwa ama-microorganism afana namabhaktheriya, imvubelo kanye nesikhunta ezindaweni ezisogwini nasezindaweni ezingcoliswe uwoyela25,26. Ama-surfactants atholakala ngamakhemikhali kanye nama-biosurfactants yizinhlobo ezimbili ezitholakala ngqo endaweni yemvelo27. Ama-biosurfactants ahlukahlukene atholakala ezindaweni zasolwandle28,29. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi bafuna ubuchwepheshe obusha bokukhiqizwa kwama-biosurfactants asekelwe kuma-bacteria emvelo30,31. Intuthuko ocwaningweni olunjalo ibonisa ukubaluleka kwalezi zinhlanganisela zezinto eziphilayo ekuvikeleni imvelo32. I-Bacillus, i-Pseudomonas, i-Rhodococcus, i-Alcaligenes, i-Corynebacterium kanye nalezi zinhlobo zamagciwane ziyizimele ezifundwe kahle23,33.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-biosurfactants ezinezinhlobo eziningi zokusetshenziswa34. Inzuzo ebalulekile yalezi zinhlanganisela ukuthi ezinye zazo zinomsebenzi wokulwa namagciwane, ukubulala ama-larvicidal kanye nokubulala izinambuzane. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zingasetshenziswa embonini yezolimo, yamakhemikhali, yezemithi kanye neyezimonyo35,36,37,38. Ngenxa yokuthi i-biosurfactants ngokuvamile iyabola futhi inenzuzo emvelweni, isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokuphathwa kwezinambuzane ezihlanganisiwe ukuvikela izitshalo39. Ngakho-ke, ulwazi oluyisisekelo lutholakale mayelana nomsebenzi wokubulala ama-larvicidal kanye nowokulwa nezintuthwane we-microbial biosurfactants ekhiqizwa yi-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2. Sihlole ukufa kanye nezinguquko ze-histological lapho zivezwa ekugxilweni okuhlukene kwe-rhamnolipid biosurfactants. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sihlole uhlelo lwekhompyutha lwe-Quantitative Structure-Activity (QSAR) olusetshenziswa kabanzi i-Ecological Structure-Activity (ECOSAR) ukuze kutholakale ubuthi obuyingozi be-microalgae, i-daphnia, kanye nezinhlanzi.
Kulolu cwaningo, umsebenzi wokulwa nezintuthwane (ubuthi) bezinto eziphilayo ezihlanziwe ngamanani ahlukahlukene asukela ku-30 kuya ku-50 mg/ml (ngezikhathi ezingu-5 mg/ml) uhlolwe ngokumelene nezintuthwane zaseNdiya, i-O. obesus kanye nohlobo lwesine )Hlola. Izibungu ze-instar Cx. Izibungu zezinambuzane i-quinquefasciatus. Izibungu ze-Biosurfactant LC50 emahoreni angu-48 ngokumelene ne-O. obesus kanye ne-Cx. C. solanacearum. Izibungu zezinambuzane zitholwe kusetshenziswa indlela yokulungisa ijika elingaqondile. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi ukufa kwezintuthwane kwanda ngokwanda kwezibungu ze-biosurfactant. Imiphumela ikhombisile ukuthi i-biosurfactant yayinomsebenzi wokubulala ama-larvicidal (Isithombe 1) kanye nomsebenzi wokulwa nezintuthwane (Isithombe 2), ngamanani e-LC50 amahora angu-48 (95% CI) angu-26.49 mg/L (25.40 kuya ku-27.57) kanye no-33.43 mg/l (Isithombe 31.09 kuya ku-35.68), ngokulandelana (Ithebula 1). Ngokuphathelene nobuthi obukhulu (amahora angu-48), i-biosurfactant ihlukaniswa ngokuthi “iyingozi” ezintweni eziphilayo ezivivinyiwe. I-biosurfactant ekhiqizwe kulolu cwaningo ibonise umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu wokubulala ama-larvicidal ngokufa okungu-100% phakathi namahora angu-24-48 okuvezwa.
Bala inani le-LC50 lomsebenzi wokubulala ama-larvicidal. Ukufakwa kwe-nonlinear regression curve (umugqa oqinile) kanye ne-95% yesikhathi sokuzethemba (indawo enomthunzi) ngokufa okuhlobene (%).
Bala inani le-LC50 lomsebenzi wokulwa nezintuthwane. Ukufakwa kwejika lokubuyela emuva okungaqondile (umugqa oqinile) kanye nesikhawu sokuzethemba esingu-95% (indawo enomthunzi) sokufa okuhlobene (%).
Ekupheleni kokuhlolwa, izinguquko zesimo kanye nokungalingani kwabonwa ngaphansi kwe-microscope. Izinguquko zesimo zabonwa emaqenjini okulawula kanye nalashwayo ngokukhulisa okungu-40x. Njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 3, ukukhubazeka kokukhula kwenzeke eningini lezibungu eziphathwe nge-biosurfactants. I-Figure 3a ikhombisa i-Cx. quinquefasciatus evamile, I-Figure 3b ikhombisa i-Cx engavamile. Ibangela izibungu ezinhlanu ze-nematode.
Umphumela wemithamo ye-sublethal (LC50) yama-biosurfactants ekuthuthukisweni kwezibungu ze-Culex quinquefasciatus. Isithombe se-microscopy esikhanyayo (a) se-Cx evamile ekukhulisweni okungu-40×. i-quinquefasciatus (b) i-Cx engavamile. Ibangela izibungu ezinhlanu ze-nematode.
Kulesi sifundo samanje, ukuhlolwa kwe-histological kwezibungu eziphathwe (Isithombe 4) kanye nezintuthwane (Isithombe 5) kwembule ukungalingani okuningana, okuhlanganisa ukuncipha kwendawo yesisu kanye nomonakalo emisipheni, ezingqimbeni ze-epithelial kanye nasesiswini. I-Histology yembule indlela yokusebenza kokuvimbela kwe-biosurfactant esetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo.
I-Histopathology yezibungu ze-Cx ezijwayelekile ezingalashwanga ze-4th instar. izibungu ze-quinquefasciatus (control: (a,b)) futhi ziphathwe nge-biosurfactant (treatment: (c,d)). Imicibisholo ibonisa i-epithelium yamathumbu elashwe (epi), i-nuclei (n), kanye nemisipha (mu). Ibha = 50 µm.
I-Histopathology ye-O. obesus engelashwanga evamile (ukulawula: (a,b)) kanye ne-biosurfactant elashwe (ukwelashwa: (c,d)). Imicibisholo ikhombisa i-epithelium yamathumbu (i-epi) kanye nemisipha (mu), ngokulandelana. Ibha = 50 µm.
Kulolu cwaningo, i-ECOSAR yasetshenziswa ukubikezela ubuthi obukhulu bemikhiqizo ye-rhamnolipid biosurfactant kubakhiqizi abayinhloko (ulwelwe oluhlaza), abathengi abayinhloko (izimpukane zamanzi) kanye nabathengi besibili (izinhlanzi). Lolu hlelo lusebenzisa amamodeli ayinkimbinkimbi esakhiwo-umsebenzi we-quantitative ukuze kuhlolwe ubuthi ngokusekelwe esakhiweni sama-molecule. Imodeli isebenzisa isofthiwe yesakhiwo-umsebenzi (SAR) ukuze kubalwe ubuthi obukhulu nobesikhathi eside bezinto ezinhlotsheni zasemanzini. Ngokuqondile, Ithebula 2 lifingqa amazinga alinganiselwayo abulalayo (LC50) kanye namazinga asebenzayo aphakathi (EC50) ezinhlobo eziningana. Ubuthi obusolwayo buhlukaniswe ngamazinga amane kusetshenziswa i-Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (Ithebula 3).
Ukulawulwa kwezifo ezithwalwa yizinambuzane, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo zomiyane kanye nomiyane base-Aedes. AbaseGibhithe, manje basebenza kanzima 40,41,42,43,44,45,46. Nakuba ezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ezitholakala ngamakhemikhali, njenge-pyrethroids kanye ne-organophosphates, ziwusizo ngandlela thile, zibeka izingozi ezinkulu empilweni yabantu, okuhlanganisa isifo sikashukela, izifo zokuzala, izifo zezinzwa, umdlavuza, kanye nezifo zokuphefumula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezi zinambuzane zingamelana nazo13,43,48. Ngakho-ke, izinyathelo zokulawula izinto eziphilayo ezisebenzayo nezinobungani nemvelo zizoba yindlela ethandwa kakhulu yokulawula omiyane49,50. UBenelli51 uphakamise ukuthi ukulawulwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kwezinambuzane ezithwala omiyane kuzosebenza kangcono ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, kodwa abazange batuse ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa zokubulala umiyane ezindaweni zasemakhaya52. UTom nabanye 53 baphakamise nokuthi ukulawula omiyane ezigabeni zabo ezingakavuthwa kungaba isu eliphephile nelilula ngoba bazwela kakhulu ezinsizakalweni zokulawula54.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Biosurfactant ngohlobo olunamandla (i-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2) kubonise ukusebenza kahle okuqhubekayo nokuthembisayo. Ucwaningo lwethu lwangaphambilini lubike ukuthi i-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ithuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-biosurfactant kusetshenziswa amapharamitha e-physicochemical26. Ngokusho kocwaningo lwabo, izimo ezinhle kakhulu zokukhiqizwa kwe-biosurfactant yi-E. cloacae isolate engaba khona kwakuyi-incubation amahora angu-36, i-agitation ku-150 rpm, i-pH 7.5, 37 °C, usawoti ongu-1 ppt, i-2% glucose njengomthombo wekhabhoni, i-1% yeast. i-extract yasetshenziswa njengomthombo we-nitrogen ukuthola i-2.61 g/L biosurfactant. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-biosurfactants achazwa kusetshenziswa i-TLC, i-FTIR kanye ne-MALDI-TOF-MS. Lokhu kuqinisekisile ukuthi i-rhamnolipid iyi-biosurfactant. Ama-Glycolipid biosurfactants ayiklasi elifundwe kakhulu kwezinye izinhlobo ze-biosurfactants55. Aqukethe izingxenye ze-carbohydrate kanye ne-lipid, ikakhulukazi amaketanga e-fatty acid. Phakathi kwama-glycolipid, abameleli abayinhloko yi-rhamnolipid kanye ne-sophorolipid56. Ama-Rhamnolipid aqukethe izingxenye ezimbili ze-rhamnose ezixhunywe ne-mono‐ noma i-di‐β‐hydroxydecanoic acid57. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-rhamnolipids embonini yezokwelapha neyemithi sekuyaziwa kahle58, ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwawo kwamuva nje njengezibulala-zinambuzane59.
Ukusebenzisana kwe-biosurfactant nesifunda esingenamanzi se-siphon yokuphefumula kuvumela amanzi ukuthi adlule emgodini wawo wesisu, ngaleyo ndlela kwandisa ukuxhumana kwezibungu nendawo yasemanzini. Ukuba khona kwe-biosurfactants kuthinta ne-trachea, ubude bayo obuseduze nobuso, okwenza kube lula ukuthi izibungu zikhase ziye phezulu futhi ziphefumule. Ngenxa yalokho, ukucindezeleka kwamanzi kwehla. Njengoba izibungu zingakwazi ukunamathela ebusweni bamanzi, ziwela phansi kwethangi, okuphazamisa ingcindezi ye-hydrostatic, okuholela ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla ngokweqile kanye nokufa ngokuminza38,60. Imiphumela efanayo yatholwa yi-Ghribi61, lapho i-biosurfactant ekhiqizwe yi-Bacillus subtilis ibonise umsebenzi wokubulala izibungu ngokumelene ne-Ephestia kuehniella. Ngokufanayo, umsebenzi wokubulala izibungu we-Cx. Das kanye no-Mukherjee23 nabo bahlole umphumela wama-lipopeptides e-cyclic kuma-larvae e-quinquefasciatus.
Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo iphathelene nomsebenzi wokubulala ama-larvicidal we-rhamnolipid biosurfactants ngokumelene ne-Cx. Ukubulawa komiyane be-quinquefasciatus kuhambisana nemiphumela eshicilelwe ngaphambilini. Isibonelo, kusetshenziswa ama-biosurfactants asekelwe ku-surfactin akhiqizwa amabhaktheriya ahlukahlukene ohlobo lwe-Bacillus. kanye ne-Pseudomonas spp. Eminye imibiko yokuqala64,65,66 ibike umsebenzi wokubulala ama-larval we-lipopeptide biosurfactants ovela ku-Bacillus subtilis23. UDeepali et al. 63 bathole ukuthi i-rhamnolipid biosurfactant ehlukaniswe ne-Stenotropomonas maltophilia yayinomsebenzi onamandla wokubulala ama-larvicidal ekugxilweni okungu-10 mg/L. USilva et al. 67 babike umsebenzi wokubulala ama-larvicidal we-rhamnolipid biosurfactant ngokumelene ne-Ae ekugxilweni okungu-1 g/L. U-Aedes aegypti. UKanakdande et al. 68 babike ukuthi ama-biosurfactants e-lipopeptide akhiqizwe yi-Bacillus subtilis abangele ukufa okuphelele kuma-larvae nama-termite e-Culex nge-lipophilic fraction ye-Eucalyptus. Ngokufanayo, uMasendra et al. 69 babike ukufa kwe-worker ant (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) okungu-61.7% kuma-lipophilic n-hexane kanye nama-EtOAc fractions e-E. crude extract.
UParthipan nabanye abangu-70 babike ngokusetshenziswa kwe-lipopeptide biosurfactants ukubulala izinambuzane okukhiqizwe yiBacillus subtilis A1 kanye nePseudomonas stutzeri NA3 ngokumelene no-Anopheles Stephensi, umsabalalisi we-malaria parasite Plasmodium. Baqaphele ukuthi izibungu kanye nama-pupae aphile isikhathi eside, anezikhathi ezimfushane zokubekwa kwamaqanda, ayengenamagciwane, futhi ayephila isikhathi esifushane uma ephathwa ngamanani ahlukene ama-biosurfactants. Amanani e-LC50 abonwe e-B. subtilis biosurfactant A1 ayengu-3.58, 4.92, 5.37, 7.10 kanye no-7.99 mg/L ezimweni ezahlukene zama-larval (okungukuthi izibungu I, II, III, IV kanye nama-pupae esigaba) ngokulandelana. Uma kuqhathaniswa, ama-biosurfactants ezigaba zama-larval I-IV kanye nezigaba zama-pupal ze-Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 ayengu-2.61, 3.68, 4.48, 5.55 kanye no-6.99 mg/L, ngokulandelana. Ukwenzeka kokubambezeleka kwezibungu nezimpukane ezisindile kucatshangwa ukuthi kuwumphumela wokuphazamiseka okukhulu kwempilo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithi okubangelwa ukwelashwa ngezibulala-zinambuzane71.
Uhlobo lwe-Wickerhamomyces anomalus CCMA 0358 lukhiqiza i-biosurfactant enomsebenzi wokubulala ama-larvicidal ongu-100% ngokumelene nomiyane base-Aedes. Isikhawu samahora angama-24 e-aegypti 38 sasiphezulu kunalokho okubikwe nguSilva et al. I-biosurfactant ekhiqizwe yi-Pseudomonas aeruginosa isebenzisa uwoyela we-sunflower njengomthombo wekhabhoni iboniswe ukuthi ibulala ama-larvicidal angu-100% zingakapheli amahora angama-48. U-Abinaya et al.72 noPradhan et al.73 nabo babonise imiphumela yokubulala ama-larvicidal noma izinambuzane yama-surfactants akhiqizwe yizinhlobo eziningana ze-genus Bacillus. Ucwaningo olushicilelwe ngaphambilini nguSenthil-Nathan et al. luthole ukuthi ama-larvicidal angu-100% akhiqizwe emachibini ezitshalo cishe azokufa. 74.
Ukuhlola imiphumela ebulalayo yemithi yokubulala izinambuzane kubhayoloji yezinambuzane kubalulekile ezinhlelweni zokuphathwa kwezinambuzane ezihlanganisiwe ngoba imithamo/ukugxila okubulalayo akubulali izinambuzane kodwa kunganciphisa inani lezinambuzane ezizukulwaneni ezizayo ngokuphazamisa izici zezinto eziphilayo10. USiqueira nabanye 75 babone umsebenzi ophelele wokubulala ama-larvicidal (ukufa okungu-100%) we-rhamnolipid biosurfactant (300 mg/ml) lapho kuhlolwa ngamanani ahlukahlukene asukela ku-50 kuya ku-300 mg/ml. Isigaba sama-larval sezinhlobo ze-Aedes aegypti. Bahlaziye imiphumela yesikhathi sokufa kanye nokugxila okubulalayo ekusebenzeni kwama-larval kanye nokubhukuda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babone ukwehla kwesivinini sokubhukuda ngemuva kwamahora angu-24-48 okuchayeka kuma-subfactant abulalayo (isb., 50 mg/mL kanye no-100 mg/mL). Ubuthi obunezindima ezithembisayo zokubulala ama-larvicidal kucatshangwa ukuthi busebenza kangcono ekudaleni umonakalo omningi ezinambuzaneni eziveziwe76.
Ukubonwa kwe-histological kwemiphumela yethu kubonisa ukuthi ama-biosurfactants akhiqizwa yi-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ashintsha kakhulu izicubu zomiyane (Cx. quinquefasciatus) kanye nezimpungushe ze-termite (O. obesus). Ukungalingani okufanayo kwabangelwa ukulungiswa kwamafutha e-basil ku-An. gambiaes.s kanye ne-An. arabica kwachazwa ngu-Ochola77. UKamaraj et al.78 nabo bachaze ukungalingani okufanayo kokwakheka ku-An. Izimpungushe zikaStephanie zavezwa kuma-nanoparticles egolide. UVasantha-Srinivasan et al.79 nabo babike ukuthi uwoyela obalulekile wesikhwama sikashefu wonakalise kakhulu i-chamber kanye nezendlalelo ze-epithelial ze-Aedes albopictus. U-Aedes aegypti. URaghavendran et al babike ukuthi izimpungushe zomiyane zelashwe nge-500 mg/ml ye-mycelial extract yesikhunta sendawo i-Penicillium. I-Ae ibonisa umonakalo omkhulu we-histological. i-aegypti kanye ne-Cx. Izinga lokufa 80. Ngaphambilini, u-Abinaya et al. Izimpungushe ezine ze-instar ze-An zafundwa. UStephensi no-Ae. aegypti bathole izinguquko eziningi ze-histological ku-Aedes aegypti elashwe nge-B. licheniformis exopolysaccharides, okuhlanganisa i-gastric cecum, i-muscle atrophy, umonakalo kanye nokungahleleki kwe-nerve cord ganglia72. Ngokusho kukaRaghavendran et al., ngemuva kokwelashwa nge-P. daleae mycelial extract, amaseli angaphakathi kwamathumbu omiyane abahloliwe (izibungu ezine ezisezingeni eliphezulu) abonise ukuvuvukala kwe-lumen yamathumbu, ukwehla kokuqukethwe kwe-intercellular, kanye nokuwohloka kwe-nuclear81. Izinguquko ezifanayo ze-histological zabonwa ezibunguni zomiyane eziphathwe nge-echinacea leaf extract, okubonisa amandla okubulala izinambuzane amakhemikhali aphathwe50.
Ukusetshenziswa kwesofthiwe ye-ECOSAR kuye kwaqashelwa emhlabeni wonke82. Ucwaningo lwamanje lusikisela ukuthi ubuthi obukhulu be-ECOSAR biosurfactants kuma-microalgae (C. vulgaris), ama-fish and water fleas (D. magna) buwela ngaphansi kwesigaba "sobuthi" esichazwe yiZizwe Ezihlangene83. Imodeli ye-ECOSAR ecotoxicity isebenzisa i-SAR ne-QSAR ukubikezela ubuthi obukhulu nobesikhathi eside bezinto futhi ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukubikezela ubuthi bezinto ezingcolisayo eziphilayo82,84.
I-Paraformaldehyde, i-sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) kanye nawo wonke amanye amakhemikhali asetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo athengwe eHiMedia Laboratories, eNdiya.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-biosurfactant kwenziwa kuma-flask e-Erlenmeyer angu-500 mL aqukethe ama-200 mL e-Bushnell Haas medium angenasici ahlanganiswe namafutha aluhlaza angu-1% njengomthombo wekhabhoni kuphela. Ukutshalwa kwe-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 (1.4 × 104 CFU/ml) ngaphambi kokutshalwa kwase kutshalwa ku-orbital shaker ku-37°C, 200 rpm izinsuku eziyi-7. Ngemva kwesikhathi sokufukula, i-biosurfactant yakhishwa ngokufaka i-centrifuge ku-3400 × g imizuzu engama-20 ku-4°C futhi i-supernatant eyavela yasetshenziswa ngezinjongo zokuhlola. Izinqubo zokwenza ngcono kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwe-biosurfactants kwathathwa ocwaningweni lwethu lwangaphambilini26.
Izibungu ze-Culex quinquefasciatus zitholakale e-Center for Advanced Study in Marine Biology (CAS), ePalanchipetai, eTamil Nadu (eNdiya). Izibungu zakhuliswa ezitsheni zepulasitiki ezigcwele amanzi angenawo i-ion ku-27 ± 2°C kanye ne-photoperiod engu-12:12 (ukukhanya:ubumnyama). Izibungu zomiyane zanikwa isisombululo se-glucose esingu-10%.
Izibungu ze-Culex quinquefasciatus zitholakale emathangini e-septic avulekile futhi angavikelekile. Sebenzisa iziqondiso ezijwayelekile zokuhlela ukuze uthole futhi ukhulise izibungu elabhorethri85. Ukuhlolwa kokubulala izibungu kwenziwa ngokuhambisana nezincomo ze-World Health Organization 86. SH. Izibungu ezine ze-quinquefasciatus ezisezingeni eliphezulu ziqoqwe ngamapayipi avaliwe ngamaqembu angu-25 ml no-50 ml ngesikhala somoya esingu-2/3 we-totals of their power. I-Biosurfactant (0–50 mg/ml) yengezwe epayipini ngalinye ngokwalo futhi yagcinwa ku-25 °C. Ipayipi lokulawula lisebenzise amanzi acwengekile kuphela (50 ml). Izibungu ezifile zazibhekwa njengalezo ezingabonisi zimpawu zokubhukuda ngesikhathi sokufukamela (amahora angu-12–48) 87. Bala iphesenti lokufa kwezibungu usebenzisa i-equation. (1)88.
Umndeni we-Odontotermitidae uhlanganisa i-Odontotermes obesus yomuhlwa waseNdiya, etholakala ezingodweni ezibolayo e-Agricultural Campus (e-Annamalai University, e-India). Hlola le biosurfactant (0–50 mg/ml) usebenzisa izinqubo ezijwayelekile ukuze ubone ukuthi iyingozi yini. Ngemva kokomiswa emoyeni we-laminar imizuzu engama-30, ucezu ngalunye lwephepha le-Whatman lumbozwe nge-biosurfactant ekugxilweni okungu-30, 40, noma 50 mg/ml. Imicu yephepha egcotshwe kusengaphambili nengagqokiwe yahlolwa futhi yaqhathaniswa phakathi nesidlo se-Petri. Isidlo ngasinye se-petri siqukethe cishe imicu esebenzayo engamashumi amathathu i-O. obesus. Imicu yokulawula nokuhlola yanikezwa iphepha elimanzi njengomthombo wokudla. Wonke amapuleti agcinwa ekushiseni kwegumbi phakathi nesikhathi sokufukamela. Imicu yomuhlwa yafa ngemva kwamahora ayi-12, 24, 36 kanye nama-4889,90. Isibalo 1 sabe sesisetshenziswa ukulinganisa iphesenti lokufa kwemicu yomuhlwa ekugxilweni okuhlukene kwe-biosurfactant. (2).
Amasampula agcinwe eqhweni futhi apakishwa kuma-microtubes aqukethe i-100 ml ye-0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) futhi athunyelwa e-Central Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory (CAPL) yeRajiv Gandhi Center for Aquaculture (RGCA). Histology Laboratory, eSirkali, eMayiladuthurai. District, eTamil Nadu, eNdiya ukuze kuhlaziywe kabanzi. Amasampula agcinwa ngokushesha ku-4% paraformaldehyde ku-37°C amahora angu-48.
Ngemva kwesigaba sokulungisa, izinto zagezwa kathathu nge-0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), zacwiliswa kancane kancane ku-ethanol futhi zacwiliswa ku-LEICA resin izinsuku eziyi-7. Into ibe isifakwa esikhumbeni sepulasitiki esigcwele i-resin kanye ne-polymerizer, bese ifakwa kuhhavini oshiswa ku-37°C kuze kube yilapho ibhloko equkethe into isiyi-polymer ngokuphelele.
Ngemva kokwenziwa i-polymerization, amabhlogo asikwa kusetshenziswa i-LEICA RM2235 microtome (Rankin Biomedical Corporation 10,399 Enterprise Dr. Davisburg, MI 48,350, USA) ubukhulu obungu-3 mm. Izingxenye ziqoqwe kuma-slide, ngezingxenye eziyisithupha ngesilayidi ngasinye. Ama-slide omisiwe ekushiseni kwegumbi, abese egcotshwa nge-hematoxylin imizuzu engu-7 bese egezwa ngamanzi agobhozayo imizuzu engu-4. Ngaphezu kwalokho, faka isisombululo se-eosin esikhumbeni imizuzu emi-5 bese ugeza ngamanzi agobhozayo imizuzu emi-5.
Ubuthi obukhulu bubikezelwe kusetshenziswa izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini ezivela emazingeni ahlukene asezindaweni ezishisayo: inhlanzi yamahora angu-96 i-LC50, i-D. magna LC50 yamahora angu-48, kanye ne-96-hour green algae i-EC50. Ubuthi be-rhamnolipid biosurfactants ezinhlanzini kanye ne-green algae buhlolwe kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-ECOSAR version 2.2 ye-Windows ethuthukiswe yi-US Environmental Protection Agency. (Itholakala ku-inthanethi ku-https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/ecological-struct-activity-relationships-ecosar-predictive-model).
Zonke izivivinyo zomsebenzi wokubulala izibungu kanye nowokulwa nezintuthwane zenziwe kathathu. Ukuhlehla okungekona okuqondile (ilogi yezinguquko zempendulo yomthamo) kwedatha yokufa kwezibungu kanye nezintuthwane kwenziwa ukuze kubalwe ukuhlushwa okuphakathi kwe-lethal (LC50) ngesikhawu sokuzethemba esingu-95%, kanye nama-curve okuphendula okuhlushwa akhiqizwa kusetshenziswa i-Prism® (inguqulo 8.0, GraphPad Software) Inc., USA) 84, 91.
Ucwaningo lwamanje lwembula amandla e-microbial biosurfactants akhiqizwa yi-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 njengezinto ezibulala ama-larvicidal kanye ne-antitermite agents, futhi lo msebenzi uzosiza ekuqondeni kangcono izindlela zokwenza ama-larvicidal kanye ne-antitermite. Izifundo ze-histological zezibungu eziphathwe nge-biosurfactants zibonise umonakalo endleleni yokugaya ukudla, i-midgut, i-cerebral cortex kanye ne-hyperplasia yamaseli e-epithelial amathumbu. Imiphumela: Ukuhlolwa kobuthi bomsebenzi wokulwa nama-larvicidal kanye ne-larvicidal we-rhamnolipid biosurfactant ekhiqizwa yi-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 kwembule ukuthi lesi sitshalo singaba yi-biopesticide yokulawula izifo ezithwalwa yi-vector zomiyane (Cx quinquefasciatus) kanye ne-termites (O. obesus). Kunesidingo sokuqonda ubuthi obuyisisekelo bemvelo be-biosurfactants kanye nemiphumela yazo engaba khona kwezemvelo. Lolu cwaningo luhlinzeka ngesisekelo sesayensi sokuhlola ingozi yezemvelo ye-biosurfactants.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-09-2024