I-Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), eyaziwa ngokuthi i-kala-azar e-Indian subcontinent, iyisifo esibangelwa yi-flagellated protozoan Leishmania esingabulala uma singelashwa ngokushesha. I-sandfly Phlebotomus argentipes iyona kuphela i-vector eqinisekisiwe ye-VL eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, lapho ilawulwa khona ngokufutha okusele ngaphakathi (IRS), isibulala-zinambuzane esenziwe ngokwenziwa. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-DDT ezinhlelweni zokulawula i-VL kuholele ekuthuthukisweni kokumelana nezimpukane zesihlabathi, ngakho-ke i-DDT ithathelwe indawo yi-insecticide alpha-cypermethrin. Kodwa-ke, i-alpha-cypermethrin isebenza ngendlela efanayo ne-DDT, ngakho-ke ingozi yokumelana nezimpukane zesihlabathi iyanda ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okubangelwa ukuchayeka kaningi kulesi sinambuzane. Kulolu cwaningo, sihlole ukuthambekela komiyane basendle kanye nenzalo yabo ye-F1 sisebenzisa i-CDC bottle bioassay.
Siqoqe omiyane emadolobhaneni ayi-10 esifundeni saseMuzaffarpur eBihar, eNdiya. Amadolobhana ayisishiyagalombili aqhubeka nokusebenzisa amandla aphezulu.i-cypermethrinekufutheni ngaphakathi, idolobhana elilodwa layeka ukusebenzisa i-cypermethrin enamandla kakhulu ekufutheni ngaphakathi, kanti idolobhana elilodwa alikaze lisebenzise i-cypermethrin enamandla kakhulu ekufutheni ngaphakathi. Omiyane abaqoqiwe bavezwa kumthamo wokuxilonga ochazwe kusengaphambili isikhathi esibekiwe (3 μg/ml imizuzu engama-40), kanti izinga lokuwa kanye nokufa kwaqoshwa emahoreni angama-24 ngemva kokuchayeka.
Amazinga okubulawa komiyane basendle asukela ku-91.19% kuya ku-99.47%, kanti lawo esizukulwaneni sabo se-F1 asukela ku-91.70% kuya ku-98.89%. Ngemva kwamahora angamashumi amabili nane, ukufa komiyane basendle kusuke ku-89.34% kuya ku-98.93%, kanti okwesizukulwane sabo se-F1 kusuke ku-90.16% kuya ku-98.33%.
Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi ukumelana kungase kukhule kuma-P. argentipes, okubonisa isidingo sokuqapha okuqhubekayo nokuqapha ukuze kugcinwe ukulawula uma ukuqothulwa sekufeziwe.
I-Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), eyaziwa ngokuthi i-kala-azar e-Indian subcontinent, iyisifo esibangelwa yi-Leishmania ebangelwa yi-flagellated protozoan futhi esidluliselwa ngokulunywa yizimpukane zesihlabathi zesifazane ezinegciwane (Diptera: Myrmecophaga). Izimpukane zesihlabathi yizo kuphela eziqinisekisiwe ukuthi zibangela i-VL eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. I-India iseduze nokufeza umgomo wokuqeda i-VL. Kodwa-ke, ukuze kugcinwe amazinga aphansi okutheleleka ngemva kokuqothulwa, kubalulekile ukunciphisa inani lezi zinambuzane ukuze kuvinjelwe ukudluliselwa okungenzeka.
Ukulawulwa komiyane eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia kwenziwa ngokufutha okusele endlini (i-IRS) kusetshenziswa izibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa. Ukuziphatha kokuphumula okuyimfihlo kwemilenze yesiliva kwenza kube yindawo efanelekile yokulawula izibulala-zinambuzane ngokufutha okusele endlini [1]. Ukufutha okusele endlini kwe-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) ngaphansi koHlelo Lukazwelonke Lokulawula Umalaleveva eNdiya kube nemiphumela emikhulu yokuchitheka ekulawuleni inani lomiyane kanye nokunciphisa kakhulu amacala e-VL [2]. Lokhu kulawulwa okungahleliwe kwe-VL kwashukumisela i-Indian VL Eradication Programme ukuthi yamukele ukufutha okusele endlini njengendlela eyinhloko yokulawula imilenze yesiliva. Ngo-2005, ohulumeni baseNdiya, eBangladesh, naseNepal basayina isivumelwano sokusebenzisana ngenhloso yokuqeda i-VL ngo-2015 [3]. Imizamo yokuqeda, ehilela inhlanganisela yokulawula i-vector kanye nokuxilongwa okusheshayo kanye nokwelashwa kwamacala abantu, yayihloselwe ukungena esigabeni sokuhlanganiswa ngo-2015, umgomo owabuyekezwa kamuva waba ngo-2017 bese kuba ngo-2020.[4] Umhlahlandlela omusha womhlaba wonke wokuqeda izifo zasezindaweni ezishisayo ohlanganisa ukuqeda i-VL ngo-2030.[5]
Njengoba i-India ingena esigabeni sokuqeda i-BCD, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukumelana okukhulu ne-beta-cypermethrin akukhuli. Isizathu sokumelana ukuthi kokubili i-DDT ne-cypermethrin zinendlela efanayo yokusebenza, okungukuthi, zihlose iphrotheni ye-VGSC[21]. Ngakho-ke, ingozi yokukhula kokumelana nezimpukane zesihlabathi ingandiswa ukucindezeleka okubangelwa ukuchayeka njalo ku-cypermethrin enamandla kakhulu. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuqapha nokuhlonza inani lezimpukane zesihlabathi ezingaba khona ezingamelana nalesi sinambuzane. Kulesi simo, inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuqapha isimo sokuthambekela kwezimpukane zesihlabathi zasendle kusetshenziswa imithamo yokuxilonga kanye nobude bokuchayeka obunqunywe nguChaubey et al. [20] bafunde ama-P. argentipes avela emadolobheni ahlukene esifundeni saseMuzaffarpur eBihar, eNdiya, asebenzisa njalo izinhlelo zokufafaza zangaphakathi eziphathwe nge-cypermethrin (amadolobhana e-IPS aqhubekayo). Isimo sokuzwela kwezinambuzane zasendle ze-P. argentipes ezivela emadolobheni ayeyeke ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokufafaza zangaphakathi eziphathwe nge-cypermethrin (amadolobhana angaphambili e-IPS) kanye nalawo angakaze asebenzise izinhlelo zokufafaza zangaphakathi eziphathwe nge-cypermethrin (amadolobhana angewona awe-IPS) aqhathaniswa kusetshenziswa i-CDC bottle bioassay.
Kwakhethwa amadolobhana ayishumi ocwaningweni (Isithombe 1; Ithebula 1), lapho ayisishiyagalombili kuwo ayenomlando wokufutha okuqhubekayo ngaphakathi kwama-pyrethroids okwenziwa (i-hypermethrin; eqanjwe njengezindawo zokuhlala ze-hypermethrin eziqhubekayo) futhi ayenezimo ze-VL (okungenani icala elilodwa) eminyakeni emi-3 edlule. Emadolobhaneni amabili asele ocwaningweni, idolobhana elilodwa elingazange lisebenzise ukufutha ngaphakathi kwe-beta-cypermethrin (idolobhana elingeyona indlu yokufutha) lakhethwa njengedolobhana elilawulayo kanti elinye idolobhana elalifutha ngaphakathi ngezikhathi ezithile i-beta-cypermethrin (idolobhana elifutha ngaphakathi ngezikhathi ezithile/idolobhana elalifutha ngaphakathi) lakhethwa njengedolobhana elilawulayo. Ukukhethwa kwala madolobhana kwakusekelwe ekuxhumaneni noMnyango Wezempilo kanye neQembu Lokufutha Ngaphakathi kanye nokuqinisekiswa koHlelo Lokusebenza Oluncane Lokufutha Ngaphakathi eSifundeni saseMuzaffarpur.
Imephu yendawo yesifunda saseMuzaffarpur ekhombisa izindawo zemizana ezifakiwe ocwaningweni (1–10). Izindawo zocwaningo: 1, iManfulkaha; 2, iRamdas Majhauli; 3, iMadhubani; 4, i-Anandpur Haruni; 5, iPandey; 6, iHirapur; 7, iMadhopur Hazari; 8, iHamidpur; 9, iNoonfara; 10, iSimara. Imephu yalungiswa kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-QGIS (inguqulo 3.30.3) kanye ne-Open Assessment Shapefile.
Amabhodlela okuhlolwa kokuchayeka alungiswa ngokwezindlela zikaChaubey et al. [20] noDenlinger et al. [22]. Kafushane, amabhodlela engilazi angu-500 mL alungiswa ngosuku olulodwa ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kanti udonga lwangaphakathi lwamabhodlela lwalumbozwe ngesibulala-zinambuzane esibonisiwe (umthamo wokuxilonga we-α-cypermethrin wawungu-3 μg/mL) ngokufaka isisombululo se-acetone sesibulala-zinambuzane (2.0 mL) phansi, odongeni nasesivalweni samabhodlela. Ibhodlela ngalinye labe selomiswa ku-roller yemishini imizuzu engama-30. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, vula isivalo kancane kancane ukuze uvumele i-acetone iphele. Ngemva kwemizuzu engama-30 yokomisa, susa isivalo bese ujikeleza ibhodlela kuze kube yilapho yonke i-acetone isiphelile. Amabhodlela abe eseshiywa evulekile ukuze ome ubusuku bonke. Kokuhlolwa ngakunye okuphindaphindiwe, ibhodlela elilodwa, elisetshenziswa njengokulawula, lalimbozwe nge-acetone engu-2.0 mL. Wonke amabhodlela asetshenziswa kabusha kulo lonke ukuhlolwa ngemva kokuhlanza okufanele ngokwenqubo echazwe nguDenlinger et al. kanye ne-World Health Organization [22, 23].
Ngosuku olulandela ukulungiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, omiyane abangu-30-40 ababanjwe endle (abesifazane abalambile) basuswa ezindlini ezisemabhodleleni futhi bavuthelwa ngobumnene ebhodleleni ngalinye. Cishe inani elifanayo lezimpukane lasetshenziswa ebhodleleni ngalinye elimbozwe ngezibulala-zinambuzane, kufaka phakathi isilawuli. Phinda lokhu okungenani izikhathi ezinhlanu kuya kweziyisithupha edolobhaneni ngalinye. Ngemva kwemizuzu engu-40 yokuchayeka kulesi sinambuzane, inani lezimpukane ezishaywe phansi laqoshwa. Zonke izimpukane zabanjwa nge-aspirator yomshini, zafakwa ezitsheni zekhadibhodi le-pint ezimbozwe nge-mesh encane, zabekwa ku-incubator ehlukile ngaphansi komswakama ofanayo kanye nezimo zokushisa ezinomthombo ofanayo wokudla (amabhola kakotini acwiliswe kusisombululo sikashukela esingu-30%) njengamakoloni angelashwanga. Ukufa kwaqoshwa emahoreni angu-24 ngemva kokuchayeka kulesi sinambuzane. Bonke omiyane bahlinzwa futhi bahlolwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlobo luni. Inqubo efanayo yenziwa ngezimpukane zenzalo ze-F1. Amazinga okuwa phansi kanye nokufa aqoshwa emahoreni angu-24 ngemva kokuchayeka. Uma ukufa emabhodleleni okulawula kwakungaphansi kuka-5%, akukho ukulungiswa kokufa okwenziwe eziphindaphindweni. Uma ukufa ebhodleleni lokulawula bekuyi-≥ 5% kanye ne-≤ 20%, ukufa emabhodleleni okuhlola aleyo khophi kwalungiswa kusetshenziswa ifomula ka-Abbott. Uma ukufa eqenjini lokulawula kudlula u-20%, lonke iqembu lokuhlola lalahlwa [24, 25, 26].
Isilinganiso sokufa komiyane ababanjwe endle be-P. argentipes. Amabha amaphutha amelela amaphutha ajwayelekile esilinganiso. Ukuhlangana kwemigqa emibili ebomvu evundlile negrafu (ukufa okungu-90% no-98%, ngokulandelana) kubonisa ifasitela lokufa lapho ukumelana kungakhula khona.[25]
Isilinganiso sokufa kwenzalo ye-F1 ye-P. argentipes ebanjwe endle. Amabha amaphutha amelela amaphutha ajwayelekile esilinganiso. Amajika ahlangana nemigqa emibili ebomvu evundlile (ukufa okungu-90% no-98%, ngokulandelana) amelela ububanzi bokufa okungase kukhule ukumelana [25].
Omiyane edolobhaneni lokulawula/elingewona i-IRS (iManifulkaha) batholakale bezwela kakhulu ezibulala-zinambuzane. Isilinganiso sokufa (±SE) komiyane ababanjwe endle emahoreni angama-24 ngemuva kokudilizwa kanye nokuchayeka kwaba ngu-99.47 ± 0.52% kanye no-98.93 ± 0.65%, ngokulandelana, kanti isilinganiso sokufa kwenzalo ye-F1 sasingu-98.89 ± 1.11% kanye no-98.33 ± 1.11%, ngokulandelana (Amathebula 2, 3).
Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi izimpukane zesihlabathi ezinemilenze esiliva zingase zibe nokumelana ne-pyrethroid (SP) α-cypermethrin yokwenziwa emadolobheni lapho i-pyrethroid (SP) α-cypermethrin yayisetshenziswa khona njalo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izimpukane zesihlabathi ezinemilenze esiliva eziqoqwe emadolobheni angambozwa uhlelo lwe-IRS/lokulawula zitholakale zisengozini enkulu. Ukuqapha ukusabalala kwezimpukane zesihlabathi sasendle kubalulekile ekuqapheni ukusebenza kahle kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswayo, njengoba lolu lwazi lungasiza ekulawuleni ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane. Amazinga aphezulu okumelana ne-DDT abikwe njalo ezimpukane zesihlabathi ezivela ezindaweni ezivamile zaseBihar ngenxa yengcindezi yokukhetha yomlando evela ku-IRS esebenzisa lesi sinambuzane [1].
Sithole ukuthi ama-P. argentipes azwela kakhulu kuma-pyrethroids, kanti izivivinyo zasensimini eNdiya, eBangladesh naseNepal zibonise ukuthi i-IRS inamandla aphezulu okwelapha izifo lapho isetshenziswa kanye ne-cypermethrin noma i-deltamethrin [19, 26, 27, 28, 29]. Muva nje, uRoy et al. [18] babike ukuthi ama-P. argentipes ayesenamandla okumelana nama-pyrethroids eNepal. Ucwaningo lwethu lokuzwela ensimini lubonise ukuthi izimpukane zesihlabathi ezinemilenze eyisithupha eziqoqwe ezindaweni ezingewona ama-IRS ezivezwe zazisengozini enkulu, kodwa izimpukane eziqoqwe ezindaweni ezihlala njalo/zangaphambili ze-IRS kanye nezindawo eziqhubekayo ze-IRS (ukufa kwakusukela ku-90% kuya ku-97% ngaphandle kwezimpukane zesihlabathi ezivela e-Anandpur-Haruni ezazinokufa okungu-89.34% emahoreni angama-24 ngemva kokuchayeka) cishe zazinamandla okumelana ne-cypermethrin esebenza kahle kakhulu [25]. Esinye isizathu esingaba khona sokuthuthukiswa kwalokhu kumelana yingcindezi ekhishwa ukufutha okuvamile endlini (i-IRS) kanye nezinhlelo zokufutha zendawo ezisekelwe ezimweni, okuyizinqubo ezijwayelekile zokuphatha ukuqubuka kwe-kala-azar ezindaweni/emabhulokini/emadolobhaneni avamile (Inqubo Ejwayelekile Yokusebenza Yokuphenya Nokuphatha Ukuqubuka [30]. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo inikeza izinkomba zokuqala zokuthuthukiswa kwengcindezi ekhethiwe ngokumelene ne-cypermethrin esebenza kahle kakhulu. Ngeshwa, idatha yomlando yokuzwela kulesi sifunda, etholakale kusetshenziswa i-CDC bottle bioassay, ayitholakali ukuze iqhathaniswe; zonke izifundo zangaphambilini ziqaphe ukuzwela kwe-P. argentipes kusetshenziswa iphepha elifakwe i-WHO zinambuzane. Imithamo yokuxilonga yezinambuzane emigqeni yokuhlola ye-WHO iwukuqoqwa okunconywayo kokuhlonza kwezinambuzane zokusetshenziswa ngokumelene ne-malaria vectors (i-Anopheles gambiae), kanye nokusebenza kwalokhu kugcwala kwezimpukane zesihlabathi akucaci ngoba izimpukane zesihlabathi zindiza kancane kunomiyane, futhi zichitha isikhathi esiningi zithintana ne-substrate ku-bioassay [23].
Ama-pyrethroids okwenziwa asetshenziswe ezindaweni ezivame kakhulu e-VL eNepal kusukela ngo-1992, eshintshana ne-SPs alpha-cypermethrin kanye ne-lambda-cyhalothrin yokulawula i-sandfly [31], kanti i-deltamethrin nayo isetshenziswe eBangladesh kusukela ngo-2012 [32]. Ukumelana ne-phenotypic kutholakale ezilwaneni zasendle zama-sandflies anemilenze esiliva ezindaweni lapho ama-pyrethroids okwenziwa asetshenziswe khona isikhathi eside [18, 33, 34]. Ukuguqulwa okungasho lutho (L1014F) kutholakale ezilwaneni zasendle zama-sandflies aseNdiya futhi kuhlotshaniswa nokumelana ne-DDT, okuphakamisa ukuthi ukumelana ne-pyrethroid kuvela ezingeni lama-molecule, njengoba kokubili i-DDT kanye ne-pyrethroid (alpha-cypermethrin) kuhlose isakhi esifanayo ohlelweni lwezinzwa lwezinambuzane [17, 34]. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa okuhlelekile kokuzwela kwe-cypermethrin kanye nokuqapha ukumelana nomiyane kubalulekile ngesikhathi sokuqothulwa kanye nezikhathi zangemva kokuqothulwa.
Umkhawulo ongaba khona walolu cwaningo ukuthi sisebenzise i-CDC vial bioassay ukukala ukuzwela, kodwa konke ukuqhathanisa kusebenzise imiphumela evela ezifundweni zangaphambilini kusetshenziswa i-WHO bioassay kit. Imiphumela evela ku-bioassay ezimbili kungenzeka ingaqhathaniseki ngqo ngoba i-CDC vial bioassay ikala ukugoba phansi ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokuxilonga, kuyilapho i-WHO kit bioassay ikala ukufa emahoreni angama-24 noma angama-72 ngemuva kokuchayeka (okwakamuva kwamakhemikhali asebenza kancane) [35]. Omunye umkhawulo ongaba khona inani lemizi ye-IRS kulolu cwaningo uma kuqhathaniswa nedolobhana elilodwa elingeyona i-IRS kanye nedolobhana elilodwa elingeyona i-IRS/elangaphambili le-IRS. Asikwazi ukucabanga ukuthi izinga lokuzwela komiyane olubonwa emizini ngayinye esifundeni esisodwa limelela izinga lokuzwela kwezinye izindawo nasezifundazweni zaseBihar. Njengoba i-India ingena esigabeni sangemuva kokususwa kwegciwane le-leukemia, kubalulekile ukuvimbela intuthuko ebalulekile yokuzwela. Kudingeka ukuqapha okusheshayo ukumelana nemiphakathi yezinambuzane zesihlabathi ezivela ezifundeni ezahlukene, emabhulokini nasezindaweni zezwe. Idatha eyethulwe kulolu cwaningo ingeyokuqala futhi kufanele iqinisekiswe ngokuqhathaniswa nokugxila kokuhlonza okushicilelwe yi-World Health Organization [35] ukuze kutholakale umbono ocacile ngesimo sokuthambekela kwe-P. argentipes kulezi zindawo ngaphambi kokushintsha izinhlelo zokulawula i-vector ukuze kugcinwe inani eliphansi lezinambuzane zesihlabathi nokusekela ukuqedwa kwegciwane le-leukemia.
Umiyane i-P. argentipes, obangela igciwane le-leukosis, ungase uqale ukubonisa izimpawu zokuqala zokumelana ne-cypermethrin esebenza kahle kakhulu. Ukuqapha njalo ukumelana nezinambuzane ezilwaneni zasendle ze-P. argentipes kuyadingeka ukuze kulondolozwe umthelela wezifo zokungenelela kokulawula izinambuzane. Ukujikeleza kwezinambuzane ngezindlela ezahlukene zokusebenza kanye/noma ukuhlolwa nokubhaliswa kwezinambuzane ezintsha kuyadingeka futhi kuyanconywa ukuphatha ukumelana nezinambuzane nokusekela ukususwa kwegciwane le-leukosis eNdiya.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Feb-17-2025