I-Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), eyaziwa nge-kala-azar ezwenikazi lase-Indian, isifo esiyisinambuzane esibangelwa i-flagellated protozoan Leishmania esingabulala uma singelashwa ngokushesha. I-sandfly i-Phlebotomus argentipes iyona kuphela i-vector eqinisekisiwe ye-VL eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, lapho ilawulwa ngokufutha kwe-indoor residual spray (IRS), isibulala-zinambuzane sokwenziwa. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-DDT ezinhlelweni zokulawula i-VL kuholele ekuthuthukisweni kokumelana nezimpukane, ngakho i-DDT isithathelwe indawo isibulala-zinambuzane i-alpha-cypermethrin. Kodwa-ke, i-alpha-cypermethrin yenza ngendlela efanayo ne-DDT, ngakho-ke ingozi yokumelana nezimpukane iyanda ngaphansi kwengcindezi ebangelwa ukuchayeka kaningi kulesi sibulala-zinambuzane. Kulolu cwaningo, sihlole ukuthambekela komiyane basendle kanye nenzalo yabo ye-F1 sisebenzisa i-CDC bottle bioassay.
Saqoqa omiyane emizaneni engu-10 e-Muzaffarpur esifundeni sase-Bihar, e-India. Amadolobhana ayisishiyagalombili aqhubeka nokusebenzisa amandla aphezului-cypermethrinngokufutha endlini, isigodi esisodwa sayeka ukusebenzisa i-cypermethrin enamandla kakhulu ukufutha endlini, futhi isigodi esisodwa asikaze sisebenzise i-cypermethrin enamandla kakhulu ukufutha endlini. Omiyane abaqoqiwe bavezwe kumthamo wokuxilonga ochazwe ngaphambilini isikhathi esichaziwe (3 μg/ml imizuzu engama-40), futhi izinga lokugoqa kanye nokufa kwarekhodwa emahoreni angama-24 ngemva kokuchayeka.
Izinga lokubulawa komiyane basendle lisukela ku-91.19% laya ku-99.47%, kanti lezo izizukulwane zabo ze-F1 lalisuka ku-91.70% laya ku-98.89%. Emahoreni angamashumi amabili nane ngemuva kokuchayeka, ukufa komiyane basendle kusuka ku-89.34% kuya ku-98.93%, kanti isizukulwane sabo se-F1 sisuka ku-90.16% saya ku-98.33%.
Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ibonisa ukuthi ukumelana kungase kuthuthuke ku-P. argentipes, okubonisa isidingo sokuqhubeka nokuqapha nokuqapha ukuze kugcinwe ukulawula uma ukuqedwa sekufinyelelwe.
I-Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), eyaziwa ngokuthi i-kala-azar ezwenikazi lase-Indian, isifo esiyisinambuzane esibangelwa i-flagellated protozoan Leishmania futhi sisakazwa ngokulunywa yizimpukane zesihlabathi zezinsikazi (Diptera: Myrmecophaga). Izimpukane ziwukuphela kwe-vector eqinisekisiwe ye-VL eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. I-India isiseduze nokufeza umgomo wokuqeda i-VL. Kodwa-ke, ukuze kugcinwe amazinga aphansi ezigameko ngemva kokuqedwa, kubalulekile ukunciphisa inani lama-vector ukuze kuvinjelwe ukudluliselwa okungenzeka.
Ukulawulwa komiyane eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia kwenziwa ngokufafaza kwe-indoor residual (IRS) kusetshenziswa izibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa. Ukuziphatha okuyimfihlo kokuphumula kwe-silverlegs kuyenza ibe ithagethi efanelekile yokulawula isibulala-zinambuzane ngokufuthwa kwensalela yasendlini [1]. Ukufuthwa kwensalela yasendlini ye-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) ngaphansi kohlelo Lukazwelonke Lokulawula Umalaleveva e-India kube nemiphumela ephawulekayo yokuchitheka kwegazi ekulawuleni inani lomiyane kanye nokunciphisa kakhulu amacala e-VL [2]. Lokhu kulawula okungahleliwe kwe-VL kwenze i-Indian VL Eradication Programme yamukele ukufuthwa kwensalela yasendlini njengendlela eyinhloko yokulawula imilenze yesiliva. Ngo-2005, ohulumeni base-India, Bangladesh, kanye ne-Nepal basayina imemorandamu yokusebenzisana ngenhloso yokuqeda i-VL ngo-2015 [3]. Imizamo yokuqeda, ehlanganisa inhlanganisela yokulawulwa kwe-vector kanye nokuxilonga ngokushesha kanye nokwelashwa kwamacala abantu, kwakuhloswe ngayo ukungena esigabeni sokuhlanganisa ngo-2015, okuhlosiwe okwabuyekezwa kamuva kwaba ngu-2017 bese kuba ngu-2020.[4] Umhlahlandlela omusha womhlaba wonke wokuqeda izifo ezinganakiwe zasezindaweni ezishisayo uhlanganisa ukuqedwa kwe-VL ngo-2030.[5]
Njengoba i-India ingena esigabeni sangemva kokuqedwa kwe-BCVD, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukumelana okubalulekile kwe-beta-cypermethrin akuthuthuki. Isizathu sokumelana ukuthi kokubili i-DDT ne-cypermethrin zinendlela efanayo yokwenza, okungukuthi, ziqondise iphrotheni ye-VGSC[21]. Ngakho-ke, ingozi yokuthuthukiswa kokumelana kuma-sandflies ingase ikhuliswe ukucindezeleka okubangelwa ukuchayeka njalo ku-cypermethrin enamandla kakhulu. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuqapha nokuhlonza izimpukane ezingase zikwazi ukumelana nalesi sibulala-zinambuzane. Kulo mongo, inhloso yalolu cwaningo bekuwukuqapha isimo sokuthinteka kwezimpukane zasendle zisebenzisa imithamo yokuxilonga kanye nezikhathi zokuchayeka ezinqunywe u-Chaubey et al. [20] ufunde ama-P. argentipes avela emadolobhaneni ahlukene e-Muzaffarpur esifundeni sase-Bihar, e-India, esebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo izinhlelo zokufafaza zasendlini eziphathwa nge-cypermethrin (imizana ye-IPS eqhubekayo). Isimo sokuba sengozini kwama-Wild P. argentipes avela emadolobhaneni ayeyekile ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokufafaza zasendlini ezine-cypermethrin (izigodi zangaphambili ze-IPS) kanye nalezo ezazingakaze zisebenzise izinhlelo zokufafaza zasendlini ezine-cypermethrin (izigodi ezingezona eze-IPS) zaqhathaniswa kusetshenziswa i-CDC ibhodlela bioassay.
Amadolobhana ayishumi akhethiwe ocwaningweni (Umfanekiso 1; Ithebula 1), okuyisishiyagalombili kuwo ayenomlando wokufafaza okuqhubekayo kwangaphakathi kwangaphakathi kwe-synthetic pyrethroids (hypermethrin; eqokwe njengamadolobhana aqhubekayo e-hypermethrin) futhi yaba namacala e-VL (okungenani icala elilodwa) eminyakeni engu-3 edlule. Emizaneni emibili esele ocwaningweni, idolobhana elilodwa elingazange lisebenzise ukufuthwa kwangaphakathi kwe-beta-cypermethrin (isigodi sokufuthwa okungesona esasendlini) sikhethwe njengendawo yokulawula kanye nelinye idolobhana elinokufafazwa kwangaphakathi kwe-beta-cypermethrin (isigodi sokufafaza ngaphakathi kwangaphakathi/isigodi sangaphambili sokufafaza sangaphakathi) sikhethwe njengendawo yokulawula. Ukukhethwa kwala madolobhana kwakusekelwe ekusebenzelaneni noMnyango Wezempilo kanye neThimba Lokufutha Kwangaphakathi kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwe-Indoor Spraying Micro Action Plan esifundeni sase-Muzaffarpur.
Imephu yendawo yesifunda sase-Muzaffarpur ekhombisa izindawo zamadolobhana afakwe ocwaningweni (1–10). Izindawo zokufunda: 1, Manifulkaha; 2, Ramdas Majhauli; 3, Madhubani; 4, Anandpur Haruni; 5, Pandey; 6, uHirapur; 7, Madhopur Hazari; 8, Hamidpur; 9, Noonfara; 10, Simara. Imephu ilungiswe kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-QGIS (inguqulo 3.30.3) kanye nefayela le-Open Assessment Shapefile.
Amabhodlela okuhlolwa kokuchayeka alungiswa ngokwezindlela zika-Chaubey et al. [20] kanye noDenlinger et al. [22]. Kafushane, amabhodlela engilazi angu-500 mL alungiswa ngosuku olulodwa ngaphambi kokuhlolwa futhi udonga lwangaphakathi lwamabhodlela lwalumbozwe isibulala-zinambuzane esibonisiwe (umthamo wokuxilonga we-α-cypermethrin wawungu-3 μg/mL) ngokufaka isixazululo se-acetone yesibulala-zinambuzane (2.0 mL) phansi, izindonga kanye nesivalo samabhodlela. Ibhodlela ngalinye labe lomiswa ku-roller eyimishini imizuzu engama-30. Ngalesi sikhathi, vula kancane ikepisi ukuze i-acetone ihwamuke. Ngemuva kwemizuzu engama-30 yokomisa, susa ikepisi bese uzungezisa ibhodlela kuze kube yilapho yonke i-acetone ihwamuka. Amabhodlela abe eseshiywa evuliwe ukuze ome ubusuku bonke. Esivivinyweni ngasinye esiyimpinda, ibhodlela elilodwa, elisetshenziswa njengesilawuli, lalimbozwe ngo-2.0 mL we-acetone. Wonke amabhodlela aphinde asetshenziswa kulo lonke ucwaningo ngemuva kokuhlanza okufanele ngokwenqubo echazwe nguDenlinger et al. kanye ne-World Health Organization [22, 23].
Ngosuku olulandela ukulungiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, omiyane ababanjwe zasendle abangu-30-40 (izinsikazi ezilambile) bakhishwa emakhejini ngamabhodlela futhi baphephethwa ngobumnene ebhodleleni ngalinye. Kusetshenziswe cishe inani elifanayo lezimpukane ebhodleleni ngalinye elimbozwe isibulala-zinambuzane, kuhlanganise nokulawula. Phinda lokhu okungenani izikhathi ezinhlanu kuya kweziyisithupha endaweni ngayinye. Ngemuva kwemizuzu engu-40 yokuchayeka ku-insecticide, inani lezimpukane eziwiswe phansi laqoshwa. Zonke izimpukane zabanjwa nge-aspirator engumshini, zafakwa ezitsheni zekhadibhodi ze-pint ezimbozwe nge-mesh emihle, futhi zafakwa ku-incubator ehlukile ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zomswakama kanye nezinga lokushisa elinomthombo ofanayo wokudla (amabhola kakotini afakwe ku-30% isixazululo sikashukela) njengamakoloni angalashwa. Ukufa kwaqoshwa emahoreni angama-24 ngemuva kokuchayeka ku-insecticide. Bonke omiyane bahlahlwa futhi bahlolwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe uhlobo lwezinhlobo. Inqubo efanayo yenziwa ngezimpukane ze-F1. Amazinga e-Knockdown kanye nokufa arekhodwa emahoreni angama-24 ngemva kokuchayeka. Uma ukufa emabhodleleni okulawula bekungu-< 5%, akukho ukulungiswa kokufa okwenziwe kuma-replicate. Uma ukufa ebhodleleni lokulawula bekungu-≥ 5% kanye ≤ 20%, ukufa emabhodleleni okuhlola aleso siqephu kwalungiswa kusetshenziswa ifomula ka-Abbott. Uma ukushona kweqembu lokulawula kudlula i-20%, lonke iqembu lokuhlola lachithwa [24, 25, 26].
Isilinganiso sokufa komiyane ababanjwe zasendle be-P. argentipes. Amabha wephutha amele amaphutha ajwayelekile wencazelo. Ukuphambana kwemigqa emibili evundlile ebomvu enegrafu (ukufa okungamaphesenti angama-90 no-98% ngokulandelana) kubonisa iwindi lokufa lapho ukumelana kungase kuthuthuke khona.[25]
Isilinganiso sokufa kwe-F1 nzalo ye-wild-caught P. argentipes. Amabha wephutha amele amaphutha ajwayelekile wencazelo. Amajika aphambana nemigqa emibili evundlile ebomvu (ama-90% kanye nama-98% okufa, ngokulandelana) amele uhla lokufa okungase kuthuthuke kulo ukumelana [25].
Omiyane endaweni yokulawula/okungeyona eye-IRS (Manifulkaha) batholakale bezwela kakhulu ezinambuzaneni. Isilinganiso sokufa (±SE) somiyane ababanjwe zasendle amahora angu-24 ngemva kokushayeka phansi kanye nokuchayeka kube ngu-99.47 ± 0.52% kanye no-98.93 ± 0.65%, ngokulandelana, kanti inani lokufa lenzalo ye-F1 lalingu-98.89 ± 1.131% kanye no-9. 2, 3).
Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ibonisa ukuthi izimpukane zesanti ezinemilenze yesiliva zingase zithuthukise ukumelana ne-synthetic pyrethroid (SP) α-cypermethrin emadolobhaneni lapho i-pyrethroid (SP) α-cypermethrin yayisetshenziswa khona njalo. Ngokuphambene, izimpukane zesanti ezinemilenze esiliva eziqoqwe ezigodini ezingamboziwe uhlelo lwe-IRS/zokulawula zitholakale zisengozini enkulu. Ukuqapha ukuthambekela kwezimpukane zasendle kubalulekile ukuze kuqashwe ukusebenza kahle kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswayo, njengoba lolu lwazi lungasiza ekulawuleni ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane. Amazinga aphezulu okumelana ne-DDT abikwa njalo ezindizeni zesihlabathi ezivela ezindaweni ezihlala njalo e-Bihar ngenxa yengcindezi yokukhethwa komlando evela ku-IRS esebenzisa lesi sinambuzane [1].
Sithole ukuthi i-P. argentipes izwela kakhulu kuma-pyrethroids, futhi ukuhlolwa kwensimu eNdiya, eBangladesh naseNepal kubonise ukuthi i-IRS yayinamandla aphezulu e-entomological uma isetshenziswa ngokuhambisana ne-cypermethrin noma i-deltamethrin [19, 26, 27, 28, 29]. Muva nje, uRoy et al. [I-18] ibike ukuthi i-P. argentipes isungule ukumelana nama-pyrethroids eNepal. Ucwaningo lwethu lwabonisa ukuthi izimpukane zesanti ezinombala osiliva eziqoqwe ezigodini ezingewona ama-IRS zazisengozini enkulu, kodwa izimpukane eziqoqwe emizaneni ye-IRS ephakathi/yangaphambili kanye nezigodi eziqhubekayo ze-IRS (ukufa kwakusukela ku-90% kuya ku-97% ngaphandle kwezimpukane zesanti ezivela e-Anandpur-Haruni ezazinokumelana okungama-89.34 no-4% okungenzeka zakwazi ukumelana nokushona okungama-89.34% ukuya ku-4) i-cypermethrin [25]. Esinye sezizathu ezingaba yisizathu sokuthuthuka kwalokhu kumelana nengcindezi evezwa ukufuthwa okujwayelekile kwangaphakathi (IRS) kanye nezinhlelo zokufafaza zendawo ezisekelwe emacaleni, okuyizinqubo ezijwayelekile zokulawula ukuqubuka kwe-kala-azar ezindaweni/amabhulokhi/amadolobhana avamile (Inqubo Ejwayelekile Yokusebenza Yokuphenya Nokuphathwa Kokuqhuma [30]. Ngeshwa, idatha yomlando yalesi sifunda, etholwe kusetshenziswa i-CDC bioassay yebhodlela, ayitholakali ukuze iqhathaniswe nazo zonke izifundo zangaphambilini ziqaphe ukuthambekela kwe-P. argentipes kusetshenziswa iphepha elifakwe isibulala-zinambuzane se-WHO Imithamo yokuxilonga yezibulala-zinambuzane emigqeni yokuhlola ye-WHO ukugxiliswa kokuhlonza okunconyiwe kwe-Apheleidesi esetshenziswa yizinambuzane. kwalokhu kugxilwa kwezimpukane akucaci ngoba izimpukane zindiza kancane kunomiyane, futhi zichitha isikhathi esiningi zithintana ne-substrate ku-bioassay [23].
Ama-synthetic pyrethroids asetshenziswe ezindaweni ezihlala njalo e-VL eNepal kusukela ngo-1992, ashintshana nama-SPs alpha-cypermethrin kanye ne-lambda-cyhalothrin ekulawuleni i-sandfly [31], futhi i-deltamethrin nayo isetshenziswe e-Bangladesh kusukela ngo-2012 [32]. Ukumelana ne-Phenotypic kuye kwatholakala emiphakathini yasendle yama-sandflies esiliva ezindaweni lapho i-pyrethroids yokwenziwa isetshenziswe isikhathi eside [18, 33, 34]. Ukuguqulwa okungelona igama elifanayo (L1014F) kutholwe emiphakathini yasendle ye-sandfly yaseNdiya futhi kuye kwahlotshaniswa nokumelana ne-DDT, okuphakamisa ukuthi ukumelana ne-pyrethroid kuvela ezingeni lamangqamuzana, njengoba kokubili i-DDT kanye ne-pyrethroid (alpha-cypermethrin) iqondise isakhi sofuzo esifanayo ohlelweni lwezinzwa lwe-3417. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa okuhlelekile kokuthinteka kwe-cypermethrin nokuqapha ukumelana nomiyane kubalulekile ngesikhathi sokuqedwa kanye nezikhathi zokuqeda.
Umkhawulo ongaba khona walolu cwaningo ukuthi sisebenzise i-CDC vial bioassay ukukala ukuthambekela, kodwa zonke iziqhathaniso zisebenzise imiphumela yocwaningo lwangaphambilini kusetshenziswa ikhithi ye-WHO bioassay. Imiphumela evela kuma-bioassay amabili ingase ingaqhathanisi ngokuqondile ngoba i-CDC vial bioassay ilinganisa ukwehla ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokuxilonga, kuyilapho ikhithi ye-WHO ye-bioassay ilinganisa ukushona kwabantu emahoreni angama-24 noma angu-72 ngemva kokuchayeka (okugcina ngamakhompiyutha asebenza kancane) [35]. Omunye umkhawulo ongaba khona inombolo yezindawo ze-IRS kulolu cwaningo uma kuqhathaniswa neyodwa okungeyona i-IRS kanye nesigodi esisodwa esingeyona i-IRS/yangaphambili ye-IRS. Ngeke sicabange ukuthi izinga lokungenwa yigciwane lemiyane elibonwa emadolobhaneni ngamanye esifundeni esisodwa limele izinga lokungenwa kalula kwamanye amadolobhana nezifunda e-Bihar. Njengoba i-India ingena esigabeni sokuqedwa kwegciwane le-leukemia, kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukukhula okubalulekile kokungazweli. Kudingeka ukuqapha ngokushesha ukumelana nezimpukane ezivela ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene, emabhuloki nasezindaweni zezwe. Idatha evezwe kulolu cwaningo ingeyokuqala futhi kufanele iqinisekiswe ngokuqhathanisa nokugxilisa ukuhlonza okushicilelwe yi-World Health Organization [35] ukuze uthole umbono oqondile kakhulu wesimo sokuthambekela ekubeni sengozini yama-P. argentipes kulezi zindawo ngaphambi kokulungisa izinhlelo zokulawula i-vector ukuze kugcinwe inani eliphansi le-sandfly kanye nokusekela ukuqedwa kwegciwane le-leukemia.
I-mosquito P. argentipes, i-vector yegciwane le-leukosis, ingase iqale ukubonisa izimpawu zokuqala zokumelana ne-cypermethrin ephumelela kakhulu. Ukuqapha njalo ukumelana nezinambuzane emiphakathini yasendle ye-P. argentipes kuyadingeka ukuze kugcinwe umthelela we-epidemiological wokungenelela kokulawulwa kwe-vector. Ukuzungezisa ama-insecticide ngezindlela ezihlukene zokwenza kanye/noma ukuhlolwa nokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezintsha kuyadingeka futhi kunconywa ukuphatha ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane nokusekela ukuqedwa kwegciwane le-leukosis eNdiya.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-17-2025