Izakhamuzi ezinesimo esiphansi sezomnotho (SES) ezihlala ezindlini zomphakathi ezixhaswe nguhulumeni noma izinhlangano zokuxhasa umphakathi zingase zibe sengozini enkulu yokubulala izibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa ngaphakathi ngoba izibulala-zinambuzane zisetshenziswa ngenxa yokukhubazeka kwesakhiwo, ukulungiswa okungekuhle, njll.
Ngo-2017, kwalinganiswa izibulala-zinambuzane ezingama-28 emoyeni wangaphakathi emayunithi angu-46 ezakhiweni eziyisikhombisa zezindlu zomphakathi ezinemali ephansi eToronto, eCanada, kusetshenziswa izihlanzi-moya eziphathwayo ezazisebenza isonto elilodwa. Izibulala-zinambuzane ezihlaziyiwe zazisetshenziswa ngokwesiko futhi njengamanje njengezibulala-zinambuzane ezivela kulezi zigaba ezilandelayo: ama-organochlorine, ama-organophosphorus compounds, ama-pyrethroids, nama-strobilurins.
Okungenani isibulala-zinambuzane esisodwa sitholakale kumayunithi angu-89%, kanti amazinga okutholakala (ama-DR) ezibulala-zinambuzane ngazinye afinyelela ku-50%, kufaka phakathi ama-organochlorine endabuko kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa njengamanje. Ama-pyrethroids asetshenziswa njengamanje ayenama-DF aphezulu kakhulu kanye nokuhlushwa, kanti i-pyrethroid I yayinokuhlushwa okuphezulu kakhulu kwesigaba sezinhlayiya ku-32,000 pg/m3. I-Heptachlor, eyayinqunyelwe eCanada ngo-1985, yayinokuhlushwa okuphezulu kakhulu okulinganiselwa komoya (isigaba sezinhlayiya kanye nesigaba segesi) ku-443,000 pg/m3. Ukuhlushwa kwe-heptachlor, i-lindane, i-endosulfan I, i-chlorothalonil, i-altherin, kanye ne-permethrin (ngaphandle kocwaningo olulodwa) kwakuphakeme kunalawo alinganiswa emakhaya anemali engenayo ephansi abikwe kwenye indawo. Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa ngamabomu kwezibulala-zinambuzane zokulawula izinambuzane kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo ezintweni zokwakha kanye nopende, ukubhema kwakuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nokuhlushwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezinhlanu ezisetshenziswa ezitshalweni zikagwayi. Ukusatshalaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezine-DF ephezulu ezakhiweni ngazinye kusikisela ukuthi imithombo eyinhloko yezibulala-zinambuzane ezitholakele kwakuyizinhlelo zokulawula izinambuzane ezenziwa ngabaphathi bezakhiwo kanye/noma ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngabahlali.
Izindlu zomphakathi zabantu abahola kancane zidinga kakhulu, kodwa lezi zindlu zisengozini yokuhlaselwa yizinambuzane futhi zithembele ezibulala-zinambuzane ukuze zizigcine ziphilile. Sithole ukuthi ama-89% azo zonke iziyunithi ezingu-46 ezivivinyiwe atholakale okungenani kwenye yezibulala-zinambuzane ezingu-28 zesigaba sezinhlayiya, kanti ama-pyrethroids asetshenziswa njengamanje kanye nama-organochlorine avinjelwe isikhathi eside (isb., i-DDT, i-heptachlor) anokugcwala okuphezulu kakhulu ngenxa yokuphikelela kwawo okuphezulu endlini. Ukugcwala kwezibulala-zinambuzane eziningana ezingabhaliswanga ukusetshenziswa endlini, njenge-strobilurins ezisetshenziswa ezintweni zokwakha kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa ezitshalweni zikagwayi, nakho kwalinganiswa. Le miphumela, idatha yokuqala yaseCanada ngezibulala-zinambuzane eziningi zangaphakathi, ikhombisa ukuthi abantu batholakala kabanzi kuzo eziningi zazo.
Izibulala-zinambuzane zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwezitshalo zezolimo ukunciphisa umonakalo obangelwa yizinambuzane. Ngo-2018, cishe ama-72% ezibulala-zinambuzane ezithengiswa eCanada asetshenziswa kwezolimo, kanti ama-4.5% kuphela asetshenziswa ezindaweni zokuhlala.[1] Ngakho-ke, izifundo eziningi zokugcwala kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokuchayeka kwazo zigxile ezindaweni zezolimo.[2,3,4] Lokhu kushiya izikhala eziningi ngokwephrofayili yezibulala-zinambuzane kanye namazinga emindeni, lapho izibulala-zinambuzane nazo zisetshenziswa kabanzi ekulawuleni izinambuzane. Ezindaweni zokuhlala, ukusetshenziswa okukodwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngaphakathi kungabangela ukuthi kukhishwe ama-15 mg ezibulala-zinambuzane endaweni ezungezile.[5] Izibulala-zinambuzane zisetshenziswa ngaphakathi ukulawula izinambuzane ezifana nama-cockroaches kanye nezimbungulu. Okunye ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuhlanganisa ukulawula izinambuzane zezilwane zasekhaya kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo njenge-fungicides efenisha kanye nemikhiqizo yabathengi (isb., amakhaphethi oboya, izindwangu) kanye nezinto zokwakha (isb., upende wodonga oluqukethe i-fungicide, i-drywall engamelani nesikhunta) [6,7,8,9]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izenzo zabantu abahlala khona (isb., ukubhema ngaphakathi) kungabangela ukukhishwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziselwa ukutshala ugwayi ezindaweni zangaphakathi [10]. Omunye umthombo wokukhishwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezindaweni zangaphakathi ukuthuthwa kwazo zivela ngaphandle [11,12,13].
Ngaphezu kwabasebenzi bezolimo nemindeni yabo, amaqembu athile nawo asengozini yokuchayeka ezibulala-zinambuzane. Izingane zichayeka kakhulu ezingcoleni eziningi zangaphakathi, okuhlanganisa nezibulala-zinambuzane, kunabantu abadala ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu okuhogela, ukugwinya uthuli, kanye nemikhuba yokukhuluma ngezandla ngomlomo uma kuqhathaniswa nesisindo somzimba [14, 15]. Isibonelo, uTrunnel et al. bathole ukuthi ukugcwala kwe-pyrethroid/pyrethrin (PYR) ezimpahleni zokusula phansi kwakuhlobene kahle nokugcwala kwe-PYR metabolite emchameni wezingane [16]. I-DF yama-metabolite e-PYR pesticide abikwe ku-Canadian Health Measures Study (CHMS) yayiphezulu ezinganeni ezineminyaka engu-3-5 kunasezindaweni ezindala [17]. Abesifazane abakhulelwe kanye nezingane zabo ezisanda kuzalwa nabo babhekwa njengeqembu elisengozini ngenxa yengozi yokuchayeka ezibulala-zinambuzane ebuntwaneni. UWyatt et al. babike ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane kumasampula egazi likamama nosana zihlobene kakhulu, zihambisana nokudluliswa komama nomntwana [18].
Abantu abahlala ezindlini ezingaphansi kwezinga noma ezihola kancane basengozini enkulu yokuchayeka ezintweni ezingcolisa umoya zangaphakathi, okuhlanganisa nezibulala-zinambuzane [19, 20, 21]. Isibonelo, eCanada, izifundo zibonise ukuthi abantu abanesimo esiphansi sezomnotho (i-SES) banamathuba amaningi okuchayeka kuma-phthalates, ama-halogenated flame retardants, ama-organophosphorus plasticizers kanye nama-flame retardants, kanye nama-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ama-PAH) kunabantu abane-SES ephezulu [22,23,24]. Okunye kwalokhu okutholakele kusebenza kubantu abahlala "ezindlini zomphakathi," esizichaza njengezindlu zokuqasha ezixhaswe nguhulumeni (noma izinhlangano ezixhaswe nguhulumeni) eziqukethe izakhamuzi ezinesimo esiphansi sezomnotho [25]. Izindlu zomphakathi ezakhiweni zokuhlala ezinamayunithi amaningi (ama-MURB) zisengozini yokuhlaselwa yizinambuzane, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokukhubazeka kwazo kwesakhiwo (isb. imifantu nemigodi odongeni), ukuntuleka kokugcinwa/ukulungiswa okufanele, izinsizakalo zokuhlanza nokulahla imfucuza ezinganele, kanye nokuminyana njalo [20, 26]. Nakuba izinhlelo zokuphathwa kwezinambuzane ezihlanganisiwe ziyatholakala ukunciphisa isidingo sezinhlelo zokulawula izinambuzane ekuphathweni kwezakhiwo futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ingozi yokuchayeka ezibulala-zinambuzane, ikakhulukazi ezakhiweni ezinamayunithi amaningi, izinambuzane zingasakazeka kulo lonke isakhiwo [21, 27, 28]. Ukusabalala kwezinambuzane kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane okuhambisana nazo kungathinta kabi ikhwalithi yomoya wangaphakathi futhi kuveze abantu abahlala kuzo engcupheni yokuchayeka ezibulala-zinambuzane, okuholela emiphumeleni emibi yezempilo [29]. Izifundo eziningana e-United States zibonise ukuthi amazinga okuchayeka ezibulala-zinambuzane ezivinjelwe nezisetshenziswa njengamanje aphezulu ezindlini ezinemali engenayo ephansi kunasezindlini ezinemali engenayo ephezulu ngenxa yekhwalithi yezindlu ephansi [11, 26, 30,31,32]. Ngenxa yokuthi izakhamuzi ezinemali engenayo ephansi zivame ukuba nezinketho ezimbalwa zokushiya amakhaya azo, zingase zihlale zichayeke ezibulala-zinambuzane emakhaya azo.
Emakhaya, izakhamuzi zingase zivezwe ekuqongeleleni okuphezulu kwezibulala-zinambuzane isikhathi eside ngoba izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane ziyaqhubeka ngenxa yokuntuleka kokukhanya kwelanga, umswakama, kanye nezindlela zokuwohloka kwamagciwane [33,34,35]. Ukuchayeka ezibulala-zinambuzane kubikwe ukuthi kuhlotshaniswa nemiphumela emibi yezempilo njengokukhubazeka kwentuthuko yezinzwa (ikakhulukazi i-IQ ephansi yokukhuluma kubafana), kanye nomdlavuza wegazi, umdlavuza wobuchopho (kufaka phakathi umdlavuza wezingane), imiphumela ehlobene nokuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine, kanye nesifo i-Alzheimer's.
Njengengxenye yeSivumelwano saseStockholm, iCanada inemikhawulo kuma-OCP ayisishiyagalolunye [42, 54]. Ukuhlolwa kabusha kwezimfuneko zomthetho eCanada kuholele ekuqedweni cishe kwazo zonke izinhlobo zokusetshenziswa kwe-OPP ne-carbamate ngaphakathi endlini.[55] I-Pest Management Regulatory Agency of Canada (PMRA) nayo ikhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwe-PYR ngaphakathi endlini. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-cypermethrin ekwelapheni nasekusakazeni ngaphakathi endlini kuyekisiwe ngenxa yomthelela wayo ongaba khona empilweni yabantu, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni [56]. Isibalo 1 sinikeza isifinyezo sale mikhawulo [55, 57, 58].
I-Y-axis imele izibulala-zinambuzane ezitholakele (ngaphezu komkhawulo wokutholwa kwendlela, Ithebula S6), kanti i-X-axis imele ububanzi bokuhlushwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane emoyeni esigabeni sezinhlayiya ngaphezu komkhawulo wokutholwa. Imininingwane yemvamisa yokutholwa kanye nokuhlushwa okuphezulu inikezwe kuThebula S6.
Izinhloso zethu bekuwukulinganisa amazinga omoya wangaphakathi kanye nokuchayeka (isb., ukuhogela) kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa njengamanje kanye nezindala emindenini enesimo esiphansi sezomnotho ehlala ezindlini zomphakathi eToronto, eCanada, kanye nokuhlola ezinye zezici ezihambisana nalokhu kuchayeka. Inhloso yaleli phepha ukugcwalisa igebe kudatha mayelana nokuchayeka ezibulala-zinambuzane zamanje nezendala emakhaya abantu abasengozini, ikakhulukazi njengoba idatha yezibulala-zinambuzane zangaphakathi eCanada ilinganiselwe kakhulu [6].
Abacwaningi baqaphe ukugcwala kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezindaweni eziyisikhombisa zezindlu zomphakathi ze-MURB ezakhiwe ngawo-1970 ezindaweni ezintathu eDolobheni laseToronto. Zonke izakhiwo ziqhele okungenani ngamakhilomitha angama-65 kunoma iyiphi indawo yezolimo (ngaphandle kwamasimu angemuva). Lezi zakhiwo zimele izindlu zomphakathi zaseToronto. Ucwaningo lwethu luyisandiso sesifundo esikhulu esihlole amazinga ezinhlayiya (PM) ezindlini zomphakathi ngaphambi nangemva kokuthuthukiswa kwamandla [59,60,61]. Ngakho-ke, isu lethu lokuthola amasampula lalilinganiselwe ekuqoqweni kwe-PM emoyeni.
Kwibhulokhi ngayinye, kuthuthukiswe izinguquko ezazihlanganisa ukonga amanzi namandla (isb. ukushintshwa kwamayunithi okungenisa umoya, ama-boiler kanye nezinto zokushisa) ukuze kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yomoya wangaphakathi futhi kwandiswe induduzo yokushisa [62, 63]. Amafulethi ahlukaniswe ngohlobo lwabantu abahlala kuwo: asebekhulile, imindeni kanye nabantu abangashadile. Izici nezinhlobo zezakhiwo zichazwe ngokuningiliziwe kwenye indawo [24].
Amasampula okuhlunga umoya angamashumi amane nesithupha aqoqwe kumayunithi angu-46 ezindlu zomphakathi ze-MURB ebusika ngo-2017 ahlaziywe. Umklamo wocwaningo, ukuqoqwa kwamasampula, kanye nezinqubo zokugcina kwachazwa ngokuningiliziwe nguWang et al. [60]. Kafushane, iyunithi ngayinye yabahlanganyeli yayifakwe i-Amaircare XR-100 air purifier efakwe i-127 mm high-efficiency particulate air filter media (izinto ezisetshenziswa kuma-HEPA filters) isonto eli-1. Zonke izihlanzi zomoya eziphathwayo zahlanzwa ngama-isopropyl wipes ngaphambi nangemva kokusetshenziswa ukuze kugwenywe ukungcoliswa okuphambeneyo. Izihlanzi zomoya eziphathwayo zabekwa odongeni lwegumbi lokuphumula oluyi-30 cm ukusuka ophahleni kanye/noma njengoba kwaqondiswa izakhamuzi ukugwema ukuphazamiseka kubahlali nokunciphisa amathuba okufinyelela okungagunyaziwe (bheka Ulwazi Olwengeziwe SI1, Umfanekiso S1). Ngesikhathi sokuhlola isampula masonto onke, ukugeleza okumaphakathi kwakungu-39.2 m3/ngosuku (bheka i-SI1 ukuthola imininingwane yezindlela ezisetshenziswa ukunquma ukugeleza). Ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kwamasampula ngoJanuwari nangoFebhuwari 2015, kwenziwa ukuvakasha kokuqala emnyango nomnyango kanye nokuhlolwa okubonakalayo kwezici zasekhaya kanye nokuziphatha kwabahlali (isb. ukubhema). Ucwaningo lokulandelela lwenziwa ngemva kokuvakasha ngakunye kusukela ngo-2015 kuya ku-2017. Imininingwane egcwele inikezwe ku-Touchie et al. [64] Kafushane, inhloso yocwaningo kwakuwukuhlola ukuziphatha kwabahlali kanye nezinguquko ezingaba khona ezicini zasekhaya kanye nokuziphatha kwabahlali njengokubhema, ukusebenza komnyango namafasitela, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-extractor hood noma amafeni ekhishi lapho kupheka. [59, 64] Ngemva kokuguqulwa, kwahlaziywa izihlungi zezibulala-zinambuzane ezingama-28 eziqondiwe (i-endosulfan I kanye ne-II kanye ne-α- kanye ne-γ-chlordane zazibhekwa njengezinhlanganisela ezahlukene, kanti i-p,p′-DDE yayiyi-metabolite ye-p,p′-DDT, hhayi isibulala-zinambuzane), kufaka phakathi izibulala-zinambuzane ezindala nezesimanje (Ithebula S1).
UWang nabanye [60] bachaze inqubo yokukhipha nokuhlanza ngokuningiliziwe. Isampula ngayinye yesihlungi yahlukaniswa phakathi kwathi ingxenye eyodwa yasetshenziswa ekuhlaziyeni izibulala-zinambuzane ezingu-28 (Ithebula S1). Amasampula esihlungi kanye nezikhala zelebhu zazihlanganisa izihlungi zefayibha yengilazi, eyodwa kumasampula amahlanu kuzo zonke eziyisishiyagalolunye, zifakwe ama-surrogates ayisithupha anelebula lezibulala-zinambuzane (Ithebula S2, i-Chromatographic Specialties Inc.) ukulawula ukululama. Ukugxila kwezibulala-zinambuzane okuqondiwe nakho kwalinganiswa ezindaweni ezinhlanu ezingenalutho. Isampula ngayinye yesihlungi yafakwa i-sonicated kathathu imizuzu engama-20 ngayinye nge-10 mL ye-hexane:acetone:dichloromethane (2:1:1, v:v:v) (ibanga le-HPLC, i-Fisher Scientific). Ama-supernatant avela kokukhishwa okuthathu ahlanganiswa futhi agxiliswa ku-1 mL ku-evaporator ye-Zymark Turbovap ngaphansi kokugeleza okuqhubekayo kwe-nitrogen. I-extract yahlanzwa kusetshenziswa amakholomu e-Florisil® SPE (amashubhu e-Florisil® Superclean ENVI-Florisil SPE, i-Supelco) yabe isigxiliswa ku-0.5 mL kusetshenziswa i-Zymark Turbovap yabe isidluliselwa ebhodleleni le-GC eliphuzi. I-Mirex (AccuStandard®) (100 ng, Ithebula S2) yabe isingezwa njengendinganiso yangaphakathi. Ukuhlaziywa kwenziwa nge-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MSD, Agilent 7890B GC kanye ne-Agilent 5977A MSD) ngezindlela zomthelela we-electron kanye ne-chemical ionization. Amapharamitha ezinsimbi anikezwa ku-SI4 kanye nolwazi lwe-ion olunenani lunikezwa kuThebula S3 kanye ne-S4.
Ngaphambi kokukhishwa, izithasiselo zezibulala-zinambuzane ezinelebula zazifakwa kumasampula nasezindaweni ezingenalutho (Ithebula S2) ukuze kuqashwe ukubuyiselwa ngesikhathi sokuhlaziywa. Ukubuyiswa kwamakhemikhali ezimpawu kumasampula kwakusukela ku-62% kuya ku-83%; yonke imiphumela yamakhemikhali ngamanye yalungiswa ukuze kubuyiselwe. Idatha yalungiswa ingenalutho kusetshenziswa amanani aphakathi kwelabhorethri kanye namanani angenalutho ensimu yezinambuzane ngayinye (amanani abhalwe kuThebula S5) ngokwemigomo echazwe nguSaini et al. [65]: lapho ukuhlushwa okungenalutho kwakungaphansi kuka-5% kokuhlushwa kwesampula, akukho ukulungiswa okungenalutho okwenziwe kumakhemikhali ngamanye; lapho ukuhlushwa okungenalutho kwakungama-5-35%, idatha yayilungiswa ingenalutho; uma ukuhlushwa okungenalutho kwakungaphezu kuka-35% wenani, idatha yalahlwa. Umkhawulo wokuthola indlela (MDL, Ithebula S6) wachazwa njengokuhlushwa okuphakathi kwesikhala selabhorethri (n = 9) kanye nokuphambuka okujwayelekile okuphindwe kathathu. Uma i-compound ingatholakalanga endaweni engenalutho, isilinganiso sesignali-kuya-kumsindo se-compound esixazululweni esijwayelekile esiphansi kakhulu (~10:1) sasetshenziswa ukubala umkhawulo wokuthola ithuluzi. Ukugxila kumasampula elabhorethri kanye nasensimini kwaku
Isisindo samakhemikhali esisefilithini somoya siguqulwa sibe yi-integrated air particle concentration kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kwe-gravimetric, kanti izinga lokugeleza kwesihlungi kanye nokusebenza kahle kwesihlungi kuguqulwa kube yi-integrated air particle concentration ngokwe-equation 1:
lapho i-M (g) iyisisindo esiphelele se-PM esithathwe yisihlungi, i-f (pg/g) iyinani lokungcola ku-PM eqoqwe, i-η iyikhono lokuhlunga (okucatshangwa ukuthi liyi-100% ngenxa yezinto zokuhlunga kanye nosayizi wezinhlayiya [67]), i-Q (m3/h) iyisilinganiso sokugeleza komoya nge-volumetric air purifier, kanye ne-t (h) isikhathi sokusetshenziswa. Isisindo sesihlungi saqoshwa ngaphambi nangemva kokusetshenziswa. Imininingwane egcwele yezilinganiso kanye namazinga okugeleza komoya inikezwa nguWang et al. [60].
Indlela yokwenza isampula esetshenziswe kuleli phepha ilinganise kuphela ukuhlushwa kwesigaba sezinhlayiya. Silinganise ukuhlushwa okulinganayo kwezibulala-zinambuzane esigabeni segesi sisebenzisa i-equation kaHarner-Biedelman (i-Equation 2), sicabangela ukulingana kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwezigaba [68]. I-Equation 2 isuselwe ezintweni zezinhlayiya ngaphandle, kodwa futhi isetshenziswe ukulinganisa ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlayiya emoyeni nasezindaweni zangaphakathi [69, 70].
lapho i-log Kp ingukuguqulwa kwe-logarithmic kwe-particle-gas partition coefficient emoyeni, i-log Koa ingukuguqulwa kwe-logarithmic kwe-octanol/air partition coefficient, i-Koa (engenakulinganiswa), kanye ne-\({fom}\) iyingxenyana yezinto eziphilayo ku-particulate matter (engenakulinganiswa). Inani le-fom lithathwa njenge-0.4 [71, 72]. Inani le-Koa lithathwe ku-OPERA 2.6 elitholwe kusetshenziswa i-CompTox chemical monitoring dashboard (US EPA, 2023) (Isithombe S2), njengoba linezilinganiso ezingathathi hlangothi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zokulinganisa [73]. Sithole namanani okuhlola ezilinganiso ze-Koa kanye ne-Kowwin/HENRYWIN sisebenzisa i-EPISuite [74].
Njengoba i-DF yazo zonke izibulala-zinambuzane ezitholakele yayingu-≤50%, amanani
Isibalo S3 kanye namaThebula S6 kanye ne-S8 zibonisa amanani e-Koa asekelwe ku-OPERA, ukuhlushwa kwesigaba sezinhlayiya (isihlungi) seqembu ngalinye lezibulala-zinambuzane, kanye nesigaba segesi esibaliwe kanye nokuhlushwa okuphelele. Ukuhlushwa kwesigaba segesi kanye nesamba esiphezulu sezibulala-zinambuzane ezitholakele zeqembu ngalinye lamakhemikhali (okungukuthi, i-Σ8OCP, i-Σ3OPP, i-Σ8PYR, kanye ne-Σ3STR) ezitholwe kusetshenziswa amanani e-Koa okuhlolayo futhi abaliwe avela ku-EPISuite kunikezwe kumaThebula S7 kanye ne-S8, ngokulandelana. Sibika ukuhlushwa kwesigaba sezinhlayiya okulinganisiwe futhi siqhathanisa ukuhlushwa komoya okuphelele okubalwe lapha (sisebenzisa izilinganiso ezisekelwe ku-OPERA) nokuhlushwa komoya okuvela enanini elilinganiselwe lemibiko engeyona eyezolimo yokuhlushwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane emoyeni kanye nasezifundweni eziningana zemindeni ene-SES ephansi [26, 31, 76,77,78] (Ithebula S9). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lokhu kuqhathaniswa kulinganiselwa ngenxa yokwehluka kwezindlela zokuthatha amasampula kanye neminyaka yokufunda. Ngokwazi kwethu, idatha evezwe lapha ingeyokuqala ukukala izibulala-zinambuzane ngaphandle kwama-organochlorine endabuko emoyeni wangaphakathi eCanada.
Esigabeni sezinhlayiya, ukuhlushwa okuphezulu okutholiwe kwe-Σ8OCP kwakungu-4400 pg/m3 (Ithebula S8). I-OCP enezinga eliphezulu kakhulu kwakuyi-heptachlor (enqunyelwe ngo-1985) enezinga eliphezulu lika-2600 pg/m3, kulandelwe yi-p,p′-DDT (enqunyelwe ngo-1985) enezinga eliphezulu lika-1400 pg/m3 [57]. I-Chlorothalonil enezinga eliphezulu lika-1200 pg/m3 iyisibulala-zinambuzane esilwa namagciwane kanye nesikhunta esisetshenziswa opendeni. Nakuba ukubhaliswa kwayo kokusetshenziswa endlini kwamiswa ngo-2011, i-DF yayo ihlala ku-50% [55]. Amanani aphezulu e-DF kanye nokuhlushwa kwama-OCP endabuko kubonisa ukuthi ama-OCP asetshenziswe kabanzi esikhathini esidlule nokuthi ayaqhubeka ezindaweni zangaphakathi [6].
Izifundo zangaphambilini zikhombisile ukuthi iminyaka yokwakha ihlobene kahle nokuhlushwa kwama-OCP amadala [6, 79]. Ngokwesiko, ama-OCP asetshenziswe ekulawuleni izinambuzane zangaphakathi, ikakhulukazi i-lindane ekwelapheni izintwala zekhanda, isifo esivame kakhulu emakhaya anesimo esiphansi sezomnotho kunasemakhaya anesimo esiphezulu sezomnotho [80, 81]. Ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-lindane kwakungu-990 pg/m3.
Ngokuphathelene ne-total particulate matter kanye ne-gas phase, i-heptachlor yayine-concentration ephezulu kakhulu, ene-concentration ephezulu engu-443,000 pg/m3. I-concentration ephezulu kakhulu ye-Σ8OCP air concentrations elinganisiwe kusukela kumanani e-Koa kwezinye izigaba ibhalwe kuThebula S8. I-concentrations ye-heptachlor, i-lindane, i-chlorothalonil, kanye ne-endosulfan I yayiphakeme ngokuphindwe kabili (chlorothalonil) kuya ku-11 (endosulfan I) kunaleyo etholakale kwezinye izifundo zezindawo zokuhlala ezinemali engenayo ephezulu nephansi e-United States naseFrance ezalinganiswa eminyakeni engama-30 eyedlule [77, 82,83,84].
Isilinganiso esiphezulu kakhulu sesigaba sezinhlayiya ze-OP ezintathu (Σ3OPPs)—i-malathion, i-trichlorfon, ne-diazinon—kwakungu-3,600 pg/m3. Kulezi, yi-malathion kuphela ebhalisiwe njengamanje ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo zokuhlala eCanada.[55] I-Trichlorfon yayinesilinganiso esiphezulu kakhulu sesigaba sezinhlayiya ze-particle esigabeni se-OPP, esiphezulu esingu-3,600 pg/m3. ECanada, i-trichlorfon isetshenziswe njengesibulala-zinambuzane sobuchwepheshe kweminye imikhiqizo yokulawula izinambuzane, njengokulawula izimpukane namaphela angamelani.[55] I-Malathion ibhaliswe njengesidakamizwa sokulwa nezinambuzane esisetshenziswa ezindaweni zokuhlala, esiphezulu esingu-2,800 pg/m3.
Ingqikithi ephezulu kakhulu ye-Σ3OPPs (igesi + izinhlayiya) emoyeni ingu-77,000 pg/m3 (60,000–200,000 pg/m3 ngokusekelwe enanini le-Koa EPISuite). Ingqikithi ye-Airborne OPP iphansi (DF 11–24%) kune-OCP (DF 0–50%), okungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi kungenxa yokuphikelela okukhulu kwe-OCP [85].
Amazinga e-diazinon kanye ne-malathion abikwe lapha aphezulu kunalawo alinganiswe cishe eminyakeni engama-20 eyedlule emindenini enesimo esiphansi sezomnotho eSouth Texas naseBoston (lapho kwabikwa khona i-diazinon kuphela) [26, 78]. Amazinga e-diazinon esiwalinganisile ayephansi kunalawo abikwe ezifundweni zemindeni enesimo esiphansi nesesiphakathi sezomnotho eNew York naseNyakatho California (asikwazanga ukuthola imibiko yakamuva ezincwadini) [76, 77].
Ama-PYR ayizibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekulawuleni izimbungulu zombhede emazweni amaningi, kodwa zimbalwa izifundo ezilinganise amazinga azo emoyeni wangaphakathi [86, 87]. Lesi yisikhathi sokuqala ukuthi idatha yokuhlushwa kwe-PYR yangaphakathi ibikwe eCanada.
Esigabeni sezinhlayiya, inani eliphakeme kakhulu \(\,{\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) lingu-36,000 pg/m3. I-Pyrethrin I yayiyiyona evame ukutholakala (DF% = 48), enenani eliphakeme kakhulu elingu-32,000 pg/m3 phakathi kwazo zonke izibulala-zinambuzane. I-Pyrethroid I ibhaliswe eCanada ukulawula izimbungulu zombhede, amaphela, izinambuzane ezindizayo, kanye nezinambuzane ezifuywayo [55, 88]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-pyrethrin I ibhekwa njengokwelashwa kokuqala kwe-pediculosis eCanada [89]. Njengoba abantu abahlala ezindlini zomphakathi basengozini enkulu yokutheleleka yizimbungulu zombhede kanye nezintwala [80, 81], besilindele ukuthi ukugcwala kwe-pyrethrin I kube phezulu. Ngokwazi kwethu, ucwaningo olulodwa kuphela olubike ukugcwala kwe-pyrethrin I emoyeni wangaphakathi wezindawo zokuhlala, futhi akekho obike i-pyrethrin I ezindlini zomphakathi. Ukugcwala esikubonile kwakuphakeme kunalokho okubikwe ezincwadini [90].
Amazinga e-Allethrin nawo ayephezulu kakhulu, kanti amazinga esibili aphezulu kakhulu asesigabeni sezinhlayiya ku-16,000 pg/m3, kulandelwe yi-permethrin (amazinga aphezulu angu-14,000 pg/m3). I-Allethrin ne-permethrin zisetshenziswa kabanzi ekwakheni izindlu. Njenge-pyrethrin I, i-permethrin isetshenziswa eCanada ukwelapha izintwala zekhanda.[89] Amazinga aphezulu kakhulu e-L-cyhalothrin atholakele ayengu-6,000 pg/m3. Nakuba i-L-cyhalothrin ingabhalisiwe ukusetshenziswa ekhaya eCanada, ivunyelwe ukusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano ukuvikela ukhuni ezintuthwaneni ezibazi.[55, 91]
Ingqikithi ephezulu kakhulu \({\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) emoyeni yayingu-740,000 pg/m3 (110,000–270,000 ngokusekelwe enanini le-Koa EPISuite). I-Allethrin kanye ne-permethrin lapha (ephezulu engu-406,000 pg/m3 kanye no-14,500 pg/m3, ngokulandelana) yayiphakeme kunaleyo ebikwe ezifundweni zomoya wangaphakathi ze-SES eziphansi [26, 77, 78]. Kodwa-ke, uWyatt et al. babike amazinga aphezulu e-permethrin emoyeni wangaphakathi wezindlu ze-SES eziphansi eNew York City kunemiphumela yethu (ephindwe kayi-12) [76]. Ingqikithi ye-permethrin esiyilinganisile yayisukela ekugcineni okuphansi kuya ekugcineni okungu-5300 pg/m3.
Nakuba ama-biocides e-STR engabhalisiwe ukusetshenziswa ekhaya eCanada, angasetshenziswa kwezinye izinto zokwakha ezifana ne-siding engamelani nesikhunta [75, 93]. Silinganise amazinga aphansi kakhulu esigaba sezinhlayiya ezinezinga eliphezulu \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) elingu-1200 pg/m3 kanye namazinga omoya aphelele \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) afinyelela ku-1300 pg/m3. Amazinga e-STR emoyeni wangaphakathi awazange alinganiswe ngaphambilini.
I-Imidacloprid iyi-neonicotinoid inambuzane ebhaliswe eCanada ukulawula izinambuzane zezilwane zasekhaya.[55] Ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-imidacloprid esigabeni sezinhlayiya kwakungu-930 pg/m3, kanti ukuhlushwa okuphezulu emoyeni jikelele kwakungu-34,000 pg/m3.
I-propiconazole yesikhunta ibhaliswe eCanada ukuze isetshenziswe njengesivikelo sokhuni ezintweni zokwakha.[55] Ukuhlushwa okuphezulu esikulinganisile esigabeni sezinhlayiya kwakungu-1100 pg/m3, kanti ukuhlushwa okuphezulu emoyeni jikelele kulinganiselwa ku-2200 pg/m3.
I-Pendimethalin iyisibulala-zinambuzane se-dinitroaniline esinezinga eliphezulu lesigaba sezinhlayiya ezingu-4400 pg/m3 kanye nezinga eliphezulu lomoya elingu-9100 pg/m3. I-Pendimethalin ayibhalisiwe ukusetshenziswa ekhaya eCanada, kodwa omunye umthombo wokuchayeka kungaba ukusetshenziswa kukagwayi, njengoba kuxoxwe ngakho ngezansi.
Izibulala-zinambuzane eziningi zazihlobene (Ithebula S10). Njengoba bekulindelekile, i-p,p′-DDT kanye ne-p,p′-DDE zazinobudlelwano obubalulekile ngoba i-p,p′-DDE iyi-metabolite ye-p,p′-DDT. Ngokufanayo, i-endosulfan I kanye ne-endosulfan II nazo zazinobudlelwano obubalulekile ngoba ziyi-diastereoisomers ezimbili ezenzeka ndawonye ku-endosulfan yobuchwepheshe. Isilinganiso sama-diastereoisomers amabili (endosulfan I:endosulfan II) siyahlukahluka kusuka ku-2:1 kuya ku-7:3 kuye ngengxube yobuchwepheshe [94]. Esifundweni sethu, isilinganiso sasisukela ku-1:1 kuya ku-2:1.
Okulandelayo sibheke ukwenzeka okufanayo okungase kubonise ukusetshenziswa ndawonye kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane eziningi kumkhiqizo owodwa wezibulala-zinambuzane (bheka i-breakpoint plot ku-Figure S4). Isibonelo, ukwenzeka okufanayo kungenzeka ngoba izithako ezisebenzayo zingahlanganiswa nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ngezindlela ezahlukene zokusebenza, njengengxube ye-pyriproxyfen ne-tetramethrin. Lapha, sibone ukuhlangana (p < 0.01) kanye nokwenzeka okufanayo (amayunithi angu-6) kwalezi zibulala-zinambuzane (Isithombe S4 kanye neThebula S10), okuhambisana nokwakheka kwazo okuhlangene [75]. Ukuhlangana okuphawulekayo (p < 0.01) kanye nokwenzeka okufanayo kwabonwa phakathi kwama-OCP afana ne-p,p′-DDT ne-lindane (amayunithi angu-5) kanye ne-heptachlor (amayunithi angu-6), okuphakamisa ukuthi asetshenziswe isikhathi esithile noma asetshenziswa ndawonye ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe imikhawulo. Akukho ukuba khona okufanayo kwe-OFP okwabonwa, ngaphandle kwe-diazinon kanye ne-malathion, okwatholakala kumayunithi angu-2.
Izinga eliphezulu lokuvela kanyekanye (amayunithi angu-8) elibonwe phakathi kwe-pyriproxyfen, i-imidacloprid kanye ne-permethrin lingachazwa ngokusetshenziswa kwalezi zibulala-zinambuzane ezintathu ezisebenzayo emikhiqizweni yokubulala izinambuzane ukulawula imikhaza, izintwala kanye nezimpukane ezinjeni [95]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazinga okuvela kanyekanye kwe-imidacloprid kanye ne-L-cypermethrin (amayunithi angu-4), i-propargyltrine (amayunithi angu-4) kanye ne-pyrethrin I (amayunithi angu-9) nawo abonwe. Ngokwazi kwethu, akukho mibiko eshicilelwe yokuvela kanyekanye kwe-imidacloprid kanye ne-L-cypermethrin, i-propargyltrine kanye ne-pyrethrin I eCanada. Kodwa-ke, izibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe kwamanye amazwe ziqukethe izingxube ze-imidacloprid kanye ne-L-cypermethrin kanye ne-propargyltrine [96, 97]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, asazi nganoma yimiphi imikhiqizo equkethe ingxube ye-pyrethrin I kanye ne-imidacloprid. Ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinambuzane zombili kungachaza ukuhlangana okubonakalayo, njengoba kokubili kusetshenziswa ukulawula izimbungulu zombhede, ezivame kakhulu ezindlini zomphakathi [86, 98]. Sithole ukuthi i-permethrin ne-pyrethrin I (amayunithi ayi-16) zazihlobene kakhulu (p < 0.01) futhi zazinenani eliphakeme kakhulu lokuhlangana, okuphakamisa ukuthi zazisetshenziswa ndawonye; lokhu kwakuyiqiniso nange-pyrethrin I ne-altherin (amayunithi ayi-7, p < 0.05), kuyilapho i-permethrin ne-altherin zazinokuhlangana okuphansi (amayunithi ama-5, p < 0.05) [75]. I-Pendimethalin, i-permethrin ne-thiophanate-methyl, ezisetshenziswa ezitshalweni zikagwayi, nazo zibonise ukuhlangana kanye nokuhlangana kumayunithi ayisishiyagalolunye. Ukuhlangana okwengeziwe kanye nokuhlangana kwabonwa phakathi kwezibulala-zinambuzane okungakabikwa ukuhlanganiswa kwazo, njenge-permethrin ene-STRs (okungukuthi, i-azoxystrobin, i-fluoxastrobin, ne-trifloxystrobin).
Ukutshalwa nokucubungula ugwayi kuncike kakhulu ezibulala-zinambuzane. Amazinga ezibulala-zinambuzane kugwayi ancishiswa ngesikhathi sokuvunwa, ukuhlanzwa, kanye nokukhiqizwa komkhiqizo wokugcina. Kodwa-ke, izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane zisalokhu zisemaqabunga kagwayi.[99] Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqabunga kagwayi angase aphathwe ngezibulala-zinambuzane ngemva kokuvunwa.[100] Ngenxa yalokho, izibulala-zinambuzane zitholakale kokubili emaqabungeni kagwayi kanye nasentuthwini.
E-Ontario, ngaphezu kwengxenye yezakhiwo eziyi-12 ezinkulu zezindlu zomphakathi azinawo umgomo wokubhema, okubeka izakhamuzi engozini yokuchayeka ekubhemeni intuthu kagwayi.[101] Izakhiwo zezindlu zomphakathi ze-MURB ocwaningweni lwethu zazingenawo umgomo wokubhema. Sihlole izakhamuzi ukuze sithole ulwazi mayelana nemikhuba yazo yokubhema futhi senza ukuhlolwa kweyunithi ngesikhathi sokuvakasha emakhaya ukuze sithole izimpawu zokubhema.[59, 64] Ebusika 2017, ama-30% ezakhamuzi (14 kwangu-46) abhema.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Feb-06-2025