Izakhamizi ezinesimo esiphansi senhlalo-mnotho (SES) ezihlala ezindlini zomphakathi ezixhaswe uhulumeni noma izikhungo ezixhasa ngezimali zikahulumeni zingase zichayeke kakhulu ezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa endlini ngoba izibulala-zinambuzane zisetshenziswa ngenxa yokukhubazeka kwesakhiwo, ukunganakeki kahle, njll.
Ngo-2017, izibulala-zinambuzane ezingama-28 zikalwa emoyeni ongaphakathi ezindlini ezingamayunithi angama-46 ezindlu zokuhlala ezihlala abantu abahola kancane eziyisikhombisa e-Toronto, e-Canada, kusetshenziswa izihlanzi zomoya eziphathwayo ezazisebenza isonto elilodwa. Izibulala-zinambuzane ezihlaziywe zaziyizibulala-zinambuzane ngokwesiko futhi okwamanje ezisetshenziswa ezigabeni ezilandelayo: ama-organochlorines, ama-organophosphorus compounds, ama-pyrethroids, nama-strobilurins.
Okungenani isibulala-zinambuzane esisodwa sitholwe kumayunithi angama-89%, amazinga okutholwa (DRs) ezibulala-zinambuzane ngazinye afinyelela ku-50%, okuhlanganisa ama-organochlorine endabuko kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswayo njengamanje. Ama-pyrethroids asetshenziswa njengamanje abe nama-DF aphezulu kanye nokugxilisa ingqondo, ne-pyrethroid I enezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lesigaba sokuhlushwa ku-32,000 pg/m3. I-Heptachlor, eyayikhawulelwe e-Canada ngo-1985, yayinesilinganiso esiphezulu esiphezulu sokugxiliswa komoya esiphelele (i-particle matter kanye nesigaba segesi) ku-443,000 pg/m3. Ukugxiliswa kwe-heptachlor, i-lindane, i-endosulfan I, i-chlorothalonil, i-allethrin, ne-permethrin (ngaphandle kocwaningo olulodwa) bekuphakeme kunalawo akalwa ezindlini ezihola kancane ezibikwe kwenye indawo. Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa ngamabomu kwezibulala-zinambuzane ekulawuleni izinambuzane nokusetshenziswa kwazo ezintweni zokwakha namapende, ukubhema kwakuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nokugxiliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezinhlanu ezisetshenziswa ezitshalweni zikagwayi. Ukusatshalaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane eziphezulu ze-DF ezakhiweni ngazinye kuphakamisa ukuthi imithombo eyinhloko yezibulala-zinambuzane ezitholiwe kwakuyizinhlelo zokulawula izinambuzane ezenziwa abaphathi bezakhiwo kanye/noma ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngabahlali.
Izindlu zomphakathi ezihola kancane zinikeza isidingo esibucayi, kodwa lawa makhaya asengozini yokuhlaselwa yizinambuzane futhi athembele emithini yokubulala izinambuzane ukuze azinakekele. Sithole ukuthi u-89% wawo wonke amayunithi angu-46 ahloliwe atholakale okungenani kwesibulala-zinambuzane sesigaba sezinhlayiyana ezingu-28, esisetshenziswa njengamanje ama-pyrethroids nama-organochlorines avinjelwe isikhathi eside (isb, i-DDT, i-heptachlor) anokugxila okuphezulu kakhulu ngenxa yokuphikelela kwawo okuphezulu endlini. Ukugxiliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane eziningana ezingabhaliselwe ukusetshenziswa endlini, njengama-strobilurins asetshenziswa ezintweni zokwakha nezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa ezitshalweni zikagwayi, nazo zikalwa. Le miphumela, idatha yokuqala yase-Canada kuzibulala-zinambuzane eziningi zasendlini, ibonisa ukuthi abantu bachayeka kabanzi kwabaningi babo.
Izibulala-zinambuzane zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwezitshalo zezolimo ukuze kuncishiswe umonakalo obangelwa izinambuzane. Ngo-2018, cishe u-72% wezibulala-zinambuzane ezithengiswa eCanada zazisetshenziswa kwezolimo, kanti kuphela u-4.5% usetshenziswa ezindaweni zokuhlala.[1] Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo oluningi lokugxila kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokuchayeka kugxile ezilungiselelweni zezolimo.[2,3,4] Lokhu kushiya izikhala eziningi mayelana namaphrofayili wezibulala-zinambuzane kanye namazinga emakhaya, lapho izibulala-zinambuzane nazo zisetshenziswa kabanzi ekulawuleni izinambuzane. Ezindaweni zokuhlala, isibulala-zinambuzane esisodwa sasendlini singaholela ekukhishelweni kwesibulala-zinambuzane esingu-15 mg endaweni ezungezile.[5] Izibulala-zinambuzane zisetshenziswa endlini ukulawula izinambuzane ezifana namaphela nezimbungulu. Okunye ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kubandakanya ukulawula izinambuzane zezilwane ezifuywayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo njengezibulala-sikhunta efenisha nemikhiqizo yabathengi (isb, okhaphethi boboya, izindwangu) kanye nezinto zokwakha (isb., opende bodonga abaqukethe isibulala-sikhunta, i-drywall engazweli isikhunta) [6,7,8,9]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izenzo zabahlali (isb., ukubhema endlini) zingaholela ekukhishweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziselwa ukutshala ugwayi ezindaweni zasendlini [10]. Omunye umthombo wokukhishwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezindaweni ezingaphakathi ukuhamba kwazo kusuka ngaphandle [11,12,13].
Ngaphezu kwabasebenzi bezolimo nemindeni yabo, amaqembu athile nawo asengozini yokuchayeka ngezibulala-zinambuzane. Izingane zivezwa kakhulu ezingcolisweni eziningi zasendlini, kufaka phakathi izibulala-zinambuzane, kunabantu abadala ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu okuphefumula, ukungenisa uthuli, kanye nemikhuba yezandla emlonyeni ngokuphathelene nesisindo somzimba [14, 15]. Ngokwesibonelo, Trunnel et al. ithole ukuthi ukugxila kwe-pyrethroid/pyrethrin (PYR) ekusuleni phansi kwakuhlotshaniswa kahle nokugxila kwe-metabolite ye-PYR emcinini wezingane [16]. I-DF ye-PYR ye-pesticide metabolites ebikwe ku-Canadian Health Measures Study (CHMS) yayiphezulu ezinganeni ezineminyaka engu-3-5 iminyaka kunamaqembu amadala [17]. Abesifazane abakhulelwe kanye nezinsana zabo babhekwa njengeqembu elisengozini ngenxa yengozi yokuchayeka kwesibulala-zinambuzane kusencane. Wyatt et al. ibike ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane kumasampula egazi likamama kanye nelezingane ezisanda kuzalwa zazihlobene kakhulu, zihambisana nokudluliswa komama nengane [18].
Abantu abahlala ezindlini ezisezingeni eliphansi noma eziphansi basengozini enkulu yokuchayeka ezintweni ezingcolile zasendlini, kuhlanganise nezibulala-zinambuzane [19, 20, 21]. Isibonelo, eCanada, ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi abantu abanesimo esiphansi senhlalo-mnotho (SES) basengozini enkulu yokuchayeka kuma-phthalates, ama-halogenated flame retardants, ama-plasticizer e-organophosphorus nama-flame retardants, nama-polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbon (PAHs) kunabantu abane-SES ephakeme [22,23,24]. Okunye kwalokhu okutholakele kusebenza kubantu abahlala "ezindlini zomphakathi," esizichaza njengezindlu eziqashisayo ezixhaswe nguhulumeni (noma ama-ejensi axhaswe nguhulumeni) aqukethe izakhamuzi ezisezingeni eliphansi lezenhlalo nezomnotho [25]. Izindlu zezenhlalakahle ezakhiweni zokuhlala ezinamayunithi amaningi (ama-MURB) zithinteka ekuhlaselweni kwezinambuzane, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokukhubazeka kwesakhiwo (isib. imifantu nemifantu ezindongeni), ukuntuleka kokunakekelwa okufanele / ukulungiswa, ukuhlanzeka okwanele kwezinsizakalo zokulahla imfucuza, kanye nokugcwala ngokweqile [20, 26]. Nakuba izinhlelo ezididiyelwe zokulawula izinambuzane zitholakala ukuze kuncishiswe isidingo sezinhlelo zokulawula izinambuzane ekulawuleni izakhiwo futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ingozi yokuchayeka kwezibulala-zinambuzane, ikakhulukazi ezakhiweni ezinamayunithi amaningi, izinambuzane zingasakazeka kuso sonke isakhiwo [21, 27, 28]. Ukusabalala kwezinambuzane kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane okuhambisana nakho kungaba nomthelela omubi kwikhwalithi yomoya wasendlini futhi kudalule abahlali engcupheni yokuchayeka ngezibulala-zinambuzane, okuholela emiphumeleni yezempilo engemihle [29]. Ucwaningo oluningana e-United States lubonise ukuthi amazinga okuchayeka ezibulala-zinambuzane ezivinjelwe nezisetshenziswa njengamanje aphakeme ezindlini ezihola kancane kunezindlu ezihola kakhulu ngenxa yezinga eliphansi lezindlu [11, 26, 30,31,32]. Ngenxa yokuthi izakhamuzi ezihola kancane ngokuvamile zinezinketho ezimbalwa zokushiya amakhaya azo, zingase zihlale zichayeka ezibulala-zinambuzane ezindlini zazo.
Emakhaya, izakhamuzi zingase zivezwe ekugxilweni okuphezulu kwezibulala-zinambuzane isikhathi eside ngoba izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane ziphikelela ngenxa yokuntuleka kokukhanya kwelanga, umswakama, kanye nezindlela zokuwohloka kwe-microbial [33,34,35]. Kubikwa ukuthi ukuchayeka kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuhlotshaniswa nemiphumela emibi yezempilo njengokukhubazeka kwe-neurodevelopmental (ikakhulukazi i-IQ ephansi yezwi kubafana), kanye nomdlavuza wegazi, umdlavuza wobuchopho (okuhlanganisa nomdlavuza wezingane), imiphumela ehlobene nokuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine, nesifo i-Alzheimer's.
Njengengxenye yeNgqungquthela yaseStockholm, iCanada inemikhawulo kuma-OCP ayisishiyagalolunye [42, 54]. Ukuhlolwa kabusha kwezidingo zokulawula e-Canada kuholele ekukhishweni cishe kwakho konke ukusetshenziswa kwezindlu zangaphakathi ze-OPP ne-carbamate.[55] I-Pest Management Regulatory Agency of Canada (PMRA) iphinde ikhawulele ukusetshenziswa kwangaphakathi kwe-PYR. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-cypermethrin ekwelapheni nasekusakazweni kwepherimitha yasendlini kuye kwanqanyulwa ngenxa yomthelela wayo ongaba khona empilweni yabantu, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni [56]. Umfanekiso we-1 unikeza isifinyezo sale mikhawulo [55, 57, 58].
I-Y-axis imelela izibulala-zinambuzane ezitholiwe (ngaphezulu komkhawulo wokutholwa wendlela, Ithebula S6), futhi i-X-eksisi imelela uhla lokuhlushwa lwezibulala-zinambuzane emoyeni esigabeni sezinhlayiyana ezingaphezu komkhawulo wokutholwa. Imininingwane yamafrikhwensi okutholwa kanye nokugxila okuphezulu kunikezwa kuThebula S6.
Izinjongo zethu bekuwukulinganisa ukugxila komoya wasendlini kanye nokuchayeka (isb, ukuhogela) kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa njengamanje nezakudala emikhayeni enesimo esiphansi senhlalo-mnotho ehlala ezindlini zomphakathi e-Toronto, e-Canada, kanye nokuhlola ezinye zezinto ezihlobene nalokhu kuchayeka. Inhloso yaleli phepha ukugcwalisa igebe kudatha mayelana nokuchayeka kwezibulala-zinambuzane zamanje nezefa ezindlini zabantu abasengozini, ikakhulukazi kunikezwe ukuthi idatha ye-pesticide yasendlini eCanada ilinganiselwe kakhulu [6].
Abacwaningi baqaphe ukugxilwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezindlini eziyisikhombisa zomphakathi ze-MURB ezakhiwa ngeminyaka yawo-1970s ezindaweni ezintathu eDolobheni laseToronto. Zonke izakhiwo okungenani ziqhele ngamakhilomitha angama-65 ukusuka kunoma iyiphi indawo yezolimo (ngaphandle kwezindawo ezingemuva kwendlu). Lezi zakhiwo zimele izindlu zomphakathi zaseToronto. Ucwaningo lwethu luyisandiso socwaningo olukhulu oluhlole amazinga e-particle (PM) ezindlini zomphakathi ngaphambi nangemva kokuthuthukiswa kwamandla [59,60,61]. Ngakho-ke, isu lethu lokuthatha amasampula lalilinganiselwe ekuqoqeni i-PM ngomoya.
Ngebhulokhi ngayinye, ukuguqulwa kwathuthukiswa okuhlanganisa ukonga kwamanzi namandla (isb ukufakwa esikhundleni kwamayunithi wokungenisa umoya, ama-boilers kanye nemishini yokushisa) ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomoya wasendlini nokwandisa induduzo yokushisa [62, 63]. Amafulethi ahlukaniswe ngokohlobo lokuhlala: abantu abadala, imindeni kanye nabantu abangashadile. Izici nezinhlobo zezakhiwo zichazwe kabanzi kwenye indawo [24].
Kwahlaziywa amasampula okuhlunga umoya angamashumi amane nesithupha aqoqwe ezindlini zomphakathi ezingu-46 ze-MURB ebusika wezi-2017. Idizayini yocwaningo, ukuqoqwa kwesampula, nezinqubo zokugcina zichazwe ngokuningiliziwe nguWang et al. [60]. Kafushane, iyunithi yombambi qhaza ngayinye ifakwe isihlanzi somoya se-Amircare XR-100 esifakwe imidiya yesihlungi somoya engu-127 mm esebenza kahle kakhulu (into esetshenziswa kuzihlungi ze-HEPA) iviki elingu-1. Zonke izinto zokuhlanza umoya eziphathwayo zahlanzwa ngezasuli ze-isopropyl ngaphambi nangemuva kokusetshenziswa ukuze kugwenywe ukungcoliswa okuphambanayo. Izinto zokuhlanza umoya eziphathwayo zabekwa odongeni lwegumbi lokuhlala elingamasentimitha angama-30 ukusuka ophahleni kanye/noma njengoba kuyalelwe izakhamuzi ukuze kugwenywe ukuphazamiseka kubahlali futhi kuncishiswe amathuba okufinyelela okungagunyaziwe (bheka Ulwazi Olwengeziwe SI1, Umfanekiso S1). Phakathi nenkathi yesampula yamasonto onke, ukugeleza okumaphakathi kube ngu-39.2 m3/ngosuku (bona i-SI1 ukuze uthole imininingwane yezindlela ezisetshenziselwa ukunquma ukugeleza). Ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa kwamasampula ngoMasingana nangoFebruwari 2015, ukuvakasha kokuqala kwendlu ngendlu nokuhlolwa okubonakalayo kwezimpawu zasendlini kanye nokuziphatha komuntu ohlalayo (isb. ukubhema) kwenziwa. Ucwaningo lokulandelela lwenziwa ngemva kokuvakasha ngakunye kusukela ngo-2015 kuya ku-2017. Imininingwane egcwele inikezwa kuTouchie et al. [64] Kafushane, inhloso yocwaningo bekuwukuhlola ukuziphatha komuntu ohlezi kanye nezinguquko ezingaba khona ezicini zasendlini nokuziphatha komuntu ohlalayo njengokubhema, ukusebenza komnyango namafasitela, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-extractor hood noma abalandeli basekhishini lapho kupheka. [59, 64] Ngemva kokuguqulwa, izihlungi zezibulala-zinambuzane ezihlosiwe ze-28 zahlaziywa (i-endosulfan I no-II kanye ne-α- kanye ne-γ-chlordane zazibhekwa njengezinhlanganisela ezihlukene, futhi i-p, p′-DDE yayiyi-metabolite ye-p, p′-DDT, hhayi isibulala-zinambuzane), okuhlanganisa kokubili ama-pesticides amadala nesimanjemanje (Table).
Wang et al. [60] ichaze ngokuningiliziwe inqubo yokukhipha nokuhlanza. Isampula ngayinye yesihlungi yahlukaniswa phakathi futhi ingxenye eyodwa yasetshenziselwa ukuhlaziywa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezingu-28 (Ithebula S1). Amasampula okuhlunga nezikhala zaselabhorethri zazihlanganisa izihlungi ze-fiber yengilazi, eyodwa kumasampuli amahlanu enani eliyisishiyagalolunye, afakwe izibulala-zinambuzane eziyisithupha ezinelebuli (Ithebula S2, i-Chromatographic Specialties Inc.) ukuze kulawulwe ukululama. Ukugxiliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane okuhlosiwe nako kukalwe ezindaweni ezinhlanu ezingenalutho. Isampula ngayinye yesihlungi yenziwe nge-sonicated izikhathi ezintathu imizuzu engu-20 ngayinye nge-10 mL ye-hexane:i-acetone:dichloromethane (2:1:1, v:v:v) (ibanga le-HPLC, i-Fisher Scientific). Ama-supernatant aphuma kulezi zingcaphuno ezintathu ahlanganiswe futhi agxiliswa ku-1 mL ku-evaporator ye-Zymark Turbovap ngaphansi kokugeleza okuqhubekayo kwe-nitrogen. Okukhishiwe kwahlanzwa kusetshenziswa amakholomu e-Florisil® SPE (amashubhu e-Florisil® Superclean ENVI-Florisil SPE, i-Supelco) kwase kugxilwa ku-0.5 mL kusetshenziswa i-Zymark Turbovap futhi yadluliselwa ku-amber GC vial. I-Mirex (AccuStandard®) (100 ng, Ithebula S2) yabe yengezwa njengezinga langaphakathi. Ukuhlaziya kwenziwa i-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MSD, Agilent 7890B GC kanye ne-Agilent 5977A MSD) kuma-electron impact kanye nezindlela ze-ionization zamakhemikhali. Amapharamitha wezinsimbi anikezwa ku-SI4 futhi ulwazi lwe-ion lobuningi lunikezwa kumaThebula S3 kanye ne-S4.
Ngaphambi kokukhishwa, ama-presticides anelebuli ayefakwe kumasampula nasezindaweni ezingenalutho (Ithebula S2) ukuze kuqashwe ukululama ngesikhathi sokuhlaziya. Ukutholwa kwezinhlanganisela zomaka kumasampuli kusuka ku-62% kuya ku-83%; yonke imiphumela yamakhemikhali angawodwana yalungiswa ukuze ilulame. Idatha yayingenalutho yalungiswa kusetshenziswa ilabhorethri emaphakathi kanye namanani angenalutho enkundla yesibulala-zinambuzane ngasinye (amanani asohlwini lweThebula S5) ngokuya ngemibandela echazwe nguSaini et al. [65]: lapho ukuhlushwa okungenalutho kwakungaphansi kwe-5% yesampula yokuhlushwa, akukho ukulungiswa okungenalutho okwenziwa kumakhemikhali ngamanye; lapho ukugxila okungenalutho kungu-5-35%, idatha yayingenalutho yalungiswa; uma ukugxiliswa okungenalutho bekukukhulu kunokungu-35% yenani, idatha ilahliwe. Umkhawulo wokuthola indlela (MDL, Ithebula le-S6) wachazwa njengokugxiliswa kwesilinganiso sendawo yaselabhorethri engenalutho (n = 9) kanye nokuchezuka okuphindwe kathathu kokujwayelekile. Uma inhlanganisela ingatholwanga endaweni engenalutho, isilinganiso sesignali-kuya-kumsindo senhlanganisela kusixazululo esisezingeni eliphansi (~10:1) sisetshenziswe ukubala umkhawulo wokutholwa kwensimbi. Kugxilwe kulabhorethri kanye namasampula asensimini kwaba
Isisindo samakhemikhali esisihlungi somoya siguqulelwa ekugxilisweni kwezinhlayiyana zomoya ezihlanganisiwe kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziya i-gravimetric, futhi izinga lokugeleza kwesihlungi nokusebenza kahle kwesihlungi kuguqulelwa ekugxilweni kwezinhlayiyana zomoya ezihlanganisiwe ngokuya nge-equation 1:
lapho i-M (g) iyisamba sesisindo se-PM esithwetshulwe yisihlungi, f (pg/g) iwukugxilisa ukungcola ku-PM eqoqiwe, η wukusebenza kahle kwesihlungi (okucatshangwa ukuthi singu-100% ngenxa yento yesihlungi nosayizi wezinhlayiyana [67]), Q (m3/h) izinga lokugeleza komoya wevolumu ngesihlanzi somoya esiphathwayo, futhi u-t (h) isikhathi sokusetshenziswa. Isisindo sesihlungi sarekhodwa ngaphambi nangemva kokuthunyelwa. Imininingwane egcwele yezilinganiso namazinga okugeleza komoya inikezwa ngu-Wang et al. [60].
Indlela yesampula esetshenziswe kuleli phepha ilinganise kuphela ukugxiliswa kwesigaba sezinhlayiya. Silinganise ukugxiliswa okulingana kwezibulala-zinambuzane esigabeni segesi sisebenzisa i-Harner-Biedelman equation (Equation 2), sicabangela ukulingana kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwezigaba [68]. I-equation 2 yenzelwe izinhlayiya ngaphandle, kodwa futhi isetshenziselwe ukulinganisa ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlayiyana emoyeni nasezindaweni zasendlini [69, 70].
lapho ilogi i-Kp iwukuguqulwa kwe-logarithmic kwe-coefficient ye-particle-gas partition emoyeni, ilogi ye-Koa iwukuguqulwa kwe-logarithmic ye-octanol/air partition coefficient, i-Koa (dimensionless), futhi \({fom}\) iyingxenyana ye-organic matter ku-particle (dimensionless). Inani lefomu lithathwa libe ngu-0.4 [71, 72]. Inani le-Koa lithathwe ku-OPERA 2.6 elitholwe kusetshenziswa ideshibhodi yokuqapha amakhemikhali ye-CompTox (US EPA, 2023) (Umfanekiso S2), njengoba inezilinganiso ezichemile kancane uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zokulinganisa [73]. Siphinde sathola amanani okuhlola wezilinganiso ze-Koa ne-Kowwin/HENRYWIN sisebenzisa i-EPISuite [74].
Njengoba i-DF yazo zonke izibulala-zinambuzane ezitholiwe yayingu-≤50%, amanani
Umfanekiso S3 kanye namaThebula S6 kanye ne-S8 abonisa amanani e-Koa asekelwe ku-OPERA, isigaba sezinhlayiya (isihlungi) ukugxiliswa kweqembu ngalinye lesibulala-zinambuzane, kanye nesigaba segesi esibaliwe kanye nokugxila okuphelele. Ukugxiliswa kwesigaba segesi kanye nesamba esiphezulu sezibulala-zinambuzane ezitholiwe zeqembu ngalinye lamakhemikhali (okungukuthi, Σ8OCP, Σ3OPP, Σ8PYR, kanye ne-Σ3STR) atholwe kusetshenziswa amanani e-Koa okuhlola nabaliwe asuka ku-EPSuite anikezwa Kuthebula S7 ne-S8, ngokulandelana. Sibika ukugxiliswa kwesigaba sezingxenye ezilinganiselwe futhi siqhathanise inani lokugxila komoya elibalwe lapha (kusetshenziswa izilinganiso ezisekelwe ku-OPERA) nokugxilwa komoya okuvela enanini elilinganiselwe lemibiko engeyona eyezolimo yokugxila kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezihamba emoyeni kanye nezifundo eziningana zemizi ye-SES ephansi [26, 31, 76,77,78] (Ithebula S9). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lesi siqhathaniso sisondele ngenxa yomehluko wezindlela zamasampula kanye neminyaka yokufunda. Ngokwazi kwethu, idatha evezwe lapha ingeyokuqala yokulinganisa izibulala-zinambuzane ngaphandle kwama-organochlorine endabuko emoyeni wasendlini e-Canada.
Esigabeni sezinhlayiyana, ukuhlushwa okuphezulu okutholiwe kwe-Σ8OCP kwaba ngu-4400 pg/m3 (Ithebula S8). I-OCP ene-concentration ephezulu kakhulu kwakuyi-heptachlor (eyakhawulelwa ngo-1985) enezinga eliphezulu lokuhlushwa elingu-2600 pg/m3, lilandelwa i-p,p′-DDT (yakhawulelwa ngo-1985) ene-concentration enkulu ye-1400 pg/m3 [57]. I-Chlorothalonil enesilinganiso esiphezulu esingu-1200 pg/m3 isibulala-zinambuzane esilwa namagciwane kanye nesikhunta esisetshenziswa kumapende. Nakuba ukubhaliswa kwayo ukuze kusetshenziswe endlini kwamiswa ngo-2011, i-DF yayo isalokhu iku-50% [55]. Amanani aphezulu e-DF kanye nokugxila kwama-OCP endabuko akhombisa ukuthi ama-OCP abesetshenziswa kabanzi esikhathini esidlule nokuthi ayaphikelela ezindaweni zasendlini [6].
Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lubonise ukuthi iminyaka yokwakha ihlotshaniswa kahle nokugxila kwama-OCP amadala [6, 79]. Ngokwesiko, ama-OCP asetshenziselwe ukulawula izinambuzane zasendlini, ikakhulukazi i-lindane ekwelapheni izintwala zekhanda, isifo esivame kakhulu ezindlini ezinesimo esiphansi senhlalo-mnotho kunemizi enesimo senhlalo nomnotho esiphezulu [80, 81]. Ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-lindane kwaba ngu-990 pg/m3.
Ngengqikithi yesigaba sezinhlayiyana negesi, i-heptachlor ibe nokugxiliswa okuphezulu kakhulu, nokugxiliswa okuphezulu okungu-443,000 pg/m3. Isamba esiphezulu sokugxiliswa komoya esingu-Σ8OCP esilinganiselwe kusukela kumanani e-Koa kwamanye amabanga afakwe kuhlu kuThebula S8. Ukugxilwa kwe-heptachlor, i-lindane, i-chlorothalonil, ne-endosulfan I bekuphezulu izikhathi ezi-2 (chlorothalonil) kuya kwezingu-11 (endosulfan I) kunalezo ezitholakala kwezinye izifundo zezindawo zokuhlala zabantu abahola kancane e-United States naseFrance ezalinganiswa eminyakeni engu-30 edlule [77, 842,83,83,83,83,83]
Inani eliphakeme kakhulu lengqikithi yesigaba se-particulate lama-OP amathathu (Σ3OPPs)—malathion, trichlorfon, ne-diazinon—yayingu-3,600 pg/m3. Kulezi, i-malathion kuphela okwamanje ebhaliselwe ukusetshenziswa njengezindawo zokuhlala eCanada.[55] I-Trichlorfon ibe nokugxiliswa kwesigaba esiphezulu se-particle esigabeni se-OPP, enomkhawulo ongu-3,600 pg/m3. E-Canada, i-trichlorfon isetshenziswe njengesibulala-zinambuzane kweminye imikhiqizo yokulawula izinambuzane, njengokulawula izimpukane ezingazweli namaphela.[55] I-Malathion ibhaliswe njenge-rodenticide ukuze isetshenziswe endaweni yokuhlala, enesilinganiso esiphezulu esingu-2,800 pg/m3.
Ingqikithi yokuhlushwa okungu-Σ3OPPs (igesi + izinhlayiya) emoyeni ngu-77,000 pg/m3 (60,000–200,000 pg/m3 ngokusekelwe kunani le-Koa EPISuite). Ukugxila kwe-OPP esemoyeni kuphansi (DF 11–24%) kunokugxilisa kwe-OCP (DF 0–50%), okungenzeka kakhulu kungenxa yokuphikelela okukhulu kwe-OCP [85].
Ukugxila kwe-diazinon ne-malathion okubikwe lapha kuphakeme kunaleyo elinganiswe cishe eminyakeni engu-20 edlule emikhayeni ephansi yesimo senhlalo yezomnotho eNingizimu Texas naseBoston (lapho kubikwa khona i-diazinon kuphela) [26, 78]. Ukugxila kwe-diazinon esikulinganise kwakungaphansi kwalokhu okubikwe ezifundweni zemizi yesimo sezomnotho esiphansi naphakathi eNew York naseNyakatho California (asikwazanga ukuthola imibiko yakamuva ezincwadini) [76, 77].
Ama-PYR yizibulala-zinambuzane ezivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu zokulawula izimbungulu emazweni amaningi, kodwa izifundo ezimbalwa zilinganise ukugxila kwazo emoyeni wangaphakathi [86, 87]. Kungokokuqala ngqa ukuthi kubikwe idatha ye-PYR yasendlini e-Canada.
Esigabeni sezinhlayiyana, inani eliphezulu \(\,{\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) lingu-36,000 pg/m3. I-Pyrethrin I iyona evame ukutholwa (DF% = 48), enenani eliphakeme kakhulu elingu-32,000 pg/m3 phakathi kwazo zonke izibulala-zinambuzane. I-Pyrethroid I ibhaliswe eCanada ukuze ilawule izimbungulu, amaphela, izinambuzane endizayo, nezinambuzane ezifuywayo [55, 88]. Ukwengeza, i-pyrethrin I ibhekwa njengokwelashwa komugqa wokuqala we-pediculosis eCanada [89]. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi abantu abahlala ezindlini zomphakathi bangenwa kalula yizimbungulu kanye nezintwala [80, 81], besilindele ukuthi ukugcwala kwe-pyrethrin I kube phezulu. Ngokwazi kwethu, ucwaningo olulodwa kuphela olubike ukugxila kwe-pyrethrin I emoyeni wasendlini wezindawo zokuhlala, futhi akekho oke wabika i-pyrethrin I ezindlini zomphakathi. Ukugxila esikubonile kwakungaphezulu kwalokho okubikwe ezincwadini [90].
Ukugxila kwe-allethrin nakho kwakuphakeme kakhulu, kanti ukugxila kwesibili okuphezulu kakhulu kusigaba sezinhlayiya ku-16,000 pg/m3, kulandelwa i-permethrin (isilinganiso esiphezulu sokuhlushwa ngu-14,000 pg/m3). I-Allerthrin ne-permetrin zisetshenziswa kabanzi ekwakhiweni kwezindawo zokuhlala. Njenge-pyrethrin I, i-permetrin isetshenziswa eCanada ukwelapha izintwala zekhanda.[89] Ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-L-cyhalothrin okutholwe kwaba ngu-6,000 pg/m3. Nakuba i-L-cyhalothrin ingabhaliselwe ukusetshenziswa ekhaya e-Canada, ivunyelwe ukusetshenziselwa ukuthengisa ukuvikela ukhuni ezintuthwaneni ezibazi.[55, 91]
Isamba esiphezulu \({\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) sokugxilisa ingqondo emoyeni sasingu-740,000 pg/m3 (110,000–270,000 ngokusekelwe kunani le-Koa EPISuite). Ukugxila kwe-Allethrin kanye ne-permetrin lapha (isilinganiso esiphezulu se-406,000 pg/m3 kanye ne-14,500 pg/m3, ngokulandelana) kwakuphakeme kunalezo ezibikwe ezifundweni zomoya eziphansi ze-SES [26, 77, 78]. Nokho, uWyatt et al. kubike amazinga aphezulu e-permetrin emoyeni wangaphakathi wezindlu eziphansi ze-SES eNew York City kunemiphumela yethu (izikhathi eziyi-12 ngaphezulu) [76]. Ukugxila kwe-permetrin esikulinganisile kwakusukela ekugcineni okuphansi kuya kumkhawulo ongu-5300 pg/m3.
Nakuba ama-biocides e-STR engabhalisiwe ukuze asetshenziswe ekhaya e-Canada, angasetshenziswa kwezinye izinto zokwakha ezifana ne-siding ukumelana nesikhunta [75, 93]. Silinganise ukugxiliswa kwesigaba sezinhlayiya eziphansi ngobuningi obungu-\({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) obungu-1200 pg/m3 kanye nengqikithi yomoya \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) ukugxilisa kufika ku-1300 pg/m3. Ukugxila kwe-STR emoyeni ongaphakathi akuzange kulinganiswe ngaphambilini.
I-Imidacloprid iyisibulala-zinambuzane se-neonicotinoid esibhaliswe e-Canada ukuze silawule izinambuzane ezilwane ezifuywayo.[55] Ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-imidacloprid esigabeni se-particle kwaba ngu-930 pg/m3, kanti ukuhlushwa okuphezulu emoyeni okuvamile kwakungu-34,000 pg/m3.
I-fungicide propiconazole ibhaliswe eCanada ukuze isetshenziswe njengesilondolozi sezinkuni ezintweni zokwakha.[55] Ukugxila okuphezulu esikulinganise esigabeni se-particle kwaba ngu-1100 pg/m3, futhi ukugxila okuphezulu emoyeni okuvamile kulinganiselwa ku-2200 pg/m3.
I-Pendimethalin iyisibulala-zinambuzane se-dinitroaniline esinokugxiliswa kwesigaba sezinhlayiyana esiphezulu esingu-4400 pg/m3 kanye nenani eliphezulu lokuhlushwa komoya elingu-9100 pg/m3. I-Pendimethalin ayibhaliselwe ukusetshenziswa endaweni yokuhlala e-Canada, kodwa umthombo owodwa wokuchayeka kungaba ukusetshenziswa kukagwayi, njengoba kuxoxiwe ngezansi.
Izibulala-zinambuzane eziningi zazihlotshaniswa zodwa (Ithebula S10). Njengoba bekulindelekile, u-p,p′-DDT kanye no-p,p′-DDE abe nokuhlobana okubalulekile ngenxa yokuthi u-p,p′-DDE uyi-metabolite ka-p,p′-DDT. Ngokufanayo, i-endosulfan I ne-endosulfan II nazo zibe nokuhlobana okubalulekile ngoba zingama-diastereoisomers amabili avela ndawonye ku-endosulfan yobuchwepheshe. Isilinganiso sama-diastereoisomers amabili (i-endosulfan I:endosulfan II) siyahlukahluka kusuka ku-2:1 kuya ku-7:3 kuye ngengxube yezobuchwepheshe [94]. Ocwaningweni lwethu, isilinganiso sasisuka ku-1:1 saya ku-2:1.
Ngokulandelayo sibheke izenzakalo ezingase zibonise ukusebenzisana kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane eziningi emkhiqizweni owodwa wokubulala izinambuzane (bona isiqephu se-breakpoint ku-Figure S4). Isibonelo, ukwenzeka ngokubambisana kungenzeka ngenxa yokuthi izithako ezisebenzayo zingahlanganiswa nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ezinezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokwenza, njengengxube ye-pyriproxyfen ne-tetramethrin. Lapha, sibone ukuhlobana (p <0.01) kanye nokuhlangana (amayunithi angu-6) kwalezi zibulala-zinambuzane (Umfanekiso S4 kanye neThebula S10), okuhambisana nokwakheka kwazo okuhlanganisiwe [75]. Ukuhlobana okubalulekile (p <0.01) nezenzakalo ezihambisanayo kwabonwa phakathi kwama-OCP afana ne-p,p′-DDT ne-lindane (amayunithi angu-5) kanye ne-heptachlor (amayunithi angu-6), okusikisela ukuthi asetshenziswe esikhathini esithile noma asetshenziswa ndawonye ngaphambi kokuba imikhawulo yethulwe. Akukho ukuba khona ngokubambisana kwama-OFP abonwe, ngaphandle kwe-diazinon ne-malathion, atholwe kumayunithi angu-2.
Izinga eliphezulu lokuhlangana (amayunithi angu-8) elibonwa phakathi kwe-pyriproxyfen, imidacloprid ne-permethrin lingachazwa ngokusetshenziswa kwalezi zibulala-zinambuzane ezintathu ezisebenzayo emikhiqizweni ebulala izinambuzane ukuze kulawulwe imikhaza, izintwala namazeze ezinjeni [95]. Ukwengeza, amazinga okusebenzisana kwe-imidacloprid ne-L-cypermethrin (amayunithi angu-4), i-propargyltrine (amayunithi angu-4) kanye ne-pyrethrin I (amayunithi angu-9) nawo abonwa. Ngokwazi kwethu, ayikho imibiko eshicilelwe yokwenzeka ngokubambisana kwe-imidacloprid ne-L-cypermethrin, i-propargyltrine ne-pyrethrin I eCanada. Kodwa-ke, izibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe kwamanye amazwe ziqukethe izingxube ze-imidacloprid ne-L-cypermethrin ne-propargyltrine [96, 97]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, asazi nganoma yimiphi imikhiqizo equkethe ingxube ye-pyrethrin I ne-imidacloprid. Ukusetshenziswa kwazo zombili izibulala-zinambuzane kungase kuchaze ukuhlangana okubonwayo, njengoba kokubili kusetshenziselwa ukulawula izimbungulu, ezivamile ezindlini zomphakathi [86, 98]. Sithole ukuthi i-permetrin ne-pyrethrin I (amayunithi angu-16) ayehlobene kakhulu (p <0.01) futhi anenani eliphakeme kakhulu lezehlakalo, okuphakamisa ukuthi zisetshenziswe ndawonye; lokhu bekuyiqiniso nange-pyrethrin I ne-allethrin (amayunithi angu-7, p <0.05), kuyilapho i-permethrin ne-allethrin inokuxhumana okuphansi (amayunithi angu-5, p <0.05) [75]. I-Pendimethalin, i-permethrin ne-thiophanate-methyl, ezisetshenziswa ezitshalweni zikagwayi, nazo zibonise ukuhambisana kanye nokuhlangana ndawonye kumayunithi ayisishiyagalolunye. Ukuhlobana okwengeziwe nokwenzeka ndawonye kuye kwabonwa phakathi kwezibulala-zinambuzane okungazange kubikwe ngazo ukuhlangana kwazo, njenge-permetrin ene-STRs (okungukuthi, i-azoxystrobin, i-fluoxastrobin, ne-trifloxystrobin).
Ukutshala nokucubungula kukagwayi kuncike kakhulu emithini yokubulala izinambuzane. Izibulala-zinambuzane kugwayi ziyehla ngesikhathi sokuvuna, ukuphulukiswa kanye nokukhiqizwa komkhiqizo wokugcina. Nokho, izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane zisasele emaqabunga kagwayi.[99] Ukwengeza, amaqabunga kagwayi angase aphathwe ngezibulala-zinambuzane ngemva kokuvuna.[100] Ngenxa yalokho, kuye kwatholakala izibulala-zinambuzane emaqabunga kagwayi nasentuthuni.
E-Ontario, ngaphezu kwengxenye yezakhiwo zezindlu zomphakathi ezinkulu eziyi-12 azinayo inqubomgomo yokungabhemi, okubeka izakhamuzi engcupheni yokuchayeka ekubhemeni kukagwayi.[101] Izakhiwo zezindlu zomphakathi zase-MURB ocwaningweni lwethu zazingenawo umgomo wokungabhemi. Sihlole izakhamuzi ukuze zithole ulwazi mayelana nemikhuba yazo yokubhema futhi senza ama-unit checks ngesikhathi sokuvakasha emakhaya ukuze sithole izimpawu zokubhema.[59, 64] Ebusika 2017, 30% yezakhamuzi (14 out of 46) zazibhema.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-06-2025