Isibulala-zinambuzane-amanethi omiyane alashiwe ayisu elingabizi kakhulu lokulawula igciwane likamalaleveva futhi kufanele alashwe ngezibulala-zinambuzane futhi alahlwe njalo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amanethi omiyane afakwe izibulala-zinambuzane ayindlela ephumelela kakhulu ezindaweni ezinomalaleveva ophakeme. Ngokombiko we-World Health Organization ka-2020, cishe ingxenye yabantu emhlabeni isengcupheni yokungenwa umalaleveva, izigameko eziningi nokufa kwabantu kwenzeka emazweni aseNingizimu ne-Afrika, okuhlanganisa ne-Ethiopia. Kodwa-ke, kuye kwabikwa inani elikhulu lamacala nokufa kwabantu ezifundeni ze-WHO njengeSouth-East Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, Western Pacific kanye naseMelika.
Umalaleveva isifo esithathelwanayo esisongela ukuphila esibangelwa igciwane elidluliselwa kubantu ngokulunywa omiyane besifazane abanalesi sifo. Lolu songo oluqhubekayo lugqamisa isidingo esiphuthumayo semizamo eqhubekayo yezempilo yomphakathi yokulwa nalesi sifo.
Ucwaningo selukhombisile ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwama-ITN kunganciphisa kakhulu izigameko zikamalaleveva, ngezilinganiso ezisukela ku-45% kuya ku-50%.
Nokho, ukwanda kokulunywa ngaphandle kudala izinselele ezingase zibukele phansi ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa okufanele kwama-ITN. Ukubhekana nokulunywa ngaphandle kubalulekile ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokunciphisa ukudluliswa kukamalaleveva kanye nokwenza ngcono imiphumela yezempilo yomphakathi iyonke. Lolu shintsho lokuziphatha lungase lube impendulo kungcindezi ekhethiwe eyenziwa ama-ITN, eqondise ngokuyinhloko izindawo zasendlini. Ngakho-ke, ukwanda kokulunywa omiyane ngaphandle kugqamisa amandla okudluliselwa komalaleveva ngaphandle, okugqamisa isidingo sokungenelela okuhlosiwe kokulawula ama-vector angaphandle. Ngakho-ke, amazwe amaningi anomalaleveva anezinqubomgomo ezikhona ezisekela ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wonke kwama-ITN ukulawula ukulunywa ngaphandle kwezinambuzane, nokho inani labantu abalala ngaphansi kwenethi lomiyane e-sub-Saharan Africa lalilinganiselwa ku-55% ngo-2015. 5,24
Senze ucwaningo olusekelwe emphakathini ukuze sithole ukusetshenziswa kwamanethi omiyane afakwe isibulala-zinambuzane kanye nezici ezihlobene no-August–September 2021.
Ucwaningo lwenziwe e-Pawi woreda, esinye sezifunda eziyisikhombisa ze-Metekel County e-Benishangul-Gumuz State. Isifunda sasePawi sitholakala eBenishangul-Gumuz State, amakhilomitha angama-550 eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Addis Ababa kanye namakhilomitha angama-420 enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Assosa.
Isampula yalolu cwaningo yayihlanganisa inhloko yomuzi nanoma yiliphi ilungu lomndeni elineminyaka engu-18 noma ngaphezulu elihlale kulowo muzi okungenani izinyanga eziyi-6.
Abaphenduli abebegula kakhulu noma begula kakhulu futhi bengakwazi ukuxhumana phakathi nesikhathi sokuqoqwa kwedatha abafakiwe kusampula.
Amathuluzi: Idatha yaqoqwa kusetshenziswa uhlu lwemibuzo olulawulwa umuntu oxoxisana naye kanye nohlu lokuhlola lokubheka olwakhiwe ngokusekelwe ezifundweni ezifanele ezishicilelwe nezilungiswa ezithile31. Uhlu lwemibuzo lwenhlolovo lwalunezigaba ezinhlanu: izici zenhlalo yabantu, ukusetshenziswa nolwazi lwe-ICH, ukwakheka komndeni nosayizi, kanye nezici zobuntu/ukuziphatha, eziklanyelwe ukuqoqa ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana nabahlanganyeli. Uhlu lokuhlola lunezinsiza zokuzungeza lokho okuphawuliwe. Lanamathiselwa kuhlu lwemibuzo lomuzi ngamunye ukuze abasebenzi basensimini bahlole abakubonile ngaphandle kokuphazamisa inhlolokhono. Njengesitatimende sokuziphatha, sishilo ukuthi izifundo zethu zibandakanya ababambiqhaza abangabantu kanye nezifundo ezibandakanya ababambiqhaza abangabantu kufanele zihambisane Nesimemezelo Sase-Helsinki. Ngakho-ke, Ibhodi Lokubuyekeza Isikhungo SeKolishi Lezokwelapha Nesayensi Yezempilo, Inyuvesi yase-Bahir Dar yagunyaza zonke izinqubo ezihlanganisa noma yimiphi imininingwane efanelekile eyenziwe ngokuvumelana neziqondiso nemithethonqubo efanele kanye nemvume enolwazi yatholwa kubo bonke ababambiqhaza.
Ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yedatha ocwaningweni lwethu, senze amasu abalulekile ambalwa. Okokuqala, abaqoqi bedatha baqeqeshwe kahle ukuze baqonde izinhloso zocwaningo kanye nokuqukethwe kohlu lwemibuzo ukuze kuncishiswe amaphutha. Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa ngokugcwele, sihlole uhlu lwemibuzo ukuze sihlonze futhi sixazulule noma yiziphi izinkinga. Izinqubo zokuqoqwa kwedatha ezisezingeni elijwayelekile zokuqinisekisa ukuvumelana, futhi kwasungulwa izindlela zokuqapha ezijwayelekile zokwengamela abasebenzi basensimini nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izivumelwano ziyalandelwa. Ukuhlola ukufaneleka kufakwe kuhlu lwemibuzo ukuze kugcinwe ukulandelana okunengqondo kwezimpendulo. Ukufakwa kwedatha okukabili kwakusetshenziselwa idatha yobuningi ukuze kuncishiswe amaphutha okufaka, futhi idatha eqoqiwe yayibuyekezwa njalo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphelela nokunemba. Ukwengeza, sisungule izindlela zokuphendula zabaqoqi bedatha ukuthuthukisa izinqubo nokuqinisekisa izinqubo zokuziphatha, okusiza ukukhulisa ukwethenjwa kwabahlanganyeli nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphendula.
Okokugcina, ukuhlehliswa kwe-multivariate logistic kwasetshenziselwa ukukhomba izibikezelo zokuguquguquka kwemiphumela nokulungisa ama-covariates. Ubuhle bokulingana kwemodeli yokuhlehla kokungena kanambambili kwahlolwa kusetshenziswa ukuhlolwa kwe-Hosmer ne-Lemeshow. Kukho konke ukuhlola kwezibalo, inani elingu-P elingu-<0.05 lithathwe njengendawo yokunqamula yokubaluleka kwezibalo. I-Multicollinearity yezinguquko ezizimele zahlolwa kusetshenziswa i-tolerance and variance inflation factor (VIF). I-COR, AOR, kanye nesikhawu sokuzithemba esingu-95% sisetshenziswe ukuze kutholwe amandla okuhlobana phakathi kokuhluka okuzimele kwesigaba nokuncike kanambambili.
Ukuqwashisa ngokusetshenziswa kwamanethi omiyane afakwe izibulali zinambuzane e-Parweredas, esifundeni sase-Benishangul-Gumuz, enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Ethiopia.
Amanethi omiyane afakwe izibulala-zinambuzane asephenduke ithuluzi elibalulekile lokuvimbela umalaleveva ezindaweni ezivame kakhulu njengeSifundazwe sasePawi. Naphezu kwemizamo ebalulekile yoMnyango Wezempilo Kahulumeni wase-Ethiopia yokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanethi omiyane afakwe izibulala-zinambuzane, izithiyo ekusetshenzisweni kwawo kabanzi zisekhona.
Kwezinye izifunda, kungase kube nokungaqondi kahle noma ukumelana nokusetshenziswa kwamanethi afakwe izibulala-zinambuzane, okuholela emazingeni aphansi okuwathatha. Ezinye izindawo zingase zibhekane nezinselelo ezithile njengokungqubuzana, ukufuduka noma ubumpofu obudlulele obungakhawulela kakhulu ukusatshalaliswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamanethi afakwe isibulala-zinambuzane, njengendawo yase-Benishangul-Gumuz-Metekel.
Lokhu kwehluka kungase kubangelwe izici ezimbalwa, okuhlanganisa isikhawu sesikhathi phakathi kwezifundo (ngokwesilinganiso, iminyaka eyisithupha), umehluko ekuqwashiseni nasekufundiseni mayelana nokuvimbela umalaleveva, nokwehluka kwesifunda emisebenzini yokuphromotha. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-ITN ngokuvamile kuphakeme ezindaweni ezinemfundo ephumelelayo nengqalasizinda yezempilo engcono. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasiko nezinkolelo zendawo zingaba nomthelela ekwamukelekeni kokusetshenziswa kwenetha lokulala. Njengoba lolu cwaningo lwenziwa ezindaweni ezigcwele umalaleveva ezinengqalasizinda yezempilo engcono kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwe-ITN, ukufinyeleleka nokutholakala kwamanethi emibhede kungase kube phezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezindawo ezisetshenziswa kancane.
Ukuhlangana phakathi kweminyaka yobudala kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-ITN kungase kubangelwe izici ezimbalwa: abantu abasha bavame ukusebenzisa ama-ITN kaningi ngoba bazizwa benesibopho esikhulu ngempilo yezingane zabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhankaso yezempilo yakamuva iqondise ngempumelelo izizukulwane ezincane, iqwashisa ngokuvimbela umalaleveva. Amathonya omphakathi, okuhlanganisa ontanga kanye nemikhuba yomphakathi, nawo angase abe nendima, njengoba abantu abasha bevame ukwamukela izeluleko ezintsha zezempilo.
Ukwengeza, bavame ukuba nokufinyelela okungcono ezinsizeni futhi ngokuvamile bazimisele kakhulu ukwamukela izinqubo ezintsha nobuchwepheshe, okwenza kube maningi amathuba okuthi bazosebenzisa ama-IPO ngokuqhubekayo.
Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokuthi imfundo ihlotshaniswa nezici eziningana ezihlobene. Abantu abanamazinga aphezulu emfundo bavame ukuba nokufinyelela okungcono olwazini kanye nokuqonda okwengeziwe ngokubaluleka kwama-ITN ekuvimbeleni umalaleveva. Bavame ukuba namazinga aphezulu olwazi lwezempilo, okubavumela ukuthi bahumushe ngempumelelo ulwazi lwezempilo futhi bahlanganyele nabahlinzeki bezempilo. Ukwengeza, imfundo ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nesimo senhlalo-mnotho esithuthukisiwe, esihlinzeka abantu ngezinsiza zokuthola nokugcina ama-ITN. Abantu abafundile futhi kungenzeka baphonse inselele izinkolelo zamasiko, bamukele kangcono ubuchwepheshe obusha bezempilo, futhi bahlanganyele ekuziphatheni okuhle kwezempilo, ngaleyo ndlela babe nomthelela omuhle ekusetshenzisweni kwe-ITN kontanga yabo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-12-2025