Kodwa-ke, ukwamukelwa kwezinqubo ezintsha zokulima, ikakhulukazi ukuphathwa kwezinambuzane ezihlangene, kuye kwahamba kancane. Lolu cwaningo lusebenzisa ithuluzi locwaningo elithuthukiswe ngokuhlanganyela njengesibonelo socwaningo ukuze kuqondwe ukuthi abakhiqizi bezinhlamvu eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNtshonalanga ye-Australia bafinyelela kanjani olwazini nezisetshenziswa zokulawula ukumelana nezibulala-sikhunta. Sithole ukuthi abakhiqizi bathembele kochwepheshe bezolimo namahlathi abakhokhelwayo, uhulumeni noma izikhungo zocwaningo, amaqembu abakhiqizi bendawo kanye nezinsuku zenkundla ukuze bathole ulwazi lokumelana nesibulala-sikhunta. Abakhiqizi bafuna ulwazi kochwepheshe abathenjwayo abangenza ucwaningo oluyinkimbinkimbi lube lula, bazise ukuxhumana okulula nokucacile futhi bakhethe izinsiza eziklanyelwe izimo zendawo. Abakhiqizi futhi bayalwazisa ulwazi mayelana nokuthuthukiswa komuthi wokukhunta kanye nokufinyelela ezinsizeni zokuxilonga ngokushesha ukuze zimelane nesikhunta. Lokhu okutholakele kugqamisa ukubaluleka kokuhlinzeka abakhiqizi ngezinsiza ezisebenzayo zokwelulwa kwezolimo ukuze balawule ubungozi bokumelana nezibulala-sikhunta.
Abalimi bebhali balawula izifo zezitshalo ngokukhetha i-germplasm eguquliwe, ukulawulwa kwezifo okudidiyelwe, kanye nokusetshenziswa kakhulu kwama-fungicides, okuvame ukuba yizinyathelo zokuvimbela ukugwema ukuqubuka kwezifo1. Ama-fungicides avimbela ukutheleleka, ukukhula, kanye nokuzala kwamagciwane esikhunta ezitshalweni. Kodwa-ke, ama-pathogens esikhunta angaba nezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zabantu futhi athambekele ekushintsheni. Ukuthembela ngokweqile ezinhlobonhlobo ezilinganiselwe zezithako ezisebenzayo zokubulala isikhunta noma ukusetshenziswa okungafanele kwezibulala-sikhunta kungase kubangele izinguquko zesikhunta ezingazweli kulawa makhemikhali. Ngokusetshenziswa okuphindaphindiwe kwezinhlanganisela ezifanayo ezisebenzayo, ukuthambekela kwemiphakathi ye-pathogen ukuba ibe nokumelana nokunyuka, okungaholela ekwehleni kokusebenza kwezinhlanganisela ezisebenzayo ekulawuleni izifo zezitshalo2,3,4.
Isikhuntaukumelana kusho ukungakwazi kwezibulala-sikhunta ezazisebenza ngaphambili ukulawula ngempumelelo izifo zezitshalo, noma zisetshenziswe ngendlela efanele. Isibonelo, izifundo ezimbalwa ziye zabika ukwehla kokusebenza kwe-fungicide ekwelapheni i-powdery mildew, kusukela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kahle ensimini ukuqedela ukungasebenzi ensimini5,6. Uma kuyekwa kunganakiwe, ukwanda kokumelana nesikhunta kuzoqhubeka nokwanda, kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwezindlela ezikhona zokulawula izifo futhi kuholele ekulahlekelweni kwesivuno okulimazayo7.
Emhlabeni jikelele, ukulahlekelwa ngaphambi kokuvuna ngenxa yezifo zezitshalo kulinganiselwa ku-10-23%, nokulahlekelwa ngemva kokuvuna kusuka ku-10% kuya ku-20%8. Lokhu kulahlekelwa kulingana nama-calories angu-2,000 okudla ngosuku kubantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-600 kuya kwezingu-4.2 unyaka wonke. Njengoba kulindeleke ukwanda kwesidingo sokudla emhlabeni wonke, izinselelo zokuvikeleka kokudla zizoqhubeka nokukhula9. Lezi zinselele kulindeleke ukuthi zikhuliswe esikhathini esizayo ngenxa yezingozi ezihlobene nokukhula kwenani labantu emhlabeni wonke kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu10,11,12. Ngakho-ke ikhono lokukhulisa ukudla ngendlela esimeme nangempumelelo libalulekile ekusindeni kwabantu, futhi ukulahleka kwemithi yokubulala isikhunta njengendlela yokulawula izifo kungaba nemithelela emibi kakhulu futhi elimazayo kunaleyo etholwa abakhiqizi bokuqala.
Ukuze kubhekwane nokumelana nesikhunta futhi kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa kwesivuno, kuyadingeka ukuthi kuthuthukiswe izinto ezintsha nezandiso ezihambisana nekhono labakhiqizi ukuze kusetshenziswe amasu e-IPM. Nakuba imihlahlandlela ye-IPM ikhuthaza izindlela ezisimeme zokulawula izinambuzane zesikhathi eside12,13, ukwamukelwa kwemikhuba emisha yokulima ehambisana nezinqubo ezingcono kakhulu ze-IPM ngokuvamile bekuhamba kancane, naphezu kwezinzuzo ezingaba khona14,15. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini luhlonze izinselele ekwamukelweni kwamasu e-IPM esimeme. Lezi zinselele zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa okungaguquki kwamasu e-IPM, izincomo ezingacacile, nokuba nokwenzeka kwezomnotho kwamasu e-IPM16. Ukuthuthukiswa kokumelana nezibulala-sikhunta kuyinselelo entsha uma kuqhathaniswa embonini. Nakuba idatha mayelana nalolu daba ikhula, ukuqwashisa ngomthelela wayo kwezomnotho kusalokhu kunomkhawulo. Ukwengeza, abakhiqizi bavame ukuntula ukusekelwa futhi babone ukulawula isibulala-zinambuzane njengento elula futhi ebiza kakhulu, ngisho noma bethola amanye amasu e-IPM ewusizo17. Uma kubhekwa ukubaluleka kwemithelela yezifo ekusebenzeni kokukhiqizwa kokudla, izibulala-sikhunta cishe zizohlala ziyinketho ye-IPM ebalulekile esikhathini esizayo. Ukuqaliswa kwamasu e-IPM, okuhlanganisa nokwethulwa kokumelana nezakhi zofuzo ezithuthukisiwe, ngeke nje kugxile ekulawuleni izifo kodwa futhi kuyoba okubalulekile ekugcineni ukusebenza kahle kwezithako ezisebenzayo ezisetshenziswa kuma-fungicides.
Amapulazi enza umnikelo obalulekile ekuvikelekeni kokudla, futhi abacwaningi nezinhlangano zikahulumeni kufanele bakwazi ukuhlinzeka abalimi ngobuchwepheshe nezinto ezintsha, okuhlanganisa nezinsizakalo zokwandisa, ezithuthukisa futhi zigcine umkhiqizo wezitshalo. Kodwa-ke, izithiyo ezibalulekile zokwamukelwa kobuchwepheshe kanye nokuqanjwa okusha ngabakhiqizi zivela endleleni “yokunwetshwa kocwaningo” phezulu kuya phansi, egxile ekudlulisweni kobuchwepheshe busuka kochwepheshe buyiswe kubalimi ngaphandle kokunaka kakhulu iminikelo yabakhiqizi basekhaya18,19. Ucwaningo olwenziwa ngu-Anil et al.19 luthole ukuthi le ndlela ibangele amazinga aguquguqukayo okwamukelwa kobuchwepheshe obusha emapulazini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwagqamisa ukuthi abakhiqizi bavame ukuzwakalisa ukukhathazeka lapho ucwaningo lwezolimo lusetshenziselwa izinjongo zesayensi kuphela. Ngokufanayo, ukwehluleka ukubeka eqhulwini ukwethembeka kanye nokufaneleka kolwazi kubakhiqizi kungaholela esikhaleni sezokuxhumana esithinta ukwamukelwa kokuqanjwa okusha kwezolimo nezinye izinsiza zokwandisa20,21. Lokhu okutholakele kusikisela ukuthi abacwaningi bangase bangaqondi ngokugcwele izidingo zabakhiqizi nezinto ezibakhathazayo lapho benikeza ulwazi.
Intuthuko ekwandisweni kwezolimo iveze ukubaluleka kokubandakanya abakhiqizi basekhaya ezinhlelweni zocwaningo kanye nokwenza lula ukubambisana phakathi kwezikhungo zocwaningo nezimboni18,22,23. Kodwa-ke, kudingeka umsebenzi owengeziwe ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza kahle kwamamodeli akhona okuqalisa i-IPM kanye nezinga lokwamukelwa kobuchwepheshe obuzinzile besikhathi eside bokulawula izinambuzane. Ngokomlando, izinsiza zokunweba bezihlinzekwa kakhulu yimboni kahulumeni24,25. Kodwa-ke, ukuthambekela kwamapulazi okuhweba amakhulu, izinqubomgomo zezolimo ezigxile ezimakethe, kanye nokuguga kanye nokuncipha kwenani labantu basemaphandleni kuye kwanciphisa isidingo sezinga eliphezulu lezimali zomphakathi24,25,26. Ngenxa yalokho, ohulumeni emazweni amaningi anezimboni, okuhlanganisa ne-Australia, baye banciphisa ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqondile ekwandiseni, okuholela ekuthembeleni kakhulu embonini yangasese yokwelulwa ukuze inikeze lezi zinsizakalo27,28,29,30. Kodwa-ke, ukuthembela kuphela ekwandisweni kwangasese kugxekwe ngenxa yokufinyeleleka okulinganiselwe kwamapulazi amancane kanye nokunganakwa okwanele kwezindaba zemvelo nokusimama. Indlela yokusebenzisana ehlanganisa izinsiza zokwandisa zomphakathi nezizimele manje iyanconywa31,32. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo ngemibono yomkhiqizi kanye nesimo sengqondo mayelana nezinsiza zokulawula ukumelana nesikhunta lulinganiselwe. Ukwengeza, kukhona izikhala emibhalweni mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezinhlelo zokunweba ezisebenza kahle ekusizeni abakhiqizi ukubhekana nokumelana nesikhunta.
Abeluleki bomuntu siqu (njengezazi zezolimo namahlathi) banikeza abakhiqizi ukwesekwa nobungcweti33. E-Australia, abakhiqizi abangaphezu kwesigamu basebenzisa izinsiza ze-agronomist, futhi ingxenye ihluka ngokwesifunda futhi lo mkhuba kulindeleke ukuthi ukhule20. Abakhiqizi bathi bancamela ukugcina ukusebenza kulula, okuholela ekutheni baqashe abeluleki abazimele ukuze baphathe izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezifana nezinsizakalo zezolimo ezinembile ezifana nokubhala amabalazwe, imininingwane yendawo yokuphathwa kwamadlelo kanye nokwesekwa kwemishini20; Ngakho-ke izazi zezolimo namahlathi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwandiseni ezolimo njengoba zisiza abakhiqizi ukuthi basebenzise ubuchwepheshe obusha kuyilapho beqinisekisa ukusebenza kalula.
Izinga eliphezulu lokusetshenziswa kwezazi zezolimo namahlathi nalo lithonywa ukwamukela izeluleko 'zokukhokhela isevisi' kontanga (isb. abanye abakhiqizi 34 ). Uma kuqhathaniswa nabacwaningi nama-extension agents kahulumeni, izazi zezolimo namahlathi ezizimele zivame ukusungula ubudlelwano obuqinile, ngokuvamile besikhathi eside nabakhiqizi ngokuvakashela amapulazi okuvamile 35 . Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi zezolimo namahlathi zigxila ekunikezeni ukwesekwa okungokoqobo kunokuzama ukunxenxa abalimi ukuba basebenzise imikhuba emisha noma bahambisane nemithethonqubo, futhi iseluleko sabo cishe sizoba ezithakazelweni zabakhiqizi 33 . Ngakho-ke izazi zezolimo ezizimele zivame ukubonwa njengemithombo yeseluleko engachemile 33, 36 .
Nokho, ucwaningo lwango-2008 olwenziwa ngu-Ingram 33 lwavuma ukuguquguquka kwamandla ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwezazi zezolimo nabalimi. Ucwaningo luvumile ukuthi izindlela eziqinile nezinegunya zingaba nomthelela omubi ekwabelaneni ngolwazi. Ngokuphambene, kunezimo lapho izazi zezolimo namahlathi zishiya khona imikhuba emihle ukuze zigweme ukulahlekelwa amakhasimende. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuhlola indima yezazi zezolimo namahlathi ezimweni ezehlukene, ikakhulukazi ngokombono womkhiqizi. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi ukumelana nesikhunta kubangela izinselele ekukhiqizweni kwebhali, ukuqonda ubudlelwano abakhiqizi bebhali abakha nezazi zezolimo namahlathi kubalulekile ekusabalaliseni ngempumelelo izinto ezintsha.
Ukusebenzisana namaqembu abakhiqizi nakho kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokwandisa ezolimo. Lawa maqembu ayizinhlangano ezizimele, ezizimele ezizimele ezakhiwe ngabalimi namalungu omphakathi agxile ezindabeni ezithinta amabhizinisi angabalimi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubamba iqhaza ngenkuthalo ezivivinyweni zocwaningo, ukuthuthukisa izixazululo zebhizinisi lezolimo ezifanelana nezidingo zendawo, nokwabelana ngemiphumela yocwaningo nentuthuko nabanye abakhiqizi16,37. Impumelelo yamaqembu abakhiqizi ingabangwa uguquko olusuka endleleni eya phezulu (isb, imodeli yososayensi nomlimi) ukuya endleleni yokwandisa umphakathi ebeka phambili okokufaka komkhiqizi, ekhuthaza ukufunda okuziqondisayo, futhi ekhuthaza ukuhlanganyela okusebenzayo16,19,38,39,40.
U-Anil et al. Abangu-19 benze izingxoxo ezingahlelekile namalungu eqembu labakhiqizi ukuze bahlole izinzuzo ezicatshangelwayo zokujoyina iqembu. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi abakhiqizi babona amaqembu abakhiqizi njengabanomthelela omkhulu ekufundeni kwabo ubuchwepheshe obusha, okwaba nomthelela ekuthatheni kwabo izindlela ezintsha zokulima. Amaqembu abakhiqizi abesebenza kahle kakhulu ekwenzeni izivivinyo ezingeni lendawo kunasezikhungweni zocwaningo zikazwelonke ezinkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zazibhekwa njengenkundla engcono yokwabelana ngolwazi. Ikakhulukazi, izinsuku zenkundla zibonwe njengenkundla ebalulekile yokwabelana ngolwazi nokuxazulula izinkinga ngokuhlanganyela, okuvumela ukuxazululwa kwezinkinga ngokubambisana.
Inkimbinkimbi yokwamukela kwabalimi ubuchwepheshe obusha nezinqubo zedlula ukuqonda okulula kwezobuchwepheshe41. Kunalokho, inqubo yokwamukela izinto ezintsha nezinqubo ibandakanya ukucatshangelwa kwamagugu, imigomo, nezinkundla zokuxhumana ezisebenzisana nezinqubo zokuthatha izinqumo zabakhiqizi41,42,43,44. Nakuba ingcebo yeziqondiso itholakala kubakhiqizi, amasu amasha nezinqubo ezithile kuphela amukelwa ngokushesha. Njengoba kukhiqizwa imiphumela emisha yocwaningo, usizo lwazo ekushintsheni izindlela zokulima kumele luhlolwe, futhi ezikhathini eziningi kuba khona igebe phakathi kokuba usizo kwemiphumela kanye nezinguquko ezihlosiwe ekusebenzeni. Ngokufanelekile, ekuqaleni kwephrojekthi yocwaningo, ukuba wusizo kwemiphumela yocwaningo kanye nezinketho ezitholakalayo zokuthuthukisa usizo kucatshangelwa ngokuklama ngokubambisana nokubamba iqhaza kwemboni.
Ukuze kutholakale usizo lwemiphumela ehlobene nokumelana nesibulala-sikhunta, lolu cwaningo lwenze izingxoxo zocingo ezijulile nabalimi baseningizimu-ntshonalanga yebhande lokusanhlamvu eNtshonalanga Australia. Indlela ethathiwe ihloselwe ukukhuthaza ubudlelwano phakathi kwabacwaningi nabalimi, igcizelela izindinganiso zokwethembana, ukuhloniphana kanye nokwenza izinqumo okwabiwe45. Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuhlola imibono yabalimi mayelana nezinsiza zokulawula ukumelana nesikhunta, ukuhlonza izinsiza ezitholakala kalula kubo, nokuhlola izinsiza abalimi abangathanda ukufinyelela kuzo kanye nezizathu zezinto abazithandayo. Ikakhulukazi, lolu cwaningo luphendula imibuzo yocwaningo elandelayo:
RQ3 Yiziphi ezinye izinsiza zokusatshalaliswa kokumelana nesibulala-sikhunta abakhiqizi abathemba ukuzithola esikhathini esizayo futhi yiziphi izizathu zokukhetha kwabo?
Lolu cwaningo lusebenzise indlela yocwaningo lwecala ukuhlola imibono yomlimi kanye nesimo sengqondo mayelana nezinsiza ezihlobene nokulawulwa kokungazweli kwesikhunta. Ithuluzi lenhlolovo lakhiwe ngokubambisana nabamele imboni futhi lihlanganisa izindlela zokuqoqwa kwedatha ezisezingeni eliphakeme kanye nenani. Ngokuthatha le ndlela, sasihlose ukuzuza ukuqonda okujulile kokuhlangenwe nakho okuyingqayizivele kwabalimi ekulawuleni ukumelana nesikhunta, okusivumela ukuba sithole ukuqonda mayelana nolwazi lwabalimi kanye nemibono. Ucwaningo lwenziwe ngesikhathi sokukhula sika-2019/2020 njengengxenye ye-Barley Disease Cohort Project, uhlelo lokucwaninga oluhlanganyelwe nabalimi baseningizimu-ntshonalanga yebhande lokusanhlamvu eNtshonalanga Australia. Lolu hlelo luhlose ukuhlola ukusabalala kokumelana nesikhunta esifundeni ngokuhlola amasampula amaqabunga ebhali anesifo atholwe kubalimi. Abahlanganyeli be-Barley Disease Cohort Project bavela maphakathi nezindawo ezinemvula ephezulu esifundeni esikhula okusanhlamvu eNtshonalanga Australia. Amathuba okubamba iqhaza ayakhiwa bese akhangiswa (ngeziteshi zemidiya ezehlukene okuhlanganisa nezinkundla zokuxhumana) futhi abalimi bayamenywa ukuba baziqoke bona ukuze babambe iqhaza. Bonke abaqokiwe abanentshisekelo bayamukelwa kuphrojekthi.
Ucwaningo lwathola ukugunyazwa kokuziphatha okuvela eKomidini Lokuziphatha Lokucwaninga Kwabantu base-Curtin (HRE2020-0440) futhi lwenziwa ngokuvumelana neSitatimende Sikazwelonke Se-2007 Sokuziphatha Kokuziphatha Ocwaningweni Lwabantu 46. Abalimi kanye nongoti bezolimo namahlathi ababevumelene ngaphambilini ukuthintwa mayelana nokulawulwa kokungazweli kwesikhunta manje sebekwazile ukwabelana ngolwazi mayelana nezinqubo zabo zokuphatha. Abahlanganyeli banikezwe isitatimende solwazi kanye nefomu lemvume ngaphambi kokubamba iqhaza. Imvume enolwazi itholwe kubo bonke abahlanganyeli ngaphambi kokubamba iqhaza ocwaningweni. Izindlela eziyinhloko zokuqoqwa kwedatha kwakuyizingxoxo zocingo ezijulile nezinhlolovo ze-inthanethi. Ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana, isethi efanayo yemibuzo egcwaliswe ngohlu lwemibuzo oluzilawulele yona ifundwe izwi nezwi kubahlanganyeli abaqedela inhlolovo yocingo. Alukho ulwazi olwengeziwe olunikeziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulunga kwazo zombili izindlela zocwaningo.
Ucwaningo lwathola ukugunyazwa kokuziphatha okuvela eKomidini Lokuziphatha Lokucwaninga Kwabantu base-Curtin (HRE2020-0440) futhi lwenziwa ngokuvumelana neSitatimende Sikazwelonke Se-2007 Sokuziphatha Kokuziphatha Ocwaningweni Lwabantu 46. Imvume enolwazi itholwe kubo bonke abahlanganyeli ngaphambi kokubamba iqhaza ocwaningweni.
Isamba sabakhiqizi abayi-137 ababambe iqhaza ocwaningweni, okungama-82% kubo abaphothule inhlolokhono ngocingo futhi u-18% bagcwalise uhlu lwemibuzo ngokwabo. Iminyaka yababambiqhaza ibisukela kwengama-22 kuye kwengama-69, kanti ngokwesilinganiso seminyaka engama-44. Isipiliyoni sabo emkhakheni wezolimo sisukela eminyakeni emi-2 kuya kwengama-54, kanti isilinganiso seminyaka engama-25. Ngokwesilinganiso, abalimi bahlwanyele amahektha ayi-1,122 ebhali emadokweni angu-10. Abakhiqizi abaningi batshale izinhlobo ezimbili zebhali (48%), ngokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobonhlobo kusuka ezinhlobonhlobo (33%) kuya kwezinhlanu (0.7%). Ukusatshalaliswa kwabahlanganyeli benhlolovo kuboniswa kuMfanekiso 1, owadalwa kusetshenziswa inguqulo ye-QGIS engu-3.28.3-Firenze47.
Imephu yabahlanganyeli benhlolovo ngekhodi yeposi nezindawo ezinemvula: ephansi, emaphakathi, ephezulu. Usayizi wophawu ubonisa inani labahlanganyeli e-Western Australian Grain Belt. Imephu idalwe kusetshenziswa isoftware ye-QGIS version 3.28.3-Firenze.
Idatha yekhwalithi ewumphumela yafakwa amakhodi ngesandla kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kokuqukethwe kwe-inductive, futhi izimpendulo zaqala zinekhodi evulekile48. Hlaziya indaba ngokuphinda ufunde futhi uphawule noma yiziphi izingqikithi ezisafufusa ukuchaza izici zokuqukethwe49,50,51. Ngokulandela inqubo yokukhipha, izindikimba ezihlonziwe zaphinde zahlukaniswa zaba yizihloko ezisezingeni eliphezulu51,52. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMdwebo 2, inhloso yalokhu kuhlaziya okuhlelekile iwukuthola ukuqonda okubalulekile ezicini eziyinhloko ezithonya izintandokazi zabalimi ngezinsiza ezithile zokulawula ukumelana nesikhunta, ngaleyo ndlela kucaciswe izinqubo zokuthatha izinqumo ezihlobene nokuphathwa kwezifo. Izindikimba ezihlonziwe ziyahlaziywa futhi kuxoxwe ngazo kabanzi esigabeni esilandelayo.
Ekuphenduleni Umbuzo 1, izimpendulo zedatha yekhwalithi (n=128) ziveze ukuthi izazi zezolimo namahlathi ziyinsiza esetshenziswa kakhulu, nabalimi abangaphezu kuka-84% becaphuna izazi zezolimo namahlathi njengomthombo wabo oyinhloko wolwazi lokumelana nesibulala-sikhunta (n=108). Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izazi zezolimo namahlathi bezingezona kuphela isisetshenziswa esicashunwa kakhulu, kodwa futhi ukuphela komthombo wolwazi lokumelana nesikhunta engxenyeni enkulu yabalimi, nabalimi abangaphezu kuka-24% (n=31) bathembele kuphela noma becaphuna izazi zezolimo namahlathi njengensiza ekhethekile. Iningi labalimi (okungukuthi, u-72% wezimpendulo noma u-n=93) libonise ukuthi lithembele kochwepheshe bezolimo namahlathi ukuze bathole iseluleko, ukufunda ucwaningo, noma ukuxhumana nabezindaba. Imithombo yezindaba ehlonishwayo ku-inthanethi nephrintiwe yayivame ukukhonjwa njengemithombo ethandwayo yolwazi lokumelana nesikhunta. Ukwengeza, abakhiqizi bathembele emibikweni yemboni, izincwadi zezindaba zendawo, omagazini, imidiya yasemaphandleni, noma imithombo yocwaningo engazange ibonise ukufinyelela kwabo. Abakhiqizi bavame ukucaphuna imithombo yemidiya eminingi ye-elekthronikhi kanye nephrinta, bebonisa imizamo yabo yokuthola nokuhlaziya izifundo ezihlukahlukene.
Omunye umthombo obalulekile wolwazi izingxoxo nezeluleko ezivela kwabanye abakhiqizi, ikakhulukazi ngokuxhumana nabangane nomakhelwane. Isibonelo, i-P023: "Ukuhwebelana kwezolimo (abangane basenyakatho bathola izifo ngaphambi kwesikhathi)" kanye ne-P006: "Abangane, omakhelwane nabalimi." Ukwengeza, abakhiqizi bathembele emaqenjini endawo ezolimo (n = 16), njengabalimi bendawo noma amaqembu abakhiqizi, amaqembu okufutha, namaqembu e-agronomy. Kwakuvame ukushiwo ukuthi abantu bendawo babehilelekile kulezi zingxoxo. Isibonelo, i-P020: “Iqembu lendawo lokuthuthukisa ipulazi nezikhulumi zezivakashi” kanye ne-P031: “Sineqembu lendawo lokufutha elingihlinzeka ngolwazi oluwusizo.”
Izinsuku zenkundla zishiwo njengomunye umthombo wolwazi (n = 12), ngokuvamile zihlanganiswa nezeluleko ezivela ochwepheshe bezolimo namahlathi, imidiya yokunyathelisa kanye nezingxoxo nozakwethu (bendawo). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinsiza ze-inthanethi ezifana ne-Google ne-Twitter (n = 9), abamele ukuthengisa nokukhangisa (n = 3) kwakungavamile ukushiwo. Le miphumela igqamisa isidingo sezinsiza ezihlukahlukene nezifinyelelekayo zokulawulwa ngempumelelo kokumelana nesikhunta, kucatshangelwa okuthandwa ngumlimi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo ehlukene yolwazi nokwesekwa.
Ekuphenduleni umbuzo 2, abalimi babuzwa ukuthi kungani bekhetha imithombo yolwazi ehlobene nokulawulwa kokumelana nesikhunta. Ukuhlaziywa kwetimu kwembule izingqikithi ezine ezibalulekile ezibonisa ukuthi kungani abalimi bethembele emithonjeni ethile yolwazi.
Lapho bethola imibiko yemboni nekahulumeni, abakhiqizi bacabangela imithombo yolwazi abayibona njengothembekile, enokwethenjelwa, futhi ehambisana nesikhathi. Isibonelo, i-P115: "Ulwazi lwamanje, oluthembekile, olukholakalayo, lwekhwalithi" kanye ne-P057: "Ngenxa yokuthi okokusebenza kuhlolisiswa iqiniso futhi kuqinisekisiwe. Kuyinto entsha futhi iyatholakala ku-paddock." Abakhiqizi babona ulwazi oluvela kochwepheshe njengoluthembekile futhi lusezingeni eliphezulu. Izazi zezolimo namahlathi, ikakhulukazi, zibhekwa njengochwepheshe abanolwazi abakhiqizi abangabathemba ukuze banikeze izeluleko ezithembekile neziphusile. Omunye umdidiyeli wathi: P131: “[Isazi sami sezolimo namahlathi] sazi zonke izinkinga, siwuchwepheshe kulo mkhakha, sinikeza isevisi ekhokhelwayo, ngethemba ukuthi singanikeza iseluleko esifanele” kanti omunye u-P107: “Ihlala itholakala, isazi sezolimo namahlathi singumphathi ngoba sinolwazi namakhono okucwaninga.”
Izazi zezolimo namahlathi zivame ukuchazwa njengezithembekile futhi zithenjwa kalula ngabakhiqizi. Ukwengeza, izazi zezolimo namahlathi zibonwa njengesixhumanisi phakathi kwabakhiqizi kanye nocwaningo olusezingeni eliphezulu. Zibonwa njengezibalulekile ekuvaleni igebe phakathi kocwaningo olungacacile olungase lubonakale lunqanyuliwe ezindabeni zasendaweni kanye nezindaba 'eziphansi' noma 'zasepulazini'. Benza ucwaningo okungenzeka ukuthi abakhiqizi bangase bangabi naso isikhathi noma izinsiza zokwenza kanye nezimo zalolu cwaningo ngezingxoxo ezizwakalayo. Isibonelo, u-P010: ubeke amazwana, 'Izazi zezolimo zinezwi lokugcina. Bayisixhumanisi socwaningo lwakamuva futhi abalimi banolwazi ngoba bayazazi izinkinga futhi basohlwini lwabaholayo.' Futhi i-P043: yengeza, 'Themba izazi zezolimo namahlathi kanye nolwazi olunikezayo. Ngiyajabula ukuthi iphrojekthi yokulawula ukumelana nesibulala-sikhunta iyenzeka – ulwazi lungamandla futhi ngeke kudingeke ukuthi ngichithe yonke imali yami kumakhemikhali amasha.'
Ukusabalala kwezinhlamvu zesikhunta ezinamagciwane kungenzeka kusuka emapulazini angomakhelwane noma ezindaweni ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, njengomoya, imvula kanye nezinambuzane. Ngakho-ke ulwazi lwendawo luthathwa njengolubaluleke kakhulu njengoba ngokuvamile luwumugqa wokuqala wokuzivikela ezinkingeni ezingaba khona ezihlobene nokulawulwa kokumelana nesikhunta. Kwesinye isigameko, umhlanganyeli u-P012: waphawula, “Imiphumela evela [kuchwepheshe wezolimo namahlathi] ingeyasendaweni, kulula kakhulu kimina ukuthi ngixhumane nabo futhi ngithole ulwazi kubo.” Omunye umkhiqizi wenze isibonelo sokuncika ekucabangeni kwezazi zezolimo namahlathi, egcizelela ukuthi abakhiqizi bakhetha ochwepheshe abatholakala endaweni futhi abanomlando oqinisekisiwe wokuthola imiphumela efiselekayo. Isibonelo, i-P022: "Abantu baqamba amanga ezinkundleni zokuxhumana - phakamisa amathayi akho (thembela ngokweqile abantu osebenza nabo).
Abakhiqizi bayasazisa izeluleko eziqondiwe zezazi zezolimo namahlathi ngoba banamandla endaweni futhi bajwayelene nezimo zendawo. Bathi izazi zezolimo namahlathi imvamisa yibona ababona kuqala futhi baqonde izinkinga ezingase zibe khona epulazini ngaphambi kokuba zenzeke. Lokhu kubenza bakwazi ukunikeza izeluleko ezihambisana nezidingo zepulazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi zezolimo namahlathi zivame ukuvakashela ipulazi, zithuthukise ikhono lazo lokunikeza izeluleko ezihambisanayo nokusekelwa. Isibonelo, i-P044: "Themba i-agronomist ngoba igcwele yonke indawo futhi uzoyibona inkinga ngaphambi kokuthi ngazi ngayo. Khona-ke i-agronomist inganikeza izeluleko eziqondiswe ngqo. I-agronomist iyazi kahle indawo ngoba isendaweni. Ngivame ukulima. Sinenqwaba yamakhasimende ezindaweni ezifanayo."
Imiphumela ikhombisa ukulungela kwemboni ukuhlolwa kokumelana nesibulala-sikhunta noma izinsizakalo zokuxilonga, kanye nesidingo salezo zinsizakalo ukuze zihlangabezane namazinga alula, aqondakalayo, kanye nesikhathi. Lokhu kungase kunikeze isiqondiso esibalulekile njengoba imiphumela yocwaningo lokumelana nesikhunta futhi ukuhlolwa kuba iqiniso lezentengiselwano elithengekayo.
Lolu cwaningo beluhlose ukuhlola imibono yabalimi kanye nezimo zengqondo mayelana nezinsizakalo ezinwetshiwe ezihlobene nokulawulwa kokumelana nesikhunta. Sisebenzise indlela yocwaningo lwecala ukuze sithole ukuqonda okuningiliziwe kokuhlangenwe nakho komlimi kanye nemibono. Njengoba izingozi ezihlobene nokumelana nesikhunta kanye nokulahlekelwa kwesivuno ziqhubeka zanda5, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi abalimi bathola kanjani ulwazi futhi bahlonze imigudu ephumelela kakhulu yokulusabalalisa, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokutholakala kwezifo eziphezulu.
Sibuze abakhiqizi ukuthi yiziphi izinsiza zokwandisa kanye nezinsiza abazisebenzisayo ukuze bathole ulwazi oluhlobene nokulawulwa kokungazweli kwesikhunta, sigxile kakhulu eziteshini ezithandwayo zezolimo. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi abakhiqizi abaningi bafuna iseluleko kochwepheshe bezolimo namahlathi abakhokhelwayo, ngokuvamile okuhambisana nolwazi oluvela kuhulumeni noma izikhungo zocwaningo. Le miphumela ihambisana nocwaningo lwangaphambilini olugqamisa ukukhetha okuvamile kokunwetshwa kwangasese, abakhiqizi abazisa ubuchwepheshe babaxhumanisi bezolimo abakhokhelwayo53,54. Ucwaningo lwethu luphinde lwathola ukuthi inani elibalulekile labakhiqizi babamba iqhaza ngokukhuthele ezinkundleni ze-inthanethi njengamaqembu abakhiqizi bendawo kanye nezinsuku zensimu ezihleliwe. Lawa manethiwekhi afaka nezikhungo zocwaningo zomphakathi nezizimele. Le miphumela ihambisana nocwaningo olukhona olubonisa ukubaluleka kwezindlela ezisekelwe emphakathini19,37,38. Lezi zindlela zisiza ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinhlangano zomphakathi nezizimele futhi zenze ulwazi olufanele lufinyeleleke kakhudlwana kubakhiqizi.
Siphinde sahlola ukuthi kungani abakhiqizi bekhetha okokufaka okuthile, befuna ukuhlonza izici ezenza okokufaka okuthile kukhange nakakhulu kubo. Abakhiqizi bazwakalise isidingo sokufinyelela kochwepheshe abathembekile abahlobene nocwaningo (Ingqikithi 2.1), eyayihlobene kakhulu nokusetshenziswa kochwepheshe bezolimo namahlathi. Ngokukhethekile, abakhiqizi baqaphele ukuthi ukuqasha isazi sezolimo namahlathi kubanikeza ukufinyelela ocwaningweni oluyinkimbinkimbi noluthuthukisiwe ngaphandle kokuzibophezela isikhathi eside, okusiza ukunqoba izithiyo ezifana nemikhawulo yesikhathi noma ukuntuleka kokuqeqeshwa nokujwayelana nezindlela ezithile. Lokhu okutholakele kuhambisana nocwaningo lwangaphambilini olubonisa ukuthi abakhiqizi bavame ukuthembela kuma-agronomist ukuze benze izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi20.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-13-2024