Kodwa-ke, ukwamukelwa kwemikhuba emisha yokulima, ikakhulukazi ukuphathwa kwezinambuzane okuhlanganisiwe, kuye kwahamba kancane. Lolu cwaningo lusebenzisa ithuluzi locwaningo elithuthukiswe ngokubambisana njengesifundo sokuqonda ukuthi abakhiqizi bezinhlamvu zamanzi eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNtshonalanga Australia bathola kanjani ulwazi nezinsizakusebenza zokuphatha ukumelana ne-fungicide. Sithole ukuthi abakhiqizi bathembele kosochwepheshe bezolimo abakhokhelwayo, izinhlangano zikahulumeni noma zocwaningo, amaqembu abakhiqizi bendawo kanye nezinsuku zasensimini ukuze bathole ulwazi mayelana nokumelana ne-fungicide. Abakhiqizi bafuna ulwazi kochwepheshe abathembekile abangenza lula ucwaningo oluyinkimbinkimbi, bazise ukuxhumana okulula nokucacile futhi bathande izinsizakusebenza ezilungiselelwe izimo zendawo. Abakhiqizi baphinde bazise ulwazi mayelana nentuthuko entsha ye-fungicide kanye nokufinyelela ezinsizakalweni zokuxilonga ngokushesha ukumelana ne-fungicide. Lokhu okutholakele kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokunikeza abakhiqizi izinsizakalo zokwandisa ezolimo ezisebenzayo ukulawula ingozi yokumelana ne-fungicide.
Abalimi bebhali baphatha izifo zezitshalo ngokukhetha i-germplasm eguquliwe, ukuphathwa kwezifo okuhlanganisiwe, kanye nokusetshenziswa okujulile kwe-fungicides, okuvame ukuba yizinyathelo zokuvimbela ukugwema ukuqubuka kwezifo1. Imithi yokubulala isikhunta ivimbela ukutheleleka, ukukhula, kanye nokuzala kwezifo zesikhunta ezitshalweni. Kodwa-ke, izifo zesikhunta zingaba nezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zabantu futhi zithambekele ekuguqukeni. Ukuthembela ngokweqile ku-specimen elinganiselwe yamakhemikhali asebenzayo e-fungicide noma ukusetshenziswa okungafanele kwe-fungicides kungabangela ukuguqulwa kwesikhunta okumelana nala makhemikhali. Ngokusetshenziswa okuphindaphindiwe kwamakhemikhali asebenzayo afanayo, ukuthambekela kwemiphakathi yezifo ukuba imelane nakho kuyanda, okungaholela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kahle kwamakhemikhali asebenzayo ekulawuleni izifo zezitshalo2,3,4.
Ukubulala isikhuntaukumelana kubhekisela ekungakwazini kwemithi yokubulala isikhunta eyayisebenza ngaphambilini ukulawula izifo zezitshalo ngempumelelo, noma ngabe isetshenziswe kahle. Isibonelo, izifundo eziningana zibike ukwehla kokusebenza kwemithi yokubulala isikhunta ekwelapheni isikhunta esimpushana, kusukela ekusebenzeni okunciphile ensimini kuya ekungasebenzi kahle ngokuphelele ensimini5,6. Uma kungalawulwa, ukwanda kokumelana nemithi yokubulala isikhunta kuzoqhubeka nokukhula, kunciphisa ukusebenza kwezindlela zokulawula izifo ezikhona futhi kuholele ekulahlekelweni kwesivuno okubi kakhulu7.
Emhlabeni jikelele, ukulahlekelwa kwangaphambi kokuvuna ngenxa yezifo zezitshalo kulinganiselwa ku-10-23%, kanti ukulahlekelwa kwangemva kokuvuna kusuka ku-10% kuya ku-20%. Lokhu kulahlekelwa kulingana nama-calories angu-2,000 okudla ngosuku kubantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezingu-600 kuya ku-4.2 billion unyaka wonke. Njengoba isidingo sokudla emhlabeni wonke kulindeleke ukuthi sande, izinselele zokuphepha kokudla zizoqhubeka nokukhula9. Lezi zinselele kulindeleke ukuthi zibhebhethekiswe esikhathini esizayo yizingozi ezihlobene nokukhula kwabantu emhlabeni wonke kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu10,11,12. Ngakho-ke ikhono lokukhulisa ukudla ngendlela eqhubekayo nangendlela ephumelelayo libalulekile ekusindeni kwabantu, futhi ukulahlekelwa yimithi yokubulala isikhunta njengendlela yokulawula izifo kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu futhi ebhubhisayo kunaleyo etholwa abakhiqizi abayinhloko.
Ukuze kuxazululwe ukumelana ne-fungicide nokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwesivuno, kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa izinto ezintsha kanye nezinsizakalo zokwandisa ezifanelana namakhono abakhiqizi okusebenzisa amasu e-IPM. Ngenkathi iziqondiso ze-IPM zikhuthaza izindlela zokuphatha izinambuzane ezihlala isikhathi eside eziqhubekayo12,13, ukwamukelwa kwemikhuba emisha yokulima ehambisana nemikhuba emihle ye-IPM ngokuvamile kuye kwahamba kancane, naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo ezingaba khona14,15. Izifundo zangaphambilini zibone izinselele ekwamukelweni kwamasu e-IPM azinzile. Lezi zinselele zifaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa okungaguquki kwamasu e-IPM, izincomo ezingacacile, kanye nokwenzeka kwezomnotho kwamasu e-IPM16. Ukuthuthukiswa kokumelana ne-fungicide kuyinselele entsha embonini. Nakuba idatha ngale ndaba ikhula, ukuqwashisa ngomthelela wayo wezomnotho kusalokhu kulinganiselwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abakhiqizi bavame ukuntuleka ukwesekwa futhi babona ukulawula izinambuzane njengokulula futhi okungabizi kakhulu, noma ngabe bathola amanye amasu e-IPM ewusizo17. Njengoba kubhekwa ukubaluleka kwemiphumela yezifo ekusebenzeni kahle kokukhiqizwa kokudla, i-fungicide cishe izohlala iyindlela ebalulekile ye-IPM esikhathini esizayo. Ukuqaliswa kwamasu e-IPM, okuhlanganisa nokwethulwa kokumelana kwezakhi zofuzo okuthuthukisiwe, ngeke kugxile ekulawulweni kwezifo kuphela kodwa futhi kuzobaluleka ekugcineni ukusebenza kahle kwamakhemikhali asebenzayo asetshenziswa kuma-fungicide.
Amapulazi enza iminikelo ebalulekile ekuphepheni kokudla, futhi abacwaningi nezinhlangano zikahulumeni kumele bakwazi ukuhlinzeka abalimi ngobuchwepheshe kanye nezinto ezintsha, okuhlanganisa nezinsizakalo zokwandisa, ezithuthukisa futhi zigcine umkhiqizo wezitshalo. Kodwa-ke, izithiyo ezibalulekile ekwamukelweni kobuchwepheshe kanye nezinto ezintsha ngabakhiqizi zivela endleleni “yokwandisa ucwaningo” evela phezulu kuya phansi, egxile ekudluliselweni kobuchwepheshe kusuka kochwepheshe kuya kubalimi ngaphandle kokunaka kakhulu iminikelo yabakhiqizi bendawo18,19. Ucwaningo luka-Anil et al.19 luthole ukuthi le ndlela iholele emazingeni aguquguqukayo okwamukelwa kobuchwepheshe obusha emapulazini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lugcizelele ukuthi abakhiqizi bavame ukuveza ukukhathazeka lapho ucwaningo lwezolimo lusetshenziselwa izinjongo zesayensi kuphela. Ngokufanayo, ukwehluleka ukubeka phambili ukuthembeka kanye nokufaneleka kolwazi kubakhiqizi kungaholela egebeni lokuxhumana elithinta ukwamukelwa kwezinto ezintsha ezintsha zezolimo kanye nezinye izinsizakalo zokwandisa20,21. Lokhu okutholakele kusikisela ukuthi abacwaningi bangase bangaziqondi ngokugcwele izidingo kanye nokukhathazeka kwabakhiqizi lapho behlinzeka ngolwazi.
Intuthuko kwezolimo igcizelele ukubaluleka kokubandakanya abakhiqizi bendawo ezinhlelweni zocwaningo kanye nokwenza kube lula ukubambisana phakathi kwezikhungo zocwaningo kanye nezimboni18,22,23. Kodwa-ke, kudingeka umsebenzi owengeziwe ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwamamodeli okusetshenziswa kwe-IPM akhona kanye nezinga lokwamukelwa kobuchwepheshe bokuphathwa kwezinambuzane obuqhubekayo besikhathi eside. Ngokomlando, izinsizakalo zokwelula ziye zanikezwa kakhulu ngumkhakha womphakathi24,25. Kodwa-ke, ukuthambekela emapulazini amakhulu ezentengiselwano, izinqubomgomo zezolimo ezigxile emakethe, kanye nokuguga nokuncipha kwabantu basemakhaya kunciphise isidingo samazinga aphezulu okuxhaswa ngemali komphakathi24,25,26. Ngenxa yalokho, ohulumeni emazweni amaningi athuthukile, kufaka phakathi i-Australia, banciphise ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqondile kwezolimo, okuholele ekuthembekeni okukhulu emkhakheni wezolimo ozimele ukuhlinzeka ngalezi zinsizakalo27,28,29,30. Kodwa-ke, ukuthembela kuphela kwezolimo ezizimele kuye kwagxekwa ngenxa yokufinyeleleka okulinganiselwe emapulazini amancane kanye nokunganaki okwanele ezindabeni zemvelo kanye nokusimama. Indlela yokusebenzisana ehilela izinsizakalo zokwandisa zomphakathi nezangasese manje iyanconywa31,32. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo ngemibono yabakhiqizi kanye nezimo zengqondo mayelana nezinsiza zokulawula ukumelana ne-fungicide ezingcono kakhulu lulinganiselwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezikhala ezincwadini mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezinhlelo zokwandisa ezisebenzayo ekusizeni abakhiqizi ukubhekana nokumelana ne-fungicide.
Abeluleki bomuntu siqu (njengezazi zezolimo) banikeza abakhiqizi ukwesekwa kochwepheshe kanye nobuchwepheshe33. E-Australia, abakhiqizi abangaphezu kwengxenye basebenzisa izinsizakalo zesazi sezolimo, kanti isilinganiso siyahlukahluka ngokwesifunda futhi lo mkhuba kulindeleke ukuthi ukhule20. Abakhiqizi bathi bakhetha ukugcina imisebenzi ilula, okubenza baqashe abeluleki abazimele ukuphatha izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, njengezinsizakalo zezolimo ezinembile njengokudweba amasimu, idatha yendawo yokuphathwa kwamadlelo kanye nokusekelwa kwemishini20; Ngakho-ke, izazi zezolimo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwandiseni ezolimo njengoba zisiza abakhiqizi ukuthi bamukele ubuchwepheshe obusha ngenkathi beqinisekisa ukuthi kulula ukusebenza.
Izinga eliphezulu lokusetshenziswa kwezazi zezolimo lithonywa nawukwamukelwa kwezeluleko 'zenkokhelo-yenkonzo' ezivela kontanga (isib. abanye abakhiqizi 34). Uma kuqhathaniswa nabacwaningi kanye nama-ejenti kahulumeni okwandisa, izazi zezolimo ezizimele zivame ukwakha ubudlelwano obuqinile, obuvame ukuba isikhathi eside nabakhiqizi ngokuvakashela njalo epulazini 35. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi zezolimo zigxila ekuhlinzekeni ukwesekwa okusebenzayo kunokuzama ukukholisa abalimi ukuthi bamukele imikhuba emisha noma bahambisane nemithethonqubo, futhi izeluleko zabo cishe zizoba wusizo kubakhiqizi 33. Ngakho-ke izazi zezolimo ezizimele zivame ukubhekwa njengemithombo yezeluleko engachemile 33, 36.
Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwango-2008 olwenziwe ngu-Ingram 33 lwavuma amandla aguquguqukayo ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwezazi zezolimo nabalimi. Ucwaningo luvumile ukuthi izindlela eziqinile nezinobushiqela zingaba nomthelela omubi ekwabelaneni ngolwazi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kunezimo lapho izazi zezolimo zishiya khona imikhuba emihle ukuze zigweme ukulahlekelwa amakhasimende. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuhlola indima yezazi zezolimo ezimweni ezahlukene, ikakhulukazi ngokombono womkhiqizi. Njengoba ukumelana nesikhunta kuletha izinselele ekukhiqizweni kwebhali, ukuqonda ubudlelwano obuthuthukiswa abakhiqizi bebhali nezazi zezolimo kubalulekile ekusabalaliseni ngempumelelo izinto ezintsha ezintsha.
Ukusebenza namaqembu abakhiqizi nakho kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokwandiswa kwezolimo. La maqembu ayizinhlangano zomphakathi ezizimele, ezizibusayo ezakhiwe ngabalimi namalungu omphakathi agxile ezindabeni ezihlobene namabhizinisi aphethwe ngabalimi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukubamba iqhaza okusebenzayo ezivivinyweni zocwaningo, ukuthuthukisa izixazululo zebhizinisi lezolimo ezilungiselelwe izidingo zendawo, kanye nokwabelana ngemiphumela yocwaningo nentuthuko nabanye abakhiqizi16,37. Impumelelo yamaqembu abakhiqizi ingabangelwa ukushintsha kusuka endleleni yokusuka phezulu iye phansi (isib. imodeli yososayensi-umlimi) kuya endleleni yokwandiswa komphakathi ebeka phambili okokufaka komkhiqizi, ekhuthaza ukufunda okuziqondisayo, futhi ekhuthaza ukubamba iqhaza okusebenzayo16,19,38,39,40.
U-Anil nabanye abangu-19 benze izingxoxo ezihlelekile kancane namalungu eqembu labakhiqizi ukuze bahlole izinzuzo ezibonwayo zokujoyina iqembu. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi abakhiqizi babona amaqembu abakhiqizi njenganethonya elikhulu ekufundeni kwabo ubuchwepheshe obusha, okwaba nomthelela ekwamukelweni kwabo kwemikhuba yokulima emisha. Amaqembu abakhiqizi ayephumelela kakhulu ekwenzeni izivivinyo ezingeni lendawo kunasezikhungweni zocwaningo ezinkulu zikazwelonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayebhekwa njengeplatifomu engcono yokwabelana ngolwazi. Ikakhulukazi, izinsuku zasensimini zazibhekwa njengeplatifomu ewusizo yokwabelana ngolwazi kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga ngokubambisana, okuvumela ukuxazulula izinkinga ngokubambisana.
Ubunzima bokwamukelwa kwabalimi ubuchwepheshe obusha kanye nemikhuba budlula ukuqonda okulula kobuchwepheshe41. Kunalokho, inqubo yokwamukela izinto ezintsha kanye nemikhuba ihilela ukucatshangelwa kwamanani, imigomo, kanye namanethiwekhi omphakathi asebenzisana nezinqubo zokwenza izinqumo zabakhiqizi41,42,43,44. Nakuba kunesiqondiso esiningi esitholakala kubakhiqizi, izinto ezintsha kanye nemikhuba ethile kuphela emukelwa ngokushesha. Njengoba kukhiqizwa imiphumela emisha yocwaningo, ukusebenziseka kwayo ezinguqukweni zemikhuba yokulima kumele kuhlolwe, futhi ezimweni eziningi kukhona igebe phakathi kokusebenziseka kwemiphumela kanye nezinguquko ezihlosiwe ekusebenzeni. Okungcono kakhulu, ekuqaleni kwephrojekthi yocwaningo, ukusebenziseka kwemiphumela yocwaningo kanye nezinketho ezitholakalayo zokuthuthukisa ukusebenziseka kucatshangelwa ngokuklama ngokubambisana kanye nokubamba iqhaza embonini.
Ukuze kutholakale ukuthi imiphumela ehlobene nokumelana ne-fungicide iwusizo kangakanani, lolu cwaningo lwenze izingxoxo ezijulile ngocingo nabalimi abasesigabeni sokusanhlamvu saseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNtshonalanga Australia. Indlela esetshenzisiwe yayihlose ukukhuthaza ukubambisana phakathi kwabacwaningi nabalimi, kugcizelelwa izindinganiso zokuthembana, inhlonipho kanye nokwenza izinqumo ezihlanganyelwe45. Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuhlola imibono yabalimi ngezinsizakusebenza zokuphatha ukumelana ne-fungicide ezikhona, ukuhlonza izinsiza ezazitholakala kalula kubo, nokuhlola izinsiza abalimi abangathanda ukufinyelela kuzo kanye nezizathu zezintandokazi zabo. Ngokukhethekile, lolu cwaningo lubhekana nemibuzo elandelayo yocwaningo:
I-RQ3 Yiziphi ezinye izinsizakalo zokusabalalisa ukumelana nesikhunta abakhiqizi abanethemba lokuzithola esikhathini esizayo futhi yiziphi izizathu zokukhetha kwabo?
Lolu cwaningo lusebenzise indlela yocwaningo lwecala ukuhlola imibono yabalimi kanye nezimo zengqondo mayelana nezinsizakusebenza ezihlobene nokuphathwa kokumelana nokubulala amagciwane. Ithuluzi locwaningo lakhiwe ngokubambisana nabameleli bemboni futhi lihlanganisa izindlela zokuqoqwa kwedatha ezisezingeni eliphezulu nezinobuningi. Ngokusebenzisa le ndlela, sasihlose ukuthola ukuqonda okujulile okuhlangenwe nakho kwabalimi okuhlukile kokuphathwa kokumelana nokubulala amagciwane, okusivumela ukuthi sithole ukuqonda okuhlangenwe nakho kanye nemibono yabalimi. Ucwaningo lwenziwe ngesikhathi sokulima sika-2019/2020 njengengxenye yeProjekthi yeBarley Disease Cohort, uhlelo locwaningo olubambisene nabalimi esifundeni esiseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeWestern Australia. Uhlelo luhlose ukuhlola ukusabalala kokumelana nokubulala amagciwane esifundeni ngokuhlola amasampula amaqabunga ebhali anesifo atholwe kubalimi. Abahlanganyeli beProjekthi yeBarley Disease Cohort bavela ezindaweni eziphakathi nendawo kuya kwezinemvula enkulu esifundeni esitshala okusanhlamvu eWestern Australia. Amathuba okuhlanganyela ayadalwa bese ekhangiswa (ngeziteshi ezahlukene zemidiya kufaka phakathi izinkundla zokuxhumana) futhi abalimi bayamenywa ukuba bazikhethele bona ukuthi bahlanganyele. Bonke abaphakanyisiwe abanentshisekelo bayamukelwa kulo msebenzi.
Ucwaningo luthole imvume yokuziphatha kwi-Curtin University Human Research Ethics Committee (HRE2020-0440) futhi lwenziwa ngokuhambisana neSitatimende Sikazwelonke Sokuziphatha Kokuziphatha Kocwaningo Lwabantu 46 sango-2007. Abalimi kanye nochwepheshe bezolimo ababevumile ngaphambilini ukuthintana nabo mayelana nokuphathwa kokumelana nokubulala amagciwane manje sebekwazi ukwabelana ngolwazi mayelana nemikhuba yabo yokuphatha. Abahlanganyeli banikezwe isitatimende solwazi kanye nefomu lemvume ngaphambi kokubamba iqhaza. Imvume enolwazi yatholakala kubo bonke abahlanganyeli ngaphambi kokubamba iqhaza ocwaningweni. Izindlela eziyinhloko zokuqoqa idatha kwakuyizingxoxo zocingo ezijulile kanye nocwaningo oluku-inthanethi. Ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana, isethi efanayo yemibuzo egcwaliswe ngemibuzo ephethwe yibo yafundwa ngokuqondile kubahlanganyeli abaqedela ucwaningo locingo. Akukho lwazi olwengeziwe olunikeziwe ukuqinisekisa ukulunga kwazo zombili izindlela zocwaningo.
Ucwaningo luthole imvume yokuziphatha kwi-Curtin University Human Research Ethics Committee (HRE2020-0440) futhi lwenziwa ngokuhambisana neSitatimende Sikazwelonke Sokuziphatha Kokuziphatha Kocwaningo Lwabantu sika-2007 46. Imvume enolwazi yatholakala kubo bonke abahlanganyeli ngaphambi kokubamba iqhaza ocwaningweni.
Abakhiqizi abangu-137 bahlanganyele ocwaningweni, abangu-82% kubo baqede ingxoxo yocingo kanti abangu-18% baqedele uhlu lwemibuzo ngokwabo. Iminyaka yabahlanganyeli yayisukela eminyakeni engu-22 kuya kwengu-69, kanye nobudala obuphakathi kweminyaka engu-44. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo emkhakheni wezolimo kwaqala eminyakeni emi-2 kuya kwengu-54, kanye nobudala obuphakathi kweminyaka engu-25. Ngokwesilinganiso, abalimi bahlwanyele amahektha angu-1,122 ebhali ezindaweni eziyi-10. Iningi labakhiqizi litshale izinhlobo ezimbili zebhali (48%), kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene kusukela kohlobo olulodwa (33%) kuya ezinhlotsheni ezinhlanu (0.7%). Ukusatshalaliswa kwabahlanganyeli bocwaningo kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1, owadalwa kusetshenziswa inguqulo ye-QGIS 3.28.3-Firenze47.
Imephu yabahlanganyeli benhlolovo ngekhodi yeposi kanye nezindawo zemvula: ephansi, ephakathi nendawo, ephezulu. Usayizi wesibonakaliso ubonisa inani labahlanganyeli eWestern Australian Grain Belt. Imephu yadalwa kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-QGIS version 3.28.3-Firenze.
Idatha esezingeni elifanele ephume yabhalwa ngesandla kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kokuqukethwe okuholela ekukhiqizweni, futhi izimpendulo zaqala zafakwa ikhodi evulekile48. Hlaziya izinto ngokufunda kabusha nokuqaphela noma yiziphi izingqikithi ezivelayo ukuchaza izici zokuqukethwe49,50,51. Ngemva kwenqubo yokucashunwa, izingqikithi ezitholiwe zahlukaniswa kabanzi ngezihloko ezisezingeni eliphezulu51,52. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2, inhloso yalokhu kuhlaziywa okuhlelekile ukuthola ukuqonda okubalulekile ngezici eziyinhloko ezithonya izintandokazi zabalimi zezinsiza ezithile zokuphathwa kokumelana ne-fungicide, ngaleyo ndlela kucaciswe izinqubo zokwenza izinqumo ezihlobene nokuphathwa kwezifo. Izingqikithi ezitholiwe ziyahlaziywa futhi kuxoxwe ngazo ngokuningiliziwe esigabeni esilandelayo.
Ekuphenduleni uMbuzo 1, izimpendulo zedatha yekhwalithi (n=128) zembule ukuthi izazi zezolimo zaziyimithombo esetshenziswa kakhulu, kanti abalimi abangaphezu kuka-84% bakhomba izazi zezolimo njengomthombo wabo oyinhloko wolwazi lokumelana ne-fungicide (n=108). Ngokuthakazelisayo, izazi zezolimo zazingeyona nje imithombo evame ukucashunwa kakhulu, kodwa futhi zaziwumthombo kuphela wolwazi lokumelana ne-fungicide lwengxenye enkulu yabalimi, kanti abangaphezu kuka-24% (n=31) babalimi bathembele kuphela noma bakhomba izazi zezolimo njengomthombo okhethekile. Iningi labalimi (okungukuthi, ama-72% ezimpendulo noma ama-n=93) libonise ukuthi bavame ukuthembela kochwepheshe bezolimo ukuze bathole iseluleko, ukufunda ucwaningo, noma ukubonisana nabezindaba. Imithombo yezindaba edumile eku-inthanethi kanye neyokunyathelisa yayivame ukucashunwa njengemithombo ekhethwayo yolwazi lokumelana ne-fungicide. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abakhiqizi bathembele emibikweni yezimboni, ezincwadini zezindaba zendawo, komagazini, ezokuxhumana zasemakhaya, noma emithonjeni yocwaningo engakhombisi ukufinyelela kwabo. Abakhiqizi babevame ukucashunwa imithombo eminingi ye-elekthronikhi kanye neyokunyathelisa, bebonisa imizamo yabo yokuqalisa ukuthola nokuhlaziya izifundo ezahlukahlukene.
Omunye umthombo obalulekile wolwazi yizingxoxo nezeluleko ezivela kwabanye abakhiqizi, ikakhulukazi ngokuxhumana nabangani nomakhelwane. Isibonelo, i-P023: “Ukushintshana kwezolimo (abangane enyakatho bathola izifo kusenesikhathi)” kanye ne-P006: “Abangane, omakhelwane nabalimi.” Ngaphezu kwalokho, abakhiqizi bathembele emaqenjini ezolimo endawo (n = 16), njengamaqembu abalimi bendawo noma abakhiqizi, amaqembu okufutha, kanye namaqembu ezolimo. Kwakuvame ukushiwo ukuthi abantu bendawo babehilelekile kulezi zingxoxo. Isibonelo, i-P020: “Iqembu lokuthuthukisa amapulazi endawo kanye nezikhulumi zezivakashi” kanye ne-P031: “Sineqembu lokufutha endawo elinginika ulwazi oluwusizo.”
Izinsuku zasensimini zishiwo njengomunye umthombo wolwazi (n = 12), ngokuvamile zihlanganiswa nezeluleko ezivela kosolwazi bezolimo, abezindaba abanyathelisiwe kanye nezingxoxo nozakwabo (bendawo). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinsiza eziku-inthanethi ezifana ne-Google kanye ne-Twitter (n = 9), abameleli bezentengiso kanye nokukhangisa (n = 3) azikhulunywa kakhulu. Le miphumela igcizelela isidingo sezinsiza ezahlukahlukene nezifinyelelekayo zokuphathwa okuphumelelayo kokumelana ne-fungicide, kucatshangelwa okuthandwa ngabalimi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo ehlukene yolwazi nokusekelwa.
Ekuphenduleni uMbuzo 2, abalimi babuzwa ukuthi kungani bekhetha imithombo yolwazi ehlobene nokuphathwa kokumelana ne-fungicide. Ukuhlaziywa kwezihloko kwembule izingqikithi ezine ezibalulekile ezibonisa ukuthi kungani abalimi bethembele emithonjeni ethile yolwazi.
Lapho bethola imibiko yezimboni kanye nekahulumeni, abakhiqizi babheka imithombo yolwazi abayibona njengethembekile, ethembekile, futhi esesikhathini. Isibonelo, i-P115: “Ulwazi lwamanje, oluthembekile, oluthembekile, olusezingeni eliphezulu” kanye ne-P057: “Ngenxa yokuthi ulwazi luhloliwe futhi luqiniswe. Luyinto entsha futhi lutholakala e-paddock.” Abakhiqizi babona ulwazi oluvela kochwepheshe njengoluthembekile futhi olusezingeni eliphezulu. Izazi zezolimo, ikakhulukazi, zibhekwa njengochwepheshe abanolwazi abakhiqizi abangabethemba ukuthi bazonikeza iseluleko esithembekile nesinengqondo. Omunye umkhiqizi uthe: I-P131: “[Isazi sezolimo] sami sazi zonke izinkinga, singuchwepheshe kulo mkhakha, sinikeza isevisi ekhokhelwayo, ngethemba lokuthi singanikeza iseluleko esifanele” kanye nesinye i-P107: “Sihlala sitholakala, isazi sezolimo singumphathi ngoba sinolwazi namakhono ocwaningo.”
Izazi zezolimo zivame ukuchazwa njengezithembekile futhi zithenjwa kalula ngabakhiqizi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi zezolimo zibhekwa njengesixhumanisi phakathi kwabakhiqizi nocwaningo olusezingeni eliphezulu. Zibhekwa njengezibalulekile ekuvaleni igebe phakathi kocwaningo olungabonakali olungabonakala luhlobene nezinkinga zendawo kanye nezindaba 'ezisemhlabeni' noma 'epulazini'. Benza ucwaningo lokuthi abakhiqizi bangase bangabi nesikhathi noma izinsiza zokwenza nokuhlanganisa lolu cwaningo ngezingxoxo ezinengqondo. Isibonelo, i-P010: yaphawula, 'Izazi zezolimo zinezwi lokugcina. Ziyisixhumanisi socwaningo lwakamuva futhi abalimi banolwazi ngoba bayazazi izinkinga futhi bakhokhelwa yibo.' Futhi i-P043: yanezela, 'Themba izazi zezolimo nolwazi abalunikezayo. Ngiyajabula ukuthi iphrojekthi yokulawula ukumelana ne-fungicide iyenzeka - ulwazi lungamandla futhi ngeke kudingeke ngichithe yonke imali yami kumakhemikhali amasha.'
Ukusabalala kwezinhlamvu zesikhunta ezibangelwa amagciwane kungavela emapulazini angomakhelwane noma ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, njengomoya, imvula kanye nezinambuzane. Ngakho-ke ulwazi lwendawo lubhekwa njengolubaluleke kakhulu njengoba luvame ukuba yindlela yokuqala yokuzivikela ezinkingeni ezingaba khona ezihlobene nokuphathwa kokumelana nesikhunta. Kwesinye isimo, umhlanganyeli P012: uphawule wathi, “Imiphumela evela [kusochwepheshe bezolimo] ingeyasendaweni, kulula kakhulu kimi ukuxhumana nabo futhi ngithole ulwazi kubo.” Omunye umkhiqizi unikeze isibonelo sokuthembela esizathwini sezazi zezolimo zendawo, egcizelela ukuthi abakhiqizi bakhetha ochwepheshe abatholakala endaweni futhi abanomlando oqinisekisiwe wokufeza imiphumela oyifunayo. Isibonelo, P022: “Abantu baqamba amanga ezinkundleni zokuxhumana - phakamisa amathayi akho (bethemba kakhulu abantu osebenzisana nabo).
Abakhiqizi bayazisa iseluleko esiqondiwe sochwepheshe bezolimo ngoba banabantu abaningi bendawo futhi bajwayelene nezimo zendawo. Bathi ochwepheshe bezolimo bavame ukuba ngabokuqala ukuhlonza nokuqonda izinkinga ezingaba khona epulazini ngaphambi kokuba zenzeke. Lokhu kubavumela ukuthi banikeze iseluleko esiqondiwe esifanela izidingo zepulazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ochwepheshe bezolimo bavame ukuvakashela ipulazi, okuthuthukisa ikhono labo lokunikeza iseluleko nokusekelwa okuqondiwe. Isibonelo, P044: “Themba isazi sezolimo ngoba sikhona yonke indawo futhi sizobona inkinga ngaphambi kokuba ngazi ngayo. Khona-ke isazi sezolimo singanikeza iseluleko esiqondiwe. Isazi sezolimo siyazi kahle indawo ngoba sisendaweni. Ngivame ukulima. Sinamakhasimende amaningi ezindaweni ezifanayo.”
Imiphumela ikhombisa ukulungela kwemboni ukuhlolwa kokumelana ne-fungicide kwezentengiselwano noma izinsizakalo zokuxilonga, kanye nesidingo sokuthi izinsizakalo ezinjalo zihlangabezane namazinga okulula, okuqondakalayo, kanye nesikhathi. Lokhu kunganikeza isiqondiso esibalulekile njengoba imiphumela yocwaningo lokumelana ne-fungicide kanye nokuhlolwa kuba yiqiniso lezentengiselwano elingabizi.
Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuhlola imibono kanye nezimo zengqondo zabalimi mayelana nezinsizakalo zokwandisa ezihlobene nokuphathwa kokumelana nokubulala amagciwane. Sisebenzise indlela yokucwaninga ngecala elifanele ukuze sithole ukuqonda okuningiliziwe okuhlangenwe nakho kwabalimi kanye nemibono. Njengoba izingozi ezihlobene nokumelana nokubulala amagciwane kanye nokulahlekelwa kwesivuno kuqhubeka nokwanda5, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi abalimi bathola kanjani ulwazi futhi bathole iziteshi ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zokulusakaza, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokwanda kwezifo.
Sibuze abakhiqizi ukuthi yiziphi izinsizakalo zokwandisa kanye nezinsiza abazisebenzisayo ukuthola ulwazi oluhlobene nokuphathwa kokumelana ne-fungicide, ikakhulukazi eziteshini zokwandisa ezikhethwayo kwezolimo. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi abakhiqizi abaningi bafuna iseluleko kosochwepheshe bezolimo abakhokhelwayo, ngokuvamile ngokuhlanganiswa nolwazi oluvela kuhulumeni noma ezikhungweni zocwaningo. Le miphumela ihambisana nezifundo zangaphambilini eziqokomisa ukukhetha okuvamile kokukhulisa okuzimele, lapho abakhiqizi bekwazisa ubuchwepheshe babeluleki bezolimo abakhokhelwayo53,54. Ucwaningo lwethu luphinde lwathola ukuthi inani elikhulu labakhiqizi lihlanganyela ngenkuthalo ezinkundleni eziku-inthanethi ezifana namaqembu abakhiqizi bendawo kanye nezinsuku zasensimini ezihleliwe. Lawa manethiwekhi afaka nezikhungo zocwaningo zomphakathi nezangasese. Le miphumela ihambisana nocwaningo olukhona olubonisa ukubaluleka kwezindlela ezisekelwe emphakathini19,37,38. Lezi zindlela zenza kube lula ukubambisana phakathi kwezinhlangano zomphakathi nezangasese futhi zenze ulwazi olufanele lutholakale kalula kubakhiqizi.
Siphinde sahlola ukuthi kungani abakhiqizi bekhetha izinto ezithile ezifakiwe, sifuna ukuthola izici ezenza izinto ezithile ezifakiwe zikhange kakhulu kubo. Abakhiqizi baveze isidingo sokufinyelela kochwepheshe abathembekile abafanele ucwaningo (Isihloko 2.1), esasihlobene kakhulu nokusetshenziswa kochwepheshe bezolimo. Ngokuqondile, abakhiqizi baphawule ukuthi ukuqasha isazi sezolimo kubanika ukufinyelela ocwaningweni oluyinkimbinkimbi noluthuthukisiwe ngaphandle kokuzibophezela isikhathi esiningi, okusiza ukunqoba izithiyo ezifana nezithiyo zesikhathi noma ukuntuleka kokuqeqeshwa kanye nokujwayelana nezindlela ezithile. Lokhu okutholakele kuhambisana nocwaningo lwangaphambilini olubonisa ukuthi abakhiqizi bavame ukuthembela kochwepheshe bezolimo ukuze benze lula izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi20.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-13-2024