Nakuba ama-nematode ezitshalo abangela izifo ezibangelwa yizinambuzane ayingxenye yezingozi zama-nematode, awazona izinambuzane zezitshalo, kodwa izifo zezitshalo.
I-root-knot nematode (i-Meloidogyne) iyi-nematode yezitshalo ezisakazeka kabanzi futhi eziyingozi emhlabeni. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-2000 emhlabeni, okuhlanganisa cishe zonke izitshalo ezitshaliwe, zizwela kakhulu ekuthelelekeni kwe-root-knot nematode. Ama-root-knot nematode athelela amangqamuzana ezicubu zezimpande ukuze akhe amathumba, athinta ukumuncwa kwamanzi nezakhamzimba, okuholela ekukhuleni kwezitshalo okuntengantengayo, ukufiphala, ukuphuzi, ukubuna, ukugoba kwamaqabunga, ukukhubazeka kwezithelo, ngisho nokufa kwesitshalo sonke, okuholela ekunciphiseni kwezitshalo emhlabeni jikelele.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukulawulwa kwezifo ze-nematode kube yinto egxile ezinkampanini zokuvikela izitshalo zomhlaba wonke kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo. I-nematode ye-cyst yesoya iyisizathu esibalulekile sokunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-soya eBrazil, e-United States nakwamanye amazwe abalulekile athumela ngaphandle i-soya. Njengamanje, yize ezinye izindlela ezibonakalayo noma izindlela zezolimo zisetshenzisiwe ekulawuleni isifo se-nematode, njengokuthi: ukuhlola izinhlobo ezimelana nezifo, ukusebenzisa iziphunzi zezimpande ezimelana nezifo, ukujikeleziswa kwezitshalo, ukuthuthukisa inhlabathi, njll., izindlela zokulawula ezibaluleke kakhulu kuseyizo zokulawula amakhemikhali noma ukulawula izinto eziphilayo.
Indlela yokusebenza kwesenzo sokuxhumanisa izimpande
Umlando wokuphila kwe-root-knot nematode uqukethe iqanda, i-instar larva yokuqala, i-instar larva yesibili, i-instar larva yesithathu, i-instar larva yesine kanye ne-adult. I-larva ifana ne-worm encane, i-heteromorphic, i-duna iqondile, kanti i-female inesimo se-pear. I-instar lar yesibili ingahamba emanzini e-pore yenhlabathi, ifune impande yesitshalo esiphethe ngokusebenzisa ama-allele azwelayo ekhanda, ihlasele isitshalo esiphethe ngokubhoboza i-epidermis endaweni ende yempande yesiphethe, bese ihamba esikhaleni esiphakathi kwamaseli, idlulele esicongweni sempande, bese ifinyelela i-meristem yempande. Ngemva kokuba i-instar lar yesibili ifinyelele i-meristem yesihloko sempande, i-larva ibuyela emuva esiqondisweni se-vascular bundle futhi ifike endaweni yokuthuthukiswa kwe-xylem. Lapha, i-instar larva yesibili ibhoboza amangqamuzana esiphethe ngenaliti yomlomo bese ifaka uketshezi lwe-esophageal gland kumaseli ezimpande zesiphethe. I-Auxin kanye nama-enzyme ahlukahlukene aqukethwe ekukhishweni kwendlala ye-esophageal kungabangela amangqamuzana ombusi ukuba aguquke abe “amangqamuzana amakhulu” ane-nuclei ene-nuclei eningi, ecebile ngama-suborganelles kanye ne-metabolism enamandla. Amangqamuzana e-cortical azungeze amangqamuzana amakhulu ayanda futhi akhule futhi avuvuke ngaphansi kwethonya lamangqamuzana amakhulu, akha izimpawu ezivamile zamaqhuqhuva ezimpandeni ebusweni bempande. Izibungu zesibili ezingaphakathi zisebenzisa amangqamuzana amakhulu njengezindawo zokudla ukuze zimunce izakhamzimba namanzi futhi zinganyakazi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, izibungu zesibili ezingaphakathi zingabangela umbusi ukuthi akhiqize amangqamuzana amakhulu emahoreni angama-24 ngemva kokutheleleka, futhi akhule abe yizibungu ezindala ngemva kokuqothuka kathathu ezinsukwini ezingama-20 ezilandelayo. Ngemva kwalokho abesilisa bayahamba futhi bashiye izimpande, abesifazane bahlala bemile futhi baqhubeke nokukhula, beqala ukubeka amaqanda cishe ezinsukwini ezingama-28. Lapho izinga lokushisa lingaphezu kuka-10 ℃, amaqanda ayachanyuselwa eqhuqhuveni lempande, izibungu zokuqala ezingaphakathi emaqandeni, izibungu zesibili ezingaphakathi zikhipha amaqanda, zishiya umbusi emhlabathini futhi ukutheleleka.
Ama-nematode e-root-knot anezinhlobonhlobo zezindawo zokuhlala, ezingaba yizilokazane ezinhlotsheni ezingaphezu kuka-3 000 zezindawo zokuhlala, njengemifino, izitshalo zokudla, izitshalo ezithengiswayo, izihlahla zezithelo, izitshalo zokuhlobisa kanye nokhula. Izimpande zemifino ezithintekile yi-root knot nematodes zakha kuqala ama-nodules anobukhulu obuhlukene, amhlophe njengobisi ekuqaleni kanye nsundu okhanyayo esigabeni sakamuva. Ngemva kokutheleleka yi-root-node nematode, izitshalo ezisemhlabathini zazimfushane, amagatsha namaqabunga ayenciphile noma ephuzi, ukukhula kwancipha, umbala wamaqabunga wawulula, kanti ukukhula kwezitshalo ezigula kakhulu kwakubuthakathaka, izitshalo zabuna ngenxa yesomiso, futhi sonke isitshalo safa ngesikhathi esibi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulawulwa kwempendulo yokuzivikela, umphumela wokuvinjelwa kanye nomonakalo wezicubu obangelwa ama-nematode e-root-knot ezitshalweni nakho kwasiza ekuhlaselweni kwamagciwane athwalwa inhlabathi njenge-fusarium wilt kanye namagciwane okubola kwezimpande, ngaleyo ndlela kwakha izifo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi kwabangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu.
Izinyathelo zokuvimbela nokulawula
Ama-linecides endabuko angahlukaniswa abe ama-fumigants kanye nama-non-fumigants ngokwezindlela ezahlukene zokusebenzisa.
I-Fumigant
Kuhlanganisa ama-hydrocarbon ane-halogenated kanye nama-isothiocyanates, kanti ama-non-fumigants afaka i-organophosphorus kanye nama-carbamates. Njengamanje, phakathi kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe eShayina, i-bromomethane (into eqeda i-ozone, evinjelwa kancane kancane) kanye ne-chloropicrin kukhona ama-hydrocarbon compounds ane-halogenated, angavimbela ukwakheka kwamaprotheni kanye nokusabela kwamakhemikhali ngesikhathi sokuphefumula kwama-nematode e-root knot. Ama-fumigants amabili yi-methyl isothiocyanate, engawohloka futhi ikhulule i-methyl isothiocyanate kanye namanye ama-molecule amancane enhlabathini. I-Methyl isothiocyanate ingangena emzimbeni we-root knot nematode futhi ibophe kwi-oxygen carrier globulin, ngaleyo ndlela ivimbele ukuphefumula kwe-root knot nematode ukuze kufezwe umphumela obulalayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-sulfuryl fluoride kanye ne-calcium cyanamide nazo zibhaliswe njengezifutha ukulawula ama-nematode e-root knot eShayina.
Kukhona nezinye izinto zokuhlanza i-hydrocarbon ezine-halogen ezingabhalisiwe eShayina, njenge-1, 3-dichloropropylene, i-iodomethane, njll., ezibhalisiwe kwamanye amazwe eYurophu nase-United States njengezithatha indawo ye-bromomethane.
Ayifuthi
Kubandakanya i-organophosphorus kanye ne-carbamates. Phakathi kwe-lineicides engafuthwanga ebhalisiwe ezweni lethu, i-phosphine thiazolium, i-Methanophos, i-phoxiphos kanye ne-chlorpyrifos kungokwe-organophosphorus, kuyilapho i-carboxanil, i-aldicarb kanye ne-carboxanil butathiocarb kungokwe-carbamate. Ama-nematocide angafuthwanga aphazamisa umsebenzi wesimiso sezinzwa wama-nematode e-root knot ngokubopha ku-acetylcholinesterase kuma-synapses ama-nematode e-root knot. Ngokuvamile awabulali ama-nematode e-root knot, kodwa enza kuphela ama-nematode e-root knot alahlekelwe ikhono lawo lokuthola umninimzi futhi athelele, ngakho-ke avame ukubizwa ngokuthi “ama-paralyzer e-nematodes”. Ama-nematocide endabuko angafuthwanga angamakhemikhali anobuthi kakhulu ezinzwa, anendlela efanayo yokusebenza ezilwanyaneni ezinomgogodla kanye nama-arthropod njengama-nematode. Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwemingcele yezici zemvelo nezenhlalo, amazwe amakhulu athuthukile emhlabeni anciphise noma amisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezinambuzane ze-organophosphorus kanye ne-carbamate, futhi aphendukela ekuthuthukisweni kwezinambuzane ezintsha ezisebenzayo kakhulu nezinobuthi obuphansi. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, phakathi kwezinambuzane ezintsha ezingezona i-carbamate/organophosphorus ezithole ukubhaliswa kwe-EPA kukhona i-spiral ethyl (ebhaliswe ngo-2010), i-difluorosulfone (ebhaliswe ngo-2014) kanye ne-fluopyramide (ebhaliswe ngo-2015).
Kodwa eqinisweni, ngenxa yobuthi obuphezulu, ukwenqatshelwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus, azikho izinhlobo eziningi ze-nematocides ezitholakalayo manje. Ama-nematocides angu-371 abhalisiwe eShayina, angu-161 kuwo ayeyisithako esisebenzayo se-abamectin kanti angu-158 ayeyisithako esisebenzayo se-thiazophos. Lezi zithako ezimbili ezisebenzayo zaziyizingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu zokulawula ama-nematode eShayina.
Okwamanje, azikho izinhlobo eziningi ezintsha ze-nematocides, phakathi kwazo i-fluorene sulfoxide, i-spirioxide, i-difluorosulfone kanye ne-fluopyramide ezihamba phambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, maqondana ne-biopesticides, i-Penicillium paraclavidum kanye ne-Bacillus thuringiensis HAN055 ezibhaliswe yi-Kono nazo zinamandla amakhulu emakethe.
Ilungelo lobunikazi lomhlaba wonke lokulawula i-nematode yezimpande zesoya
I-nematode ye-root knot yesoya ingenye yezizathu eziyinhloko zokwehla kwesivuno sesoya emazweni amakhulu athumela isoya kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi i-United States ne-Brazil.
Sekukonke amalungelo obunikazi okuvikela izitshalo angu-4287 ahlobene nama-nematode e-root-knot e-soya afakwe emhlabeni wonke eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. I-root-knot nematode ye-soya emhlabeni ifake izicelo kakhulu zamalungelo obunikazi ezifundeni nasemazweni, eyokuqala yi-European Bureau, eyesibili yi-China, kanye ne-United States, kanti indawo ebaluleke kakhulu ye-root-knot nematode ye-soya, eBrazil, inezicelo zamalungelo obunikazi ezingu-145 kuphela. Futhi iningi lazo livela ezinkampanini zamazwe ngamazwe.
Njengamanje, i-abamectin kanye ne-phosphine thiazole yizona zinto eziyinhloko zokulawula izimpande ze-nematodes eShayina. Futhi umkhiqizo onelungelo lobunikazi i-fluopyramide nawo usuqalile ukusabalala.
I-Avermectin
Ngo-1981, i-abamectin yethulwa emakethe njengendlela yokulawula izimuncagazi zamathumbu ezincelisayo, kwathi ngo-1985 yafakwa njengesibulala-zinambuzane. I-Avermectin ingenye yezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla.
I-Phosphine thiazate
I-Phosphine thiazole iyi-insecticide entsha, esebenza kahle futhi ebanzi engaxutshwe ne-organophosphorus ekhiqizwe yi-Ishihara Company eJapan, futhi isetshenziswe emazweni amaningi njengeJapan. Izifundo zokuqala zikhombisile ukuthi i-phosphine thiazolium ine-endosorption futhi ithutha ezitshalweni futhi inomsebenzi we-broad-spectrum ngokumelene ne-nematodes nezinambuzane ezidlayo. I-nematodes yezitshalo ezidlayo ilimaza izitshalo eziningi ezibalulekile, futhi izakhiwo zebhayoloji nezomzimba kanye nezamakhemikhali ze-phosphine thiazole zifaneleka kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwenhlabathi, ngakho-ke iyi-ejenti efanelekile yokulawula i-nematodes yezitshalo ezidlayo. Njengamanje, i-phosphine thiazolium ingenye ye-nematocides kuphela ebhaliswe emifinweni eShayina, futhi inokumuncwa okuhle kwangaphakathi, ngakho-ke ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa kuphela ukulawula i-nematodes nezinambuzane ezidlayo ezisemhlabeni, kodwa futhi ingasetshenziswa ukulawula izibungu zamaqabunga nezinambuzane ezidlayo eziphezu kwamaqabunga. Indlela eyinhloko yokusebenza kwe-phosphine thiazolides ukuvimbela i-acetylcholinesterase yento ehlosiwe, ethinta imvelo ye-nematode isigaba sesibili sezibungu. I-phosphine thiazole ingavimbela umsebenzi, umonakalo kanye nokuchamisela kwama-nematode, ngakho-ke ingavimbela ukukhula nokuzalela kwama-nematode.
I-Fluopyramide
I-Fluopyramide iyi-fungicide ye-pyridyl ethyl benzamide, eyathuthukiswa futhi yathengiswa yi-Bayer Cropscience, esesesikhathini sobunikazi. I-Fluopyramide inomsebenzi othile wokubulala amagciwane, futhi ibhalisiwe ukulawula i-nematode ye-root knot ezitshalweni, futhi okwamanje iyi-nematicide ethandwa kakhulu. Indlela yokusebenza kwayo ukuvimbela ukuphefumula kwe-mitochondrial ngokuvimbela ukudluliselwa kwe-electron kwe-succinic dehydrogenase ochungechungeni lokuphefumula, nokuvimbela izigaba eziningana zomjikelezo wokukhula kwamagciwane abangela izifo ukuze kufezwe injongo yokulawula amagciwane abangela izifo.
Isithako esisebenzayo se-fluropyramide eShayina sisasesikhathini selungelo lobunikazi. Ezicelweni zayo zelungelo lobunikazi kuma-nematode, amathathu avela eBayer, kanti amane avela eShayina, ahlanganiswe nama-biostimulants noma izithako ezisebenzayo ezahlukene ukulawula ama-nematode. Eqinisweni, ezinye izithako ezisebenzayo ngaphakathi kwesikhathi selungelo lobunikazi zingasetshenziswa ukwenza ukwakheka kwelungelo lobunikazi kusengaphambili ukuze kubanjwe imakethe. Njengezinambuzane ezinhle kakhulu ze-lepidoptera kanye ne-thrips agent ethyl polycidin, ngaphezu kwama-70% wamalungelo obunikazi esicelo sasekhaya afakwa izicelo ngamabhizinisi asekhaya.
Izibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo zokulawula i-nematode
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izindlela zokulawula izinto eziphilayo ezithatha indawo yokulawulwa kwamakhemikhali kwama-nematode e-root knot ziye zathola ukunakwa okukhulu ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Ukuhlukaniswa nokuhlolwa kwama-microorganism anekhono eliphezulu lokulwa nama-nematode e-root-knot yizimo eziyinhloko zokulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ezibikwe kuma-microorganism aphikisana nama-nematode e-root knot kwakuyi-Pasteurella, i-Streptomyces, i-Pseudomonas, i-Bacillus kanye ne-Rhizobium. Kodwa-ke, amanye ama-microorganism kwakunzima ukuwasebenzisa njengemiphumela yawo yokulwa nama-nematode e-root knot ngenxa yobunzima ekukhuleni okwenziwe noma umphumela wokulawula izinto eziphilayo ongazinzile ensimini.
I-Paecilomyces lavviolaceus iyi-parasite ephumelelayo yamaqanda e-nematode yezimpande eziseningizimu kanye ne-Cystocystis albicans. Izinga le-parasite lamaqanda e-nematode yezimpande eziseningizimu liphezulu lifinyelela ku-60% ~ 70%. Indlela yokuvimbela i-Paecilomyces lavviolaceus ngokumelene ne-root-knot nematodes ukuthi ngemva kokuxhumana kwe-Paecilomyces lavviolaceus nama-oocyst e-line worm, ku-substrate ene-viscous, i-mycelium yamagciwane e-biocontrol izungeza lonke iqanda, futhi ukuphela kwe-mycelium kuba lukhuni. Ubuso begobolondo leqanda buphukile ngenxa yemisebenzi ye-metabolites yangaphandle kanye ne-fungal chitinase, bese isikhunta sihlasela futhi sithathe indawo yaso. Ingakhipha futhi ubuthi obubulala ama-nematode. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukubulala amaqanda. Kunezinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili zokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane eShayina. Njengamanje, i-Paecilomyces lilaclavi ayinayo ifomu lomthamo ohlanganisiwe othengiswayo, kodwa ukwakheka kwayo kwelungelo lobunikazi eShayina kunelungelo lobunikazi lokuhlanganisa nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ukuze kwandiswe umsebenzi wokusetshenziswa.
Ukukhishwa kwesitshalo
Imikhiqizo yezitshalo zemvelo ingasetshenziswa ngokuphephile ukulawula i-root knot nematode, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zezitshalo noma izinto ze-nematoidal ezikhiqizwa izitshalo ukulawula izifo ze-root knot nematode kuhambisana kakhulu nezidingo zokuphepha kwemvelo kanye nokuphepha kokudla.
Izingxenye zezitshalo ze-nematoidal zikhona kuzo zonke izitho zesitshalo futhi zingatholakala ngokucwiliswa ngomusi, ukukhishwa kwezinto eziphilayo, ukuqoqwa kokukhishwa kwezimpande, njll. Ngokwezakhiwo zazo zamakhemikhali, zihlukaniswe kakhulu ngezinto ezingaguquki ezinokuncibilika kwamanzi noma ukuncibilika kwezinto eziphilayo kanye namakhemikhali e-volatile organic, phakathi kwawo izinto ezingaguquki zibalelwa kakhulu. Izingxenye ze-nematoidal zezitshalo eziningi zingasetshenziswa ukulawula i-root knot nematode ngemva kokukhishwa okulula, futhi ukutholakala kwezingcezu zezitshalo kulula kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namakhemikhali amasha asebenzayo. Kodwa-ke, yize inomphumela wokubulala izinambuzane, isithako sangempela esisebenzayo kanye nesimiso sokubulala izinambuzane ngokuvamile akucaci.
Njengamanje, i-neem, i-matrine, i-veratrine, i-scopolamine, i-tea saponin njalonjalo yizona zinambuzane eziyinhloko zezitshalo ezithengiswayo ezibulala ama-nematode, ezimbalwa kakhulu, futhi ezingasetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwezitshalo ezivimbela ama-nematode ngokutshala kabusha noma ukuhambisana nazo.
Nakuba ukuhlanganiswa kwezithako zezitshalo ukulawula i-root knot nematode kuzodlala umphumela ongcono wokulawula i-nematode, akukaze kuthengiswe ngokugcwele kulesi sigaba samanje, kodwa kusanikeza umbono omusha wezithako zezitshalo ukulawula i-root knot nematode.
Umanyolo we-bio-organic
Isihluthulelo somanyolo we-bio-organic ukuthi ngabe amagciwane aphikisanayo anganda enhlabathini noma enhlabathini ye-rhizosphere. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izinto eziphilayo ezifana namagobolondo e-shrimp kanye ne-crab kanye nokudla kwamafutha kungathuthukisa ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile umphumela wokulawula webhayoloji we-root knot nematode. Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuvubela okuqinile ukuvundisa amagciwane aphikisanayo kanye nomanyolo we-organic ukukhiqiza umanyolo we-bio-organic kuyindlela entsha yokulawula i-biological yokulawula isifo se-root knot nematode.
Esifundweni sokulawula ama-nematode emifino ngomanyolo we-bio-organic, kwatholakala ukuthi ama-microorganism aphikisanayo kumanyolo we-bio-organic ayenomphumela omuhle wokulawula kuma-nematode e-root-knot, ikakhulukazi umanyolo we-organic owenziwe ngokuvutshelwa kwama-microorganism aphikisanayo kanye nomanyolo we-organic ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuvutshelwa okuqinile.
Kodwa-ke, umphumela wokulawula umanyolo we-organic kuma-nematode e-root-knot unobuhlobo obuhle nendawo ezungezile kanye nesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, futhi ukusebenza kahle kokulawula kwawo kuncane kakhulu kunokwemithi yokubulala izinambuzane yendabuko, futhi kunzima ukuyithengisa.
Kodwa-ke, njengengxenye yokulawulwa kwemithi nomanyolo, kungenzeka ukulawula ama-nematode ngokufaka izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali nokuhlanganisa amanzi nomanyolo.
Njengoba inani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezitshalo ezitshalwe ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, ukuvela kwe-nematode kuya ngokuya kuba kubi kakhulu, futhi ukulawulwa kwe-nematode nakho kubhekene nenselele enkulu. Njengamanje, izinhlobo eziningi zezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe eShayina zakhiwa ngaphambi kweminyaka yama-1980, futhi amakhemikhali amasha asebenzayo awanele neze.
Ama-ejenti ezinto eziphilayo anezinzuzo ezihlukile enkambisweni yokusebenzisa, kodwa awasebenzi kahle njengama-ejenti amakhemikhali, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwawo kunqunyelwe yizici ezahlukahlukene. Ngokusebenzisa izicelo ezifanele zelungelo lobunikazi, kungabonakala ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwamanje kwama-nematocides kusesekhona ekuhlanganisweni kwemikhiqizo emidala, ukuthuthukiswa kwama-biopesticides, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamanzi nomanyolo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-20-2024