Nakuba i-plant parasitic nematodes iyingxenye yezingozi ze-nematode, ayizona izinambuzane zezitshalo, kodwa izifo zezitshalo.
I-root-knot nematode (i-Meloidogyne) isitshalo esisabalele kakhulu futhi esiyingozi se-parasitic nematode emhlabeni.Kulinganiselwa ukuthi izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-2000 emhlabeni, okuhlanganisa cishe zonke izitshalo ezitshalwayo, zizwela kakhulu ekuthelelekeni kwe-root-knot nematode.I-Root-knot nematode ihlasela amangqamuzana ezimpande zezimpande ukuze enze izimila, athinte ukumuncwa kwamanzi nezakhamzimba, okuholela ekukhulisweni kwezitshalo, zibe mncane, zibe phuzi, zibune, ukugoqeka kwamaqabunga, ukukhubazeka kwezithelo, ngisho nokufa kwaso sonke isitshalo, okuholela ekufeni. ukuncishiswa kwezitshalo emhlabeni jikelele.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukulawulwa kwezifo ze-nematode bekulokhu kugxilwe kuzo izinkampani zomhlaba zokuvikela izitshalo nezikhungo zocwaningo.I-soy cyst nematode iyisizathu esibalulekile sokunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kukabhontshisi wesoya eBrazil, e-United States nakwamanye amazwe abalulekile athumela ubhontshisi wesoya.Njengamanje, nakuba ezinye izindlela ezingokwenyama noma izinyathelo zezolimo zisetshenzisiwe ekulawuleni isifo se-nematode, njengalezi: ukuhlola izinhlobo ezimelana, kusetshenziswa izimpande eziqinile, ukujikeleza kwezitshalo, ukuthuthukiswa kwenhlabathi, njll., izindlela zokulawula ezibaluleke kakhulu kusewukulawula amakhemikhali noma ukulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo.
Indlela yesenzo sokuhlanganisa impande
Umlando wempilo ye-root-knot nematode uqukethe iqanda, isibungu sokuqala, isibungu sesibili, isibungu sesithathu, isibungu sesine kanye nesidala.Isibungu sinjengesikelemu esincane, esidala sine-heteromorphic, eyeduna inomugqa, kanti eyesifazane imise okwepheya.Izimpungushe zesibili ze-instar zingafuduka emanzini ezimbotshana zomhlabathi, zifune impande yesitshalo esibambayo ngokusebenzisa ama-alleles azwelayo ekhanda, zihlasele isitshalo esibambayo ngokubhoboza i-epidermis ukusuka endaweni enwetshiwe yempande ephethe, bese idlula. indawo ye-intercellular, hambisa ichopho lempande, futhi ufinyelele ku-meristem yempande.Ngemva kokuba izibungu ze-instar yesibili zifinyelele iphuzu lezimpande, izibungu zabuyela emuva ohlangothini lwe-vascular bundle futhi zafinyelela endaweni yokuthuthukiswa kwe-xylem.Lapha, izibungu ze-instar yesibili Pierce amaseli abamba ngenaliti yomlomo futhi zijove ukukhishwa kwendlala yommizo kumaseli empande.I-Auxin kanye nama-enzyme ahlukahlukene aqukethwe ekusithekeni kwendlala yommizo angakwazi ukunxenxa amangqamuzana aphethe ukuba aguquke abe “amangqamuzana amakhulu” anama-nucleated amaningi, acebile ngama-suorganelles kanye ne-metabolism enamandla.Amaseli e-cortical azungeze amaseli amakhulu ayanda futhi akhule futhi akhukhumale ngaphansi kwethonya lamaseli amakhulu, enze izimpawu ezijwayelekile zamaqhuqhuva ezimpande endaweni yempande.Izibungu zesibili ze-instar zisebenzisa amangqamuzana amakhulu njengendawo yokudla ukuze zimunce imisoco namanzi futhi zinganyakazi.Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, izibungu ze-instar yesibili zingakwazi ukunxenxa umninikhaya ukuba akhiqize amangqamuzana amakhulu emahoreni angama-24 ngemva kokutheleleka, futhi akhule abe izikelemu ezindala ngemva kokubunjwa okuthathu ezinsukwini ezingu-20 ezilandelayo.Ngemva kwalokho abesilisa bayanyakaza futhi bashiye izimpande, ezinsikazi zihlala zimile futhi ziyaqhubeka nokukhula, ziqala ukubeka amaqanda cishe ezinsukwini ezingama-28.Lapho izinga lokushisa lingaphezu kuka-10 ℃, amaqanda achanyuselwa kuqhuqhuva lempande, izibungu zokuqala ezingaphakathi emaqandeni, izibungu ze-instar yesibili zibhoboza emaqandeni, zishiye umninikhaya emhlabathini futhi ukutheleleka.
I-Root-knot nematodes inezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezihlala kuzo, ezingaba yizinambuzane ezinhlotsheni ezingaphezu kwezi-3 000 zezilwane, njengemifino, izitshalo zokudla, izitshalo zemali, izihlahla zezithelo, izitshalo zokuhlobisa kanye nokhula.Izimpande zemifino ezithintwe ama-root knot nematodes kuqala zakha amaqhuqhuva anobukhulu obuhlukene, amhlophe qhwa ekuqaleni futhi ansundu ngokuphaphathekile ekugcineni.Ngemuva kokutheleleka nge-root-node nematode, izitshalo emhlabathini zazimfushane, amagatsha namaqabunga aphuzi noma aphuzi, ukukhula kwaba bushelelezi, umbala weqabunga wawulula, futhi ukukhula kwezitshalo ezigula kakhulu kwakubuthakathaka, izitshalo zancipha. yabuna ngenxa yesomiso, futhi sonke isitshalo safa kanzima.Ukwengeza, ukulawulwa kokusabela kokuzivikela, umphumela wokuvimbela kanye nokulimala kwezicubu okubangelwa ama-nematode ezimpande-findo ezitshalweni nakho kusize ukuhlasela kwamagciwane atholakala enhlabathini afana ne-fusarium wilt kanye ne-rot rot bacteria, ngaleyo ndlela kwakha izifo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi kubangele ukulahlekelwa okukhulu.
Izinyathelo zokuvimbela nokulawula
Ama-linecides endabuko angahlukaniswa abe yizinto ezifuthayo nezingezona ezifutha ngezindlela ezahlukene zokusebenzisa.
I-Fumigant
Kuhlanganisa ama-halogenated hydrocarbons nama-isothiocyanates, futhi okungezona izifutho zifaka i-organophosphorus nama-carbamates.Njengamanje, phakathi kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhaliswe eShayina, i-bromomethane (into eqeda i-ozone, evinjelwa kancane kancane) kanye ne-chloropicrin yizinhlanganisela ze-hydrocarbon ezinama-halogenated, ezingavimbela ukwakheka kwamaprotheni kanye nokusabela kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo ngesikhathi sokuphefumula kwe-root knot nematode.Lezi ziqhumiso ezimbili yi-methyl isothiocyanate, engehlisa izinga futhi ikhulule i-methyl isothiocyanate nezinye izinhlanganisela zamangqamuzana amancane emhlabathini.I-methyl isothiocyanate ingangena emzimbeni we-root knot nematode futhi ibophe ku-oxygen carrier globulin, ngaleyo ndlela ivimbele ukuphefumula kwe-root knot nematode ukuze kuzuze umphumela obulalayo.Ukwengeza, i-sulfuryl fluoride ne-calcium cyanamide nazo zibhaliswe njengezifutha zokulawula i-root knot nematodes e-China.
Kukhona nezinye izifutha ze-halogenated hydrocarbon ezingabhalisiwe e-China, ezifana ne-1, 3-dichloropropylene, iodomethane, njll., ezibhaliswe kwamanye amazwe ase-Europe nase-United States njengokuthatha indawo ye-bromomethane.
Okungafumi
Kubandakanya i-organophosphorus ne-carbamates.Phakathi kwama-lineicides angashiswanga abhaliswe ezweni lakithi, i-phosphine thiazolium, i-Methanophos, i-phoxiphos ne-chlorpyrifos ingeye-organophosphorus, kanti i-carboxanil, i-aldicarb ne-carboxanil butathiocarb ingeye-carbamate.Ama-nematocide angashiswanga aphazamisa ukusebenza kwesimiso sezinzwa se-root knot nematodes ngokubophezela ku-acetylcholinesterase kuma-synapses of root knot nematodes.Ngokuvamile azibulali i-root knot nematodes, kodwa zenza i-root knot nematodes zilahlekelwe amandla azo okuthola umsingathi futhi zithelele, ngakho-ke zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ama-nematodes paralyzers".Ama-nematocides endabuko angashiswa yizinzwa ezinobuthi kakhulu, anezindlela ezifanayo zokusebenza kuzilwane ezinomgogodla nama-arthropods njengama-nematode.Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwezingqinamba zezici zemvelo nezenhlalo, amazwe amakhulu athuthukile emhlabeni aye anciphisa noma amisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus kanye ne-carbamate, futhi aphendukela ekuthuthukiseni ezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ezisebenza kahle kakhulu nezinobuthi obuphansi.Eminyakeni yamuva, phakathi kwezinambuzane ezintsha ezingezona i-carbamate/organophosphorus ezithole ukubhaliswa kwe-EPA yi-spiralate ethyl (ebhaliswe ngo-2010), i-difluorosulfone (ebhaliswe ngo-2014) kanye ne-fluopyramide (ebhaliswe ngo-2015).
Kodwa empeleni, ngenxa yobuthi obuphezulu, ukuvinjelwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus, awekho ama-nematocides amaningi atholakalayo manje.Ama-nematocides angu-371 abhalisiwe e-China, angu-161 kuwo ayeyisithako esisebenzayo se-abamectin kanti angu-158 ayeyisithako esisebenzayo se-thiazophos.Lezi zithako ezimbili ezisebenzayo zaziyizingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu zokulawula i-nematode e-China.
Njengamanje, azikho eziningi ze-nematocides ezintsha, phakathi kwazo i-fluorene sulfoxide, i-spiroxide, i-difluorosulfone ne-fluopyramide abaholi.Ukwengeza, ngokuya ngama-biopesticides, i-Penicillium paraclavidum ne-Bacillus thuringiensis HAN055 ebhaliswe yi-Kono nayo inamandla emakethe aqinile.
Ilungelo lobunikazi bomhlaba wonke lokulawula ifindo likabhontshisi wezimpande zesoya nematode
I-soya root knot nematode ingesinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zokunciphisa isivuno sikabhontshisi wesoya emazweni amakhulu athumela ngaphandle, ikakhulukazi i-United States neBrazil.
Isamba samalungelo obunikazi okuvikela izitshalo angama-4287 ahlobene ne-soya root-knot nematodes afakwe emhlabeni wonke kule minyaka eyishumi edlule.I-nematode yezimpande zikabhontshisi wesoya emhlabeni isetshenziswa kakhulu kumalungelo obunikazi ezifundeni nasemazweni, eyokuqala yi-European Bureau, eyesibili yi-China, kanye ne-United States, kanti indawo ebucayi kakhulu ye-soya root-knot nematode, eBrazil, ine-145 kuphela. izicelo zelungelo lobunikazi.Futhi iningi labo liphuma ezinkampanini zamazwe ngamazwe.
Njengamanje, i-abamectin ne-phosphine thiazole yizona zindlela zokulawula izimpande ze-nematode e-China.Futhi umkhiqizo onelungelo lobunikazi i-fluopyramide nawo usuqalile ukuvela.
I-Avermectin
Ngo-1981, i-abamectin yethulwa emakethe njengendlela yokulawula izimuncagazi zamathumbu ezilwaneni ezincelisayo, futhi ngo-1985 njengesibulala-zinambuzane.I-Avermectin ingenye yezinambuzane ezisetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla.
I-Phosphine thiazate
I-Phosphine thiazole iyinoveli, isibulala-zinambuzane se-organophosphorus esingafusi esithuthukiswe yiNkampani ye-Ishihara e-Japan, futhi isifakwe emakethe emazweni amaningi njenge-Japan.Ucwaningo lokuqala lubonise ukuthi i-phosphine thiazolium ine-endosorption kanye nokuthutha ezitshalweni futhi inomsebenzi we-spectrum obanzi ngokumelene ne-parasitic nematode nezinambuzane.Ama-nematodes ezitshalo alimaza izitshalo eziningi ezibalulekile, futhi izakhiwo zebhayoloji nezamakhemikhali ze-phosphine thiazole zifaneleka kakhulu ekufakweni kwenhlabathi, ngakho-ke iyi-ejenti efanelekile yokulawula ama-nematode ezitshalo.Njengamanje, i-phosphine thiazolium ingelinye lama-nematocides abhaliswe kuphela emifino e-China, futhi inokumuncwa okuhle kakhulu kwangaphakathi, ngakho-ke ayikwazi ukusetshenziselwa kuphela ukulawula ama-nematode kanye nezinambuzane zomhlabathi, kodwa futhi ingasetshenziswa ukulawula izibungu zamaqabunga namaqabunga. izinambuzane ezingaphezulu.Indlela eyinhloko yesenzo se-phosphine thiazolides ukuvimbela i-acetylcholinesterase yezinto eziphilayo ezihlosiwe, ezithinta i-ecology ye-nematode 2nd larval stage.I-Phosphine thiazole ingavimbela umsebenzi, ukulimala kanye nokuchanyuselwa kwe-nematodes, ngakho-ke ingavimbela ukukhula nokuzalana kwama-nematode.
I-Fluopyramid
I-Fluopyramide iyisikhunta se-pyridyl ethyl benzamide, esithuthukiswe futhi sidayiswa yi-Bayer Cropscience, esasesikhathini selungelo lobunikazi.I-Fluopyramide inomsebenzi othile we-nemacidal, futhi ibhaliselwe ukulawula i-root knot nematode ezitshalweni, futhi njengamanje iyi-nematicide ethandwa kakhulu.Umshini wesenzo sawo ukuvimbela ukuphefumula kwe-mitochondrial ngokuvimbela ukudluliswa kwe-electron ye-succinic dehydrogenase ochungechungeni lokuphefumula, futhi kuvimbele izigaba eziningana zomjikelezo wokukhula kwamabhaktheriya e-pathogenic ukufeza injongo yokulawula amagciwane e-pathogenic.
Isithako esisebenzayo se-fluropyramide e-China sisesikhathini selungelo lobunikazi.Ekusetshenzisweni kwayo kwelungelo lobunikazi kuma-nematode, ezi-3 zivela e-Bayer, kanti ezi-4 zivela e-China, ezihlanganiswe nama-biostimulants noma izithako ezisebenzayo ezihlukene ukulawula ama-nematode.Eqinisweni, ezinye izithako ezisebenzayo ngesikhathi selungelo lobunikazi zingasetshenziswa ukwenza ukwakheka kwelungelo lobunikazi kusenesikhathi ukuze kuthathwe imakethe.Njengezinambuzane ezinhle kakhulu ze-lepidoptera kanye ne-ejenti ye-thrips i-ethyl polycidin, ngaphezu kuka-70% wamalungelo obunikazi okufaka isicelo ekhaya afakwa amabhizinisi asekhaya.
Izibulala-zinambuzane ze-biological zokulawula i-nematode
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izindlela zokulawula izinto eziphilayo ezithatha indawo yokulawulwa kwamakhemikhali kwe-root knot nematode zithole ukunakwa okusabalele ekhaya naphesheya.Ukuhlukaniswa nokuhlolwa kwama-microorganisms anamandla amakhulu okuphikisa ngokumelene ne-root-knot nematodes yizimo eziyinhloko zokulawula izinto eziphilayo.Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ezibikwe ngama-microorganisms aphikisanayo we-root knot nematode kwakuyi-Pasteurella, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Bacillus kanye ne-Rhizobium.I-Myrothecium, Paecilomyces kanye ne-Trichoderma, nokho, amanye ama-microorganisms kwakunzima ukusebenzisa imiphumela yawo ephikisayo kuma-root knot nematode ngenxa yobunzima besiko lokwenziwa noma umphumela wokulawula ongazinzile webhayoloji ensimini.
I-Paecilomyces lavviolaceus iyi-parasite esebenzayo yamaqanda e-southern root-node nematode kanye ne-Cystocystis albicans.Izinga le-parasite lamaqanda e-southern root-node nematode nematode liphakeme lifinyelela ku-60%~70%.Indlela yokuvimbela i-Paecilomyces lavviolaceus ngokumelene ne-root-knot nematodes iwukuthi ngemva kokuthintana kwe-Paecilomyces lavviolaceus nama-oocysts worm line, ku-substrate ye-viscous, i-mycelium yebhaktheriya ye-biocontrol izungeza lonke iqanda, futhi isiphetho se-mycelium siba sikhulu.Ingaphezulu legobolondo leqanda liphukile ngenxa yemisebenzi yama-metabolite angaphandle kanye ne-chitinase yesikhunta, bese isikhunta sihlasela futhi siyibuyisele esikhundleni.Ingakwazi futhi ukukhipha ubuthi obubulala ama-nematode.Umsebenzi wawo omkhulu ukubulala amaqanda.Kunakubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane eziyisishiyagalombili e-China.Njengamanje, i-Paecilomyces lilaclavi ayinalo uhlobo lwemithamo ehlanganisiwe ethengiswayo, kodwa ukwakheka kwayo kwelungelo lobunikazi e-China kunegunya lobunikazi lokuhlanganisa nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ukuze kwandiswe umsebenzi wokusetshenziswa.
Ukukhishwa kwezitshalo
Imikhiqizo yezitshalo zemvelo ingasetshenziswa ngokuphepha ukulawula ifindo lezimpande ze-nematode, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zezitshalo noma izinto ze-nematoidal ezikhiqizwa izitshalo ukulawula izifo ze-root knot nematode kuhambisana kakhulu nezidingo zokuphepha kwemvelo kanye nokuphepha kokudla.
Izingxenye zezitshalo ze-Nematoidal zikhona kuzo zonke izitho zesitshalo futhi zingatholakala nge-steam distillation, i-organic extraction, iqoqo le-root secretions, njll Ngokusho kwezakhiwo zabo zamakhemikhali, zihlukaniswa ikakhulukazi zibe izinto ezingezona eziguquguqukayo ezine-solubility yamanzi noma i-organic solubility. kanye nezinhlanganisela zezinto eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo, phakathi kwazo izinto ezingaguquguquki zenza iningi.Izingxenye ze-nematoidal zezitshalo eziningi zingasetshenziselwa ukulawula i-root knot nematode ngemva kokukhipha i-nematode elula, futhi ukutholakala kwezitshalo zezitshalo kulula uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlanganisela ezintsha ezisebenzayo.Nokho, nakuba inomphumela wokubulala izinambuzane, isithako sangempela esisebenzayo kanye nesimiso sokubulala izinambuzane ngokuvamile akucaci.
Njengamanje, i-neem, i-matrine, i-veratrine, i-scopolamine, i-tea saponin nokunye okuyizibulala-zinambuzane zezitshalo ezithengiswayo ezinomsebenzi wokubulala i-nematode, okuyingcosana, futhi ingasetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izitshalo ezivimbela i-nematode ngokufaka phakathi noma ukuhambisana.
Nakuba inhlanganisela yezitshalo ezikhishwe ukuze ulawule i-root knot nematode izodlala umphumela ongcono wokulawula i-nematode, ayikathengiswa ngokugcwele kulesi sigaba samanje, kodwa isanikeza umqondo omusha wezitshalo ezikhishwe ukulawula i-root knot nematode.
Umanyolo we-bio-organic
Isihluthulelo sikamanyolo we-bio-organic ukuthi ama-microorganisms aphikisanayo angaphindaphinda emhlabathini noma enhlabathini ye-rhizosphere.Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izinto eziphilayo ezifana nezimfanzi kanye namagobolondo enkalankala nokudla kwamafutha kungathuthukisa ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile umphumela wokulawula kwebhayoloji we-root knot nematode.Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuqinile bokuvubela ukuvundisa i-antagonistic microorganism kanye nomanyolo we-organic ukukhiqiza umanyolo we-bio-organic kuyindlela entsha yokulawula yebhayoloji yokulawula isifo se-root knot nematode.
Ocwaningweni lokulawula ama-nematode emifino ngomanyolo we-bio-organic, kwatholakala ukuthi ama-microorganisms aphikisayo kumanyolo we-bio-organic abe nomthelela omuhle wokulawula i-root-knot nematodes, ikakhulukazi umanyolo wemvelo owenziwe ngokuvutshelwa kwama-microorganisms aphikisayo kanye nomanyolo we-organic. ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuqinile bokuvutshelwa.
Kodwa-ke, umthelela wokulawula womanyolo wemvelo kuma-nematodes ezimpande unobudlelwano obukhulu nendawo ezungezile kanye nesikhathi sokusebenzisa, futhi ukusebenza kahle kwawo kokulawula kuncane kakhulu kunezibulala-zinambuzane zendabuko, futhi kunzima ukudayisa.
Kodwa-ke, njengengxenye yokulawulwa kwezidakamizwa nomanyolo, kuyenzeka ukulawula ama-nematode ngokungeza izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali nokuhlanganisa amanzi nomanyolo.
Ngenani elikhulu lezinhlobo zesitshalo esisodwa (ezifana nobhatata, ubhontshisi wesoya, njll.) ezitshalwe ekhaya naphesheya, ukuvela kwe-nematode kuya ngokuya kuba kubi kakhulu, futhi ukulawulwa kwe-nematode nakho kubhekene nenselelo enkulu.Njengamanje, izinhlobo eziningi zezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhaliswe eShayina zathuthukiswa ngaphambi kweminyaka yawo-1980, futhi izinhlanganisela ezintsha ezisebenzayo azanele neze.
Ama-ejenti ebhayoloji anezinzuzo eziyingqayizivele enqubweni yokusebenzisa, kodwa awasebenzi njengama-ejenti amakhemikhali, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwawo kunqunyelwe izici ezihlukahlukene.Ngezicelo ezifanele zelungelo lobunikazi, kungabonakala ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwamanje kwama-nematocides kuseseduze nenhlanganisela yemikhiqizo emidala, ukwakhiwa kwama-biopesticides, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamanzi nomanyolo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-20-2024