(Ngaphandle kwe-Pesticides, Julayi 8, 2024) Sicela uthumele imibono ngaphambi koLwesithathu, Julayi 31, 2024. I-Acephate iyisibulala-zinambuzane esingowomndeni we-organophosphate (OP) onobuthi obukhulu futhi sinobuthi kangangokuthi i-Environmental Protection Agency isiphakamise ukuthi singayivumeli ngaphandle kokuphathwa kwemithi ngendlela ehlelekile. Isikhathi sokuphawula sesivuliwe manje, futhi i-EPA izokwamukela imibono kuze kube uLwesithathu, Julayi 31, kulandela ukwelulwa kwesikhathi sokugcina sikaJulayi. Kulesi simo sokusetshenziswa esisele, i-EPA ayikaqapheli ukuthi i-neonicotinoid yesistimuizibulala-zinambuzanekungabangela umonakalo omkhulu emvelweni ezindaweni zemvelo ngokufaka ubuthi ezintweni eziphilayo ngokungakhethi.
>> Thumela imibono mayelana ne-acephate bese utshela i-EPA ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane akufanele zisetshenziswe uma izitshalo zingakhiqizwa ngendlela yemvelo.
I-EPA iphakamisa ukuyeka konke ukusetshenziswa kwe-acephate, ngaphandle kokujova ngezihlahla, ukuze kuqedwe zonke izingozi ezitholwe yiyo ezidlula izinga layo lokukhathazeka ngokudla/amanzi okuphuza, izingozi zasemakhaya nasemsebenzini, kanye nezingozi zezinto eziphilayo ezingahlosiwe. I-Beyond Pesticides iphawule ukuthi yize indlela yokujova ngezihlahla ingavezi izingozi zokudla ngokweqile noma zempilo ejwayelekile, futhi ingavezi izingozi zempilo yomsebenzi noma yabantu ngemuva kokusetshenziswa, le nhlangano ayinaki izingozi ezinkulu zemvelo. Le nhlangano ayihloli izingozi zemvelo zokusebenzisa imijovo yezihlahla, kodwa kunalokho icabanga ukuthi lokhu kusetshenziswa akuvezi ingozi enkulu ezintweni eziphilayo ezingahlosiwe. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwemijovo yezihlahla kuveza izingozi ezinkulu kubantu abathutha impova kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni ezingenakuncishiswa futhi ngenxa yalokho kufanele zifakwe ekuhoxisweni kwe-acephate.
Uma ifakwa ezihlahleni, izibulala-zinambuzane zifakwa ngqo esiqwini, zimuncwe ngokushesha futhi zisakazwe kulo lonke uhlelo lwemithambo yegazi. Ngenxa yokuthi i-acephate kanye nomkhiqizo wayo wokuqhekeka i-methamidophos ziyizibulala-zinambuzane ezincibilika kakhulu emzimbeni, leli khemikhali lithunyelwa kuzo zonke izingxenye zesihlahla, okuhlanganisa impova, ijusi, i-resin, amaqabunga nokuningi. Izinyosi nezinye izinyoni ezifana nama-hummingbird, ama-woodpecker, ama-sapsucker, ama-vine, ama-nuthatches, ama-chickadees, njll. zingase zivezwe emfucumfucwini evela ezihlahleni ezifakwe i-acephate. Izinyosi azivezwa kuphela lapho ziqoqa impova engcolile, kodwa futhi nalapho ziqoqa ijusi kanye ne-resin esetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-propolis ebalulekile yendlu yezidleke. Ngokufanayo, izinyoni zingase zivezwe ensaleleni ye-acephate/metamidophos enobuthi lapho zidla ijusi lesihlahla elingcolile, izinambuzane/izibungu ezibopha ukhuni, kanye nezinambuzane/izibungu ezidla amaqabunga.
Nakuba idatha ilinganiselwe, i-US Environmental Protection Agency inqume ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-acephate kungaba yingozi ezinyosini. Kodwa-ke, isethi ephelele yezifundo zompova ku-acephate noma i-methamidophos ayikabikwa, ngakho-ke akukho datha ngobuthi obuyingozi bomlomo, obuhlala isikhathi eside, noma obunama-larva ezinyosini zoju; Lezi zikhala zedatha ziveza ukungaqiniseki okukhulu ekuhloleni imiphumela ye-acephate ezimbozeni, njengoba ukuzwela kungahluka ngesigaba sokuphila kanye nobude bokuvezwa (abantu abadala uma kuqhathaniswa nezibungu kanye nobuhlungu uma kuqhathaniswa nobuhlungu, ngokulandelana). Izehlakalo ezimbi ezinembangela nomphumela ongaba khona kanye nongaba khona, okuhlanganisa nokufa kwezinyosi, ziye zahlotshaniswa nokuchayeka kwezinyosi ku-acephate kanye/noma i-methamidophos. Kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi ukujova i-acephate ezihlahleni akunciphisi ingozi ezinyosini uma kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa kwamaqabunga, kodwa empeleni kungandisa ukuvezwa uma kubhekwa imithamo ephezulu efakwe esihlahleni, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise ingozi yobuthi. Le nhlangano inikeze isitatimende sengozi yokuthuthwa kwempova ngokujova izihlahla esathi, “Lo mkhiqizo unobuthi kakhulu ezinyosini. Lesi sitatimende selebula asanele nhlobo ukuvikela izinyosi nezinye izinto eziphilayo noma ukuveza ubukhulu bengozi.”
Izingozi zokusebenzisa izindlela zokujova i-acetate nezihlahla azikahlolwa ngokugcwele ngezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa. Ngaphambi kokuqeda ukubuyekezwa kokubhaliswa kwe-acephate, i-EPA kumele iqedele ukuhlolwa kwezinhlobo ezisohlwini kanye nanoma yikuphi ukubonisana okudingekayo ne-US Fish and Wildlife Service kanye ne-National Marine Fisheries Service, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo zezinyoni nezinambuzane ezisohlwini futhi lezi zinhlobo zezinyoni nezinambuzane zisebenzisa izihlahla ezijovwe ngezinhloso zokudla, ukudla kanye nokwakha izidleke.
Ngo-2015, le nhlangano yaqeda ukubuyekezwa okuphelele kwama-acephate aphazamisa i-endocrine futhi yaphetha ngokuthi akukho datha eyengeziwe edingekayo ukuhlola imiphumela engaba khona ezindleleni ze-estrogen, i-androgen, noma ze-thyroid kubantu noma ezilwaneni zasendle. Kodwa-ke, ulwazi lwakamuva luphakamisa ukuthi amandla okuphazamisa i-endocrine e-acephate kanye nokuwohloka kwayo kwe-methamidophos ngezindlela ezingezona eze-receptor kungaba yinto ekhathazayo, ngakho-ke i-EPA kufanele ibuyekeze ukuhlolwa kwayo kwengozi yokuphazamisa i-endocrine e-acephate.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuhloleni kwayo ukusebenza kahle, i-Environmental Protection Agency yaphetha ngokuthi inzuzo yokujova i-acetate ekulawuleni izinambuzane zezihlahla ngokuvamile incane ngoba zimbalwa ezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo ezikhona zezinambuzane eziningi. Ngakho-ke, ingozi ephezulu ezinyosini nasezinyonini ehlotshaniswa nokwelapha izihlahla nge-acephate ayifaneleki ngokombono wengozi-inzuzo.
> Bhala amazwana ku-acephate bese utshela i-EPA ukuthi uma izitshalo zingatshalwa ngendlela yemvelo, akufanele kusetshenziswe izibulala-zinambuzane.
Naphezu kokubeka phambili ukubuyekezwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphate, i-EPA yehlulekile ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuvikela labo abasengozini enkulu yemiphumela yazo enobuthi be-neurological—abalimi nezingane. Ngo-2021, i-Earthjustice nezinye izinhlangano zacela i-Environmental Protection Agency ukuthi isuse ukubhaliswa kwalezi zibulala-zinambuzane ezinobuthi be-neurological. Kule ntwasahlobo, i-Consumer Reports (CR) yenze ucwaningo oluphelele kakhulu lwezibulala-zinambuzane ezikhiqizwayo, yathola ukuthi ukuchayeka emaqenjini amabili amakhulu amakhemikhali—ama-organophosphate nama-carbamates—kuyingozi kakhulu, futhi kuhlotshaniswa nengozi eyengeziwe yomdlavuza, isifo sikashukela nesifo senhliziyo. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu okutholakele, i-CR yacela i-Environmental Protection Agency ukuthi “ivimbele ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zibulala-zinambuzane ezithelweni nasemifino.”
Ngaphezu kwezinkinga ezingenhla, i-EPA ayizange ibhekane nokuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine. I-EPA ayicabangi futhi ngabantu abasengozini, ukuchayeka ezingxubeni, kanye nokusebenzisana ngokubambisana lapho kubekwa amazinga amukelekayo ezinsalela zokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibulala-zinambuzane zingcolisa amanzi nomoya wethu, zilimaza ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, zilimaza abasebenzi basemapulazini, futhi zibulala izinyosi, izinyoni, izinhlanzi, nezinye izilwane zasendle.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukudla okungokwemvelo okuqinisekiswe yi-USDA akusebenzisi izibulala-zinambuzane ezinobuthi ekukhiqizweni kwako. Izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane ezitholakala emikhiqizweni engokwemvelo, ngaphandle kwezimbalwa, ziwumphumela wokungcola kwezolimo okunamandla amakhemikhali okungahlosiwe ngenxa yokukhukhuleka kwezibulala-zinambuzane, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, noma izinsalela zomhlabathi ezingemuva. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kokudla okungokwemvelo kungcono empilweni yabantu kanye nemvelo kunokukhiqizwa okunamandla amakhemikhali, isayensi yakamuva iveza nalokho abasekeli bezinto eziphilayo abakushoyo isikhathi eside: ukudla okungokwemvelo kungcono, ngaphezu kokuba akuqukethe izinsalela ezinobuthi ezivela emikhiqizweni yokudla evamile. Kunomsoco futhi akubuthisi abantu noma kungcolise imiphakathi lapho kutshalwa khona ukudla.
Ucwaningo olushicilelwe yi-The Organic Center lubonisa ukuthi ukudla okungokwemvelo kufinyelela phezulu ezindaweni ezithile ezibalulekile, njengomthamo we-antioxidant ophelele, ama-polyphenol aphelele, kanye nama-flavonoid amabili abalulekile, i-quercetin kanye ne-kaempferol, konke okunezinzuzo zokudla okunempilo. I-Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry ihlole ngqo okuqukethwe kwe-phenolic okuphelele kwama-blueberries, ama-strawberry, kanye nommbila futhi yathola ukuthi ukudla okukhuliswe ngendlela yemvelo kuqukethe okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-phenolic okuphelele. Ama-phenolic compounds abalulekile empilweni yezitshalo (ukuvikela izinambuzane nezifo) kanye nempilo yabantu ngoba "anomsebenzi onamandla we-antioxidant kanye nezakhiwo eziningi zemithi, kufaka phakathi umdlavuza, i-antioxidant, kanye nomsebenzi wokuvimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwama-platelet."
Njengoba kunikezwe izinzuzo zokukhiqizwa kwezinto eziphilayo, i-EPA kufanele isebenzise ukukhiqizwa kwezinto eziphilayo njengendlela yokulinganisa lapho ilinganisa izingozi nezinzuzo zezibulala-zinambuzane. Uma izitshalo zingatshalwa ngendlela yemvelo, izibulala-zinambuzane akufanele zisetshenziswe.
>> Bhala amazwana ku-acephate bese utshela i-EPA ukuthi uma isivuno singatshalwa ngendlela yemvelo, akufanele kusetshenziswe izibulala-zinambuzane.
Lokhu okuthunyelwe kuthunyelwe ngoMsombuluko, Julayi 8, 2024 ngo-12:01 ntambama futhi kufakwe ngaphansi kwe-Acephate, i-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Thatha Isinyathelo, Okungahlelwanga. Ungalandela izimpendulo kulokhu okuthunyelwe ngokuphakelayo kwe-RSS 2.0. Ungeqa uye ekugcineni bese ushiya impendulo. I-Ping ayivunyelwe okwamanje.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-15-2024