Isibulala-zinambuzaneUkumelana nama-arthropod athwala izifo, abalulekile kwezolimo, isayensi yezilwane, kanye nempilo yomphakathi, kusongela kakhulu izinhlelo zokulawula ama-vector emhlabeni jikelele. Izifundo zangaphambilini zibonise ukuthi ama-vectors e-arthropod amunca igazi afa kakhulu lapho edla igazi eliqukethe izithibi ze-4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD, i-enzyme yesibili endleleni ye-tyrosine metabolic). Lolu cwaningo luhlole ukusebenza kahle kwama-HPPD inhibitors kuma-β-triketone herbicides ngokumelene nezinhlobo ezintathu ezinkulu zama-vector omiyane, okuhlanganisa nalezo ezidlulisela izifo zendabuko ezifana nomalaleveva, izifo ezithelelanayo ezivelayo njenge-dengue fever kanye ne-Zika virus, kanye nezinsongo zamagciwane ezivelayo njenge-oropuche virus kanye ne-ursutu virus.Lezi zinhlobo zazihlanganisa omiyane abathinteka yi-pyrethroid kanye nomiyane abamelana ne-pyrethroid.
I-nitisidone kuphela (hhayi i-mesotrione, i-sulfadiazine, noma i-thiamethoxam) ebonise umsebenzi omkhulu wokulawula omiyane lapho omiyane abamunca igazi behlangana nezindawo eziphathwe zokwelapha. Akukho mehluko omkhulu ekutholakaleni kokuthambekela kwe-nitisidone phakathi komiyane be-Anopheles gambiae abazwela izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nezinhlobo zomiyane ezinezindlela eziningi zokumelana. Le nhlanganisela ibonise ukusebenza kahle okuqhubekayo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zomiyane ezintathu ezihlolwe, okubonisa umsebenzi obanzi ngokumelene nezifo ezinkulu.
Lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthi i-nitisidone inendlela entsha yokusebenza, ehlukile ekuhlukanisweni kwe-Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) ekhona, ehlose inqubo yokugaya igazi. Ukusebenza kahle kwe-Nitisidone ngokumelene nezinhlobo ezimelana nezifo kanye nekhono layo lokuhlanganiswa nezinyathelo zokulawula i-vector ezikhona, njengezinethi zomiyane ezilashwe kanye nokufuthwa kwezinambuzane zangaphakathi, kwenza kube yinto efanelekile yokwandisa amasu okuvimbela nokulawula umalaleveva, umkhuhlane we-dengue, isifo segciwane le-Zika, nezinye izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane ezivelayo.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, ukuhlolwa kwe-bioassay okujwayelekile kwe-World Health Organisation kusebenzisa omiyane abanceliswa ushukela kuphela ukuhlola amazinga ahlukanisayo emithi yokubulala izinambuzane engase ingabulali omiyane abamunca igazi.[38] Lokhu kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokucabangela umehluko ongaba khona emithamo ephumelelayo phakathi komiyane abamunca igazi nabamunca igazi, okungase kuthonye ukusebenza kahle okusele kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokumelana. Nakuba imithamo ehlukanisayo (ama-DD) ivame ukunqunywa ngokusekelwe kumanani e-LD99 omiyane abamunca igazi, umehluko ekusebenzeni kwezinambuzane ungathonya ukuthambekela kwazo, ngakho-ke ukuhlola omiyane abamunca igazi kuphela kungase kungabonisi ngokugcwele ububanzi bamazinga okumelana.
Lolu cwaningo lugxile ekusebenzeni kahle kwezinhlobo ezintathu zomiyane—i-Anopheles gambiae, i-Aedes aegypti, kanye ne-Culex quinquefasciatus—ekuhlolweni kokumunca igazi, okulingisa ukufika komiyane odongeni futhi kusebenza njengesisulu sokwelashwa ngaphakathi ngemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ehlala isikhathi eside (i-IRS). Bonke omiyane besifazane babulawa lapho bethintana nezindawo ezimbozwe yi-nitisidone, kodwa hhayi ngezinye izidakamizwa zokuvimbela i-HPPD β-triketone. Ukusebenzisa imilenze yomiyane ukuthathwa kwemithi yokuvimbela i-HPPD kuyisu elithembisayo lokunqoba ukumelana nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane nokuthuthukisa ukulawulwa kwe-vector. Lolu cwaningo lusekela isidingo socwaningo olwengeziwe kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-nitisidone yokwelashwa ngaphakathi ngemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ehlala isikhathi eside njengendlela ehlukile kunezifutho ezikhona zokubulala izinambuzane.
Izindlela ezintathu zokuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwe-nitisidone njengesibulala-zinambuzane sangaphandle ziqhathanisiwe. Umehluko wahlaziywa phakathi kokuhlolwa kusetshenziswa ukusetshenziswa kwangaphandle, ukusetshenziswa kwemilenze yezinambuzane, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwebhodlela, kanye nendlela yokufaka, indlela yokulethwa kwezinambuzane, kanye nesikhathi sokuchayeka.
Kodwa-ke, naphezu komehluko emazingeni okufa phakathi kweNew Orleans neMukhza ngesilinganiso esiphezulu, wonke amanye amazinga ayesebenza kahle eNew Orleans (athintekayo) kunaseMukhza (amelana nemithi) ngemva kwamahora angu-24.
Ukuze kuhlolwe amasu amasha okulawula i-vector, indlela ethembisayo yokuthola amakhemikhali amasha okubulala izinambuzane ukwandisa ucwaningo ngale kwezinhloso zendabuko zesimiso sezinzwa kanye nezakhi zofuzo zokukhipha ubuthi ukuze kufakwe izindlela zokumunca igazi lezinambuzane. Izifundo zangaphambilini zikhombisile ukuthi i-nitisidone inobuthi ngemva kokumunca izinambuzane ezimunca igazi noma ngemva kokumunca i-epidermal ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwangaphandle (kusetshenziswa isinyibilikisi).
Ukuhlanganisa idatha evela ezindleleni eziningi zokuthola kungathuthukisa ukuthembeka kokuhlolwa kokusebenza kahle kwezinambuzane. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kulezi zindlela ezintathu ezicatshangelwe, indlela yokusebenzisa phezulu iyona emele kancane izimo zangempela zasensimini. Ukusetshenziswa ngqo kwezinambuzane esifubeni somiyane kusetshenziswa isixazululo samanzi akulingisi ukuchayeka okuvamile ku-Anopheles gambiae sl. [47], yize kunganikeza inkomba elinganiselwe yokuthi i-Anopheles isengozini yokungenwa yi-compound ethile. Nakuba zombili izindlela zepuleti lengilazi kanye nebhodlela zilinganisa ukusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo ngokuxhumana nemilenze, imiphumela yazo ayifani ngqo. Umehluko esikhathini sokuchayeka kanye nokumbozwa kwendawo kungathinta kakhulu ukufa okubonwa ngendlela ngayinye yokuthola; ngakho-ke, ukukhetha indlela efanele yokuthola kubalulekile ekuhloleni ngokunembile ukusebenza kahle kwezinambuzane.
Ukufutha nge-residual-effect insecticide (RIA) kusebenzisa ukuziphatha komiyane kokuphumula ngemva kokuncelisa, okubangela ukuba badle izinambuzane lapho bethinta izindawo eziphathwe. Ukonakala kwezinambuzane, ukumbozwa okwanele kokufutha, kanye nokuphathwa kwezindawo eziphathwe (isb., ukugeza izindonga ngemva kokwelashwa) kunganciphisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwe-RIA. Lezi zinkinga ziholela ezinkingeni ezimbili: (1) omiyane bangasinda ekuchayekeni kumithamo engeyona ebulalayo; kanye (2) nakuba ukumelana kubangelwa kakhulu ukukhetha okubulalayo, ukuchayeka okuphindaphindiwe kumithamo engaphansi kwebulalayo kungakhuthaza ukuvela kokumelana ngokuvumela abanye abantu abangamelana negciwane ukuba basinde futhi balondoloze ama-allele ahlobene nokuncipha kokuzwela [54]. Ngenxa yokuthi sisebenzise omiyane abancelisa igazi esikhundleni somiyane abancelisa ushukela abajwayelekile embonini, ukuqhathanisa okuqondile nedatha eshicilelwe ngaphambilini kwakungenakwenzeka. Kodwa-ke, ukuqhathanisa umthamo ohlukanisayo (DD) kanye nesimo sejika le-dose-response ye-nitisidone nedatha yezinye izinhlanganisela [47] kuyakhuthaza. Umthamo ohlukanisayo uhlanganisa isikhathi sokuchayeka esinqunyiwe kanye nenani lesibulala-zinambuzane esisetshenziswa ebhodleleni, nenani le-compound efakwe emanzini kuye ngesikhathi sangempela sokuxhumana esinqeni. Ngokusekelwe kule miphumela, i-nitisidone inamandla kakhulu kune-thiamethoxam, i-spinosad, i-mefenoxam, ne-dinotefuran [47], okwenza kube yinto efanelekile yokwenza izinambuzane ezintsha zangaphakathi ezidinga ukwenziwa ngcono okwengeziwe. Uma sibheka ukuthambekela kwejika lokuphendula umthamo (okwalinganiselwa ngokubala imithambeka ye-LC95 ne-LC50 ku-Figure 3), i-nitisidone yayinejika eliqinile kakhulu, okubonisa ukusebenza kwayo okuphezulu. Lokhu kuhambisana nezifundo zangaphambilini ze-nitisidone ekondleni igazi nasekuhlolweni kwangaphandle kwenye i-dipteran vector, i-tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans morsitans) [26]. Sihlole kafushane ukusebenza kwe-nitisidone (sisebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwepuleti lengilazi) ngokudalula omiyane baseKissou (Isithombe S1A) noma omiyane baseNew Orleans (Isithombe S1B) ku-nitisidone ngaphambi kokudla. I-Nitisidone yahlala isebenza kahle emilenzeni, ilingisa isimo somiyane abafika odongeni oluphathwe nge-nitisidone ngaphambi kokudla, okudinga uphenyo olwengeziwe. Ukusebenza kahle kwe-nitisidone (kanye nezinye izithibi ze-HPPD) emilenzeni kungathuthukiswa ngokuhlanganiswa nezithasiselo ezifana ne-rapeseed methyl ester (RME), njengoba kuchaziwe kwezinye izibulala-zinambuzane [44, 55]. Ngokuhlola imiphumela ye-RME ku-*Gnaphalium affine* ngaphambi kokudla (Isithombe S2), sithole ukuthi ekugxilweni okungu-5 mg/m², ukuhlanganiswa nezithasiselo ezifana ne-RME kwandise kakhulu ukufa komiyane.
I-kinetics yokubulawa komiyane yi-nitisidone engakakhiwa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene ezimelana nayo iyathakazelisa. Ukufa okuhamba kancane kohlobo lwe-VK7 2014 kungase kube ngenxa yesikhumba esijiyile, ukuncipha kokusetshenziswa kwegazi, noma ukugaywa kwegazi okusheshayo—izinto esingazange sizihlole. I-Nitisidone ibonise ubuthi obuphansi kohlobo lwemiyane olumelana ne-Culex muheza, okuphakamisa isidingo sezifundo ezengeziwe ngamanani aphezulu (25 kuya ku-125 mg/m²). Ngaphezu kwalokho, njenge-Culex, omiyane be-Aedes abazweli kakhulu kwi-nitisidone kune-Anopheles, okungase kubonise umehluko wezinto eziphilayo phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili ngokuya ngokusetshenziswa kwegazi kanye nesilinganiso sokugaya [27]. Lo mehluko ugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqonda izici ezithile zezinhlobo lapho kuhlolwa izibulala-zinambuzane ezisebenza egazini. Naphezu kwesenzo sayo esincike egazini kanye nokubambezeleka, i-nitisidone ingaba nenani elisebenzayo ngoba ingasebenza ngaphambi kokuba omiyane babeke amaqanda noma banciphise ukuzala kwabo okuphelele. Ngenxa yendlela yayo yokusebenza eyingqayizivele, ehlose indlela yokuwohloka kwe-tyrosine ngokuvimbela i-4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), i-nitisidone inesithembiso njengengxenye yesu eliphelele lokulawula i-vector. Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi kube nokumelana nemithi ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo endaweni okuqondiwe kuyo noma ukuzivumelanisa ne-metabolic, futhi ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyaqhubeka okwamanje ukuze kuhlolwe lezi zindlela.
Imiphumela yethu ikhombisa ukuthi i-nitisidone ibulala omiyane abamunca igazi ngokuxhumana nemilenze, indlela engabonwanga nge-mesotrione, i-sulfadiazine, kanye ne-thiamethoxam. Lo mphumela wokubulala awuhlukanisi phakathi kwezinhlobo zomiyane ezizwela kakhulu noma ezimelana kakhulu nezinye izinhlobo zezibulala-zinambuzane, okuhlanganisa ama-pyrethroids, ama-organochlorides, kanye nama-carbamates angaba khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza kahle kokumunca kwe-nitisidone e-epidermal akukhawulelwe ezinhlotsheni ze-Anopheles; lokhu kuqinisekiswa ukusebenza kwayo ngokumelene ne-Culex pipiens pallens kanye ne-Aedes aegypti. Imininingwane yethu isekela isidingo socwaningo olwengeziwe lokuthuthukisa ukumunca kwe-nitisidone, isibonelo, ngokuthuthukisa ukumunca kwe-epidermal ngamakhemikhali noma ukusebenzisa izithasiselo. Ngendlela yayo eyingqayizivele yokusebenza, i-nitisidone isebenzisa ngempumelelo ukuziphatha kokumunca igazi komiyane besifazane. Lokhu kuyenza ibe yisinqumo esifanele sokufafaza izinambuzane zangaphakathi ezintsha kanye namanethi omiyane anesenzo sokubulala izinambuzane esihlala isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho izindlela zokulawula omiyane zendabuko zibuthakathaka khona ngenxa yokusabalala okusheshayo kokumelana kwe-pyrethroid.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-23-2025