I-BeauveriaI-bassiana kanye ne-Metarhizium anisopliae ziyizinhlobo ezimbili zefungi ezibangela izifo (ama-EPF) ezibaluleke kakhulu nezisetshenziswa kabanzi ekulawuleni izinambuzane. Izifundo zakamuva zikhombisile ukuthi zingakhuthaza nokukhula kwezitshalo ngemva kokugonywa okwenziwayo. Ukuhlola ngokunembile ukwakheka kwamakoloni kanye nemiphumela yokukhuthaza ukukhula kwe-I-Beauveria bassianakanye ne-Metarhizium anisopliae ezitshalweni zezolimo, kulolu cwaningo, izithombo zommbila zaphathwa ngezinhlobo ezingu-13 ze-Beauveria bassiana kanye nezinhlobo ezingu-73 ze-Metarhizium anisopliae, ngokulandelana, njenge-rhizosphere fungi ohlelweni lwe-hydroponic. Imingcele yokukhula kwezitshalo, okuhlanganisa ukuphakama kwesitshalo, ubude bezimpande, kanye nesisindo esisha, yaqashwa futhi yaqoshwa izinsuku ezingu-35 zilandelana ukuqinisekisa umphumela wokukhula wokugonywa kwe-fungal entomopathogenic. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwesilinganiso sokubuyiselwa kwefungal (FRR) ibonise ukuthi zombili i-Beauveria bassiana kanye ne-Metarhizium anisopliae ziyakwazi ukuqoqa izicubu zommbila endophytic. Ngosuku lwesi-7, izinga lokutholakala kwe-Beauveria bassiana lalingu-100% kokubili eziqwini nasemaqabungeni, kodwa ngosuku lwama-28, izinga lokutholakala eziqwini lehle laya ku-11.1% kanye nasemaqabungeni laya ku-22.2%. Kodwa-ke, *i-Beauveria bassiana* ayizange itholakale ezimpandeni kwaze kwaba usuku lwama-28, ngesilinganiso sokutholakala esingu-33.3%. Phakathi nesikhathi sokubuka, izinhlobo ze-*Metarhizium anisopliae* zahlukaniswa ezimpandeni, eziqwini, nasemaqabungeni esitshalo ngesilinganiso esiphezulu sokutholwa. Ukwanda kwe-PCR kwama-DNA athile esikhunta kwaqinisekisa ngokwengeziwe ukwakheka kwe-*Beauveria bassiana* kanye ne-*Metarhizium anisopliae* ezicutshini ezahlukahlukene; le ndlela ibonise ukuzwela okuphezulu kokutholwa kanye nokusabela okuhle okungu-100%. Uma kuqhathaniswa namanani okuqala esixazululweni se-hydroponic, ngosuku lwama-21, ubuningi besikhunta behle baba ngaphansi kuka-1%. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo ezimbili ezikhethiwe zesikhunta se-entomopathogenic zasungula ngempumelelo ukwakheka kwe-endophytic, kunokuba zibunjwe, kwe-corn rhizosphere futhi zakhuthaza kakhulu ukukhula kwayo ohlelweni lwe-hydroponic. Isikhunta se-entomopathogenic sinamandla amakhulu okusetshenziswa ekulimeni okungokwemvelo, kufaka phakathi njenge-biopesticides kanye ne-biofertilizers.
Isikhunta esibangela izifo (ama-EPF) sibonakalise ukubaluleka kwaso njengezinto zokulawula eziphilayo (ama-BCA) ekuphathweni kwezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene ngenxa yobubanzi bazo, ukukhiqizwa okulula, ukuzinza, kanye nesifo esiphezulu.1,2,3EShayina, i-*Beauveria bassiana* kanye ne-*Metarhizium anisopliae* zisetshenziselwa ukuhweba ukulawula izinambuzane ezinkulu zommbila ngendlela eqhubekayo (njenge-corn borer kanye ne-cotton bollworm) ukuze kugwenywe ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali.4Ekuphathweni kwezinambuzane nesikhunta, ubudlelwano obungunxantathu phakathi kwezitshalo, izinambuzane, nesikhunta buyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunobudlelwano phakathi kwezinambuzane nezifo ezibangelwa yisikhunta.
Izitshalo eziningi zihlala ngokubambisana ne-endophytic fungi5, ezihlala ezicutshini zezitshalo ngaphandle kokuzilimaza kakhulu6Isikhunta se-endophytic yizinto eziphilayo ezakha ngemva kokusungula ubudlelwano bokubambisana nomuntu ezimphethe.7Zingakhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile futhi zithuthukise ukuzivumelanisa kwazo nezimo ezimbi, okuhlanganisa ukucindezeleka kwe-biotic kanye ne-abiotic8, 9, 10Isikhunta se-endophytic sinezici ezibalulekile ze-phylogenetic kanye nezici zendlela yokuphila, njengokuhlala emakhaya, ukusabalala, ukucaciswa kwesitshalo esisingethwe yiso, kanye nokuhlala emakhaya kwezicubu zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene.11Ukusetshenziswa kwesikhunta se-endophytic njengezinto eziphilayo ze-endophytic kudonsele ukunaka ocwaningweni kabanzi futhi kubonise izinzuzo eziningi eziyingqayizivele kunezinto eziphilayo ze-endophytic zendabuko.
I-Beauveria bassiana kanye ne-Metarhizium anisopliae zingathelela izitshalo ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa kodwa kungagcini nje ngokolweni, isoya, ilayisi, ubhontshisi, u-anyanisi, utamatisi, isundu, amagilebhisi, amazambane kanye nokotini.12Ukutheleleka kwendawo noma okujwayelekile kwenzeka kakhulu ezimpandeni, eziqwini, emaqabunga, nasezicutshini zangaphakathi zezitshalo.11Ukutheleleka okwenziwa ngokwelashwa ngembewu, ukufakwa kwamaqabunga, kanye nokunisela inhlabathi kungakhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo ngokutheleleka nge-endophytic yi-fungi.13,14,15,16Ukwelashwa ngembewu yezitshalo nge-Beauveria bassiana kanye ne-Metarhizium anisopliae kuphumelele ekubangeleni ukutheleleka kwe-endophytic ezicutshini zezitshalo futhi kwakhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo ngokwandisa ukuphakama kwesiqu, ubude bempande, isisindo sezimpande ezintsha, kanye nesisindo sesiqu esisha.17,18,19Ukugonywa kwenhlabathi kanyeiqabungaUkufutha iBeauveria bassiana nakho kuyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu yokufaka, okungakhuthaza kakhulu ukukhula kwezithombo zommbila.20
Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuhlola imiphumela yokukhuthaza ukukhula kanye nezici zokukhula kwezithombo zommbila yiBeauveria bassiana kanye neMetarhizium anisopliae kanye nomthelela wazo ekukhuleni kwezitshalo ezinhlelweni ze-hydroponic.
Esivivinyweni sezinsuku ezingu-35, ukwelashwa ngesikhunta iBeauveria bassiana kanye neMetarhizium anisopliae kwakhuthaza kakhulu ukukhula kommbila. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1, umphumela ovuselelayo wesikhunta ezithweni ezahlukahlukene zommbila wawuncike esigabeni sazo sokukhula.
Ukukhula kwezithombo zommbila ngaphansi kokwelashwa okuhlukene ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kusukela kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla, imigqa enemibala ehlukene imelela izithombo zommbila eqenjini lokulawula, iqembu eliphathwe nge-Beauveria bassiana, kanye neqembu eliphathwe nge-Metarhizium anisopliae, ngokulandelana.
Ukufakwa kwama-tissue ommbila e-*Beauveria bassiana* kanye ne-*Metarhizium anisopliae* kuhlolwe kabanzi kusetshenziswa i-PCR amplification. Ithebula 5 libonisa ukuthi i-*Beauveria bassiana* yahlala ama-tissue angu-100% azo zonke izitho zommbila endaweni ngayinye yokuthatha isampula (izinsuku ezingu-7-35). Imiphumela efanayo yabonwa nge-*Metarhizium anisopliae* ezicutshini zamaqabunga, kodwa ukufakwa kwama-tissue yileli fungus akuzange kuhlale ku-100% eziqwini zommbila nasemaqabungeni.
Izindlela zokugoma zibalulekile ekukhuleni kwesikhunta.28UParsa nabanye.29bathole ukuthi i-*Beauveria bassiana* ingahlala ezitshalweni ngokuzifutha noma ngokunisela, kanti ukuhlaliswa kwezimpande kungenzeka kuphela ngokunisela. Kumabele, uTefera noVidal babike ukuthi ukuhlaliswa kwamaqabunga kwandisa izinga lokuhlaliswa kwezitshalo nge-*Beauveria bassiana* esiqwini, kanti ukuhlaliswa kwembewu kwandisa izinga lokuhlaliswa kwezitshalo ezimpandeni naseziqwini. Kulolu cwaningo, sihlabe izimpande ngefungi ezimbili ngokufaka ukumiswa kwe-conidial ngqo ohlelweni lwe-hydroponic. Le ndlela ingathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokusabalala kwefungi, njengoba amanzi agobhozayo angasiza ukunyakaza kwe-fungal conidia ezimpandeni zommbila. Ngaphezu kwezindlela zokuhlaliswa, ezinye izinto ezifana nezinambuzane zomhlabathi, izinga lokushisa, umswakama ohlobene, indawo yezakhamzimba, ubudala bezitshalo nezinhlobo, ubuningi bokuhlaliswa, kanye nezinhlobo zefungi kungathonya ukuhlaliswa kwezicubu zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene ngempumelelo yifungi.28
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhuliswa kwe-PCR kwama-DNA athile ahlobene nesikhunta kumelela indlela entsha nebucayi yokuthola ama-endophyte esikhunta. Isibonelo, ngemva kokukhulisa izicubu zezitshalo ku-selectised fungal media, kwatholakala inani eliphansi le-free detector receptor (FRR) ye-*Beauveria bassiana*, kodwa ukuhlaziywa kwe-PCR kuveze ukutholwa okungu-100%. Ubuningi obuphansi besikhunta se-endophytic ezicutshini zezitshalo noma ukuvinjelwa kwe-biotic kwezicubu zezitshalo kungaba yimbangela yokukhula kwesikhunta okungaphumeleli ku-selectised media. Ukukhuliswa kwe-PCR kungasetshenziswa ngokuthembekile ocwaningweni lwesikhunta se-endophytic.
Izifundo zangaphambilini zikhombisile ukuthi ezinye izinambuzane ezibangela izifo zingasebenza njengezichumisi eziphilayo ngokukhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo. UJaber et al. [16]ibike ukuthi imbewu kakolweni efakwe i-Beauveria bassiana izinsuku ezingu-14 yayinokuphakama okukhulu kwesiqu, ubude bempande, isisindo sempande entsha, kanye nesisindo sesiqu kunezitshalo ezingafakwanga i-incopy. URusso nabanye.[30]kubike ukuthi ukufafaza ummbila nge-Beauveria bassiana kwandise ukuphakama kwesitshalo, inani lamaqabunga, kanye nenani lamaqhubu endlebe yokuqala.
Esifundweni sethu, isikhunta ezimbili ezikhethiwe ezibangela izifo, iBeauveria bassiana kanye neMetarhizium anisopliae, nazo zikhuthaze kakhulu ukukhula kommbila ohlelweni lokukhulisa izitshalo olusebenzisa i-hydroponic futhi zasungula ukwakheka kwezicubu ezahlukahlukene zezithombo zommbila ngendlela ehlelekile, okulindeleke ukuthi kukhuthaze ukukhula kwesikhathi eside.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, uMoloignane nabanye bathole ukuthi ngisho namasonto ama-4 ngemva kokunisela inhlabathi, bekungekho mehluko omkhulu ekuphakameni kwezitshalo, inani lezimpande, inani lamaqabunga, isisindo esisha, kanye nesisindo esomile phakathi kwezivini zamagilebhisi eziphathwe futhi ezingaphathwanga nge-*Beauveria bassiana*. Lokhu akumangazi, njengoba amandla e-endophytic ezinhlobo ezithile zesikhunta angahlobene eduze nezinhlobo zezitshalo ezisingethe, uhlobo lwezitshalo, izimo zokudla okunempilo, kanye nethonya lemvelo. UTull noMeying baphenye umphumela wokwelashwa kwembewu ye-*Beauveria bassiana* (GHA) ekukhuleni kommbila. Bathole ukuthi i-*Beauveria bassiana* isebenze njengomgqugquzeli wokukhula kommbila kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezanele izakhamzimba, futhi akukho mphumela wokuvuselela owabonwa ngaphansi kwezimo zokuntuleka kwezakhamzimba. Ngakho-ke, indlela yokusabela kwezitshalo emiphumeleni ye-endophytic yesikhunta ayicacile neze futhi idinga uphenyo olwengeziwe.
Siphenye imiphumela yesikhunta esibangela izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane *iBeauveria bassiana* kanye *neMetarhizium anisopliae* njengezikhuthazi zokukhula kommbila. Kodwa-ke, ukuthi indlela eyinhloko iyi-rhizosphere noma i-endophytic akukacaci yini. Siqaphe ukuguquguquka kwenani labantu *iBeauveria bassiana* kanye *neMetarhizium anisopliae* ezixazululweni ze-hydroponic kanye nezicubu zezitshalo ukuze sichaze izindlela zokusebenza kwazo. Sisebenzisa amayunithi okwakha ikoloni (i-CFU) njengesibonakaliso, sithole ukuthi ubuningi *beBeauveria bassiana* kanye *neMetarhizium anisopliae* esixazululweni se-hydroponic behla ngokushesha. Ngemva kwesonto elilodwa, ukuhlushwa okusele *kweMetarhizium anisopliae* kwakungaphansi kuka-10%, kanti *iBeauveria bassiana* kwakungaphansi kuka-1%. Esixazululweni sommbila we-hydroponic, zombili izikhunta zanyamalala cishe ngosuku lwama-28. Ukuhlolwa kokulawula kubonise ukuthi i-conidia yazo zombili izikhunta yagcina ukusebenza okuphezulu ohlelweni lwe-hydroponic ngemva kwesonto elilodwa. Ngakho-ke, isikhunta se-endophytic, esithonywa ukunamathela kwe-conidial, ukuqashelwa komnikazi, kanye nezindlela zangaphakathi, ziyimbangela eyinhloko yokwehla okukhulu kobuningi besikhunta ohlelweni lwe-hydroponic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi wokukhulisa ukukhula kwesikhunta ubangelwa kakhulu umsebenzi wazo we-endophytic, hhayi umsebenzi we-rhizosphere.
Imisebenzi yezinto eziphilayo ngokuvamile ihlotshaniswa nobuningi babantu. Kuphela ngokulinganisa inani lesikhunta se-endophytic ezicutshini zezitshalo lapho singasungula khona ubudlelwano phakathi kokukhuthazwa kokukhula kwezitshalo kanye nobuningi besikhunta se-endophytic. Izindlela zokukhula kwezitshalo ezikhuthazwa ngazo ekusebenzisaneni kwesikhunta nezitshalo ezibangelwa yi-entomopathogenic zidinga uphenyo olwengeziwe. Isikhunta se-entomopathogenic asigcini nje ngokuba namandla amakhulu okulawula izinambuzane eziphilayo kodwa futhi sidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukukhula kwezitshalo, sivula imibono emisha mayelana nokusebenzisana kwemvelo phakathi kwezitshalo, izinambuzane, kanye nesikhunta se-entomopathogenic.
Izithombo zommbila ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye ezikhula ngokulinganayo nezinempilo zakhethwa ngokungahleliwe eqenjini ngalinye lokuhlola. Indawo yokukhulisa ezungeze izimpande zesithombo ngasinye yahlanzwa ngokucophelela ngamanzi acwengekile ukuze kugwenywe ukulimaza uhlelo lwezimpande. Izithombo zommbila eziphathwe kahle, ezazikhula ngokufanayo ezingxenyeni ezingenhla nangaphansi komhlaba, zabe sezitshalwa ohlelweni lokukhulisa ummbila olusebenzisa i-hydroponic.
Yonke idatha yokuhlola ihlaziywe kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kwe-variance eyodwa (ANOVA) ku-IBM SPSS Statistics (inguqulo 20.0), futhi ukubaluleka komehluko phakathi kokwelashwa kunqunywe kusetshenziswa ukuhlolwa kwe-HSD kukaTukey (P ≤ 0.05).
Njengoba izinto zesitshalo zathengwa kumsabalalisi oqinisekisiwe wendawo, akukho layisensi eyayidingeka. Ukusetshenziswa kwezitshalo noma izinto zezitshalo kulolu cwaningo kuhambisana neziqondiso ezifanele zomhlaba wonke, zesizwe, kanye/noma zezikhungo.
Ekuphetheni, isikhunta ezimbili ezibangela izifo, *iBeauveria bassiana* kanye *neMetarhizium anisopliae*, zidlale indima enhle ekukhuthazeni ukukhula kwezithombo zommbila ngemva kokugonywa kwe-rhizosphere ngesistimu ye-hydroponic. Lezi sikhunta ezimbili zakwazi ukusungula ukuhlanganiswa okuhlelekile kwazo zonke izitho zommbila nezicubu ngesistimu yezimpande zingakapheli isonto elilodwa. Ukuguquguquka kwenani lesikhunta esixazululweni se-hydroponic kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwesikhunta kwezicubu zommbila kwembule ukuthi, ngaphezu komsebenzi we-rhizosphere, umsebenzi we-endophytic wesikhunta wenze umnikelo obaluleke kakhulu ekukhuthazeni ukukhula kwezitshalo okubonwe. Ukuziphatha kwe-endophytic kwesikhunta kubonise ezinye izici ezithile zezinhlobo. Ukwandiswa kwama-DNA aqondile esikhunta kusetshenziswa i-PCR kubonakale kuzwela kakhulu kunezindlela zokuthola ikoloni kusetshenziswa imidiya yokukhetha isikhunta. Le ndlela ingasetshenziswa ukulandelela ngokunembile ukuhlanganiswa kwesikhunta kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwazo endaweni ezicutshini zezitshalo. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuze kucaciswe izindlela izitshalo nezinambuzane zezitshalo ezisabela ngazo emiphumeleni ye-endophytic yesikhunta (ulwazi olwengeziwe).
Amasethi edatha akhiqizwe phakathi nalolu cwaningo ayatholakala kumbhali ohambisanayo uma ecelwa ngokufanele.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Jan-20-2026