Ama-Biopesticides angelinye lamathuluzi abalulekile okusebenzisa “isu le-Green Food System” e-Japan.Leli phepha lichaza incazelo kanye nesigaba sezibulala-zinambuzane e-Japan, futhi lihlukanisa ukubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane e-Japan, ukuze kunikezwe ireferensi yokuthuthukiswa nokusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane kwamanye amazwe.
Ngenxa yendawo elinganiselwe uma kuqhathaniswa yendawo yokulima etholakalayo e-Japan, kuyadingeka ukufaka izibulala-zinambuzane ezengeziwe nomanyolo ukuze kwandiswe isivuno sezitshalo endaweni ngayinye.Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwenani elikhulu lezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali kwandisa umthwalo wemvelo, futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuvikela umhlabathi, amanzi, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, izindawo zasemaphandleni kanye nokuvikeleka kokudla ukuze kuzuzwe ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo kanye nemvelo esimeme.Njengoba kunezinsalela eziphakeme zezibulala-zinambuzane ezitshalweni eziholela ekwandeni kwezigameko zezifo zomphakathi, abalimi nomphakathi bavame ukusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane eziphephile nezingayingeni imvelo.
Ngokufana nohlelo lwase-Europe lwe-farm-to-Fork, uhulumeni wase-Japan ngoMeyi 2021 wenza “Isu Lohlelo Lokudla Oluhlaza” elihlose ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa okunesisindo esiyingozi kwezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali ngo-50% ngo-2050 futhi andise indawo yokulinywa kwemvelo ukuze 1 million hm2 (okulingana no-25% wendawo yokulima yase-Japan).Lelisu lihlose ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqiza kanye nokusimama kokudla, ezolimo, amahlathi kanye nezindawo zokudoba ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezintsha Zokuqina (i-MeaDRI), okuhlanganisa nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane okudidiyelwe, izindlela zokufaka izicelo ezithuthukisiwe kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinye izindlela ezintsha.Phakathi kwazo, okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa, ukusetshenziswa kanye nokukhuthazwa kokulawulwa kwezinambuzane ezididiyelwe (IPM), kanye ne-biopesticides ingelinye lamathuluzi abalulekile.
1. Incazelo kanye nesigaba sama-biopesticides e-Japan
Izibulala-zinambuzane zihlobene nezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali noma zokwenziwa, futhi ngokuvamile zibhekisela kwizibulala-zinambuzane eziphephile noma ezinobungane kubantu, imvelo kanye nemvelo zisebenzisa noma ezisekelwe ezinsizeni zebhayoloji.Ngokomthombo wezithako ezisebenzayo, ama-biopesticides angahlukaniswa abe yizigaba ezilandelayo: okokuqala, izibulala-zinambuzane eziwumthombo we-microbial, okuhlanganisa amabhaktheriya, isikhunta, amagciwane kanye nezilwane zangempela eziphilayo (eziguquliwe ngofuzo) eziphilayo eziphilayo ezincane kanye nama-metabolites azo afihliwe;Eyesibili izibulala-zinambuzane eziphuma emithonjeni yezitshalo, okuhlanganisa nezitshalo eziphilayo kanye nezingcaphuno zazo, izinto zokuvikela ezigxilile zezitshalo (izitshalo eziguqulwe ngofuzo);Okwesithathu, izibulala-zinambuzane zemvelaphi yezilwane, okuhlanganisa nematode entomopathetic ephilayo, izilwane ezidla inyama nezidla inyama kanye nezikhishwe zezilwane (njengama-pheromones).I-United States namanye amazwe aphinde ahlukanise izibulala-zinambuzane zemvelo ezinjengowoyela wamaminerali njengama-biopesticides.
I-SEIJ yaseJapan ihlukanisa izibulala-zinambuzane zibe izibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane zezinto eziphilayo, futhi ihlukanisa ama-pheromones, ama-microbial metabolites (ama-antibiotic ezolimo), okukhishwe kwezitshalo, izibulala-zinambuzane ezithathwe ngamaminerali, okukhishwe kwezilwane (ezifana ne-arthropod venom), ama-nanoantibodies, kanye nama-agent ashumekiwe okuvikela izitshalo. izibulala-zinambuzane.I-Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives yase-Japan ihlukanisa ama-biopesticides ase-Japan abe ama-arthropod yesitha semvelo, i-nematode yesitha semvelo, ama-microorganisms nezinto eziphilayo, futhi ihlukanisa i-Bacillus thuringiensis engacushiwe njengama-microorganisms futhi ayifaki ama-antibiotic ezolimo esigabeni sama-biopesticides.Kodwa-ke, ekuphathweni kwangempela kwezibulala-zinambuzane, ama-biopesticides aseJapane achazwa kancane njengezibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo eziphilayo, okungukuthi, “ama-agent alawula izinto eziphilayo njengama-antagonistic microorganisms, i-plant pathogenic microorganisms, i-insect pathogenic microorganisms, izinambuzane ezinambuzane, i-parasitic ne-arthropods edlayo esetshenziselwa ukulawula izinambuzane. izinambuzane”.Ngamanye amazwi, ama-Japanese biopesticides ayizibulala-zinambuzane ezithengisa izinto eziphilayo ezifana nama-microorganisms, i-entomopathetic nematodes kanye nezilwane eziyisitha zemvelo njengezithako ezisebenzayo, kuyilapho izinhlobo nezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezibhaliswe e-Japan azikho esigabeni sama-biopesticides.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho kweJapane "Izinyathelo Zokwelashwa Kwemiphumela Yokuhlola Ukuhlola Ukuphepha okuhlobene nesicelo Sokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane", ama-microorganisms ashintshwe ufuzo nezitshalo awekho ngaphansi kokuphathwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zebhayoloji e-Japan.Eminyakeni yamuva nje, uMnyango Wezolimo, Amahlathi kanye Nezokudoba uphinde waqala inqubo yokuhlola kabusha ama-biopesticides futhi wathuthukisa amazinga amasha wokungabhaliswa kwama-biopesticides ukuze kuncishiswe ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukusetshenziswa nokusabalala kwe-biopesticide kungabangela umonakalo omkhulu endaweni. noma ukukhula kwezilwane nezitshalo endaweni okuhlala kuyo.
Uhlu olusanda kukhishwa oluthi “Uhlu Lwezinto Zokufaka Ezitshalwayo Eziphilayo” nguMnyango Wezolimo, Amahlathi kanye Nezokudoba wase-Japan ngo-2022 luhlanganisa zonke izibulala-zinambuzane nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane zemvelo.Ama-biopesticides ase-Japan akhululiwe ekusungulweni kwe-Allowable Daily Intake (ADI) kanye ne-maximum Residue limits (MRL), yomibili ingasetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo yezolimo ngaphansi kwe-Japan Organic Agriculture Standard (JAS).
2. Uhlolojikelele lokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zebhayoloji e-Japan
Njengezwe elihamba phambili ekuthuthukisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane, i-Japan inohlelo oluphelele lokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokubhaliswa okucebile kwezibulala-zinambuzane.Ngokwezibalo zombhali, kusukela ngo-2023, kunamalungiselelo e-biological pesticides angu-99 abhalisiwe futhi asebenza ngempumelelo e-Japan, afaka izithako ezisebenzayo ezingu-47, ezibalela cishe u-8.5% wesamba sezithako ezisebenzayo zezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe.Phakathi kwazo, izithako ze-35 zisetshenziselwa i-insecticide (kuhlanganise ne-2 nematocides), izithako ezingu-12 zisetshenziselwa ukuvala inzalo, futhi awekho ama-herbicides noma okunye ukusetshenziswa (Figure 1).Nakuba ama-pheromone engekho esigabeni sama-biopesticides e-Japan, ngokuvamile ayakhuthazwa futhi asetshenziswe kanye nama-biopesticides njengezinto zokutshala eziphilayo.
2.1 Izibulala-zinambuzane zemvelo zezitha zemvelo
Kunezithako ezingu-22 ezisebenzayo zomuthi wemvelo wesitha we-biopesticides ezibhaliswe e-Japan, ezingahlukaniswa zibe izinambuzane ezinamagciwane, izinambuzane ezidla ezinye kanye nezibungu ezidla ezinye ngokuya ngezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nendlela yokwenza.Phakathi kwazo, izinambuzane ezidla ezinye nezibungu ezidla ezinye zidla izinambuzane eziyingozi ukuze zidliwe, futhi izinambuzane ezinamagciwane zibekela amaqanda ezinambuzaneni eziwuhlupho futhi izibungu zazo ezichanyuselwe zidla umninikhaya futhi zikhule ukuze zibulale umsingathi.Izinambuzane ezibizwa nge-hymenoptera, njenge-aphid bee, inyosi ye-aphid, inyosi ye-aphid, inyosi ye-aphid, inyosi ye-aphid, i-hemiptera bee kanye ne-Mylostomus japonicus, ezibhaliswe e-Japan, zisetshenziselwa ukulawula ama-aphid, izimpukane nezimpukane emifino etshalwa endaweni ebamba ukushisa, kanye ne-chrysoptera edla inyama, i-bug bug, i-ladybug kanye nama-thrips asetshenziselwa ukulawula ama-aphid, ama-thrips nezimpukane ezimhlophe emifino etshalwa ku-greenhouse.Izibungu ezidla ezinye zisetshenziselwa kakhulu ukulawula isicabucabu esibomvu, i-leaf mite, i-tyrophage, i-pleurotarsus, i-thrips ne-whitefly emifino, izimbali, izihlahla zezithelo, ubhontshisi namazambane atshalwa endaweni ebamba ukushisa, kanye nemifino, izihlahla zezithelo netiye elitshalwe amasimu.Anicetus beneficus, Pseudaphycus mali⁃nus, E. eremicus, Dacnusa Sibirica sibirica, Diglyphus isaea, Bathyplectes anurus, degenerans (A. (=Iphiseius) degenerans, A. cucumeris Ukubhaliswa kwezitha zemvelo ezifana no-O. sauteri akuzange kuvuselelwe.
2.2 Izibulala-zinambuzane Ezincane
Kunezinhlobo ezingu-23 zezithako ezisebenzayo zezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe e-Japan, ezingahlukaniswa zibe izibulala-zinambuzane/isikhunta, ama-insecticide/ama-fungicides kanye nama-fungal insecticides/fungicides ngokuya ngezinhlobo nokusetshenziswa kwama-microorganisms.Phakathi kwazo, ama-microbial insecticide abulala noma alawule izinambuzane ngokuthelela, ngokuphindaphinda futhi akhiphe ubuthi.Ama-microbial fungicides alawula amabhaktheriya e-pathogenic ngokuncintisana kwekoloni, ukukhishwa kwama-antimicrobial noma ama-metabolites esibili, kanye nokungeniswa kokumelana nezitshalo [1-2, 7-8, 11].Isikhunta (predation) nematocides Monacrosporium phymatopagum, Microbial fungicides Agrobacterium radiobacter, Pseudomonas sp.CAB-02, non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and the Pepper mild mottle virus attenuated strain, Kanye nokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-microbial ezifana ne-pxthonasv. I-Drechslera monoceras ayizange ivuselelwe.
2.2.1 Izibulala-zinambuzane ezibangelwa amagciwane
Izibulala-zinambuzane ze-polyhedroid eziyimbudumbudu kanye ne-nuclear ebhaliswe e-Japan zisetshenziswa kakhulu ukulawula izinambuzane ezithile ezifana nezikelemu ze-apula, insangu yetiye kanye ne-tea longleaf ringworm, kanye ne-Streptococcus aureus ezitshalweni ezifana nezithelo, imifino kanye nobhontshisi.Njengesibulala-zinambuzane esisetshenziswa kakhulu esinamagciwane, i-Bacillus thuringiensis isetshenziswa kakhulu ukulawula izinambuzane ze-lepidoptera kanye ne-hemiptera ezitshalweni ezinjengemifino, izithelo, irayisi, amazambane kanye ne-turf.Phakathi kwama-insecticide esikhunta abhalisiwe, i-Beauveria bassiana isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukulawula izinambuzane zomlomo ezihlafunayo nezihlabayo njengama-thrips, izinambuzane ze-scale, izimpukane, izibungu, amabhungane, amadayimane nama-aphid emifino, izithelo, uphayini kanye netiye.I-Beauveria brucei isetshenziselwa ukulawula izinambuzane ze-coleoptera ezifana nama-longiceps namabhungane ezihlahleni zezithelo, izihlahla, i-angelica, izimbali ze-cherry kanye namakhowe e-shiitake.I-Metarhizium anisopliae esetshenziselwa ukulawula ama-thrips ekulinyweni kwe-greenhouse yemifino kanye nomango;I-Paecilomyces furosus kanye ne-Paecilopus pectus zasetshenziswa ukulawula i-whitefly, aphid kanye nesicabucabu esibomvu emifino etshalwa endaweni eluhlaza kanye nama-strawberries.Isikhunta sisetshenziselwa ukulawula izimpukane ezimhlophe kanye namathrips ekulinyweni kwe-greenhouse kwemifino, umango, ama-chrysanthemums kanye ne-lisiflorum.
Njengokuphela kwe-microbial nematocide ebhalisiwe futhi esebenza ngempumelelo e-Japan, i-Bacillus Pasteurensis punctum isetshenziselwa ukulawula i-root knot nematode emifino, amazambane kanye namakhiwane.
2.2.2 Ama-Microbiocides
Isikhunta esifana negciwane i-zucchini yellowing Mosaic virus uhlobo olunciphile olubhalisiwe e-Japan lwasetshenziselwa ukulawula isifo sikaMose kanye ne-fusarium wilt ebangelwa igciwane elihlobene nekhukhamba.Phakathi kwama-bacteriological fungicides abhaliswe eJapane, i-Bacillus amylolitica isetshenziselwa ukulawula izifo zesikhunta ezifana ne-brown rot, isikhunta esimpunga, i-black blight, isifo senkanyezi emhlophe, i-powdery mildew, isikhunta esimnyama, isikhunta samaqabunga, isifo samabala, ukugqwala okumhlophe kanye ne-leaf blight. ngemifino, izithelo, izimbali, amahops nogwayi.I-Bacillus simplex yayisetshenziselwa ukuvimbela nokwelapha ukushwabana kwebhaktheriya kanye nokubola kwerayisi okubangelwa amagciwane.I-Bacillus subtilis isetshenziselwa ukulawula izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye nesikhunta njengesikhunta esimpunga, i-powdery mildew, isifo senkanyezi emnyama, i-rice blast, i-leaf mildew, i-black blight, i-leaf blight, indawo emhlophe, i-spekle, isifo se-canker, i-blight, isifo sesikhunta esimnyama, isifo samachashazi ansundu, isifo samaqabunga amnyama kanye nesifo samabala amagciwane emifino, izithelo, irayisi, izimbali nezitshalo zokuhlobisa, ubhontshisi, amazambane, amahops, ugwayi namakhowe.Izinhlobo ezingezona ze-pathogenic ze-Erwenella soft rot subspecies zisetshenziselwa ukulawula ukubola okuthambile kanye nesifo se-canker emifino, i-citrus, i-cycleen kanye namazambane.I-Pseudomonas fluorescens isetshenziselwa ukulawula ukubola, ukubola okumnyama, ukubola okumnyama okubangelwa amagciwane kanye nokubola kwezimbali ezitshalweni zamaqabunga.I-Pseudomonas roseni isetshenziselwa ukulawula ukubola okuthambile, ukubola okumnyama, ukubola, ukubola kwezimbali, indawo yebhaktheriya, indawo emnyama yebhaktheriya, i-bacterial perforation, i-bacterial soft rot, i-bacterial stem blight, i-bacterial branch blight kanye ne-bacterial canker emifino nasezithelo.I-Phagocytophage mirabile isetshenziselwa ukulawula isifo sokuvuvukala kwezimpande zemifino e-cruciferous, futhi amabhaktheriya ebhasikidi aphuzi asetshenziselwa ukulawula i-powdery mildew, isikhunta esimnyama, i-anthrax, isikhunta seqabunga, isikhunta esimpunga, ukuqhuma kwerayisi, ukubola kwebhaktheriya, i-bacterial wilt, i-brown streak. , isifo sezithombo esibi kanye nokulimala kwezithombo emifino, ama-strawberries nelayisi, futhi kukhuthaze ukukhula kwezimpande zezitshalo.I-Lactobacillus plantarum isetshenziselwa ukulawula ukubola okuthambile emifino namazambane.Phakathi kwemithi ebulala isikhunta ebhaliswe eJapane, i-Scutellaria microscutella yayisetshenziselwa ukuvimbela nokulawula ukubola kwe-sclerotium emifino, ukubola okumnyama okubola ku-scallion nogalikhi.I-Trichoderma viridis isetshenziselwa ukulawula izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye nesikhunta njenge-rice blight, isifo se-bacterial brown streak, i-leaf blight kanye ne-rice blast, kanye nesifo se-asparagus purple streak kanye nesifo sikasilika esimhlophe.
2.3 I-Entomopathogenic nematodes
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-entomopathogenic nematodes ezibhaliswe ngempumelelo e-Japan, futhi izindlela zazo zokubulala izinambuzane [1-2, 11] ikakhulukazi zibandakanya ukulimala kwemishini yokuhlasela, ukusetshenziswa komsoco kanye nokuhlakazeka komonakalo wamangqamuzana ezicubu, kanye namabhaktheriya e-symbiotic akhipha ubuthi.I-Steinernema carpocapsae kanye ne-S. glaseri, ebhaliswe e-Japan, isetshenziswa kakhulu kubhatata, iminqumo, amakhiwane, izimbali nezitshalo zamahlamvu, izimbali zama-cherry, ama-plums, amapentshisi, amajikijolo abomvu, ama-apula, amakhowe, imifino, i-turf ne-ginkgo Ukulawula izinambuzane njenge-Megalophora, i-olive weestro, i-Grape Black Weestro, i-Red Palm Weestro, i-Yellow Star Longicornis, i-Peach Neck-neck Weestro, i-Udon Nematophora, i-Double tufted Lepidophora, i-Zoysia Oryzae, i-Scirpus oryzae, i-Dipteryx japonica, i-Japanese Cherry Peach Borerm yokudla isibungu esincane, , i-aculema Japonica ne-Red fungus.Ukubhaliswa kwe-entomopathogenic nematode S. kushidai akuzange kuvuselelwe.
3. Isifinyezo kanye nombono
E-Japan, ama-biopesticides abalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuvikeleka kokudla, ukuvikela imvelo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kanye nokugcina intuthuko yezolimo esimeme.Ngokungafani namazwe nezifunda ezifana ne-United States, i-European Union, i-China kanye ne-Vietnam [1, 7-8], ama-biopesticides aseJapane achazwa kancane njengama-ejenti aphilayo angaguqukisiwe okulawula izinto eziphilayo angasetshenziswa njengezinto zokutshala eziphilayo.Njengamanje, kunezibulala-zinambuzane ezingama-47 zebhayoloji ezibhalisiwe futhi ezisebenzayo e-Japan, ezezitha zemvelo, ama-microorganisms kanye nezinambuzane ze-pathogenic nematodes, futhi zisetshenziselwa ukuvimbela nokulawula ama-arthropods ayingozi, i-plant parasitic nematodes kanye ne-pathogens ekutshalweni kwe-greenhouse kanye nezitshalo zasensimini ezinjalo. njengemifino, izithelo, irayisi, izihlahla zetiye, izihlahla, izimbali nezitshalo zokuhlobisa kanye notshani.Nakuba lawa ma-biopesticides anezinzuzo zokuphepha okuphezulu, ubungozi obuncane bokungazweli emithini, ukuzisesha noma ukuqeda izinambuzane eziwumshayabhuqe ngokuphindaphindiwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumayo, isikhathi eside sokusebenza kahle kanye nokonga abasebenzi, futhi anezimo ezingezinhle njengokungaqini kahle, ukungasebenzi kahle, ukungahambisani kahle. , lawula i-spectrum kanye nesikhathi sewindi sokusebenzisa esincane.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhla lwezitshalo nezinto zokulawula zokubhaliswa nokusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane e-Japan nazo zilinganiselwe, futhi azikwazi ukuthatha indawo yezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali ukuze zisebenze ngokugcwele.Ngokwezibalo [3], ngo-2020, inani lama-biopesticides asetshenziswa e-Japan lalingu-0.8% kuphela, elaliphansi kakhulu kunengxenye yenani elibhalisiwe lezithako ezisebenzayo.
Njengendlela eyinhloko yokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yezibulala-zinambuzane esikhathini esizayo, izibulala-zinambuzane zicwaningwa kakhulu futhi zithuthukiswe futhi zibhaliselwe ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo.Ngokuhambisana nenqubekelaphambili yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo nobuchwepheshe kanye nokuvelela kwenzuzo yezindleko zocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwe-biopesticide, ukuthuthukiswa kokuphepha kokudla nekhwalithi, umthwalo wemvelo kanye nezidingo zentuthuko esimeme yezolimo, imakethe ye-biopesticide yaseJapan iyaqhubeka nokukhula ngokushesha.I-Inkwood Research ilinganisela ukuthi imakethe yaseJapan ye-biopesticide izokhula ngenani lokukhula elihlanganisiwe ngonyaka ka-22.8% ukusuka ngo-2017 kuya ku-2025, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ifinyelele ku-$729 million ngo-2025. Ngokusetshenziswa kwe-“Green Food System Strategy”, kusetshenziswa ama-biopesticides. kubalimi baseJapan
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-14-2024