Ama-biopesticides angenye yamathuluzi abalulekile okusebenzisa "isu le-Green Food System" eJapane. Leli phepha lichaza incazelo kanye nesigaba sama-biopesticides eJapane, futhi lihlukanisa ukubhaliswa kwama-biopesticides eJapane, ukuze kunikezwe inkomba yokuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kwama-biopesticides kwamanye amazwe.
Ngenxa yendawo encane yamapulazi atholakalayo eJapane, kuyadingeka ukufaka izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nomanyolo owengeziwe ukuze kwandiswe isivuno sezitshalo endaweni ngayinye. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwenani elikhulu lezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali kwandisa umthwalo wemvelo, futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuvikela inhlabathi, amanzi, ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, izindawo zasemakhaya kanye nokuvikeleka kokudla ukuze kufezwe intuthuko yezolimo nemvelo esimeme. Njengoba kunezinsalela eziningi zezibulala-zinambuzane ezitshalweni eziholela ekwandeni kwamacala ezifo zomphakathi, abalimi kanye nomphakathi bavame ukusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane eziphephile nezinobungani nemvelo.
Ngokufanayo nohlelo lwaseYurophu lwe-farm-to-Fork, uhulumeni waseJapan ngoMeyi 2021 wasungula “iSu Lohlelo Lokudla Okuluhlaza” elihlose ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali okunengozi ngo-50% ngo-2050 nokwandisa indawo yokulima okungokwemvelo ibe yi-1 million hm2 (okulingana no-25% wendawo yamapulazi yaseJapan). Leli su lihlose ukuthuthukisa umkhiqizo kanye nokusimama kokudla, ezolimo, amahlathi kanye nokudoba ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezintsha zokumelana nobunzima (MeaDRI), okuhlanganisa ukuphathwa kwezinambuzane okuhlanganisiwe, izindlela zokusebenzisa ezithuthukisiwe kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinye izindlela ezintsha. Phakathi kwazo, okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa, ukusetshenziswa kanye nokukhuthazwa kokuphathwa kwezinambuzane okuhlanganisiwe (IPM), kanye nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane exubile ingenye yamathuluzi abalulekile.
1. Incazelo kanye nesigaba semithi yokubulala izinambuzane eJapane
Ama-biopesticides ahlobene nama-pesticides amakhemikhali noma okwenziwa, futhi ngokuvamile abhekisela kuma-pesticides aphephile noma anobungane kubantu, imvelo kanye nemvelo esebenzisa noma ngokusekelwe ezinsizeni zebhayoloji. Ngokusho komthombo wezithako ezisebenzayo, ama-biopesticides angahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezilandelayo: okokuqala, ama-pesticides avela ku-microbial, okuhlanganisa amabhaktheriya, isikhunta, amagciwane kanye nezilwane eziphilayo zokuqala (eziguqulwe ngofuzo) izinto eziphilayo eziphilayo kanye nama-metabolites azo akhiqizwe; Okwesibili ama-pesticides avela ezitshalweni, okuhlanganisa izitshalo eziphilayo kanye neziqeshana zazo, izinto ezivikela izitshalo (izitshalo eziguqulwe ngofuzo); Okwesithathu, ama-pesticides avela ezilwaneni, okuhlanganisa ama-nematode aphilayo e-entomopathetic, izilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane kanye neziqeshana zezilwane (njenge-pheromone). I-United States kanye namanye amazwe nawo ahlukanisa ama-pesticides avela ezimbiweni zemvelo njenge-oyili yamaminerali njenge-biopesticides.
I-SEIJ yaseJapan ihlukanisa ama-biopesticides abe yizibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane zezinto eziphilayo, futhi ihlukanisa ama-pheromone, ama-metabolites amagciwane (ama-antibiotic ezolimo), izicucu zezitshalo, izibulala-zinambuzane ezithathwe kumaminerali, izicucu zezilwane (njenge-arthropod venom), ama-nanoantibodies, kanye nama-ejenti okuvikela afakwe ezitshalweni njengezinambuzane zezinto eziphilayo. I-Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives of Japan ihlukanisa ama-biopesticides aseJapan abe yizibulala-zinambuzane zemvelo, ama-nematode esitha emvelo, ama-microorganisms kanye nezinto eziphilayo, futhi ihlukanisa i-Bacillus thuringiensis engasebenzi njengama-microorganisms futhi ayifaki ama-antibiotic ezolimo esigabeni sama-biopesticides. Kodwa-ke, ekuphathweni kwangempela kwezibulala-zinambuzane, ama-biopesticides aseJapan achazwa ngokuncishisiwe njengezinambuzane eziphilayo eziphilayo, okungukuthi, "ama-ejenti okulawula izinto eziphilayo njengezinambuzane eziphikisanayo, ama-microorganisms abangela izifo ezitshalweni, ama-microorganisms abangela izifo ezibangelwa yizinambuzane, ama-nematode abangela izifo ezibangelwa yizinambuzane, ama-arthropod abangela izifo ezibangelwa yizinambuzane kanye nezidla ezinye izilwane asetshenziselwa ukulawula izinambuzane". Ngamanye amazwi, ama-biopesticides aseJapan ayizibulala-zinambuzane ezithengisa izinto eziphilayo ezifana nama-microorganism, ama-nematode e-entomopathetic kanye nezinto eziphilayo zemvelo zesitha njengezithako ezisebenzayo, kuyilapho izinhlobo nezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezibhalisiwe eJapane zingezona ezesigaba sama-biopesticides. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho kwe-“Measures for the Treatment of the Results of Safety Assessment tests related to application for Registration of microbial pesticides” yaseJapan, ama-microorganisms nezitshalo eziguqulwe ngofuzo azikho ngaphansi kokuphathwa kwama-biopesticides eJapane. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, uMnyango Wezolimo, Amahlathi Nezokudoba uphinde waqala inqubo yokuhlola kabusha ama-biopesticides futhi wasungula amazinga amasha okungabhaliswa kwama-biopesticides ukuze kuncishiswe amathuba okuthi ukusetshenziswa nokusabalala kwama-biopesticides kungabangela umonakalo omkhulu endaweni yokuhlala noma ekukhuleni kwezilwane nezitshalo endaweni ephilayo.
I-"List of Organic Planting Inputs" esanda kukhishwa yi-Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries yaseJapan ngo-2022 ihlanganisa yonke imithi yokubulala izinambuzane kanye nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ezivela ezintweni eziphilayo. Imithi yokubulala izinambuzane yaseJapan ayivunyelwe ekusungulweni kwe-Allowable Daily Intake (ADI) kanye ne-maximum Residue limit (MRL), zombili ezingasetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwemikhiqizo yezolimo ngaphansi kwe-Japanese Organic Agriculture Standard (JAS).
2. Ukubuka konke kokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo eJapane
Njengezwe elihamba phambili ekuthuthukisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwemithi yokubulala izinambuzane, iJapane inohlelo lokuphatha ukubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane oluphelele kanye nohlobo olucebile lokubhaliswa kwemithi yokubulala izinambuzane. Ngokwezibalo zombhali, kusukela ngo-2023, kunezilungiso zezibulala-zinambuzane zebhayoloji ezingu-99 ezibhalisiwe futhi ezisebenzayo eJapane, ezibandakanya izithako ezisebenzayo ezingu-47, ezibalelwa cishe ku-8.5% wezithako ezisebenzayo zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ebhalisiwe. Phakathi kwazo, izithako ezingu-35 zisetshenziselwa izinambuzane (kufaka phakathi ama-nematocide amabili), izithako ezingu-12 zisetshenziselwa ukubulala inzalo, futhi azikho izibulali-zinambuzane noma ezinye izindlela zokusebenzisa (Isithombe 1). Nakuba ama-pheromone engekho esigabeni semithi yokubulala izinambuzane eJapane, avame ukukhuthazwa futhi asetshenziswe kanye nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane njengezinto zokutshala eziphilayo.
2.1 Izibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo zezitha zemvelo
Kunezithako ezisebenzayo ezingu-22 zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane yemvelo yesitha ebhaliswe eJapan, ezingahlukaniswa zibe yizinambuzane ezidla ezinye izilwane, izinambuzane ezidla ezinye izilwane kanye nezibungu ezidla ezinye izilwane ngokuya ngezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nendlela ezisebenza ngayo. Phakathi kwazo, izinambuzane ezidla ezinye izilwane kanye nezibungu ezidla ezinye izilwane zidla izinambuzane eziyingozi ukuze zidle, kanti izinambuzane ezidla ezinye izilwane zibeka amaqanda ezilokazaneni ezidla ezinye izilwane futhi izibungu zazo ezichanyuselwe zidla umninimzi futhi zikhule ukuze zibulale umninimzi. Izinambuzane ezidla ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane, njenge-aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, hemiptera bee kanye neMylostomus japonicus, ezibhaliswe eJapan, zisetshenziswa kakhulu ukulawula ama-aphid, izimpukane kanye nezimpukane ezimhlophe emifinweni etshalwe egreenhouse, kanti i-chrysoptera edla ezinye izilwane, i-bug bug, i-ladybug kanye nama-thrips zisetshenziswa kakhulu ukulawula ama-aphid, ama-thrips kanye nezimpukane ezimhlophe emifinweni etshalwe egreenhouse. Izibungu ezidla ezinye izilwane zisetshenziswa kakhulu ukulawula isicabucabu esibomvu, umbungu wamaqabunga, i-tyrophage, i-pleurotarsus, ama-thrips kanye ne-whitefly emifinweni, izimbali, izihlahla zezithelo, ubhontshisi namazambane atshalwe endaweni eluhlaza okotshani, kanye nemifino, izihlahla zezithelo kanye netiye elitshalwe emasimini. I-Anicetus beneficus, i-Pseudaphycus mali⁃nus, i-E. eremicus, i-Dacnusa Sibirica sibirica, i-Diglyphus isaea, i-Bathyplectes anurus, i-degenerans (A. (=Iphiseius) degenerans, i-A. cucumeris Ukubhaliswa kwezitha zemvelo ezifana ne-O. sauteri akuzange kuvuselelwe.
2.2 Izibulala-zinambuzane ezibangelwa amagciwane
Kunezinhlobo ezingu-23 zezithako ezisebenzayo zezibulala-zinambuzane ezibangelwa amagciwane ezibhalisiwe eJapane, ezingahlukaniswa zibe izibulala-zinambuzane ezibangelwa amagciwane/izibulala-fungi, izibulala-zinambuzane ezibangelwa amagciwane/izibulala-fungi kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ezibangelwa amagciwane/izibulala-fungi ngokwezinhlobo nokusetshenziswa kwamagciwane. Phakathi kwazo, izibulala-zinambuzane ezibangelwa amagciwane zibulala noma zilawula izinambuzane ngokuthelela, ukuzalanisa nokukhipha ubuthi. Izibulala-fungi ezibangelwa amagciwane zilawula amagciwane abangela amagciwane ngokuncintisana kokukhula, ukukhishwa kwamagciwane alwa namagciwane noma ama-metabolites esibili, kanye nokufakwa kokumelana nezitshalo [1-2, 7-8, 11]. Izibulala-zinambuzane ezibangelwa amagciwane (ezidla ezinye) i-Monacrosporium phymatopagum, izibulala-fungi ezibangelwa amagciwane i-Agrobacterium radiobacter, i-Pseudomonas sp.CAB-02, i-Fusarium oxysporum engeyona i-pathogenic kanye nohlobo lwe-Pepper mild mottle virus oluncishisiwe, kanye nokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezibangelwa amagciwane ezifana ne-Xan⁃thomonas campestris pv.retroflexus kanye ne-Drechslera monoceras akuzange kuvuselelwe.
2.2.1 Izibulala-zinambuzane ezibangelwa amagciwane
Izinambuzane ezibulala amagciwane e-polyhedroid ezihlanganisiwe nezine-nuclear ezibhaliswe eJapan zisetshenziswa kakhulu ukulawula izinambuzane ezithile ezifana ne-apple ringworm, i-tea ringworm kanye ne-tea longleaf ringworm, kanye ne-Streptococcus aureus ezitshalweni ezifana nezithelo, imifino nobhontshisi. Njenge-bacterial inambuzane esetshenziswa kakhulu, i-Bacillus thuringiensis isetshenziswa kakhulu ukulawula izinambuzane ze-lepidoptera kanye ne-hemiptera ezitshalweni ezifana nemifino, izithelo, ilayisi, amazambane kanye notshani. Phakathi kwezinambuzane ezibulala amagciwane ezibhalisiwe, i-Beauveria bassiana isetshenziswa kakhulu ukulawula izinambuzane ezihlafunwayo nezihlabayo zomlomo ezifana ne-thrips, izinambuzane ezinamabala, izimpukane ezimhlophe, izimbuzane, amabhungane, amadayimane kanye nama-aphid emifinweni, izithelo, amaphayini kanye netiye. I-Beauveria brucei isetshenziswa kakhulu ukulawula izinambuzane ze-coleoptera ezifana ne-longiceps kanye nezinambuzane ezitshalweni zezithelo, izihlahla, i-angelica, izimbali ze-cherry kanye namakhowe e-shiitake. I-Metarhizium anisopliae isetshenziswa kakhulu ukulawula i-thrips ekutshalweni kwemifino kanye nama-mango; I-Paecilomyces furosus kanye ne-Paecilopus pectus zasetshenziswa ukulawula i-whitefly, ama-aphid kanye nesicabucabu esibomvu emifinweni etshalwe endaweni yokushisa izitshalo kanye nama-strawberry. I-fungus isetshenziselwa ukulawula i-whitefly kanye nama-thrip ekutshalweni kwemifino, ama-mango, ama-chrysanthemums kanye ne-lisiflorum endaweni yokushisa izitshalo.
Njengokuphela kwe-nematocide yamagciwane ebhalisiwe futhi esebenza kahle eJapane, i-Bacillus Pasteurensis punctum isetshenziselwa ukulawula i-nematode ye-root knot emifinweni, amazambane namakhiwane.
2.2.2 Ama-microbiocides
Uhlobo lwe-fungicide olufana negciwane i-zucchini yellowing Mosaic virus oluncishisiwe olubhaliswe eJapan lwalusetshenziselwa ukulawula isifo se-Mosaic kanye ne-fusarium wilt ebangelwa yigciwane elihlobene nekhukhamba. Phakathi kwe-fungicides ye-bacterial ebhaliswe eJapan, i-Bacillus amylolitica isetshenziselwa ukulawula izifo ze-fungal ezifana nokubola okunsundu, isikhunta esimpunga, i-black blight, isifo se-white star, isikhunta esimpunga, isikhunta esimnyama, isikhunta samaqabunga, isifo samabala, ukugqwala okumhlophe kanye nesikhunta samaqabunga emifinweni, izithelo, izimbali, ama-hops kanye nogwayi. I-Bacillus simplex yasetshenziselwa ukuvimbela nokwelapha i-bacterial wilt kanye nesikhunta samagciwane elayisi. I-Bacillus subtilis isetshenziselwa ukulawula izifo ze-bacterial kanye nesikhunta ezifana nesikhunta esimpunga, isikhunta esimpunga, isifo se-black star, i-rice blast, isikhunta samaqabunga, isikhunta esimnyama, isikhunta samaqabunga, isikhunta esimhlophe, isikhunta esimhlophe kanye nesikhunta samagciwane emifinweni, izithelo, ilayisi, izimbali nezitshalo zokuhlobisa, ubhontshisi, amazambane, ama-hops, ugwayi namakhowe. Izinhlobo ze-carrot ezingezona ezibangela izifo ze-Erwenella soft rot subspecies zisetshenziselwa ukulawula ukubola okuthambile nesifo se-canker emifinweni, i-citrus, i-cycleen kanye namazambane. I-Pseudomonas fluorescens isetshenziselwa ukulawula ukubola, ukubola okumnyama, ukubola okumnyama kwamagciwane kanye nokubola kwezimbali emifinweni yamaqabunga. I-Pseudomonas roseni isetshenziselwa ukulawula ukubola okuthambile, ukubola okumnyama, ukubola, ukubola kwezimbali, indawo yamagciwane, indawo emnyama yamagciwane, ukubhoboka kwamagciwane, ukubola okuthambile kwamagciwane, ukubola kwesiqu samagciwane, ukubola kwegatsha lamagciwane kanye nokubola kwamagciwane emifinweni nasezithelo. I-Phagocytophage mirabile isetshenziselwa ukulawula isifo sokuvuvukala kwezimpande zemifino ye-cruciferous, kanti amabhaktheriya aphuzi asetshenziselwa ukulawula i-powdery mildew, isikhunta esimnyama, i-anthrax, isikhunta samaqabunga, isikhunta esimpunga, i-rice blast, i-bacterial blight, i-bacterial wilt, i-brown streak, isifo se-bad seedling kanye ne-seedling blight emifinweni, ama-strawberry kanye nelayisi, futhi ikhuthaza ukukhula kwezimpande zezitshalo. I-Lactobacillus plantarum isetshenziselwa ukulawula ukubola okuthambile emifinweni namazambane. Phakathi kwemithi yokubulala isikhunta ebhalisiwe eJapan, i-Scutellaria microscutella yasetshenziswa ukuvimbela nokulawula ukubola kwe-sclerotium emifinweni, ukubola kwe-black rot kuma-scallions kanye negalikhi. I-Trichoderma viridis isetshenziselwa ukulawula izifo zamagciwane kanye nesikhunta ezifana ne-rice blight, isifo se-bacterial brown streak, i-leaf blight kanye ne-rice blast, kanye nesifo se-asparagus purple streak kanye nesifo se-tobacco white silk.
2.3 Ama-nematode abangela izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-nematode abangela izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane abhaliswe ngempumelelo eJapane, futhi izindlela zawo zokubulala izinambuzane [1-2, 11] zihilela kakhulu ukulimala kwemishini yokuhlasela, ukusetshenziswa kokudla okunomsoco kanye nokuwohloka komonakalo wamangqamuzana ezicubu, kanye namabhaktheriya ahambisanayo akhipha ubuthi. I-Steinernema carpocapsae kanye ne-S. glaseri, ezibhaliswe eJapane, zisetshenziswa kakhulu kumazambane amnandi, ama-olive, amakhiwane, izimbali kanye nezitshalo zamaqabunga, izimbali ze-cherry, ama-plum, amapentshisi, amajikijolo abomvu, ama-apula, amakhowe, imifino, i-turf kanye ne-ginkgo Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane ezinjenge-Megalophora, i-olive weestro, i-Grape Black Weestro, i-Red Palm Weestro, i-Yellow Star Longicornis, i-Peach Neck-neck Weestro, i-Udon Nematophora, i-Double tufted Lepidophora, i-Zoysia Oryzae, i-Scirpus oryzae, i-Dipteryx japonica, i-Japanese Cherry Tree Borer, i-Peach small food worm, i-aculema Japonica kanye ne-Red fungus. Ukubhaliswa kwe-nematode ye-entomopathogenic S. kushidai akuzange kuvuselelwe.
3. Isifinyezo kanye nombono
EJapane, ama-biopesticides abalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuvikeleka kokudla, ukuvikela imvelo kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, kanye nokugcina intuthuko yezolimo esimeme. Ngokungafani namazwe nezifunda ezifana ne-United States, i-European Union, i-China kanye ne-Vietnam [1, 7-8], ama-biopesticides aseJapan achazwa ngokuncishisiwe njengezinto eziphilayo ezilawulwa yi-biocontrol ezingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokutshala eziphilayo. Njengamanje, kunezibulala-zinambuzane ezingama-47 eziphilayo ezibhalisiwe futhi ezisebenzayo eJapane, ezingezitha zemvelo, ama-microorganisms kanye nama-nematode ezinambuzane abangela izifo, futhi asetshenziselwa ukuvimbela nokulawula ama-arthropods ayingozi, ama-nematode ezitshalo ezibangela izifo kanye namagciwane ekulimeni okushisa kanye nezitshalo zasensimini njengemifino, izithelo, ilayisi, izihlahla zetiye, izihlahla, izimbali kanye nezitshalo zokuhlobisa kanye notshani. Nakuba la ma-biopesticides enezinzuzo zokuphepha okuphezulu, ingozi ephansi yokumelana nemithi, ukuzihlola noma ukuqeda izinambuzane ezibangela izifo ngokuphindaphindiwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, isikhathi eside sokusebenza kahle kanye nokonga abasebenzi, nawo anezinkinga ezifana nokuzinza okubi, ukusebenza kancane, ukuhambisana okubi, ububanzi bokulawula kanye nesikhathi esincane sokusetshenziswa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhla lwezitshalo nezinto zokulawula zokubhaliswa nokusetshenziswa kwemithi yokubulala izinambuzane eJapane nalo lulinganiselwe, futhi alukwazi ukufaka esikhundleni semithi yokubulala izinambuzane yamakhemikhali ukuze kufezwe ukusebenza okugcwele. Ngokwezibalo [3], ngo-2020, inani lemithi yokubulala izinambuzane esetshenziswa eJapane laliyi-0.8% kuphela, elaliphansi kakhulu kunenani elibhalisiwe lezithako ezisebenzayo.
Njengesiqondiso esiyinhloko sentuthuko yemboni yezibulala-zinambuzane esikhathini esizayo, izibulala-zinambuzane ze-bio ziyacwaningwa futhi zithuthukiswe futhi zibhaliswe ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo. Ngokuhambisana nentuthuko yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo kanye nobuchwepheshe kanye nokuvelela kwenzuzo yezindleko zocwaningo lwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-bio, ukuthuthukiswa kokuphepha kokudla kanye nekhwalithi, umthwalo wemvelo kanye nezidingo zentuthuko eqhubekayo yezolimo, imakethe yezibulala-zinambuzane ze-bio yaseJapan iyaqhubeka nokukhula ngokushesha. I-Inkwood Research ilinganisela ukuthi imakethe yezibulala-zinambuzane ze-bio yaseJapan izokhula ngesilinganiso sokukhula saminyaka yonke esingu-22.8% kusukela ngo-2017 kuya ku-2025, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ifinyelele ku-$729 million ngo-2025. Ngokusetshenziswa kwe-“Green Food System Strategy”, izibulala-zinambuzane ze-bio ziyasetshenziswa kubalimi baseJapan.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-14-2024