Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokukhula okusheshayo kwenani labantu kube yizinselele ezibalulekile ekuphepheni kokudla emhlabeni jikelele. Isixazululo esisodwa esithembisayo ukusetshenziswaabalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo(Ama-PGR) ukwandisa isivuno sezitshalo nokunqoba izimo zokukhula ezingezinhle njengezimo zezulu zasehlane. Muva nje, i-carotenoid zaxinone kanye nezinye ezimbili ezifuze yona (i-MiZax3 kanye ne-MiZax5) zibonise umsebenzi othembisayo wokukhuthaza ukukhula ezitshalweni zokusanhlamvu nemifino ngaphansi kwezimo zokugcina ukushisa kanye nensimu. Lapha, siqhubeke sahlola imiphumela yokugxila okuhlukene kwe-MiZax3 kanye ne-MiZax5 (5 μM kanye ne-10 μM ngo-2021; 2.5 μM kanye ne-5 μM ngo-2022) ekukhuleni nasekuvuneni kwezitshalo ezimbili zemifino ezinenani eliphezulu eCambodia: amazambane kanye ne-strawberry yase-Saudi Arabia. I-Arabia. Ezivivinyweni ezinhlanu ezizimele zasensimini kusukela ngo-2021 kuya ku-2022, ukusetshenziswa kwe-MiZax kokubili kuthuthukise kakhulu izici zezitshalo zezolimo, izingxenye zesivuno kanye nesivuno sonke. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-MiZax isetshenziswa ngemithamo ephansi kakhulu kune-humic acid (inhlanganisela yezentengiselwano esetshenziswa kabanzi esetshenziswa lapha ukuqhathanisa). Ngakho-ke, imiphumela yethu ikhombisa ukuthi i-MiZax iwumlawuli wokukhula kwezitshalo othembisayo kakhulu ongasetshenziswa ukukhuthaza ukukhula kanye nesivuno sezitshalo zemifino ngisho nasezimweni zasehlane kanye namazinga aphansi kakhulu.
Ngokusho kwe-Food and Agriculture Organization yeZizwe Ezihlangene (i-FAO), izinhlelo zethu zokukhiqiza ukudla kumele ziphindwe kathathu ngo-2050 ukuze zondle umphakathi okhulayo womhlaba wonke (i-FAO: Umhlaba uzodinga ukudla okwengeziwe ngo-70% ngo-20501). Eqinisweni, ukukhula okusheshayo kwabantu, ukungcola, ukunyakaza kwezinambuzane kanye ikakhulukazi amazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nesomiso esibangelwa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu konke kuyinselele ebhekene nokuvikeleka kokudla emhlabeni jikelele2. Kulokhu, ukwandisa isivuno esikhulu sezitshalo zezolimo ezimweni ezingezinhle kungenye yezixazululo ezingenakuphikwa zale nkinga ephuthumayo. Kodwa-ke, ukukhula kwezitshalo kanye nentuthuko kuncike kakhulu ekutholakaleni kwezakhamzimba enhlabathini futhi kuvinjelwe kakhulu yizici ezimbi zemvelo, okuhlanganisa isomiso, usawoti noma ukucindezeleka kwe-biotic3,4,5. Lokhu kucindezeleka kungathinta kabi impilo kanye nentuthuko yezitshalo futhi ekugcineni kuholele ekunciphiseni isivuno sezitshalo6. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsiza zamanzi ahlanzekile ezilinganiselwe zithinta kakhulu ukunisela kwezitshalo, kuyilapho ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke kunciphisa ngokungenakugwenywa indawo yomhlaba olimekayo kanye nemicimbi efana namaza okushisa kunciphisa ukukhiqiza kwezitshalo7,8. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu avamile ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, okuhlanganisa ne-Saudi Arabia. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-biostimulants noma i-plant growth regulators (PGRs) kuyazuzisa ekunciphiseni umjikelezo wokukhula nokwandisa isivuno. Kungathuthukisa ukuqina kwezitshalo futhi kwenze izitshalo zikwazi ukubhekana nezimo zokukhula ezingezinhle9. Kulokhu, i-biostimulants kanye ne-plant growth regulators zingasetshenziswa ngokugxila okuhle kakhulu ukuthuthukisa ukukhula kwezitshalo kanye nokukhiqiza10,11.
Ama-Carotenoid ayi-tetraterpenoid aphinde asebenze njengezinto ezandulela ama-phytohormones i-abscisic acid (ABA) kanye ne-strigolactone (SL)12,13,14, kanye nabalawuli bokukhula abasanda kutholakala i-zaxinone, i-anorene kanye ne-cyclocitral15,16,17,18,19. Kodwa-ke, iningi lama-metabolites angempela, kufaka phakathi ama-carotenoid derivatives, anemithombo yemvelo elinganiselwe kanye/noma angazinzile, okwenza ukusetshenziswa kwawo ngqo kule nsimu kube nzima. Ngakho-ke, eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ama-analogue/mimetics amaningana e-ABA kanye ne-SL athuthukiswe futhi ahlolwa ukuze asetshenziswe kwezolimo20,21,22,23,24,25. Ngokufanayo, muva nje sithuthukise ama-mimetics e-zaxinone (MiZax), i-metabolite ekhuthaza ukukhula engase ibe nemiphumela yayo ngokuthuthukisa i-metabolism kashukela kanye nokulawula i-SL homeostasis ezimpandeni zelayisi19,26. I-mimetics ye-zaxinone 3 (MiZax3) kanye ne-MiZax5 (izakhiwo zamakhemikhali eziboniswe ku-Figure 1A) ibonise umsebenzi webhayoloji ofana ne-zaxinone ezitshalweni zerayisi zasendle ezikhuliswa ngamanzi kanye nasenhlabathini26. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwelashwa kukatamatisi, isundu, upelepele oluhlaza kanye nethanga nge-zaxinone, i-MiZax3 kanye ne-MiZx5 kuthuthukise ukukhula kwezitshalo kanye nokukhiqiza, okungukuthi, isivuno kanye nekhwalithi kapelepele, ngaphansi kwezimo ze-greenhouse kanye nensimu evulekile, okubonisa indima yazo njengezinto ezivuselelayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-PGR27. . Ngokuthakazelisayo, i-MiZax3 kanye ne-MiZax5 nazo zithuthukise ukubekezelela usawoti kapelepele oluhlaza olukhuliswe ngaphansi kwezimo eziphakeme zosawoti, kanti i-MiZax3 yandisa okuqukethwe kwe-zinc kwezithelo lapho ihlanganiswe nezinhlaka zensimbi-organic eziqukethe i-zinc7,28.
(A) Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali ze-MiZax3 kanye ne-MiZax5. (B) Umphumela wokufutha kwe-MZ3 kanye ne-MZ5 ngamahlamvu aqongelelwe ku-5 µM kanye no-10 µM ezitshalweni zamazambane ngaphansi kwezimo zensimu evulekile. Ukuhlolwa kuzokwenzeka ngo-2021. Idatha yethulwa njenge-average ± SD. n≥15. Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kwenziwe kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kwe-one-way of variance (ANOVA) kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-post hoc kukaTukey. Ama-asterisk akhombisa umehluko obalulekile ngokwezibalo uma kuqhathaniswa nokulingisa (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns, hhayi okubalulekile). I-HA – i-humic acid; I-MZ3, I-MiZax3, I-MiZax5; I-HA – i-humic acid; I-MZ3, I-MiZax3, I-MiZax5;
Kulo msebenzi, sihlole iMiZax (MiZax3 kanye neMiZax5) ngamanani amathathu amaqabunga (5 µM kanye ne-10 µM ngo-2021 kanye ne-2.5 µM kanye ne-5 µM ngo-2022) futhi saziqhathanisa namazambane (i-Solanum tuberosum L). I-humic acid yokulawula ukukhula kwezentengiselwano (i-HA) iqhathaniswa nama-strawberry (i-Fragaria ananassa) ezivivinyweni zokugcina izitshalo zama-strawberry ngo-2021 nango-2022 kanye nasezivivinyweni ezine zasensimini eMbusweni waseSaudi Arabia, isifunda esivamile sezulu sasehlane. Nakuba i-HA iyi-biostimulant esetshenziswa kabanzi enemiphumela eminingi enenzuzo, okuhlanganisa ukwandisa ukutholakala kwezakhamzimba enhlabathini kanye nokukhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo ngokulawula i-homeostasis yama-hormone, imiphumela yethu ikhombisa ukuthi iMiZax ingcono kune-HA.
Izithombo zamazambane zohlobo lweDayimane zathengwa eJabbar Nasser Al Bishi Trading Company, eJeddah, eSaudi Arabia. Izithombo zezinhlobo ezimbili zama-strawberry i-“Sweet Charlie” kanye ne-“Festival” kanye ne-humic acid zathengwa eModern Agritech Company, eRiyadh, eSaudi Arabia. Zonke izinto zezitshalo ezisetshenziswe kulo msebenzi zihambisana neSitatimende Senqubomgomo ye-IUCN mayelana Nocwaningo Oluhilela Izinhlobo Ezisengozini Yokushabalala kanye neSivumelwano Sokuhweba Ngezinhlobo Ezisengozini Yokushabalala Zezilwane Nezitshalo Zasendle.
Indawo yokuhlola itholakala eHada Al-Sham, eSaudi Arabia (21°48′3″N, 39°43′25″E). Inhlabathi iyi-sandy loam, pH 7.8, EC 1.79 dcm-130. Izakhiwo zenhlabathi ziboniswe kuThebula Elingeziwe S1.
Izithombo ezintathu ze-strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa D. var. Festival) esigabeni samaqabunga angempela zahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amathathu ukuze kuhlolwe umphumela wokufutha amahlamvu nge-10 μM MiZax3 kanye ne-MiZax5 ezicini zokukhula kanye nesikhathi sokuqhakaza ngaphansi kwezimo ze-greenhouse. Ukufutha amaqabunga ngamanzi (aqukethe i-0.1% acetone) kwasetshenziswa njengokwelashwa komodeli. Ukufutha amahlamvu e-MiZax kwasetshenziswa izikhathi ezingu-7 ngezikhathi zesonto elilodwa. Kwenziwa izivivinyo ezimbili ezizimele ngoSepthemba 15 no-28, 2021, ngokulandelana. Umthamo wokuqala wenhlanganisela ngayinye ungama-50 ml bese ukhushulwa kancane kancane ube umthamo wokugcina ongu-250 ml. Emasontweni amabili alandelanayo, inani lezitshalo eziqhakazayo laqoshwa nsuku zonke futhi izinga lokuqhakaza labalwa ekuqaleni kwesonto lesine. Ukuze kutholakale izici zokukhula, inani lamaqabunga, isisindo sesitshalo esisha nesomile, indawo yamaqabunga iyonke, kanye nenani lama-stolons ngesitshalo ngasinye kwalinganiswa ekupheleni kwesigaba sokukhula kanye nasekuqaleni kwesigaba sokuzala. Indawo yamaqabunga yalinganiswa kusetshenziswa imitha yendawo yamaqabunga futhi amasampula amasha omiswa kuhhavini ku-100°C amahora angu-48.
Kwenziwe izivivinyo ezimbili zasensimini: ukulima kwasekuqaleni nasekwephuzile. Izimila zamazambane zohlobo lwe-“Diamant” zitshalwa ngoNovemba nangoFebhuwari, kanye nezikhathi zokuvuthwa kwasekuqaleni nasekwephuzile, ngokulandelana. Ama-Biostimulants (i-MiZax-3 kanye ne--5) asetshenziswa ekugxilweni okungu-5.0 kanye no-10.0 µM (2021) kanye no-2.5 kanye no-5.0 µM (2022). Futha i-humic acid (HA) 1 g/l izikhathi ezingu-8 ngesonto. Amanzi noma i-acetone kwasetshenziswa njengokulawula okungekuhle. Umklamo wokuhlolwa kwensimu uboniswe ku-(Isithombe Esingeziwe S1). Umklamo webhulokhi eliphelele elingahleliwe (i-RCBD) onendawo yesakhiwo esingu-2.5 m × 3.0 m wasetshenziswa ukwenza izivivinyo zensimu. Ukwelashwa ngakunye kwaphindwa kathathu njengokuphindaphindwa okuzimele. Ibanga phakathi kwesakhiwo ngasinye lingu-1.0 m, kanti ibanga phakathi kwebhulokhi ngalinye lingu-2.0 m. Ibanga phakathi kwezitshalo lingu-0.6 m, ibanga phakathi kwemigqa lingu-1 m. Izitshalo zamazambane zaziniselwa nsuku zonke nge-drip ngesilinganiso sama-3.4 l nge-dropper ngayinye. Uhlelo lusebenza kabili ngosuku imizuzu eyi-10 isikhathi ngasinye ukuze kunikezwe izitshalo amanzi. Zonke izindlela ze-agrotechnical ezinconyiwe zokutshala amazambane ngaphansi kwezimo zesomiso zasetshenziswa31. Ezinyangeni ezine ngemva kokutshala, ukuphakama kwesitshalo (cm), inani lamagatsha ngesitshalo ngasinye, ukwakheka kwamazambane kanye nesivuno, kanye nekhwalithi ye-tuber kwalinganiswa kusetshenziswa amasu ajwayelekile.
Izithombo zezinhlobo ezimbili zama-strawberry (i-Sweet Charlie ne-Festival) zahlolwa ngaphansi kwezimo zasensimini. Ama-Biostimulants (i-MiZax-3 ne--5) asetshenziswa njengezifutho zamaqabunga ngamanani angu-5.0 no-10.0 µM (2021) kanye no-2.5 no-5.0 µM (2022) izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili ngesonto. Sebenzisa i-1 g ye-HA ngelitha njengesifutho samaqabunga ngokuhambisana ne-MiZax-3 ne--5, nengxube yokulawula ye-H2O noma i-acetone njengokulawula okungekuhle. Izithombo zama-strawberry zatshalwa endaweni engamamitha angu-2.5 x 3 ekuqaleni kukaNovemba ngesikhala sesitshalo esingu-0.6 m kanye nesikhala semigqa esingu-1 m. Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa e-RCD futhi kwaphindwa kathathu. Izitshalo zaniselwa imizuzu eyi-10 nsuku zonke ngo-7:00 nango-17:00 kusetshenziswa uhlelo lokunisela ngamaconsi oluqukethe ama-dripper ahlukaniswe ngamamitha angu-0.6 futhi anomthamo ongu-3.4 L. Izingxenye ze-Agrotechnical kanye nemingcele yesivuno zalinganiswa ngesikhathi sokukhula. Ikhwalithi yezithelo kufaka phakathi i-TSS (%), i-vitamin C32, i-acidity kanye nama-compounds e-phenolic aphelele33 ihlolwe eLaboratory of Postharvest Physiology and Technology yaseKing Abdulaziz University.
Idatha ivezwa njengezindlela kanti ukuhlukahluka kuvezwa njengokuphambuka okujwayelekile. Ukubaluleka kwezibalo kunqunywe kusetshenziswa i-ANOVA yendlela eyodwa (i-ANOVA yendlela eyodwa) noma i-ANOVA yendlela ezimbili kusetshenziswa isivivinyo sokuqhathanisa okuningi sikaTukey kusetshenziswa izinga lamathuba lika-p < 0.05 noma isivivinyo se-t somfundi esinemisila emibili ukuthola umehluko obalulekile (*p < 0.05, * *p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001). Zonke izincazelo zezibalo zenziwe kusetshenziswa i-GraphPad Prism version 8.3.0. Izinhlangano zihlolwe kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kwezingxenye eziyinhloko (PCA), indlela yezibalo ehlukahlukene, kusetshenziswa iphakheji ye-R 34.
Embikweni odlule, sibonise umsebenzi wokukhuthaza ukukhula kwe-MiZax ekugxilweni okungu-5 no-10 μM ezitshalweni zezitshalo futhi sathuthukisa inkomba ye-chlorophyll ku-Soil Plant Assay (SPAD)27. Ngokusekelwe kule miphumela, sisebenzise ukugxila okufanayo ukuhlola imiphumela ye-MiZax kumazambane, isitshalo sokudla esibalulekile emhlabeni wonke, ekuhlolweni kwasensimini ezindaweni zasehlane ngo-2021. Ikakhulukazi, besinesifiso sokuhlola ukuthi i-MiZax ingakwandisa yini ukuqongelela kwesitashi, umkhiqizo wokugcina we-photosynthesis. Sekukonke, ukusetshenziswa kwe-MiZax kuthuthukise ukukhula kwezitshalo zamazambane uma kuqhathaniswa ne-humic acid (HA), okwaholela ekwandeni kokuphakama kwesitshalo, i-biomass kanye nenani lamagatsha (Isithombe 1B). Ngaphezu kwalokho, sibonile ukuthi i-5 μM MiZax3 kanye ne-MiZax5 zinomthelela omkhulu ekwandiseni ukuphakama kwesitshalo, inani lamagatsha, kanye ne-biomass yesitshalo uma kuqhathaniswa ne-10 μM (Isithombe 1B). Kanye nokukhula okuthuthukisiwe, i-MiZax iphinde yandisa isivuno, esilinganiswa ngenani nesisindo sezilimo eziyizigaxa ezivuniwe. Umphumela ozuzisayo jikelele awuzange ubonakale kakhulu lapho i-MiZax inikezwa ekugxilweni okungu-10 μM, okuphakamisa ukuthi lawa ma-compounds kufanele anikezwe ekugxilweni okungaphansi kwalokhu (Isithombe 1B). Ngaphezu kwalokho, asibonanga mehluko kuzo zonke izinhlaka ezirekhodiwe phakathi kokwelashwa kwe-acetone (mock) kanye namanzi (control), okuphakamisa ukuthi imiphumela yokuguqulwa kokukhula okubonwe ayibangelwanga yi-solvent, okuhambisana nombiko wethu wangaphambilini27.
Njengoba isizini yokukhula kwamazambane eSaudi Arabia ihlanganisa ukuvuthwa kwasekuqaleni nasekupheleni kwesikhathi, senze ucwaningo lwesibili lwensimu ngo-2022 sisebenzisa amazinga aphansi (2.5 kanye no-5 µM) ezinkathini ezimbili zonyaka ukuze sihlole umthelela wesizini wamasimu avulekile (Isithombe Esingeziwe S2A). Njengoba bekulindelekile, kokubili ukusetshenziswa kwe-5 μM MiZax kukhiqize imiphumela yokukhuthaza ukukhula efana nesilingo sokuqala: ukuphakama kwesitshalo okwandisiwe, ukwanda kwamagatsha, i-biomass ephezulu, kanye nenani le-tuber elandayo (Isithombe 2; Isithombe Esingeziwe S3). Okubalulekile, sibone imiphumela ebalulekile yala ma-PGR ekugxilweni okungu-2.5 μM, kanti ukwelashwa kwe-GA akuzange kubonise imiphumela ebibikezelwe. Lo mphumela usikisela ukuthi i-MiZax ingasetshenziswa ngisho nasezinkathini eziphansi kunalokho obekulindelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-MiZax kwandise nobude nobubanzi be-tuber (Isithombe Esingeziwe S2B). Sithole nokwanda okukhulu kwesisindo se-tuber, kodwa amazinga angu-2.5 µM asetshenziswa kuphela kuzo zombili izinkathi zokutshala;
Ukuhlolwa kwezitshalo okufana nomthelela we-MiZax ezitshalweni zamazambane ezivuthwa kusenesikhathi ensimini ye-KAU, okwenziwe ngo-2022. Idatha imele isilinganiso ± ukuphambuka okujwayelekile. n≥15. Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kwenziwe kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kokuhlukahluka kwendlela eyodwa (i-ANOVA) kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-post hoc kukaTukey. Ama-asterisk akhombisa umehluko obalulekile ngokwezibalo uma kuqhathaniswa nokulingisa (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns, hhayi okubalulekile). I-HA – i-humic acid; I-MZ3, I-MiZax3, I-MiZax5; I-HA – i-humic acid; I-MZ3, I-MiZax3, I-MiZax5;
Ukuze kuqondwe kangcono imiphumela yokwelashwa (T) kanye nonyaka (Y), kusetshenziswe i-ANOVA enezindlela ezimbili ukuhlola ukusebenzisana kwazo (T x Y). Nakuba zonke izithasiselo ze-biostimulants (T) zandisa kakhulu ukuphakama kwezitshalo zamazambane kanye ne-biomass, yi-MiZax3 kanye ne-MiZax5 kuphela ezandisa kakhulu inani le-tuber kanye nesisindo, okubonisa ukuthi izimpendulo zezinhlangothi ezimbili ze-tuber zamazambane ku-MiZax ezimbili zazifana kakhulu (Isithombe 3)). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuqaleni kwesizini isimo sezulu (https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/saudi-arabia/jeddah/climate) siba sishisa kakhulu (isilinganiso esingu-28 °C kanye nomswakama ongu-52% (2022), okunciphisa kakhulu i-biomass iyonke ye-tuber (Isithombe 2; Isibalo Esingeziwe S3).
Funda imiphumela yokwelashwa okungu-5 µm (T), unyaka (Y) kanye nokusebenzisana kwazo (T x Y) kumazambane. Idatha imele isilinganiso ± ukuphambuka okujwayelekile. n ≥ 30. Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kwenziwe kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kwezindlela ezimbili kokuhlukahluka (ANOVA). Ama-Asterisk abonisa umehluko obalulekile ngokwezibalo uma kuqhathaniswa nokulingisa (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns, hhayi okubalulekile). HA – i-humic acid; MZ3, MiZax3, MiZax5;
Kodwa-ke, ukwelashwa kwe-Myzax kwakusakhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo ezikhula sekwephuzile. Sekukonke, izivivinyo zethu ezintathu ezizimele zibonise ngaphandle kokungabaza ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-MiZax kunomthelela omkhulu esakhiweni sezitshalo ngokwandisa inani lamagatsha. Eqinisweni, kube nomphumela obalulekile wokuxhumana ngezindlela ezimbili phakathi kuka-(T) no-(Y) enanini lamagatsha ngemva kokwelashwa kwe-MiZax (Isithombe 3). Lo mphumela uhambisana nomsebenzi wabo njengabalawuli ababi be-biosynthesis ye-strigolactone (SL)26. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sibonise ngaphambilini ukuthi ukwelashwa kwe-Zaxinone kubangela ukuqongelela kwesitashi ezimpandeni zelayisi35, okungachaza ukwanda kosayizi kanye nesisindo sama-tuber amazambane ngemva kokwelashwa kwe-MiZax, njengoba ama-tuber akhiwa kakhulu isitashi.
Izitshalo zezithelo ziyizitshalo ezibalulekile kwezomnotho. Ama-strawberry ayazwela ezimweni zokucindezeleka okungenampilo njengesomiso kanye nokushisa okuphezulu. Ngakho-ke, siphenye umphumela we-MiZax kuma-strawberry ngokufafaza amaqabunga. Siqale sanikeza i-MiZax ekugxilweni okungu-10 µM ukuze sihlole umphumela wayo ekukhuleni kwama-strawberry (uMkhosi we-cultivar). Ngokuthakazelisayo, sibonile ukuthi i-MiZax3 yandise kakhulu inani lama-stolons, okuhambisana nokukhula kwamagatsha, kuyilapho i-MiZax5 ithuthukise izinga lokuqhakaza, i-biomass yezitshalo, kanye nendawo yamaqabunga ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa (Isithombe Esingeziwe S4), okuphakamisa ukuthi la ma-compound amabili angahluka ngokwebhayoloji. Imicimbi 26,27. Ukuze siqonde kabanzi imiphumela yawo kuma-strawberry ngaphansi kwezimo zezolimo zangempela, senze izivivinyo zasensimini sisebenzisa i-5 kanye ne-10 μM MiZax ezitshalweni zama-strawberry (cv. Sweet Charlie) ezikhule enhlabathini enesihlabathi esincane ngo-2021 (umfanekiso S5A). Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-GC, asibonanga ukwanda kwe-biomass yezitshalo, kodwa sithole ukuthambekela kokwanda kwenani lezithelo (Umfanekiso C6A-B). Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwe-MiZax kwaholela ekwandeni okukhulu kwesisindo sesithelo esisodwa futhi kwabonisa ukuncika kokuhlushwa (Isithombe Esingeziwe S5B; Isithombe Esingeziwe S6B), okubonisa ithonya lalaba balawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo ekhwalithini yesithelo sama-strawberry uma sisetshenziswa ngaphansi kwezimo zasehlane.
Ukuze siqonde ukuthi umphumela wokukhushulwa kokukhula uncike ohlotsheni lwesitshalo, sikhethe izinhlobo ezimbili zezitshalo zama-strawberry ezentengiselwano eSaudi Arabia (i-Sweet Charlie kanye ne-Festival) futhi senza izifundo ezimbili zasensimini ngo-2022 sisebenzisa amazinga aphansi e-MiZax (2.5 kanye no-5 µM). Ku-Sweet Charlie, yize inani lezithelo lilonke lingazange likhuphuke kakhulu, i-biomass yezithelo ngokuvamile yayiphezulu ezitshalweni eziphathwe nge-MiZax, futhi inani lezithelo ngesiqephu ngasinye landa ngemva kokwelashwa nge-MiZax3 (Isithombe 4). Le datha iphakamisa ukuthi imisebenzi yezinto eziphilayo ye-MiZax3 kanye ne-MiZax5 ingahluka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva kokwelashwa nge-Myzax, sibone ukwanda kwesisindo esisha nesomile sezitshalo, kanye nobude behlumela lezitshalo. Ngokuphathelene nenani lama-stolons nezitshalo ezintsha, sithole ukwanda ku-5 μM MiZax kuphela (Isithombe 4), okubonisa ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa okuhle kwe-MiZax kuncike ezinhlotsheni zezitshalo.
Umphumela we-MiZax esakhiweni sezitshalo kanye nesivuno samajikijolo (uhlobo lwe-Sweet Charlie) oluvela emasimini e-KAU, olwenziwa ngo-2022. Idatha imele isilinganiso ± ukuphambuka okujwayelekile. n ≥ 15, kodwa inani lezithelo ngesiqephu ngasinye libalwe ngokwesilinganiso kusuka ezitshalweni eziyi-15 ezivela ezitshalweni ezintathu (n = 3). Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kwenziwe kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kokuhlukahluka kwendlela eyodwa (ANOVA) kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-post hoc kukaTukey noma ukuhlolwa kwe-t komfundi okunemisila emibili. Ama-asterisk akhombisa umehluko obalulekile ngokwezibalo uma kuqhathaniswa nokulingisa (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns, hhayi okubalulekile). I-HA - i-humic acid; MZ3, MiZax3, MiZax5;
Siphinde sabona umsebenzi ofanayo wokuvuselela ukukhula maqondana nesisindo sezithelo kanye ne-biomass yezitshalo kuma-strawberry ohlobo lwe-Festival (Isithombe 5), nokho, asitholanga umehluko obalulekile enanini lezithelo ngesitshalo ngasinye noma ngesiqephu ngasinye (Isithombe 5); . Ngokuthakazelisayo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-MiZax kwandisa ubude besitshalo kanye nenani lama-stolons, okubonisa ukuthi laba balawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo bangasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ukukhula kwezitshalo zezithelo (Isithombe 5). Ngaphezu kwalokho, silinganise imingcele eminingana yamakhemikhali ukuze siqonde ikhwalithi yezithelo zezinhlobo ezimbili eziqoqwe ensimini, kodwa asitholanga umehluko phakathi kwazo zonke izindlela zokwelapha (Isithombe Esingeziwe S7; Isithombe Esingeziwe S8).
Umphumela we-MiZax esakhiweni sezitshalo kanye nesivuno samajikijolo ensimini ye-KAU (uhlobo lomkhosi), 2022. Idatha iphakathi ± ukuphambuka okujwayelekile. n ≥ 15, kodwa inani lezithelo ngesiqephu ngasinye libalwe ngokwesilinganiso kusuka ezitshalweni eziyi-15 kusuka ezitshalweni ezintathu (n = 3). Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kwenziwe kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kokuhlukahluka kwendlela eyodwa (ANOVA) kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-post hoc kukaTukey noma ukuhlolwa kwe-t komfundi okunemisila emibili. Ama-asterisk akhombisa umehluko obalulekile ngokwezibalo uma kuqhathaniswa nokulingisa (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns, hhayi okubalulekile). I-HA - i-humic acid; MZ3, MiZax3, MiZax5;
Ezifundweni zethu ngama-strawberry, imisebenzi yebhayoloji ye-MiZax3 kanye ne-MiZax5 ivele yahluka. Siqale sahlola imiphumela yokwelashwa (T) kanye nonyaka (Y) kuhlobo olufanayo (i-Sweet Charlie) sisebenzisa i-ANOVA enezindlela ezimbili ukunquma ukusebenzisana kwazo (T x Y). Ngakho-ke, i-GA ayizange ibe nomthelela kuhlobo lwe-strawberry (i-Sweet Charlie), kanti i-5 μM MiZax3 kanye ne-MiZax5 zandise kakhulu i-biomass yezitshalo nezithelo (Isithombe 6), okubonisa ukuthi ukusebenzisana kwezindlela ezimbili kwe-MiZax ezimbili kufana kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwesitshalo sama-strawberry.
Hlola imiphumela yokwelashwa okungu-5 µM (T), unyaka (Y) kanye nokusebenzisana kwazo (T x Y) kuma-strawberry (cv. Sweet Charlie). Idatha imele isilinganiso ± ukuphambuka okujwayelekile. n ≥ 30. Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kwenziwe kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kwe-variance okunezindlela ezimbili (ANOVA). Ama-Asterisk akhombisa umehluko obalulekile ngokwezibalo uma kuqhathaniswa nokulingisa (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns, hhayi okubalulekile). HA – i-humic acid; MZ3, MiZax3, MiZax5;
Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba umsebenzi we-MiZax kulezi zinhlobo ezimbili wawuhlukile kancane (Isithombe 4; Isithombe 5), senze i-ANOVA eqhathanisa ukwelashwa ngezindlela ezimbili (T) kanye nezinhlobo ezimbili (C). Okokuqala, akukho ukwelashwa okuthinte inani lezithelo ngesiqephu ngasinye (Isithombe 7), okubonisa ukuthi akukho ukuxhumana okubalulekile phakathi kwe-(T x C) futhi okuphakamisa ukuthi i-MiZax noma i-HA azifaki isandla enanini lezithelo eziphelele. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-MiZax (kodwa hhayi i-HA) yandise kakhulu isisindo sezitshalo, isisindo sezithelo, ama-stolons kanye nezitshalo ezintsha (Isithombe 7), okubonisa ukuthi i-MiZax3 ne-MiZax5 zikhuthaza kakhulu ukukhula kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo zesitrobheli. Ngokusekelwe ku-ANOVA enezindlela ezimbili (T x Y) kanye ne-(T x C), singaphetha ngokuthi imisebenzi yokukhuthaza ukukhula kwe-MiZax3 ne-MiZax5 ngaphansi kwezimo zasensimini ifana kakhulu futhi iyahambisana.
Ukuhlolwa kokwelashwa kwama-strawberry nge-5 µM (T), izinhlobo ezimbili (C) kanye nokusebenzisana kwazo (T x C). Idatha imele isilinganiso ± ukuphambuka okujwayelekile. n ≥ 30, kodwa inani lezithelo ngesiqephu ngasinye libalwe ngokwesilinganiso kusuka ezitshalweni eziyi-15 kusuka ezitshalweni ezintathu (n = 6). Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kwenziwe kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kwe-variance okubili (ANOVA). Ama-Asterisk akhombisa umehluko obalulekile ngokwezibalo uma kuqhathaniswa nokulingisa (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns, hhayi okubalulekile). I-HA – i-humic acid; MZ3, MiZax3, MiZax5;
Ekugcineni, sisebenzise ukuhlaziywa kwezingxenye eziyinhloko (i-PCA) ukuhlola imiphumela yamakhemikhali asetshenziswayo kumazambane (i-T x Y) kanye nama-strawberry (i-T x C). Lezi zibalo zibonisa ukuthi ukwelashwa kwe-HA kufana ne-acetone kumazambane noma emanzini kuma-strawberry (Isithombe 8), okubonisa umphumela omncane omuhle ekukhuleni kwezitshalo. Ngokuthakazelisayo, imiphumela iyonke ye-MiZax3 kanye ne-MiZax5 ibonise ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo kumazambane (Isithombe 8A), kanti ukusatshalaliswa kwala makhemikhali amabili ku-strawberry kwakuhlukile (Isithombe 8B). Nakuba i-MiZax3 kanye ne-MiZax5 zibonise ukusatshalaliswa okuhle kakhulu ekukhuleni kwezitshalo kanye nesivuno, ukuhlaziywa kwe-PCA kubonise ukuthi umsebenzi wokulawula ukukhula ungase uncike ezinhlotsheni zezitshalo.
Ukuhlaziywa kwezingxenye eziyinhloko (PCA) (A) zamazambane (T x Y) kanye (B) nama-strawberry (T x C). Amaphuzu okubonisa amaqembu womabili. Umugqa oxhumanisa ingxenye ngayinye uholela enkabeni yeqoqo.
Ngamafuphi, ngokusekelwe ezifundweni zethu ezinhlanu ezizimele zasensimini ezitshalweni ezimbili ezinenani eliphezulu futhi ezihambisana nemibiko yethu yangaphambilini kusukela ngo-2020 kuya ku-202226,27, i-MiZax3 ne-MiZax5 zingabalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo abathembisayo abangathuthukisa ukukhula kwezitshalo kanye nesivuno. , okuhlanganisa okusanhlamvu, izitshalo ezinezinkuni (izihlahla zesundu) kanye nezitshalo zezithelo zezitshalo ezingama-26,27. Nakuba izindlela zama-molecule ezingaphezu kwemisebenzi yazo yezinto eziphilayo zingabonakali, zinamandla amakhulu okusetshenziswa ensimini. Okuhle kunakho konke, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-humic acid, i-MiZax isetshenziswa ngobuningi obuncane kakhulu (izinga le-micromolar noma le-milligram) futhi imiphumela emihle ibonakala kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, silinganisa umthamo we-MiZax3 ngokusetshenziswa ngakunye (kusukela ekugxilweni okuphansi kuya kokuphezulu): 3, 6 noma 12 g/ha, kanye nomthamo we-MiZx5: 4, 7 noma 13 g/ha, okwenza la ma-PGR abe wusizo ekuthuthukiseni isivuno sezitshalo. Kuyenzeka impela.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-29-2024