UKarl Dirks, owatshala amahektha ayi-1,000 omhlaba eMount Joy, ePennsylvania, ubelokhu ezwa ngokukhuphuka kwamanani e-glyphosate ne-glufosinate, kodwa akanalo uvalo ngalokhu. Uthe: “Ngicabanga ukuthi intengo izozilungisa. Amanani aphezulu avame ukukhuphuka kakhulu. Angikhathazeki kakhulu. Ngingoweqembu labantu abangakakhathazeki okwamanje, kodwa ngiqaphile kancane. Sizothola indlela.”
Kodwa-ke, iChip Bowling, etshale amahektha angu-275 ommbila kanye namahektha angu-1,250 kabhontshisi eNewberg, eMaryland, ayinalo ithemba kangako. Muva nje izame uku-oda i-glyphosate kwa-R&D Cross, umsabalalisi wembewu kanye nokufakwayo wendawo, kodwa umsabalalisi akakwazanga ukunikeza intengo ethile noma usuku lokulethwa. Ngokusho kukaBowling, ogwini olusempumalanga, bebe nesivuno esikhulu (iminyaka eminingana ilandelana). Kodwa njalo eminyakeni embalwa, kuzoba neminyaka enomkhiqizo ophansi kakhulu. Uma ihlobo elizayo lishisa futhi lomile, kungaba yinhlekelele enkulu kwabanye abalimi.
Amanani e-glyphosate kanye ne-glufosinate (Liberty) adlule amazinga aphezulu omlando ngenxa yokuqhubeka nokutholakala okubuthakathaka futhi akukho ukuthuthuka okulindelekile ngaphambi kwentwasahlobo ezayo.
Ngokusho kukaDwight Lingenfelter, uchwepheshe wokhula ePenn State University, kunezici eziningi zalokhu, okuhlanganisa nezinkinga zochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa eziqhubekayo ezibangelwa ubhubhane olusha lwe-crown pneumonia, ukungakwazi ukumba idwala le-phosphate elanele ukwenza i-glyphosate, izinkinga zeContainer kanye nesitoreji, kanye nokuvalwa nokuvulwa kabusha kwesitshalo esikhulu seBayer CropScience eLouisiana ngenxa yeSiphepho i-Ida.
ULingenfelter ukholelwa ukuthi: “Lokhu kubangelwa ukubekwa phambili kwezici ezahlukahlukene njengamanje.” Uthe i-glyphosate ejwayelekile engu-$12.50 ngegaloni ngo-2020 manje icela u-$35 kuya ku-$40. I-Glufosinate-ammonium, eyayitholakala ngo-$33 kuya ku-$34 ngegaloni ngaleso sikhathi, manje icela u-$80. Uma unenhlanhla yoku-oda imithi yokubulala ukhula, lungela ukulinda.
“Abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi uma i-oda lingafika ngempela, lingase lingafiki kuze kube uJuni ngonyaka ozayo noma kamuva ehlobo. Ngokombono wokubulawa kokhula, lokhu kuyinkinga. Ngicabanga ukuthi yilapho esikhona manje. Ezimweni, kubalulekile ukucabangela ngokuphelele ukuthi yini engenziwa ukuze kulondolozwe imikhiqizo,” kusho uLingenfelter. Ukuntuleka “kotshani obubili” kungaholela emphumela ohambisanayo wokuntuleka kwe-2,4-D noma i-clethodim. I-Clethodim iyisinqumo esithembekile sokulawula utshani.
Ukunikezwa kwemikhiqizo ye-glyphosate kugcwele ukungaqiniseki
U-Ed Snyder we-Snyder's Crop Service eMount Joy, ePennsylvania, uthe akakholelwa ukuthi inkampani yakhe izoba ne-glyphosate entwasahlobo ezayo.
USnyder uthe yile ndlela atshela ngayo amakhasimende akhe. Abakwazanga ukunikeza usuku olulinganisiwe. Angikwazi ukuthembisa ukuthi ungayithola imikhiqizo emingaki. Uthe futhi ngaphandle kwe-glyphosate, amakhasimende akhe angase ashintshele kweminye imithi yokubulala ukhula evamile, njenge-Gramoxone (paraquat). Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi ama-premixes aqanjwe ngegama lomkhiqizo aqukethe i-glyphosate, njenge-Halex GT yangemva kokuvela, asatholakala kabanzi.
UShawn Miller weMelvin Weaver and Sons uthe intengo yemithi yokubulala ukhula ikhuphuke kakhulu. Ubelokhu exoxa namakhasimende ngentengo ephezulu kakhulu abazimisele ukuyikhokhela ngomkhiqizo nokuthi bangawukhulisa kanjani inani lemithi yokubulala ukhula ngegaloni uma sebethole inani lempahla.
UMiller ngeke aze amukele ama-oda ka-2022, ngoba yonke imikhiqizo inikezwa intengo lapho ithunyelwa khona, okuhluke kakhulu esimweni lapho yayinganikezwa intengo kusengaphambili esikhathini esidlule. Kodwa-ke, usakholelwa ukuthi uma kufika intwasahlobo, imikhiqizo izovela, futhi uthandazela ukuthi kube kanje. Uthe: “Asikwazi ukubeka intengo ngoba asazi ukuthi intengo ikuphi. Wonke umuntu ukhathazekile ngayo.”
Ochwepheshe basebenzisa ukhula kancane
Kulabo balimi abanenhlanhla yokuthola imikhiqizo ngaphambi kokuqala kwentwasahlobo, uLingenfelter uphakamisa ukuthi kufanele bacabangele indlela yokonga imikhiqizo noma bazame ezinye izindlela zokuchitha intwasahlobo yokuqala. Uthe esikhundleni sokusebenzisa i-Roundup Powermax engama-ounces angu-32, kungcono ukuyinciphisa ibe ama-ounces angu-22. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ukuphakelwa kulinganiselwe, isikhathi sokufafaza kumele siqondwe - kungaba ukubulala noma ukufutha ezitshalweni.
Ukuyeka izinhlobo zesoya ezingamasentimitha angu-30 bese ushintshela ezinhlotsheni ezingamasentimitha angu-15 kungenza uphahla lube lukhulu futhi luncintisane nokhula. Yiqiniso, ukulungiswa komhlaba ngezinye izikhathi kuyindlela yokukhetha, kodwa ngaphambi kwalokho, ukushiyeka kwawo kudingeka kucatshangelwe: ukwanda kwezindleko zikaphethiloli, ukulahlekelwa inhlabathi, kanye nokubhujiswa kokungalinywa kwesikhathi eside.
ULingenfelter uthe uphenyo lubalulekile, njengokulawula okulindelwe ensimini ehlanzekile ngokuyisisekelo.
“Ngonyaka olandelayo noma emibili, singase sibone amasimu amaningi anokhula,” kusho yena. “Kweminye imifino, lungela ukwamukela ukuthi izinga lokulawula licishe libe ngu-70% esikhundleni se-90% yangaphambilini.”
Kodwa lo mbono unezinkinga zawo. ULingenfelter uthe ukhula oluningi lusho ukuthi isivuno siphansi futhi ukhula oluyinkinga luzoba nzima ukululawula. Uma usebenzisana nemivini ye-amaranth ne-amaranth, izinga lokulawula ukhula elingu-75% alanele. Ku-shamrock noma i-quinoa yezimpande ezibomvu, izinga lokulawula elingu-75% linganele. Uhlobo lokhula luzonquma izinga lokulawula okulula phezu kwalo.
UGary Snyder weNutrien, osebenza nabalimi abangaba ngu-150 eningizimu-mpumalanga yePennsylvania, uthe kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imuphi umuthi wokubulala ukhula ofikayo, kungaba yi-glyphosate noma i-glufosinate, uzolinganiswa futhi usetshenziswe ngokucophelela.
Uthe abalimi kufanele bandise ukukhetha kwabo imithi yokubulala ukhula entwasahlobo ezayo futhi baqedele izinhlelo ngokushesha okukhulu ukuze bagweme ukhula lube yinkinga enkulu ngesikhathi sokutshala. Weluleka abalimi abangakakhethi ama-hybrid ommbila ukuthi bathenge imbewu enokukhethwa okuhle kakhulu kwezakhi zofuzo ukuze kulawulwe ukhula kamuva.
"Inkinga enkulu yimbewu efanele. Futha ngokushesha okukhulu. Naka ukhula olusesitshalweni. Imikhiqizo eyaphuma ngawo-1990 isekhona esitokweni, futhi lokhu kungenziwa. Zonke izindlela kumele zicatshangelwe," kusho uSnyder.
UBowling uthe uzoqhubeka nazo zonke izinketho. Uma amanani ezinto ezifakiwe, okuhlanganisa nemithi yokubulala ukhula, eqhubeka nokuba phezulu futhi amanani ezitshalo ehluleka ukuqhubeka, uhlela ukushintsha amasimu amaningi abe yi-soya, ngoba ubhontshisi ushibhile ukuwutshala. Angase futhi ashintshe amasimu amaningi ukuze atshale utshani bokudla.
ULingenfelter unethemba lokuthi abalimi ngeke balinde kuze kube sebusika noma entwasahlobo ukuze baqale ukunaka le nkinga. Uthe: “Ngithemba ukuthi wonke umuntu uzoyithatha ngokungathi sína le nkinga. Ngikhathazekile ukuthi abantu abaningi bazobanjwa bengalindele ngaleso sikhathi. Bacabanga ukuthi ngoMashi ngonyaka ozayo, bazofaka i-oda kumthengisi futhi bazokwazi ukuthatha iloli eligcwele imithi yokubulala ukhula noma izibulala-zinambuzane ekhaya ngosuku olufanayo. . Lapho ngicabanga ngakho, kungenzeka ukuthi bakhiphe amehlo abo.”
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 15-2021