U-Karl Dirks, owatshala indawo engamahektha angu-1,000 e-Mount Joy, ePennsylvania, ubelokhu ezwa ngokukhuphuka kwamanani entengo ye-glyphosate ne-glufosinate, kodwa akanakho ukwesaba ngalokhu. Uthe: "Ngicabanga ukuthi intengo izozilungisa ngokwayo. Amanani aphakeme avame ukunyuka phezulu. Angikhathazekile kakhulu. Ngiyingxenye yeqembu labantu abangakakhathazeki, kodwa abaqaphile. Sizobona indlela."
Nokho, iChip Bowling, etshale amahektha angu-275 ommbila namahektha angu-1,250 kabhontshisi wesoya eNewberg, eMaryland, ayinalo ithemba kangako. Muva nje uzame uku-oda i-glyphosate kwa-R&D Cross, umsabalalisi wendawo wembewu nokokufaka, kodwa umsabalalisi akakwazanga ukunikeza inani elithile noma idethi yokulethwa. Ngokusho kuka-Bowling, ogwini olusempumalanga, bathole isivuno esikhulu (iminyaka eminingana ilandelana). Kodwa njalo eminyakeni embalwa, kuzoba neminyaka enomphumela ophansi kakhulu. Uma ihlobo elizayo lishisa futhi lomile, kungase kube igalelo elibi kwabanye abalimi.
Izintengo ze-glyphosate ne-glufosinate (Inkululeko) zidlule izinga eliphezulu lomlando ngenxa yokunikezwa okubuthakathaka okuqhubekayo futhi akukho ngcono okulindelekile ngaphambi kwentwasahlobo ezayo.
Ngokuka-Dwight Lingenfelter, uchwepheshe wokhula e-Penn State University, kunezici eziningi zalokhu, okuhlanganisa izinkinga eziqhubekayo zokuhlinzekwa kwempahla edalwe ubhubhane olusha lwe-pneumonia, ukungakwazi ukumba idwala elanele le-phosphate ukwenza i-glyphosate, i-Container nezindaba zokugcinwa, kanye nokuvalwa nokuvulwa kabusha kwesitshalo esikhulu se-Bayer CropScience e-Louisicane Ida ngenxa ye-Hurricane Ida.
ULingenfelter uyakholelwa: “Lokhu kubangelwa ukuphakama kwezici ezihlukahlukene okwamanje.” Uthe i-glyphosate yenhloso ejwayelekile engu- $12.50 ilitha ngalinye ngo-2020 manje isicela ama- $35 kuye kwangama-40. I-Glufosinate-ammonium, eyayitholakala ngo-$33 kuya ku-US$34 ilitha ngalinye ngaleso sikhathi, manje isicela imali efinyelela kuma-US$80. Uma unenhlanhla yoku-oda imithi yokubulala ukhula, zilungiselele ukulinda.
"Abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi uma i-oda lingafika ngempela, lingase lingafiki kuze kube nguJuni ngonyaka ozayo noma kamuva ehlobo. Ngokombono wokubulala ukhula, lokhu kuyinkinga. Ngicabanga ukuthi yilapho esikhona manje. Izimo, kuyadingeka ukucabangela ngokucophelela ukuthi yini engenziwa ukuze kugcinwe imikhiqizo, "kusho uLingenfelter. Ukushoda "kotshani obubili" kungase kuholele kumphumela wokubambisa we-2,4-D noma ukushoda kwe-clethodim. I-Clethodim iyisinqumo esithembekile sokulawula utshani.
Ukunikezwa kwemikhiqizo ye-glyphosate kugcwele ukungaqiniseki
U-Ed Snyder weSnyder's Crop Service eMount Joy, ePennsylvania, uthe akakholwa ukuthi inkampani yakhe izoba ne-glyphosate entwasahlobo ezayo.
USnyder uthe yile ndlela atshela ngayo amakhasimende akhe. Abakwazanga ukunikeza usuku olulinganiselwe. Awukwazi ukuthembisa ukuthi mingaki imikhiqizo ongayithola. Uphinde wathi ngaphandle kwe-glyphosate, amakhasimende akhe angase ashintshele kweminye imithi evamile yokubulala ukhula, njengeGramoxone (paraquat). Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi ama-premixes egama lomkhiqizo aqukethe i-glyphosate, njenge-Halex GT ye-post-ergence, asatholakala kabanzi.
UShawn Miller weMelvin Weaver and Sons uthe intengo yemithi yokubulala ukhula inyuke kakhulu. Ubelokhu exoxisana namakhasimende ngenani eliphakeme kakhulu azimisele ukulikhokhela umkhiqizo kanye nendlela yokukhulisa inani le-herbicide per gallon uma esezitholile izimpahla. inani.
UMiller ngeke aze amukele ama-oda ka-2022, ngoba yonke imikhiqizo inenani lapho ithunyelwa khona, ehluke kakhulu esimweni lapho ibingathengwa khona kusengaphambili esikhathini esidlule. Nokho usakholelwa ukuthi uma kufika intwasahlobo izovela imikhiqizo, futhi uthandazela ukuthi kube njena. Uthe: “Ngeke sikwazi ukunquma amanani ngoba asazi ukuthi intengo ikuphi, wonke umuntu ukhathazekile ngayo.”
Ochwepheshe basebenzisa i-herbicide kancane
Kulabo balimi abanenhlanhla yokuthola imikhiqizo ngaphambi kokuqala kwentwasahlobo, i-Lingenfelter iphakamisa ukuthi kufanele bacabangele indlela yokulondoloza imikhiqizo noma bazame ezinye izindlela zokuchitha intwasahlobo yokuqala. Uthe esikhundleni sokusebenzisa i-32-ounce Roundup Powermax, kungcono yehlise ibe ngama-ounces angu-22. Ukwengeza, uma ukunikezwa kulinganiselwe, isikhathi sokufafaza kufanele sibanjwe-noma ngabe esokubulala noma sokufafaza izitshalo.
Ukuyeka izinhlobo zikabhontshisi wesoya wamayintshi angu-30 nokushintshela ezinhlotsheni ezingama-intshi angu-15 kungenza i-canopy ibe mkhulu futhi kuqhudelane nokhula. Yiqiniso, ukulungiswa komhlaba ngezinye izikhathi kuyinketho, kodwa ngaphambi kwalokho, ukushiyeka kwayo kufanele kucatshangelwe: ukunyuka kwezindleko zikaphethiloli, ukulahleka kwenhlabathi, nokucekelwa phansi kokungatshalwa kwezihlahla isikhathi eside.
U-Lingenfelter uthe uphenyo nalo lubalulekile, njengokulawula okulindelwe emkhakheni omsulwa.
“Eminyakeni emibili ezayo, singase sibone amasimu anokhula amaningi,” esho. "Kolunye ukhula, zilungiselele ukwamukela ukuthi izinga lokulawula licishe libe ngama-70% esikhundleni sika-90% wangaphambilini."
Kodwa lo mbono nawo unezinkinga zawo. U-Lingenfelter uthe ukhula olwengeziwe lusho isivuno esincane futhi ukhula olunezinkinga kuzoba nzima ukululawula. Uma ubhekene nezivini ze-amaranth kanye ne-amaranth, izinga lokulawula ukhula elingama-75% alanele. Ku-shamrock noma i-quinoa yezimpande ezibomvu, izinga lokulawula elingu-75% lingase lanele. Uhlobo lokhula luyonquma izinga lokulawula kancane phezu kwalo.
UGary Snyder wakwaNutrien, osebenzisana nabalimi ababalelwa ku-150 eningizimu-mpumalanga yePennsylvania, uthe noma ngabe yimuphi umuthi ofikayo, noma ngabe i-glyphosate noma i-glufosinate, uzokalwa futhi usetshenziswe ngokucophelela.
Uthe abalimi kumele bandise ukukhetha kwabo imithi yokubulala ukhula entwasahlobo ezayo baphothule izinhlelo ngokushesha ukugwema ukuthi ukhula lube yinkinga enkulu ngesikhathi sokutshala. Weluleka abalimi abangakayikhethi imihlobo yommbila ukuthi bathenge imbewu enofuzo olungcono kakhulu ukuze lulawule ukhula kamuva.
"Inkinga enkulu imbewu efanele. Futha ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Naka ukhula esitshalweni. Imikhiqizo eyaphuma ngawo-1990 isesitokisini, futhi lokhu kungenziwa. Zonke izindlela kufanele zicatshangelwe, "kusho uSnyder.
U-Bowling uthe uzogcina zonke izinketho. Uma intengo yezinto ezisetshenziswayo, okuhlanganisa nemithi yokubulala ukhula, iqhubeka nokuba phezulu futhi intengo yezitshalo ihluleka ukuhambisana, uhlela ukushintshela amasimu amaningi kubhontshisi wesoya, ngoba ubhontshisi wesoya ishibhile ukuwutshala. Angase futhi ashintshe amasimu amaningi ukuze atshale utshani.
U-Lingenfelter unethemba lokuthi abalimi ngeke balinde kuze kuphele ubusika noma intwasahlobo ukuze baqale ukunaka lolu daba. Uthe: “Ngiyethemba ukuthi wonke umuntu uzolusukumela phezulu lolu daba, ngikhathazekile ngokuthi abantu abaningi bazobanjwa bengalindele ngaleso sikhathi.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-15-2021