Uchungechunge lwezimboni lwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo lungahlukaniswa zibe izixhumanisi ezine: "izinto zokusetshenziswa - eziphakathi - izidakamizwa zangempela - amalungiselelo".I-Upstream imboni ye-petroleum/amakhemikhali, ehlinzeka ngezinto zokusetshenziswa zemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo, ikakhulukazi izinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali ezingaphili njenge-phosphorus ephuzi ne-fluid chlorine, kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo eziyisisekelo zamakhemikhali emvelo njenge-methanol ne-“tribenzene”.
Imboni ye-midstream ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa izidakamizwa ezimaphakathi nezisebenzayo.Ama-Intermediate ayisisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwezidakamizwa ezisebenzayo, futhi izidakamizwa ezihlukene ezisebenzayo zidinga i-intermediate ehlukene enqubweni yokukhiqiza, engahlukaniswa ibe yi-fluorine-containing intermediates, i-cyano-containing intermediates, ne-heterocyclic intermediates.Umuthi wokuqala uwumkhiqizo wokugcina owakhiwe izithako ezisebenzayo kanye nokungcola okutholakala ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane.Ngokusho kwento yokulawula, ingahlukaniswa ngama-herbicides, ama-insecticides, ama-fungicides nokunye.
Izimboni ezisezansi nezansi ikakhulukazi zikhava imikhiqizo yemithi.Ngenxa yokungancibiliki emanzini kanye nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezithako ezisebenzayo, inqwaba yezidakamizwa ezisebenzayo azikwazi ukusetshenziswa ngokuqondile, zidinga ukungeza izithasiselo ezifanele (njengama-solvents, ama-emulsifiers, ama-disperants, njll.) acutshungulwe abe amafomu emithamo ahlukene, asetshenziswe kwezolimo, ezamahlathi, ezemfuyo, ezempilo neminye imikhakha.
01Isimo sokuthuthuka kwemakethe ye-pesticide intermediates eChina
Isibulala-zinambuzaneImboni ephakathi iphakathi kochungechunge lwemboni yezibulala-zinambuzane, izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zilawula ucwaningo olusha lwezibulala-zinambuzane nokuthuthukiswa kanye neziteshi zokuthengisa zamalungiselelo abulalayo, iningi labaphakathi kanye nama-ejenti asebenzayo akhetha ukuthenga e-China, India nakwamanye amazwe, e-China. futhi i-India isiphenduke izindawo eziyinhloko zokukhiqiza izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nama-ejenti asebenzayo emhlabeni.
Ukukhiqizwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane e-China kugcine izinga lokukhula eliphansi, ngesilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka esiyi-1.4% kusukela ngo-2014 kuya ku-2023.Izibulala-zinambuzane ezikhiqizwa e-China zingahlangabezana nezidingo zemboni yezibulala-zinambuzane, kodwa ezinye izinto ezimaphakathi zisadinga ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe.Ezinye zazo zikhiqizwa eShayina, kodwa inani noma ikhwalithi ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokukhiqiza;Enye ingxenye yeChina ayikakwazi ukukhiqiza.
Kusukela ngo-2017, isidingo sabaphakathi kwezibulala-zinambuzane e-China sehle kakhulu, futhi ukwehla kosayizi wemakethe kungaphansi kokwehla kwesidingo.Ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuqaliswa kwesenzo sokukhula kweqanda kwezibulala-zinambuzane nomanyolo, inani lokufakwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemithi eluhlaza eShayina liye lancipha kakhulu, futhi isidingo semithi yokubulala izinambuzane sinciphile kakhulu.Ngasikhathi sinye, ithintwe imikhawulo yokuvikela imvelo, intengo yemakethe yabaphakathi kwezibulala-zinambuzane yakhuphuka ngokushesha ngo-2017, okwenza usayizi wemakethe yezimboni uzinzile, futhi intengo yemakethe yehla kancane kancane kusukela ngo-2018 kuya ku-2019 njengoba ukunikezwa kancane kancane kubuyela kokujwayelekile.Ngokwezibalo, kusukela ngo-2022, usayizi wemakethe ophakathi kwesibulala-zinambuzane e-China ungama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-68.78, futhi inani lentengo lemakethe lilinganiselwa ku-17,500 yuan/ton.
02Isimo sokuthuthuka kwemakethe yokulungiselela izibulala-zinambuzane eChina
Ukusatshalaliswa kwenzuzo kochungechunge lwemboni yezibulala-zinambuzane kuveza izici "zejika lokumomotheka": i-akhawunti yokulungiselela i-50%, i-intermediate 20%, izidakamizwa zoqobo 15%, izinsizakalo eziyi-15%, kanye nokuthengiswa kwamalungiselelo ayisiphetho kuyisixhumanisi esiyinhloko senzuzo, ethatha isikhundla esiphelele ukusatshalaliswa kwenzuzo kochungechunge lwemboni yezibulala-zinambuzane.Uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhiqizwa komuthi wangempela, ogcizelela ubuchwepheshe bokwenziwa kanye nokulawulwa kwezindleko, ukulungiswa kuseduze nemakethe yokugcina, futhi ikhono lebhizinisi libanzi.
Ngokungeziwe ocwaningweni nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, umkhakha wamalungiselelo uphinde ugcizelele iziteshi nokwakhiwa komkhiqizo, isevisi yangemva kokuthengisa, nobukhulu bokuncintisana obuhlukahlukene kanye nenani eliphakeme elingeziwe.Ngenxa yokuqaliswa kwesenzo sokukhula kwe-zero ye-pesticide kanye nomanyolo, isidingo samalungiselelo e-pesticide e-China siqhubekile nokwehla, okuthinte ngokuqondile usayizi wemakethe kanye nesivinini sokuthuthukiswa komkhakha.Njengamanje, ukuncipha kwesidingo saseShayina sekuholele enkingeni egqamile yokungabibikho kwamandla, osekuqinise ukuncintisana kwezimakethe futhi kwathinta inzuzo yamabhizinisi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemboni.
Inani lokuthekelisa kweShayina kanye nenani lamalungiselelo okubulala izinambuzane liphezulu kakhulu kunempahla evela kwamanye amazwe, okwenza insalela yokuhweba.Kusukela ngo-2020 kuya ku-2022, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe amalungiselelo okubulala izinambuzane e-China kuzolungisa, kujwayelane futhi kuthuthuke ebuhleni nasebuhleni.Ngo-2023, inani lokungenisa kweChina lamalungiselelo okubulala izinambuzane laliyizigidi ezingama-974 zamadola aseMelika, okuwukunyuka ngo-1.94% esikhathini esifanayo ngonyaka odlule, kanti amazwe okuyimithombo yokungenisa eyinhloko kwakuyi-Indonesia, Japan kanye neJalimane.Ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kufinyelele ku-$8.087 billion, kwehle ngo-27.21% unyaka nonyaka, nezindawo ezihamba phambili zokuthumela ngaphandle kube yiBrazil (18.3%), Australia kanye ne-United States.I-70% -80% yokukhiqizwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane eChina ithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, i-inventory emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe izogaywa, futhi intengo yemikhiqizo yokubulala izinambuzane yehle kakhulu, okuyisizathu esiyinhloko sokwehla kwenani lokuthekelisa lamalungiselelo e-pesticide. 2023.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-22-2024