Uchungechunge lwemboni lwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo lungahlukaniswa ngezixhumanisi ezine: “izinto zokusetshenziswa – izinto eziphakathi – imithi yokuqala – amalungiselelo”. Phezulu kukhona imboni kaphethiloli/yamakhemikhali, ehlinzeka ngezinto zokusetshenziswa zemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo, ikakhulukazi izinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali ezingaphili njenge-phosphorus ephuzi kanye ne-chlorine ewuketshezi, kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali eziyisisekelo ezifana ne-methanol kanye ne-“tribenzene”.
Imboni ephakathi nendawo ihlanganisa kakhulu izidakamizwa eziphakathi nendawo kanye nezidakamizwa ezisebenzayo. Izidakamizwa eziphakathi nendawo ziyisisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwezidakamizwa ezisebenzayo, kanti izidakamizwa ezahlukene ezisebenzayo zidinga izidakamizwa eziphakathi ezahlukene enqubweni yokukhiqiza, ezingahlukaniswa zibe izidakamizwa eziphakathi nendawo eziqukethe i-fluorine, izidakamizwa eziphakathi nendawo eziqukethe i-cyano, kanye nezidakamizwa eziphakathi nendawo ezisebenzisa i-heterocyclic. Umuthi wokuqala uwumkhiqizo wokugcina owakhiwe izithako ezisebenzayo kanye nokungcola okutholakala enqubweni yokukhiqiza izibulala-zinambuzane. Ngokusho kwento yokulawula, ungahlukaniswa ube yimithi yokubulala ukhula, imithi yokubulala izinambuzane, imithi yokubulala izinambuzane njalo njalo.
Izimboni ezingaphansi kwamanzi zimboza kakhulu imikhiqizo yezokwelapha. Ngenxa yokungancibiliki emanzini kanye nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezithako ezisebenzayo, iningi lemithi esebenzayo ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa ngqo, kudingeka kufakwe izithasiselo ezifanele (njengezinyibilikisi, ama-emulsifier, ama-dispersant, njll.) ezicutshungulwa zibe izinhlobo ezahlukene zomthamo, ezisetshenziswa kwezolimo, emahlathini, ekufuyweni kwezilwane, ezempilo nakweminye imikhakha.
01Isimo sentuthuko yemakethe yezibulala-zinambuzane eShayina
Isibulala-zinambuzaneImboni yezimboni eziphakathi iphakathi kochungechunge lwezimboni zezinambuzane, izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zilawula ucwaningo lwezibulala-zinambuzane ezintsha kanye nentuthuko kanye neziteshi zokuthengisa zamalungiselelo okugcina, iningi lezimboni eziphakathi kanye nama-ejenti asebenzayo bakhetha ukuthenga eShayina, eNdiya nakwamanye amazwe, iShayina kanye neNdiya sezibe yizindawo eziyinhloko zokukhiqiza izibulala-zinambuzane eziphakathi kanye nama-ejenti asebenzayo emhlabeni.
Umkhiqizo wezidakamizwa ezihlanganisa izibulala-zinambuzane eShayina ugcine izinga lokukhula eliphansi, ngesilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka esingu-1.4% kusukela ngo-2014 kuya ku-2023. Amabhizinisi ezidakamizwa ezihlanganisa izibulala-zinambuzane aseShayina athintwa kakhulu yile nqubomgomo, futhi izinga lokusetshenziswa kwamandla liphansi. Izidakamizwa ezihlanganisa izibulala-zinambuzane ezikhiqizwa eShayina zingahlangabezana nezidingo zemboni yezibulala-zinambuzane, kodwa ezinye izidakamizwa ezihlanganisa izibulala-zinambuzane zisadinga ukungeniswa. Ezinye zazo zikhiqizwa eShayina, kodwa inani noma ikhwalithi ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokukhiqiza; Enye ingxenye yaseShayina ayikakwazi ukukhiqiza.
Kusukela ngo-2017, isidingo sezinto ezihlanganisa izibulala-zinambuzane eShayina sehle kakhulu, futhi ukwehla kosayizi wemakethe kungaphansi kokwehla kwesidingo. Ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuqaliswa kwesenzo sokukhula kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nomanyolo, inani lokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemithi eluhlaza eShayina lehle kakhulu, kanti isidingo sezinto ezihlanganisa izibulala-zinambuzane naso sehle kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, sithintekile yimikhawulo yokuvikelwa kwemvelo, intengo yemakethe yezinto eziningi ezihlanganisa izibulala-zinambuzane yenyuka ngokushesha ngo-2017, okwenza usayizi wemakethe yemboni uzinzile, futhi intengo yemakethe yehla kancane kancane kusukela ngo-2018 kuya ku-2019 njengoba ukuphakelwa kubuyela kancane kancane esimeni esijwayelekile. Ngokwezibalo, kusukela ngo-2022, usayizi wemakethe yezibulala-zinambuzane zaseShayina ucishe ube yi-yuan eyizigidigidi ezingama-68.78, kanti intengo yemakethe emaphakathi icishe ibe yi-yuan eyi-17,500/ton.
02Isimo sentuthuko yemakethe yokulungiselela izibulala-zinambuzane eShayina
Ukusatshalaliswa kwenzuzo kochungechunge lwemboni yezibulala-zinambuzane kuveza izici "zokumamatheka": amalungiselelo abalelwa ku-50%, abaphakathi abangu-20%, imithi yokuqala engu-15%, izinsizakalo ezingu-15%, kanye nokuthengiswa kwamalungiselelo okugcina kuyisixhumanisi esiyinhloko senzuzo, esithatha isikhundla esiphelele ekusatshalalisweni kwenzuzo kochungechunge lwemboni yezibulala-zinambuzane. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhiqizwa kwesidakamizwa sokuqala, okugcizelela ubuchwepheshe bokwenziwa kanye nokulawulwa kwezindleko, ukulungiselela kuseduze nemakethe yokugcina, futhi ikhono lebhizinisi libanzi kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, insimu yokulungiselela iphinde igcizelele iziteshi nokwakhiwa komkhiqizo, insizakalo yangemva kokuthengisa, kanye nobukhulu bokuncintisana obuhlukahlukene kanye nenani elengeziwe eliphakeme. Ngenxa yokuqaliswa kwesenzo sokukhula kwezibulala-zinambuzane nomanyolo, isidingo sokulungiselela izibulala-zinambuzane eShayina siqhubekile nokwehla, okuthinte ngqo usayizi wemakethe kanye nesivinini sokuthuthukiswa kwemboni. Njengamanje, ukuncipha kwesidingo saseShayina kuholele enkingeni evelele yomthamo omkhulu, okuye kwaqinisa ukuncintisana kwemakethe futhi kwathinta inzuzo yamabhizinisi kanye nentuthuko yemboni.
Inani lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe eShayina kanye nenani lokulungiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuphakeme kakhulu kunokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe, okwakha insalela yokuhweba. Kusukela ngo-2020 kuya ku-2022, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezibulala-zinambuzane zaseShayina kuzolungisa, kuvumelane futhi kuthuthuke ekukhuphukeni nasekuweni. Ngo-2023, inani lokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwezibulala-zinambuzane zaseShayina lalingamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-974, ukwanda ngo-1.94% esikhathini esifanayo ngonyaka odlule, kanti amazwe ayinhloko okungenisa izibulala-zinambuzane kwakuyi-Indonesia, iJapan neJalimane. Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kufinyelele ku-$8.087 billion, kwehle ngo-27.21% ngonyaka, kanti izindawo eziyinhloko zokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe yiBrazil (18.3%), i-Australia ne-United States. U-70%-80% womkhiqizo wezibulala-zinambuzane waseShayina uthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, impahla emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe kufanele igaywe, futhi intengo yemikhiqizo yezibulala-zinambuzane ebekwe ngaphezulu yehle kakhulu, okuyimbangela eyinhloko yokwehla kwenani lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngo-2023.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-22-2024