I-Citrus, isitshalo somndeni wakwa-Arantioideae womndeni wakwa-Rutaceae, ingenye yezitshalo zemali ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni, ezihlanganisa ingxenye yesine yomkhiqizo wezithelo zomhlaba wonke.Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezithelo ezisawolintshi, okuhlanganisa amawolintshi amakhasi abanzi, amawolintshi, ipomelo, amagilebhisi, ulamula kanye nolamula.Emazweni nasezifundeni ezingaphezu kuka-140, okuhlanganisa iChina, iBrazil kanye ne-United States, indawo yokutshala amawolintshi yafinyelela ku-10.5530 million hm2, futhi umphumela wawungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-166.3030.I-China iyizwe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni ekukhiqizeni okusawolintshi nokuthengisa, eminyakeni yamuva nje, indawo yokutshala nomkhiqizo iyaqhubeka nokukhula, ngo-2022, indawo engaba ngu-3,033,500 hm2, umphumela wamathani ayizigidi eziyi-6,039.Nokho, imboni yamawolintshi yaseChina inkulu kodwa ayiqinile, futhi i-United States neBrazil namanye amazwe anegebe elikhulu.
I-Citrus isihlahla sezithelo esinendawo yokulima ebanzi kakhulu kanye nesimo somnotho esibaluleke kakhulu eningizimu yeShayina, esinokubaluleka okukhethekile ekuqedeni ubuphofu ezimbonini nokuvuselela izindawo zasemakhaya.Ngokuthuthukiswa kokuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nokuqwashisa ngezempilo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuhwebelana ngamazwe ngamazwe kanye nolwazi lwemboni ye-citrus, i-green citrus eluhlaza kancane kancane iba indawo eshisayo ekusetshenzisweni kwabantu, futhi isidingo sokuhlinzekwa okulinganayo kwekhwalithi ephezulu, okuhlukahlukene kanye nonyaka kuyaqhubeka ukwanda.Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni yamuva nje, imboni ye-citrus yaseChina ithintwa yizici zemvelo (izinga lokushisa, imvula, ikhwalithi yomhlabathi), ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza (izinhlobonhlobo, ubuchwepheshe bokulima, okokufaka kwezolimo) kanye nemodi yokuphatha, nezinye izici, kunezinkinga ezifana nezinhlobonhlobo zokuhle. kanye nekhono elibi, elibuthakathaka lokuvimbela izifo nezinambuzane, ukuqwashisa ngomkhiqizo akuqinile, imodi yokuphatha ihlehla futhi ukuthengiswa kwezithelo zonyaka kunzima.Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthuthukiswa okuluhlaza kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu yemboni ye-citrus, kuyaphuthuma ukuqinisa ucwaningo mayelana nokuthuthukiswa okuhlukahlukene, isimiso nobuchwepheshe bokunciphisa isisindo nokunciphisa izidakamizwa, ikhwalithi nokusebenza kahle.Izibulala-zinambuzane zidlala indima ebalulekile emjikelezweni wokukhiqizwa kwe-citrus futhi zithinta ngokuqondile isivuno kanye nekhwalithi ye-citrus.Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukukhethwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ekukhiqizeni okuluhlaza okusawolintshi kuyinselele kakhulu ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu kanye nezinambuzane notshani.
Ukusesha kusizindalwazi sokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ku-China Pesticide Information Network kutholwe ukuthi kusukela ngo-Agasti 24, 2023, bekunemikhiqizo yezibulala-zinambuzane engu-3,243 ebhaliswe esimweni esisebenzayo kumawolintshi e-China.Kwakukhona 1515izibulala-zinambuzane, ebalelwa ku-46.73% yenani eliphelele lezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe.Kwakukhona ama-acaricides angama-684, enza u-21.09%;ama-fungicides angama-537, enza i-16.56%;imithi yokubulala ukhula engama-475, eyi-14.65%;Babengu-132izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo, okulinganiselwa ku-4.07%.Ubuthi bezibulala-zinambuzane ezweni lakithi buhlukaniswe ngamazinga angu-5 ukusuka phezulu kuye phansi: anobuthi kakhulu, anobuthi obuphezulu, anobuthi obuphakathi, anobuthi obuphansi futhi anobuthi obuncane.Bekunemikhiqizo engama-541 enobuthi obusesilinganisweni, ebalelwa ku-16.68% wesamba sezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe.Bekunemikhiqizo engu-2,494 enobuthi obuphansi, ebalelwa ku-76.90% yenani eliphelele lezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe.Bekunemikhiqizo engama-208 enobuthi obuncane, ibalwa ku-6.41% yenani eliphelele lezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe.
1. Isimo sokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane/izibulala-zinambuzane ezisawolintshi
Kunezinhlobo ezingu-189 zezithako ezisebenzayo zokubulala izinambuzane ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwewolintshi e-China, ezingama-69 kuzo ziyizithako ezisebenzayo zomthamo owodwa kanti eziyi-120 ziyizithako ezisebenzayo ezixutshiwe.Izibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe zaziphakeme kakhulu kunezinye izigaba, zingu-1,515 sezizonke.Phakathi kwazo, isamba semikhiqizo engama-994 yabhaliswa ngethamo elilodwa, kanti izibulala-zinambuzane ezi-5 eziphezulu kwakuyi-acetamidine (188), i-avermectin (100), i-spiroxylate (58), uwoyela wamaminerali (53) kanye ne-ethozole (51), ibalwa ku-29.70 %.Imikhiqizo engama-521 ixutshiwe, kanti izibulala-zinambuzane ezi-5 eziphezulu enanini elibhalisiwe bekuyi-actinospirin (imikhiqizo engama-52), i-actinospirin (imikhiqizo engama-35), i-actinospirin (imikhiqizo engama-31), i-actinospirin (imikhiqizo engama-31) kanye ne-dihydrazide (imikhiqizo engama-28), ibalwa 11.68%.Njengoba kubonakala kuThebula lesi-2, phakathi kwemikhiqizo ebhalisiwe engu-1515, kunamafomu angu-19 emithamo, lapho oku-3 okuphezulu kuyimikhiqizo ye-emulsion (653), imikhiqizo yokumiswa (518) kanye nezimpushana ezimanzi (169), ezihlanganisa isamba esingu-88.45 %.
Kunezinhlobo ezingama-83 zezithako ezisebenzayo zama-acaricides asetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni amawolintshi, okuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-24 zezithako ezisebenzayo kanye nezinhlobo ezingama-59 zezithako ezisebenzayo ezixubile.Isamba semikhiqizo ye-acaricidal engu-684 yabhaliswa (yesibili kuphela kuma-insecticides), lapho i-476 yayiyi-ejenti eyodwa, njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 3. Izibulala-zinambuzane ezi-4 eziphezulu enanini lezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe kwakuyi-acetylidene (126), i-triazoltin (90), i-chlorfenazoline. (63) kanye ne-phenylbutin (26), okubalelwa ku-44.59% isiyonke.Imikhiqizo engama-208 ixutshiwe, kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ezi-4 ezihamba phambili enombolweni ebhalisiwe kwakuyi-aviculin (27), i-dihydrazide · ethozole (18), i-aviculin · uwoyela wamaminerali (15), kanye ne-Aviculin · mineral oil (13), ibalwa ku-10.67 %.Phakathi kwemikhiqizo ebhalisiwe engu-684, kwakukhona amafomu okulinganisa angu-11, oku-3 aphezulu kuwo kwakuyimikhiqizo ye-emulsion (330), imikhiqizo yokumiswa (198) kanye nezimpushana ezimanzi (124), ezibalelwa ku-95.32% isiyonke.
Izinhlobo nenani lokwenziwa komthamo owodwa we-insecticidal/acaricidal (ngaphandle kwe-ejenti emisiwe, i-microemulsion, i-emulsion emisiwe kanye ne-aqueous emulsion) bekungaphezu kokuxubile.Kwakukhona izinhlobo ezingu-18 zokwenziwa komthamo owodwa kanye nezinhlobo ezingu-9 zokwakheka okuxubile.Kunezinhlobo eziyi-11 zomthamo owodwa kanye nezinhlobo eziyi-5 zemithamo exubile yama-acaricide.Izinto zokulawula izibulala-zinambuzane ezixubile yi-Psyllidae (Psyllidae), iPhylloacidae (isicabucabu esibomvu), i-Gall mite (umkhaza wokugqwala, isicabucabu), i-Whitefly (i-Whitefly, i-whitefly, i-spiny whitefly), i-Aspididae (i-Aphididae), i-Aphididae (i-aphid ewolintshi. , ama-aphid), impukane esebenzayo (Orange Macropha), inundu ye-leaf miner (leaf miner), i-weevil (grey weevil) nezinye izinambuzane.Izinto eziyinhloko zokulawula umthamo owodwa i-Psyllidae (Psyllidae), i-Phylloacidae (isicabucabu esibomvu), i-Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), i-Whiteflidae (i-Whitefly), i-Aspididae (i-Aphididae), i-Ceracidae (i-Red Ceratidae), i-Aphididae (i-Aphids), izimpukane ezingokoqobo (i-Tangerida , Tangeridae), abavukuzi bamaqabunga (ama-leafafers), ama-leafafers (Tangeridae), Papiliidae (citrus papiliidae), kanye ne-Longicidae (Longicidae).Nezinye izinambuzane.Izinto zokulawula ama-acaricides abhalisiwe ikakhulukazi izibungu ze-phyllodidae (isicabucabu esibomvu), i-Aspidococcus (Aracidae), i-Cerococcus (i-Red Cerococcus), i-Psyllidae (i-Psyllidae), i-leaf miner moth (i-leaf miner), i-Pall mite (umkhaza wokugqwala), i-aphid (i-aphid) ) njalo njalo.Kusukela ezinhlotsheni zezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe kanye nama-acaricide ikakhulukazi izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali, izinhlobo ezingama-60 nezingu-21, ngokulandelana.Kwakunezinhlobo ezingu-9 kuphela ezivela emithonjeni yezinto eziphilayo namaminerali, okuhlanganisa i-neem (2) kanye ne-matrine (3) evela emithonjeni yezitshalo nezilwane, kanye ne-Bacillus thuringiensis (8), i-Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), i-Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) ne-avermectin ( 103) kusuka emithonjeni ye-microbial.Imithombo yamaminerali amafutha amaminerali (62), ingxube yesulfure yamatshe (7), nezinye izigaba yi-sodium rosin (6).
2. Ukubhaliswa kwama-fungicides e-citrus
Kunezinhlobo ezingu-117 zezithako ezisebenzayo zemikhiqizo yokubulala isikhunta, izinhlobo ezingama-61 zesithako esisebenzayo esisodwa kanye nezinhlobo ezingu-56 zezithako ezisebenzayo ezixubile.Bekunemikhiqizo ehlobene yokubulala isikhunta engama-537, engama-406 kuyo bekuyimithamo eyodwa.Izibulala-zinambuzane ezi-4 ezihamba phambili ezibhalisiwe kwakuyi-imidamine (64), i-mancozeb (49), i-copper hydroxide (25) ne-copper king (19), eyenza u-29.24% usuwonke.Ingqikithi yemikhiqizo engu-131 yaxutshwa, futhi izibulala-zinambuzane ezi-4 eziphezulu ezibhalisiwe kwakunguChunlei · Wang copper (17), Chunlei · quinoline copper (9), azole · deisen (8), kanye ne-azole · imimine (7), ebalwa ku-7.64% sezizonke.Njengoba kubonakala kuThebula 2, kunezinhlobo eziyi-18 zemithamo yemikhiqizo yesikhunta engama-537, phakathi kwazo izinhlobo ezi-3 eziphezulu ezinenani elikhulu kunawo wonke impushana emanzi (159), umkhiqizo omisiwe (148) kanye ne-granule ehlakazekile ngamanzi (86), accounting. zizonke zifinyelele ku-73.18%.Kunezinhlobo eziyi-16 zemithamo eyodwa yesikhunta kanye namafomu emithamo ayi-7 ahlanganisiwe.
Izinto zokulawula ama-fungicides yimpuphu, utwayi, ibala elimnyama (inkanyezi emnyama), isikhunta esimpunga, isikhunta, isifo senhlaka, isifo se-anthrax nesikhathi sokugcina (ukubola kwezimpande, ukubola okumnyama, i-penicillium, isikhunta esiluhlaza kanye nokubola kwe-asidi).Ama-fungicides ikakhulukazi izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali, kunezinhlobo ezingama-41 zezibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa zamakhemikhali, futhi yizinhlobo eziyi-19 kuphela zemithombo yebhayoloji nezamaminerali ezibhalisiwe, phakathi kwazo imithombo yezitshalo nezilwane i-berberine (1), i-carvall (1), i-sopranoginseng extract (2 ), i-allicin (1), D-limonene (1).Imithombo ye-microbial bekuyi-mesomycin (4), i-priuremycin (4), i-avermectin (2), i-Bacillus subtilis (8), i-Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1).Imithombo yamaminerali yi-cuprous oxide (1), i-king copper (19), ingxube yesulphur yamatshe (6), i-copper hydroxide (25), i-calcium copper sulfate (11), isulfure (6), uwoyela wamaminerali (4), i-basic copper sulfate. (7), i-Bordeaux liquid (11).
3. Ukubhaliswa kwemithi yokubulala ukhula ezisawolintshi
Kunezinhlobo ezingu-20 zezithako ezisebenzayo zokubulala ukhula, izinhlobo eziyi-14 zezithako ezisebenzayo kanye nezinhlobo eziyisi-6 zezithako ezisebenzayo ezixubile.Imikhiqizo yokubulala ukhula engama-475 ibhalisiwe, okuhlanganisa ama-agent angama-467 kanye nama-ejenti axubile angu-8.Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 5, imithi yokubulala ukhula engu-5 ephezulu ebhalisiwe kwakuyi-glyphosate isopropylamine (169), i-glyphosate ammonium (136), i-glyphosate ammonium (93), i-glyphosate (47) kanye ne-glyphosate ammonium ammonium (6) emihle, ehlanganisa u-94.95%.Njengoba kungabonwa kuThebula 2, kunezinhlobo ze-7 dosage of herbicides, lapho ezi-3 zokuqala ziyimikhiqizo yamanzi (302), imikhiqizo ye-granule encibilikayo (78) kanye nemikhiqizo yempushane encibilikayo (69), ehlanganisa i-94.53% isiyonke.Mayelana nezinhlobo zezilwane, yonke imithi yokubulala ukhula engama-20 yahlanganiswa ngamakhemikhali, futhi ayikho imikhiqizo yebhayoloji ebhalisiwe.
4. Ukubhaliswa kwabalawuli bokukhula kwamawolintshi
Kunezinhlobo ezingu-35 zezithako ezisebenzayo zezilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo, kuhlanganise nezinhlobo ezingu-19 zama-ejenti angabodwa kanye nezinhlobo ezingu-16 zama-ejenti axubile.Kunemikhiqizo yokulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo eyi-132 isiyonke, eyi-100 yayo ingumthamo owodwa.Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula lesi-6, izilawuli ezi-5 eziphezulu ezibhalisiwe zokukhula kwe-citrus kwakuyi-gibberellinic acid (42), i-benzylaminopurine (18), i-flutenidine (9), i-14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) kanye ne-S-inducidin (5), ehlanganisa u-59.85% isiyonke .Ingqikithi yemikhiqizo engama-32 ixutshiwe, kanti imikhiqizo ebhalisiwe engu-3 ephezulu bekuyi-benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) kanye ne-28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), ebalwa ku-10.61% ingqikithi.Njengoba kungabonwa kuThebula 2, kunenani lezinhlobo ze-13 zemithamo yokulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo, phakathi kwazo ezi-3 eziphezulu ziyimikhiqizo e-solubilizable (52), imikhiqizo kakhilimu (19) kanye nemikhiqizo ye-powder e-soluble (13), ibalwa ku-63.64% sezizonke.Imisebenzi yokulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo iwukulawula ukukhula, ukulawula ukuhluma, ukulondoloza izithelo, ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezithelo, ukwanda, ukufaka imibala, ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa nokulondolozwa.Ngokwezinhlobo ezibhalisiwe, izilawuli eziyinhloko zokukhula kwezitshalo kwakuwukuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali, nenani lezinhlobo eziyi-14, kanye nezinhlobo ezi-5 kuphela zemithombo yebhayoloji, phakathi kwazo imithombo ye-microbial kwakuyi-S-allantoin (5), kanye nemikhiqizo ye-biochemical kwakuyi-gibberellanic acid. (42), i-benzylaminopurine (18), i-trimetanol (2) ne-brassinolactone (1).
4. Ukubhaliswa kwabalawuli bokukhula kwamawolintshi
Kunezinhlobo ezingu-35 zezithako ezisebenzayo zezilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo, kuhlanganise nezinhlobo ezingu-19 zama-ejenti angabodwa kanye nezinhlobo ezingu-16 zama-ejenti axubile.Kunemikhiqizo yokulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo eyi-132 isiyonke, eyi-100 yayo ingumthamo owodwa.Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula lesi-6, izilawuli ezi-5 eziphezulu ezibhalisiwe zokukhula kwe-citrus kwakuyi-gibberellinic acid (42), i-benzylaminopurine (18), i-flutenidine (9), i-14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) kanye ne-S-inducidin (5), ehlanganisa u-59.85% isiyonke .Ingqikithi yemikhiqizo engama-32 ixutshiwe, kanti imikhiqizo ebhalisiwe engu-3 ephezulu bekuyi-benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) kanye ne-28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), ebalwa ku-10.61% ingqikithi.Njengoba kungabonwa kuThebula 2, kunenani lezinhlobo ze-13 zemithamo yokulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo, phakathi kwazo ezi-3 eziphezulu ziyimikhiqizo e-solubilizable (52), imikhiqizo kakhilimu (19) kanye nemikhiqizo ye-powder e-soluble (13), ibalwa ku-63.64% sezizonke.Imisebenzi yokulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo iwukulawula ukukhula, ukulawula ukuhluma, ukulondoloza izithelo, ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezithelo, ukwanda, ukufaka imibala, ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa nokulondolozwa.Ngokwezinhlobo ezibhalisiwe, izilawuli eziyinhloko zokukhula kwezitshalo kwakuwukuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali, nenani lezinhlobo eziyi-14, kanye nezinhlobo ezi-5 kuphela zemithombo yebhayoloji, phakathi kwazo imithombo ye-microbial kwakuyi-S-allantoin (5), kanye nemikhiqizo ye-biochemical kwakuyi-gibberellanic acid. (42), i-benzylaminopurine (18), i-trimetanol (2) ne-brassinolactone (1).
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-24-2024