I-Citrus, isitshalo esingomndeni wakwa-Arantioideae womndeni wakwaRutaceae, singesinye sezilimo ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni, esikhiqiza ingxenye yesine yezithelo ezikhiqizwa emhlabeni. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-citrus, okuhlanganisa i-citrus ehlutshiwe, i-orange, i-pomelo, i-grapefruit, i-lemon kanye ne-lemon. Emazweni nasezifundeni ezingaphezu kuka-140, okuhlanganisa i-China, i-Brazil kanye ne-United States, indawo yokutshala ye-citrus ifinyelele ku-10.5530 million hm2, kanti umkhiqizo wawungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-166.3030. I-China iyizwe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni elikhiqiza futhi lithengisa i-citrus, eminyakeni yamuva nje, indawo yokutshala kanye nomkhiqizo kuyaqhubeka nokukhula, ngo-2022, indawo engaba ngu-3,033,500 hm2, umkhiqizo wamathani ayizigidi ezingu-6,039. Kodwa-ke, imboni ye-citrus yase-China inkulu kodwa ayinamandla, kanti i-United States ne-Brazil kanye namanye amazwe anegebe elikhulu.
I-Citrus iyisihlahla sezithelo esinendawo enkulu yokulima kanye nesimo sezomnotho esibaluleke kakhulu eningizimu yeShayina, esibaluleke kakhulu ekunciphiseni ubumpofu bezimboni kanye nokuvuselelwa kwezindawo zasemakhaya. Ngokuthuthuka kokuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nokuqwashisa ngempilo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokwenziwa kwamanye amazwe kanye nokwaziswa kwemboni ye-citrus, i-citrus eluhlaza kanye ne-organic kancane kancane iba yindawo eshisayo yokusetshenziswa kwabantu, futhi isidingo sokunikezwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu, okuhlukahlukene kanye nokulinganisela konyaka siyaqhubeka nokukhula. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni yamuva nje, imboni ye-citrus yaseShayina ithintwa yizici zemvelo (izinga lokushisa, imvula, ikhwalithi yomhlabathi), ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza (izinhlobo, ubuchwepheshe bokulima, okokufaka kwezolimo) kanye nemodi yokuphatha, kanye nezinye izici, kunezinkinga ezifana nezinhlobo ezinhle nezimbi, ikhono elibuthakathaka lokuvimbela izifo nezinambuzane, ukuqwashisa ngomkhiqizo akunamandla, imodi yokuphatha ibuyela emuva futhi ukuthengisa izithelo zesizini kunzima. Ukuze kukhuthazwe intuthuko eluhlaza nekhwalithi ephezulu yemboni ye-citrus, kuyaphuthuma ukuqinisa ucwaningo ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo, isimiso kanye nobuchwepheshe bokwehlisa isisindo kanye nokunciphisa izidakamizwa, ikhwalithi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle. Izibulala-zinambuzane zidlala indima ebalulekile emjikelezweni wokukhiqiza i-citrus futhi zithinta ngqo isivuno kanye nekhwalithi ye-citrus. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukukhethwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ekukhiqizweni okuluhlaza okotshani be-citrus kuyinselele kakhulu ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu kanye nezinambuzane notshani.
Ukusesha kusizindalwazi sokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane se-China Pesticide Information Network kuthole ukuthi kusukela ngomhlaka-24 Agasti 2023, kwakunemikhiqizo yezibulala-zinambuzane engu-3,243 ebhaliswe njengesebenzayo kuma-citrus eShayina. Kwakunengu-1515izibulala-zinambuzane, okubalwa u-46.73% wenani eliphelele lezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe. Kwakukhona ama-acaricides angu-684, alinganiselwa ku-21.09%; ama-fungicides angu-537, alinganiselwa ku-16.56%; ama-herbicides angu-475, alinganiselwa ku-14.65%; Kwakukhona u-132abalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo, okubalwa u-4.07%. Ubuthi bezibulala-zinambuzane ezweni lethu buhlukaniswe ngamazinga ama-5 kusukela phezulu kuya phansi: obunobuthi obukhulu, obunobuthi obukhulu, obunobuthi obuphakathi, obunobuthi obuphansi kanye nobunobuthi obuncane. Kwakukhona imikhiqizo engu-541 enobuthi obuphakathi, ebalelwa ku-16.68% wezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe. Kwakukhona imikhiqizo engu-2,494 enobuthi obuphansi, ebalelwa ku-76.90% wenani eliphelele lezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe. Kwakukhona imikhiqizo engu-208 enobuthi obuncane, ebalelwa ku-6.41% wenani eliphelele lezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe.
1. Isimo sokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane/ama-acaricides e-citrus
Kunezinhlobo ezingu-189 zezithako ezisebenzayo zokubulala izinambuzane ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwezithelo zohlobo lwe-citrus eShayina, ezingu-69 zazo ziyizithako ezisebenzayo zomthamo owodwa kanti ezingu-120 ziyizithako ezisebenzayo ezixubile. Inani lemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ebhalisiwe laliphezulu kakhulu kunezinye izigaba, lifinyelela ku-1,515. Phakathi kwazo, imikhiqizo engu-994 ibhalisiwe ngesilinganiso esisodwa, kanti imithi yokubulala izinambuzane emihlanu ephezulu kwakuyi-acetamidine (188), i-avermectin (100), i-spiroxylate (58), uwoyela wamaminerali (53) kanye ne-ethozole (51), okubalwa ku-29.70%. Imikhiqizo engu-521 ihlanganisiwe, kanti imithi yokubulala izinambuzane emihlanu ephezulu enanini elibhalisiwe kwakuyi-actinospirin (imikhiqizo engu-52), i-actinospirin (imikhiqizo engu-35), i-actinospirin (imikhiqizo engu-31), i-actinospirin (imikhiqizo engu-31) kanye ne-dihydrazide (imikhiqizo engu-28), okubalwa ku-11.68%. Njengoba kungabonakala kuThebula 2, phakathi kwemikhiqizo ebhalisiwe engu-1515, kunezinhlobo zomthamo ezingu-19, lapho ezintathu eziphezulu ziyimikhiqizo ye-emulsion (653), imikhiqizo yokumiswa (518) kanye nempuphu yetafula elimanzi (169), okwenza inani eliphelele libe ngu-88.45%.
Kunezinhlobo ezingu-83 zezithako ezisebenzayo ze-acaricides ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwezithelo ezisawolintshi, okuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingu-24 zezithako ezisebenzayo ezilodwa kanye nezinhlobo ezingu-59 zezithako ezisebenzayo ezihlanganisiwe. Kubhaliswe imikhiqizo ye-acaricidal engu-684 (eyesibili kuphela kunemithi yokubulala izinambuzane), okungu-476 kuyo kwakuyimithi yodwa, njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 3. Izibulala-zinambuzane eziphezulu ezingu-4 enanini lezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe kwakuyi-acetylidene (126), i-triazoltin (90), i-chlorfenazoline (63) kanye ne-phenylbutin (26), okubalwa u-44.59% iyonke. Kuhlanganiswe imikhiqizo engu-208, kanti izibulala-zinambuzane eziphezulu ezingu-4 enanini elibhalisiwe kwakuyi-aviculin (27), i-dihydrazide · i-ethozole (18), i-aviculin · uwoyela wamaminerali (15), kanye ne-Aviculin · uwoyela wamaminerali (13), okubalwa u-10.67%. Phakathi kwemikhiqizo engu-684 ebhalisiwe, bekukhona amafomu omthamo angu-11, lapho amathathu aphezulu bekuyimikhiqizo ye-emulsion (330), imikhiqizo yokumiswa (198) kanye nempuphu yetafula elimanzi (124), okubalwa u-95.32% isiyonke.
Izinhlobo kanye nobuningi bezinhlobo zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane/i-acaricidal eyodwa (ngaphandle kwe-agent emisiwe, i-microemulsion, i-emulsion emisiwe kanye ne-emulsion yamanzi) zazingaphezu kwezixubile. Kwakukhona izinhlobo ezingu-18 zemithi yokwelapha yomthamo owodwa kanye nezinhlobo ezingu-9 zemithi yokwelapha exubile. Kunezinhlobo zemithi yokwelapha yomthamo owodwa kanye nezi-5 zemithi yokwelapha exubile. Izinto ezilawulwa yimithi yokubulala izinambuzane exubile yi-Psyllidae (Psyllidae), i-Phylloacidae (isicabucabu esibomvu), i-Gall mite (i-rust tick, i-rust spider), i-Whitefly (i-White whitefly, i-whitefly, i-black spiny whitefly), i-Aspididae (i-Aphididae), i-Aphididae (i-orange aphid, ama-aphid), i-practical fly (i-Orange Macropha), i-leaf miner moth (i-leaf miner), i-weevil (i-grey weevil) kanye nezinye izinambuzane. Izinto eziyinhloko zokulawula umthamo owodwa yiPsyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (isicabucabu esibomvu), Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Red Ceratidae), Aphididae (Aphididae), practical flies (Tangeridae, Tangeridae), leaf miners (leafleafers), leafleafers (Tangeridae), Papiliidae (citrus papiliidae), kanye neLongicidae (Longicidae). Kanye nezinye izinambuzane. Izinto ezilawula ama-acaricides abhalisiwe ikakhulukazi yizimbuzane ze-phyllodidae (red spider), Aspidococcus (Aracidae), Cerococcus (Red Cerococcus), Psyllidae (Psyllidae), leaf miner moth (leaf miner), Pall mite (rust tick), aphid (aphid) njalo njalo. Ezinhlotsheni zezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe kanye nama-acaricides ikakhulukazi yizibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali, izinhlobo ezingu-60 nezingu-21, ngokulandelana. Kwakukhona izinhlobo ezingu-9 kuphela ezivela emithonjeni yezinto eziphilayo kanye nezamaminerali, okuhlanganisa i-neem (2) kanye ne-matrine (3) ezivela emithonjeni yezitshalo nezilwane, kanye ne-Bacillus thuringiensis (8), i-Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), i-Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) kanye ne-avermectin (103) ezivela emithonjeni yamagciwane. Imithombo yamaminerali uwoyela wamaminerali (62), ingxube yesalfure yamatshe (7), kanti ezinye izigaba yi-sodium rosin (6).
2. Ukubhaliswa kwemithi yokubulala ukhula ye-citrus
Kunezinhlobo ezingu-117 zezithako ezisebenzayo zemikhiqizo ye-fungicide, izinhlobo ezingu-61 zezithako ezisebenzayo ezihlanganisiwe kanye nezinhlobo ezingu-56 zezithako ezisebenzayo ezihlanganisiwe. Kwakukhona imikhiqizo ye-fungicide ehlobene engu-537, lapho engu-406 yayingamadosi owodwa. Izibulala-zinambuzane eziphezulu ezine ezibhalisiwe kwakuyi-imidamine (64), i-mancozeb (49), i-copper hydroxide (25) kanye ne-copper king (19), ebiza u-29.24% iyonke. Imikhiqizo engu-131 ihlanganisiwe, kanti izibulala-zinambuzane eziphezulu ezine ezibhalisiwe kwakuyi-Chunlei · Wang copper (17), i-Chunlei · quinoline copper (9), i-azole · deisen (8), kanye ne-azole · imimine (7), ebiza u-7.64% iyonke. Njengoba kungabonakala kuThebula 2, kunezinhlobo ezingu-18 zemithamo yemikhiqizo ye-fungicide engu-537, phakathi kwazo izinhlobo ezintathu eziphezulu ezinenani elikhulu yi-wettable powder (159), umkhiqizo wokumisa (148) kanye ne-granule ehlakazekile ngamanzi (86), ebiza u-73.18% iyonke. Kunezinhlobo ezingu-16 zomthamo owodwa we-fungicide kanye nezinhlobo ezingu-7 zomthamo oxubile.
Izinto zokulawula ama-fungicides yi-powdery mildew, i-scab, i-black spot (black star), i-grey mold, i-canker, isifo se-resin, i-anthrax kanye nezifo zesikhathi sokugcina (ukubola kwezimpande, ukubola okumnyama, i-penicillium, i-green mold kanye ne-acid rot). Ama-fungicides ikakhulukazi ama-chemical pesticides, kunezinhlobo ezingu-41 zama-chemical synthetic pesticides, futhi izinhlobo ezingu-19 kuphela zemithombo yezinto eziphilayo kanye nezamaminerali ezibhalisiwe, phakathi kwazo imithombo yezitshalo nezilwane yi-berberine (1), i-carvall (1), i-sopranoginseng extract (2), i-allicin (1), i-D-limonene (1). Imithombo yama-microbial kwakuyi-mesomycin (4), i-priuremycin (4), i-avermectin (2), i-Bacillus subtilis (8), i-Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1). Imithombo yamaminerali yi-cuprous oxide (1), i-king copper (19), ingxube ye-stone sulfur (6), i-copper hydroxide (25), i-calcium copper sulfate (11), i-sulfur (6), i-mineral oil (4), i-basic copper sulfate (7), i-Bordeaux liquid (11).
3. Ukubhaliswa kwemithi yokubulala ukhula ye-citrus
Kunezinhlobo ezingu-20 zezithako ezisebenzayo zokubulala ukhula, izinhlobo ezingu-14 zezithako ezisebenzayo ezihlanganisiwe kanye nezinhlobo ezingu-6 zezithako ezisebenzayo ezihlanganisiwe. Kubhaliswe imikhiqizo yokubulala ukhula engu-475, kufaka phakathi ama-single agents angu-467 kanye nama-mixed agents angu-8. Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 5, ama-herbicides aphezulu angu-5 abhalisiwe kwakuyi-glyphosate isopropylamine (169), i-glyphosate ammonium (136), i-glyphosate ammonium (93), i-glyphosate (47) kanye ne-fine glyphosate ammonium ammonium (6), ebiza u-94.95% iyonke. Njengoba kungabonakala kuThebula 2, kunezinhlobo ezingu-7 zemithamo yemithi yokubulala ukhula, lapho ezintathu zokuqala ziyimikhiqizo yamanzi (302), imikhiqizo ye-granule encibilikayo (78) kanye nemikhiqizo yempuphu encibilikayo (69), ebiza u-94.53% iyonke. Ngokuphathelene nezinhlobo, zonke izinhlobo zokubulala ukhula ezingu-20 zakhiwe ngamakhemikhali, futhi akukho mikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo ebhalisiwe.
4. Ukubhaliswa kwabalawuli bokukhula kwezithelo ezisawolintshi
Kunezinhlobo ezingu-35 zezithako ezisebenzayo zabalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo, okuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingu-19 zama-single agents kanye nezinhlobo ezingu-16 zama-mixed agents. Kunemikhiqizo engu-132 yokulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo iyonke, okuyi-100 kuyo iyi-dose eyodwa. Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 6, abalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo abaphezulu aba-5 ababhalisiwe kwakuyi-gibberellinic acid (42), i-benzyl aminopurine (18), i-flutenidine (9), i-14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) kanye ne-S-inducidin (5), okubalwa u-59.85% iyonke. Imikhiqizo engu-32 iyonke yahlanganiswa, kanti imikhiqizo engu-3 ephezulu yabhalisiwe kwakuyi-benzyl amine · gibberellanic acid (7), i-24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) kanye ne-28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), okubalwa u-10.61% iyonke. Njengoba kungabonakala kuThebula 2, kunezinhlobo eziyi-13 zezilinganiso zokulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo, phakathi kwazo ezintathu eziphezulu kuyimikhiqizo encibilikayo (52), imikhiqizo yokhilimu (19) kanye nemikhiqizo yempuphu encibilikayo (13), ebalelwa ku-63.64% iyonke. Imisebenzi yabalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo ngokuyinhloko ukulawula ukukhula, ukulawula ukuhluma, ukulondoloza izithelo, ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezithelo, ukwanda, ukufaka imibala, ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kanye nokulondolozwa. Ngokusho kwezinhlobo ezibhalisiwe, abalawuli abakhulu bokukhula kwezitshalo kwakuwukwenziwa kwamakhemikhali, ngezinhlobo eziyi-14 sezizonke, kanye nezinhlobo ezi-5 kuphela zemithombo yezinto eziphilayo, phakathi kwazo imithombo yamagciwane kwakuyi-S-allantoin (5), kanti imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali kwakuyi-gibberellanic acid (42), i-benzyl aminopurine (18), i-trimetanol (2) kanye ne-brassinolactone (1).
4. Ukubhaliswa kwabalawuli bokukhula kwezithelo ezisawolintshi
Kunezinhlobo ezingu-35 zezithako ezisebenzayo zabalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo, okuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingu-19 zama-single agents kanye nezinhlobo ezingu-16 zama-mixed agents. Kunemikhiqizo engu-132 yokulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo iyonke, okuyi-100 kuyo iyi-dose eyodwa. Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 6, abalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo abaphezulu aba-5 ababhalisiwe kwakuyi-gibberellinic acid (42), i-benzyl aminopurine (18), i-flutenidine (9), i-14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) kanye ne-S-inducidin (5), okubalwa u-59.85% iyonke. Imikhiqizo engu-32 iyonke yahlanganiswa, kanti imikhiqizo engu-3 ephezulu yabhalisiwe kwakuyi-benzyl amine · gibberellanic acid (7), i-24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) kanye ne-28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), okubalwa u-10.61% iyonke. Njengoba kungabonakala kuThebula 2, kunezinhlobo eziyi-13 zezilinganiso zokulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo, phakathi kwazo ezintathu eziphezulu kuyimikhiqizo encibilikayo (52), imikhiqizo yokhilimu (19) kanye nemikhiqizo yempuphu encibilikayo (13), ebalelwa ku-63.64% iyonke. Imisebenzi yabalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo ngokuyinhloko ukulawula ukukhula, ukulawula ukuhluma, ukulondoloza izithelo, ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezithelo, ukwanda, ukufaka imibala, ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kanye nokulondolozwa. Ngokusho kwezinhlobo ezibhalisiwe, abalawuli abakhulu bokukhula kwezitshalo kwakuwukwenziwa kwamakhemikhali, ngezinhlobo eziyi-14 sezizonke, kanye nezinhlobo ezi-5 kuphela zemithombo yezinto eziphilayo, phakathi kwazo imithombo yamagciwane kwakuyi-S-allantoin (5), kanti imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali kwakuyi-gibberellanic acid (42), i-benzyl aminopurine (18), i-trimetanol (2) kanye ne-brassinolactone (1).
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-24-2024