Kuphrojekthi yangaphambilini yokuhlola izimboni zokucubungula ukudla zasendaweni ukuze zibone omiyane eThailand, amafutha abalulekile (ama-EO) e-Cyperus rotundus, i-galangal kanye ne-sinamoni atholakale enomsebenzi omuhle wokulwa nomiyane ngokumelene ne-Aedes aegypti. Emzamweni wokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yendabukoizibulala-zinambuzanekanye nokuthuthukisa ukulawulwa kwenani lomiyane omelana nezifo, lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuhlonza ukusebenzisana okungenzeka phakathi kwemiphumela yokubulala abantu abadala ye-ethylene oxide kanye nobuthi be-permethrin kuma-Aedes omiyane. i-aegypti, okuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezimelana ne-pyrethroid nezizwelayo.
Ukuhlola ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye nomsebenzi wokubulala we-EO ekhishwe kuma-rhizomes e-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga kanye negxolo le-C. verum ngokumelene nohlobo olusengozini lwe-Muang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) kanye nohlobo olumelana ne-Pang Mai Dang (PMD-R). ) I-Ae. Aedes aegypti yabantu abadala esebenzayo. Ukuhlolwa kwe-bioassay yabantu abadala kwengxube ye-EO-permethrin nakho kwenziwe kulezi zimiyane ze-Aedes ukuze kuqondwe umsebenzi wazo wokubambisana.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamakhemikhali kusetshenziswa indlela yokuhlaziya ye-GC-MS kubonise ukuthi kutholakale ama-compounds angu-48 kuma-EO e-C. rotundus, A. galanga kanye ne-C. verum, aqukethe u-80.22%, 86.75% kanye no-97.24% wezingxenye eziphelele, ngokulandelana. I-Cyperene (14.04%), i-β-bisabolene (18.27%), kanye ne-cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) yizingxenye eziyinhloko zamafutha e-cyperus, amafutha e-galangal, kanye namafutha e-balsamic, ngokulandelana. Ekuhlolweni kokubulala kwabantu abadala, ama-C. rotundus, A. galanga kanye ne-C. verum EVs asebenze kahle ekubulaleni i-Ae. aegypti, i-MCM-S kanye ne-PMD-R LD50 amanani ayengu-10.05 kanye no-9.57 μg/mg wesifazane, u-7.97 kanye no-7.94 μg/mg wesifazane, kanye no-3.30 kanye no-3.22 μg/mg wesifazane, ngokulandelana. Ukusebenza kahle kwe-MCM-S kanye ne-PMD-R Ae ekubulaleni abantu abadala. I-aegypti kula ma-EO yayiseduze ne-piperonyl butoxide (amanani e-PBO, i-LD50 = 6.30 kanye ne-4.79 μg/mg yesifazane, ngokulandelana), kodwa hhayi njengoba i-permethrin (amanani e-LD50 = 0.44 kanye ne-3.70 ng/mg yesifazane ngokulandelana). Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa kwe-bioassay okuhlanganisiwe kuthole ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-EO kanye ne-permethrin. Ukusebenzisana okuphawulekayo ne-permethrin ngokumelene nezinhlobo ezimbili zomiyane be-Aedes. I-Aedes aegypti yaphawulwa ku-EM ye-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga. Ukwengezwa kwamafutha e-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga kunciphisa kakhulu amanani e-LD50 e-permethrin ku-MCM-S kusuka ku-0.44 kuya ku-0.07 ng/mg kanye no-0.11 ng/mg kwabesifazane, ngokulandelana, ngamanani e-synergy ratio (SR) angu-6.28 kanye no-4.00 ngokulandelana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga EO nawo anciphise kakhulu amanani e-LD50 e-permethrin ku-PMD-R kusuka ku-3.70 kuya ku-0.42 ng/mg kanye no-0.003 ng/mg kwabesifazane, ngokulandelana, ngamanani e-SR angu-8.81 kanye no-1233.33, ngokulandelana. .
Umphumela wokubambisana kwenhlanganisela ye-EO-permethrin yokuthuthukisa ubuthi kubantu abadala ezinhlotsheni ezimbili zomiyane be-Aedes. I-Aedes aegypti ikhombisa indima ethembisayo ye-ethylene oxide njengendlela yokubambisana ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle kokulwa nomiyane, ikakhulukazi lapho amakhemikhali endabuko engasebenzi kahle noma engafanele.
Umiyane i-Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) ungumthombo oyinhloko womkhuhlane we-dengue nezinye izifo ezithathelwanayo njenge-yellow fever, i-chikungunya kanye ne-Zika virus, okuwusongo olukhulu noluqhubekayo kubantu[1, 2]. . Igciwane le-dengue liwumkhuhlane oyingozi kakhulu obangela ukopha okuthinta abantu, kanti kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunezimo ezibalelwa ezigidini ezingu-5-100 ezenzeka minyaka yonke kanti abantu abangaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingu-2.5 emhlabeni wonke basengozini [3]. Ukuqubuka kwalesi sifo esithathelwanayo kubeka umthwalo omkhulu kubantu, izinhlelo zezempilo kanye nezomnotho wamazwe amaningi asezindaweni ezishisayo [1]. Ngokusho koMnyango Wezempilo waseThailand, kwakunezimo ezingu-142,925 zomkhuhlane we-dengue kanye nokufa okungu-141 okubikwe ezweni lonke ngo-2015, okungaphezu kokuphindwe kathathu kwenani lamacala nokufa ngo-2014 [4]. Naphezu kobufakazi bomlando, umkhuhlane we-dengue usuqediwe noma wehliswe kakhulu umiyane i-Aedes. Ngemva kokulawulwa kwe-Aedes aegypti [5], amazinga okutheleleka anda kakhulu futhi lesi sifo sasakazeka emhlabeni wonke, ngenxa yeminyaka eminingi yokufudumala komhlaba. Ukuqeda nokulawula i-Ae. I-Aedes aegypti kunzima kakhulu ngoba iyisithwali somiyane sasekhaya esizalanisa, sondle, siphumule futhi sibekele amaqanda endaweni yokuhlala yabantu emini naseduze. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lomiyane unamandla okuzivumelanisa nezinguquko zemvelo noma ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa yizenzakalo zemvelo (njengesomiso) noma izinyathelo zokulawula abantu, futhi ungabuyela ezinombolweni zawo zokuqala [6, 7]. Ngenxa yokuthi imijovo yokulwa nomkhuhlane we-dengue isanda kuvunyelwa futhi akukho ukwelashwa okuqondile komkhuhlane we-dengue, ukuvimbela nokunciphisa ingozi yokudluliselwa komkhuhlane we-dengue kuncike ngokuphelele ekulawuleni izinambuzane ezithwala omiyane kanye nokuqeda ukuthintana kwabantu nezinambuzane.
Ikakhulukazi, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali okulawula omiyane manje kudlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yomphakathi njengengxenye ebalulekile yokuphathwa okuphelele kwe-vector. Izindlela zamakhemikhali ezithandwa kakhulu zifaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezinobuthi obuphansi ezisebenza ngokumelene nezibungu zomiyane (ama-larvicides) kanye nomiyane abadala (ama-adidocides). Ukulawulwa kwezibungu ngokunciphisa umthombo kanye nokusetshenziswa njalo kwezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali njenge-organophosphates kanye nabalawuli bokukhula kwezinambuzane kubhekwa njengokubalulekile. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela emibi yemvelo ehlotshaniswa nezibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa kanye nokugcinwa kwazo okunzima nokusebenza kanzima kusalokhu kuyinkinga enkulu [8, 9]. Ukulawulwa kwe-vector esebenzayo yendabuko, njengokulawula kwabantu abadala, kusalokhu kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokulawula ngesikhathi sokuqubuka kwamagciwane ngoba kungaqeda izibulala-zinambuzane zezifo ezithathelwanayo ngokushesha nangezinga elikhulu, kanye nokunciphisa isikhathi sokuphila kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kwenani le-vector yendawo [3]. , 10]. Amakilasi amane ezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali: ama-organochlorine (okubhekiselwa kuwo kuphela njenge-DDT), ama-organophosphates, ama-carbamates, nama-pyrethroids akha isisekelo sezinhlelo zokulawula i-vector, kanti ama-pyrethroids abhekwa njengesigaba esiphumelela kakhulu. Zisebenza kahle kakhulu ngokumelene nama-arthropod ahlukahlukene futhi zinobuthi obuphansi ezincelisayo. Njengamanje, ama-pyrethroids okwenziwa akha iningi lama-pesticides ebhizinisi, abiza cishe ama-25% emakethe yezibulala-zinambuzane yomhlaba wonke [11, 12]. I-Permethrin ne-deltamethrin yizibulala-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid ezibanzi ezisetshenziswe emhlabeni wonke amashumi eminyaka ukulawula izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene ezibalulekile kwezolimo nakwezokwelapha [13, 14]. Ngawo-1950, i-DDT yakhethwa njengekhemikhali ekhethwayo ohlelweni lukazwelonke lokulawula omiyane bezempilo yomphakathi eThailand. Ngemva kokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwe-DDT ezindaweni ezivame ukuba khona umalaleveva, iThailand yaqeda kancane kancane ukusetshenziswa kwe-DDT phakathi kuka-1995 no-2000 futhi yasithatha indawo ngama-pyrethroids amabili: i-permethrin ne-deltamethrin [15, 16]. Lawa ma-pyrethroid insecticides aqalwa ngawo-1990 ukulawula umalaleveva kanye nomkhuhlane we-dengue, ikakhulukazi ngokwelashwa nge-bed net kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-thermal fogs kanye ne-ultra-low toxic sprays [14, 17]. Kodwa-ke, balahlekelwe ukusebenza kahle ngenxa yokumelana okunamandla komiyane kanye nokuntuleka kokuthobela imithetho yomphakathi ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngempilo yomphakathi kanye nomthelela wemvelo wamakhemikhali okwenziwa. Lokhu kuletha izinselelo ezinkulu empumelelweni yezinhlelo zokulawula izingozi [14, 18, 19]. Ukuze isu lisebenze kahle kakhulu, ngesikhathi esifanele futhi izinyathelo zokuvimbela ziyadingeka. Izinqubo zokuphatha ezinconywayo zifaka phakathi ukushintshaniswa kwezinto zemvelo, ukushintshaniswa kwamakhemikhali ezigaba ezahlukene, ukwengeza ama-synergists, kanye nokuxuba amakhemikhali noma ukusetshenziswa ngasikhathi sinye kwamakhemikhali ezigaba ezahlukene [14, 20, 21]. Ngakho-ke, kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuthola nokuthuthukisa enye indlela kanye ne-synergist enobungani nemvelo, elula futhi ephumelelayo futhi lolu cwaningo luhlose ukubhekana nalesi sidingo.
Imithi yokubulala izinambuzane etholakala ngokwemvelo, ikakhulukazi leyo esekelwe ezingxenyeni zezitshalo, ibonise amandla ekuhlolweni kwezindlela zokulawula omiyane zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo [22, 23, 24]. Izifundo eziningana zibonise ukuthi kungenzeka ukulawula izinambuzane ezibalulekile ngokusebenzisa imikhiqizo yezitshalo, ikakhulukazi amafutha abalulekile (ama-EO), njengababulali abadala. Izakhiwo zokubulala omiyane kubantu abadala ezimelene nezinhlobo ezithile ezibalulekile zomiyane zitholakale emafutheni amaningi emifino njenge-celery, i-cumin, i-zedoaria, i-anise, i-pipe pepper, i-thyme, i-Schinus terebinthifolia, i-Cymbopogon citratus, i-Cymbopogon schoenanthus, i-Cymbopogon giganteus, i-Chenopodium ambrosioides, i-Cochlospermum planchonii, i-Eucalyptus ter eticornis. , i-Eucalyptus citriodora, i-Cananga odorata kanye ne-Petroselinum Criscum [25,26,27,28,29,30]. I-ethylene oxide manje ayisasetshenziswa yodwa kuphela, kodwa futhi isetshenziswa kanye nezinto zezitshalo ezikhishwe noma izibulala-zinambuzane ezikhona zokwenziwa, okukhiqiza amazinga ahlukahlukene obuthi. Inhlanganisela yemithi yokubulala izinambuzane yendabuko efana ne-organophosphates, i-carbamate kanye ne-pyrethroids ene-ethylene oxide/izithako zezitshalo isebenza ngokubambisana noma ngokuphikisayo emiphumeleni yayo enobuthi futhi iboniswe ukuthi iyasebenza ngokumelene nezifo ezithwala izifo kanye nezinambuzane [31,32,33,34,35]. Kodwa-ke, izifundo eziningi ngemiphumela enobuthi yokusebenzisana kwenhlanganisela yamakhemikhali e-phytochemicals anamakhemikhali okwenziwa noma angenawo zenziwe kwizinambuzane zezolimo kanye nezinambuzane kunokuba kwenziwe komiyane ababalulekile kwezokwelapha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi omningi ngemiphumela yokusebenzisana kwenhlanganisela yezinambuzane ezenziwe ngezitshalo ngokumelene nezinambuzane ezithwala omiyane ugxile emphumeleni wokubulala ama-larvicidal.
Esifundweni sangaphambilini esenziwe ngababhali njengengxenye yephrojekthi yocwaningo eqhubekayo yokuhlola izibulala-zinambuzane ezivela ezitshalweni zokudla zendabuko eThailand, ama-ethylene oxides avela ku-Cyperus rotundus, galangal kanye nesinamoni atholakale enomsebenzi ongaba khona ngokumelene nama-Aedes amadala. IGibhithe [36]. Ngakho-ke, lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwama-EO ahlukaniswe kulezi zitshalo zokwelapha ngokumelene nomiyane base-Aedes, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezimelana ne-pyrethroid nezinozwela. Umphumela wokubambisana kwezingxube ezimbili ze-ethylene oxide kanye nama-pyrethroid okwenziwa kahle osebenza kahle kubantu abadala nawo uhlaziywe ukuze kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zendabuko futhi kwandiswe ukumelana nezinambuzane ezithwala omiyane, ikakhulukazi ngokumelene nama-Aedes. I-Aedes aegypti. Lesi sihloko sibika ukuhlukaniswa kwamakhemikhali kwamafutha abalulekile asebenzayo kanye namandla awo okuthuthukisa ubuthi be-permethrin yokwenziwa ngokumelene nomiyane base-Aedes. I-aegypti ezinhlotsheni ezizwela i-pyrethroid (MCM-S) kanye nezinhlobo ezimelana ne-pyrethroid (PMD-R).
Ama-rhizome e-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga kanye negxolo le-C. verum (Isithombe 1) asetshenziselwa ukukhipha uwoyela obalulekile athengwe kubaphakeli bemithi yamakhambi eSifundazweni saseChiang Mai, eThailand. Ukuhlonza ngokwesayensi kwalezi zitshalo kufezwe ngokubonisana noMnu. James Franklin Maxwell, i-Herbarium Botanist, uMnyango we-Biology, iKolishi leSayensi, iYunivesithi yaseChiang Mai (CMU), iSifundazwe saseChiang Mai, eThailand, kanye nososayensi uWannari Charoensap; eMnyangweni we-Pharmacy, iKolishi le-Pharmacy, iNyuvesi yaseCarnegie Mellon, izibonelo ze-Nks. Voucher zesitshalo ngasinye zigcinwa eMnyangweni we-Parasitology eSikoleni Sezokwelapha saseCarnegie Mellon University ukuze zisetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo.
Amasampula ezitshalo omiswe ngomthunzi ngamanye izinsuku ezi-3-5 endaweni evulekile enomoya osebenzayo kanye nokushisa okuzungezile okungaba ngu-30 ± 5 °C ukuze kususwe umswakama ngaphambi kokukhipha amafutha abalulekile emvelo (ama-EO). Isamba esingu-250 g sezinto zesitshalo ngasinye esomile sagaywa ngomshini saba yimpuphu eqinile futhi sasetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa amafutha abalulekile (ama-EO) ngokucwiliswa ngomusi. Idivayisi yokucwiliswa yayine-heating mantle kagesi, i-flask eyindilinga engu-3000 mL, ikholomu yokukhipha, i-condenser, kanye nedivayisi ye-Cool ace (i-Eyela Cool Ace CA-1112 CE, iTokyo Rikakikai Co. Ltd., iTokyo, eJapan). Engeza amanzi acwecwe angu-1600 ml kanye nama-glass beads angu-10-15 eflask bese uyishisa cishe ku-100°C usebenzisa i-heater kagesi okungenani amahora ama-3 kuze kube yilapho ukucwiliswa sekuqediwe futhi kungasakhiqizwa i-EO eyengeziwe. Ingqimba ye-EO yahlukaniswa nesigaba samanzi kusetshenziswa i-funnel ehlukanisayo, yomiswa phezu kwe-sodium sulfate engamanzi (Na2SO4) futhi yagcinwa ebhodleleni elinsundu elivaliwe ku-4°C kuze kube yilapho kuhlolwa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye nomsebenzi wabantu abadala.
Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwamafutha abalulekile kwenziwa ngesikhathi esisodwa nokuhlolwa kwe-bioassay kwento yabantu abadala. Ukuhlaziywa kwekhwalithi kwenziwa kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwe-GC-MS oluqukethe i-Hewlett-Packard (Wilmington, CA, USA) 7890A gas chromatograph efakwe i-single quadrupole mass selective detector (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, CA, USA) kanye ne-MSD 5975C (EI). (Agilent Technologies).
Ikholomu ye-Chromatographic – DB-5MS (30 m × ID 0.25 mm × ukujiya kwefilimu 0.25 µm). Isikhathi sokusebenza se-GC-MS sonke sasiyimizuzu engama-20. Izimo zokuhlaziya ziwukuthi amazinga okushisa e-injector kanye ne-transfer line angama-250 kanye nama-280 °C, ngokulandelana; izinga lokushisa lesithando lisethelwe ukukhuphuka kusuka ku-50°C kuya ku-250°C ngesilinganiso esingu-10°C/min, igesi ethwalayo iyi-helium; izinga lokugeleza liyi-1.0 ml/min; ivolumu yomjovo ingu-0.2 µL (1/10% ngevolumu ku-CH2Cl2, isilinganiso sokuhlukaniswa esingu-100:1); Uhlelo lwe-ionization lwama-electron olunamandla e-ionization angu-70 eV lusetshenziselwa ukuthola i-GC-MS. Uhla lokutholwa lungamayunithi esisindo sama-athomu angu-50–550 (amu) kanti ijubane lokuskena lingama-scan angu-2.91 ngomzuzwana. Amaphesenti ahlobene ezingxenye avezwa njengamaphesenti ajwayelekile ngendawo ephakeme. Ukuhlonza izithako ze-EO kusekelwe ku-retention index yazo (RI). I-RI yabalwa kusetshenziswa i-equation kaVan den Dool noKratz [37] yochungechunge lwe-n-alkanes (C8-C40) futhi yaqhathaniswa nezinkomba zokugcina ezivela ezincwadini [38] kanye nasezindaweni zolwazi zomtapo wolwazi (NIST 2008 kanye noWiley 8NO8). Ubunikazi bamakhemikhali abonisiwe, njengesakhiwo kanye nefomula yama-molecule, kwaqinisekiswa ngokuqhathaniswa namasampula angempela atholakalayo.
Izindinganiso zokuhlaziya ze-permethrin yokwenziwa kanye ne-piperonyl butoxide (i-PBO, ukulawulwa okuhle ezifundweni zokubambisana) zathengwa kwa-Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Amakhithi okuhlola abantu abadala e-World Health Organisation (WHO) kanye nemithamo yokuxilonga yephepha elifakwe i-permethrin (0.75%) athengwe ngokwezentengiselwano e-WHO Vector Control Center ePenang, eMalaysia. Wonke amanye amakhemikhali kanye nama-reagent asetshenzisiwe ayesezingeni lokuhlaziya futhi athengwe ezikhungweni zendawo eSifundazweni saseChiang Mai, eThailand.
Omiyane abasetshenziswa njengezinto eziphilayo zokuhlola ekuhlolweni kwezinto eziphilayo kwabantu abadala babehlangana ngokukhululekile nomiyane base-Aedes base-laboratory. I-aegypti, okuhlanganisa uhlobo lwe-Muang Chiang Mai olusengozini (MCM-S) kanye nohlobo lwe-Pang Mai Dang olumelana nalo (PMD-R). Uhlobo lwe-MCM-S lutholakale kumasampula endawo aqoqwe endaweni yaseMuang Chiang Mai, eSifundazweni saseChiang Mai, eThailand, futhi lugcinwe egumbini lezinambuzane loMnyango Wezimila, i-CMU School of Medicine, kusukela ngo-1995 [39]. Uhlobo lwe-PMD-R, olutholakale lumelana ne-permethrin, lwahlukaniswa nomiyane basensimini abaqoqwe ekuqaleni eBan Pang Mai Dang, eSifundazweni saseMae Tang, eSifundazweni saseChiang Mai, eThailand, futhi lugcinwe esikhungweni esifanayo kusukela ngo-1997 [40]. Izinhlobo ze-PMD-R zakhuliswa ngaphansi kwengcindezi ekhethiwe ukuze kugcinwe amazinga okumelana ngokuchayeka ngezikhathi ezithile ku-permethrin engu-0.75% kusetshenziswa ikhithi yokuthola i-WHO enezinguquko ezithile [41]. Uhlobo ngalunye lwe-Ae. I-Aedes aegypti yahlaliswa yodwa elabhorethri engenazo izifo ku-25 ± 2 °C kanye nomswakama ongu-80 ± 10% kanye nesikhathi sokukhanya/sobumnyama samahora angu-14:10. Cishe izibungu ezingu-200 zagcinwa emathileyi epulasitiki (ubude obungu-33 cm, ububanzi obungu-28 cm kanye nokuphakama okungu-9 cm) zigcwele amanzi ompompi ngobuningi bezibungu ezingu-150-200 ngethileyi futhi zondliwa kabili ngosuku ngamabhisikidi ezinja ahlanziwe. Izibungu ezindala zagcinwa emakhejini anomswakama futhi zondliwa njalo ngesisombululo se-sucrose samanzi esingu-10% kanye nesisombululo sesiraphu yamavithamini angu-10%. Omiyane besifazane bavame ukumunca igazi ukuze babeke amaqanda. Izinsikazi ezinezinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezinhlanu ubudala ezingakanikwa igazi zingasetshenziswa njalo ekuhlolweni kwezinto eziphilayo zabantu abadala.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-bioassay yempendulo yokufa ngesilinganiso se-EO kwenziwa komiyane besifazane abadala base-Aedes, i-aegypti, i-MCM-S kanye ne-PMD-R kusetshenziswa indlela yokwelapha eguquliwe ngokwenqubo ejwayelekile ye-WHO yokuhlola ukuzwela [42]. I-EO evela esitshalweni ngasinye yaxutshwa ngokulandelana nge-solvent efanelekile (isb. i-ethanol noma i-acetone) ukuze kutholakale uchungechunge oluphelele lwamazinga angu-4-6. Ngemva kokubulala izinambuzane nge-carbon dioxide (CO2), omiyane balinganiswa ngamunye. Omiyane abadambiswe i-anesthesia babe sebegcinwa benganyakazi ephepheni lokuhlunga elomile epuletini elibandayo elenziwe ngokwezifiso ngaphansi kwe-stereomicroscope ukuvimbela ukuvuselelwa ngesikhathi senqubo. Kokwelashwa ngakunye, isixazululo se-EO esingu-0.1 μl sasetshenziswa esikhunjeni esiphezulu sowesifazane kusetshenziswa i-microdispenser ephathwa ngesandla yaseHamilton (700 Series Microliter™, Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA). Abesifazane abangamashumi amabili nanhlanu belashwa nge-concentration ngayinye, kanti ukufa kusuka ku-10% kuya ku-95% okungenani amazinga angu-4 ahlukene. Omiyane abalashwa nge-solvent basebenza njengokulawula. Ukuze uvimbele ukungcoliswa kwamasampula okuhlolwa, faka iphepha elisha lokuhlunga esikhundleni sephepha lokuhlunga le-EO ngayinye evivinyiwe. Imithamo esetshenziswa kulezi zivivinyo ze-bioassay ivezwa kuma-microgram e-EO nge-milligram ngayinye yesisindo somzimba sowesifazane ophilayo. Umsebenzi we-PBO wabantu abadala nawo uhlolwe ngendlela efanayo ne-EO, kanti i-PBO isetshenziswe njengokulawula okuhle ekuhlolweni okuhambisanayo. Omiyane abalashwe kuwo wonke amaqembu bafakwa ezinkomishini zepulasitiki futhi banikwa i-10% sucrose kanye ne-10% isiraphu yamavithamini amaningi. Zonke izivivinyo ze-bioassay zenziwe ku-25 ± 2 °C kanye no-80 ± 10% umswakama ohlobene futhi zaphindwa izikhathi ezine ngeziqondiso. Ukufa phakathi nesikhathi sokukhulisa samahora angu-24 kwahlolwa futhi kwaqinisekiswa ukuntuleka komiyane ekushukumiseni komshini bese kubhalwa phansi ngokusekelwe esilinganisweni sezilinganiso ezine. Ukwelashwa kokuhlola kwaphindwa izikhathi ezine kwisampula ngayinye yokuhlolwa kusetshenziswa amaqoqo ahlukene omiyane. Imiphumela yafingqwa futhi yasetshenziswa ukubala izinga lokufa kwamaphesenti, okwasetshenziswa ukunquma umthamo obulalayo wamahora angu-24 ngokuhlaziywa kwe-probit.
Umphumela wokubulala we-EO kanye ne-permethrin uhlolwe kusetshenziswa inqubo yokuhlola ubuthi bendawo [42] njengoba kuchaziwe ngaphambilini. Sebenzisa i-acetone noma i-ethanol njengesinyibilikisi ukulungiselela i-permethrin ekugxilweni okufunwayo, kanye nengxube ye-binary ye-EO kanye ne-permethrin (EO-permethrin: i-permethrin exutshwe ne-EO ekugxilweni kwe-LD25). Amakhithi okuhlola (i-permethrin kanye ne-EO-permethrin) ahlolwe ngokumelene nezinhlobo ze-MCM-S kanye ne-PMD-R ze-Ae. Aedes aegypti. Umiyane ngamunye wesifazane ongu-25 wanikezwa imithamo emine ye-permethrin ukuhlola ukusebenza kwayo ekubulaleni abantu abadala, ngokwelashwa ngakunye okuphindwe kane. Ukuze kutholakale ama-EO synergists afanelekayo, imithamo engu-4 kuya kwengu-6 ye-EO-permethrin yanikezwa omiyane besifazane abangu-25 ngamunye, ngokusetshenziswa ngakunye okuphindwe kane. Ukwelashwa kwe-PBO-permethrin (i-permethrin exutshwe nokugxilwa kwe-LD25 kwe-PBO) nakho kwasebenza njengokulawula okuhle. Imithamo esetshenziswa kulezi zivivinyo ze-bioassay ivezwa ngama-nanogram esampula yokuhlola nge-milligram ngayinye yesisindo somzimba sowesifazane ophilayo. Ukuhlolwa okune kokuhlolwa kohlobo ngalunye lomiyane kwenziwe ezinhlotsheni ezikhuliswe ngazinye, futhi idatha yokufa yahlanganiswa futhi yahlaziywa kusetshenziswa i-Probit ukuthola umthamo obulalayo wamahora angama-24.
Izinga lokufa lilungiswe kusetshenziswa ifomula ye-Abbott [43]. Idatha elungisiwe ihlaziywe ngokuhlaziywa kwe-Probit regression kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwezibalo zekhompyutha i-SPSS (inguqulo 19.0). Amanani abulalayo angu-25%, 50%, 90%, 95% kanye no-99% (LD25, LD50, LD90, LD95 kanye no-LD99, ngokulandelana) abalwa kusetshenziswa izikhawu zokuzethemba ezihambisanayo ezingu-95% (95% CI). Ukulinganiswa kokubaluleka kanye nomehluko phakathi kwamasampula okuhlola kuhlolwe kusetshenziswa ukuhlolwa kwe-chi-square noma ukuhlolwa kwe-Mann-Whitney U ngaphakathi kokuhlolwa ngakunye kwezinto eziphilayo. Imiphumela ibhekwe njengebalulekile ngokwezibalo ku-P.< 0.05. I-resistance coefficient (RR) ilinganiselwa ezingeni le-LD50 kusetshenziswa ifomula elandelayo [12]:
I-RR > 1 ikhombisa ukumelana, kanti i-RR ≤ 1 ikhombisa ukuzwela. Inani le-synergy ratio (SR) le-candidate ngayinye ye-synergist libalwa kanje [34, 35, 44]:
Lesi sici sihlukanisa imiphumela ngezigaba ezintathu: inani le-SR elingu-1±0.05 libhekwa njengelingenawo umphumela obonakalayo, inani le-SR elingu->1.05 libhekwa njengelinomphumela wokubambisana, kanti inani le-SR likawoyela ophuzi okhanyayo we-A lingatholakala ngokucwiliswa ngomusi kwama-rhizomes e-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga kanye negxolo le-C. verum. Isivuno esibalwe ngesisindo esomile sasingu-0.15%, 0.27% (w/w), kanye no-0.54% (v/v). w) ngokulandelana (Ithebula 1). Ucwaningo lwe-GC-MS lokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwamafutha e-C. rotundus, A. galanga kanye ne-C. verum lubonise ukuba khona kwamakhemikhali angu-19, 17 kanye no-21, ahlanganisa u-80.22, 86.75 kanye no-97.24% wazo zonke izingxenye, ngokulandelana (Ithebula 2). Ama-compounds kawoyela we-C. lucidum rhizome aqukethe kakhulu i-cyperonene (14.04%), kulandelwe yi-carralene (9.57%), i-α-capsellan (7.97%), kanye ne-α-capsellan (7.53%). Ingxenye eyinhloko yamakhemikhali kawoyela we-galangal rhizome yi-β-bisabolene (18.27%), kulandelwe yi-α-bergamotene (16.28%), i-1,8-cineole (10.17%) kanye ne-piperonol (10.09%). Ngenkathi i-cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) ihlonzwe njengengxenye eyinhloko kawoyela we-C. verum bark, i-cinnamic acetate (6.61%), i-α-copaene (5.83%) kanye ne-3-phenylpropionaldehyde (4.09%) zazibhekwa njengezithako ezincane. Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali ze-cyperne, i-β-bisabolene kanye ne-cinnamaldehyde ziyizakhi eziyinhloko ze-C. rotundus, i-A. galanga kanye ne-C. verum, ngokulandelana, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2.
Imiphumela evela kuma-OO amathathu ahlole umsebenzi wabantu abadala ngokumelene nomiyane base-Aedes. Omiyane base-aegypti baboniswe kuThebula 3. Wonke ama-EO atholakale enemiphumela ebulalayo komiyane base-MCM-S Aedes ngezinhlobo ezahlukene kanye nemithamo. I-Aedes aegypti. I-EO ephumelela kakhulu yi-C. verum, ilandelwa yi-A. galanga kanye ne-C. rotundus enamanani e-LD50 angu-3.30, 7.97 kanye no-10.05 μg/mg we-MCM-S yabesifazane ngokulandelana, ephakeme kancane kune-3.22 (U = 1 ), Z = -0.775, P = 0.667), 7.94 (U = 2, Z = 0, P = 1) kanye no-9.57 (U = 0, Z = -1.549, P = 0.333) μg/mg we-PMD -R kwabesifazane. Lokhu kuhambelana nokuthi i-PBO inomphumela ophezulu kancane kubantu abadala ku-PMD-R kunohlobo lwe-MSM-S, ngamanani e-LD50 angu-4.79 kanye no-6.30 μg/mg abesifazane, ngokulandelana (U = 0, Z = -2.021, P = 0.057). ). Kungabalwa ukuthi amanani e-LD50 e-C. verum, A. galanga, C. rotundus kanye ne-PBO ngokumelene ne-PMD-R aphansi cishe ngokuphindwe ka-0.98, 0.99, 0.95 kanye no-0.76 kunalawo amelene ne-MCM-S, ngokulandelana. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukuthambekela ku-PBO kanye ne-EO kufana kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili ze-Aedes. Nakuba i-PMD-R yayithambekele kakhulu kune-MCM-S, ukuthambekela kwe-Aedes aegypti kwakungabalulekile. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinhlobo ezimbili ze-Aedes zahluke kakhulu ekuzweleni kwazo ku-permethrin. aegypti (Ithebula 4). I-PMD-R ibonise ukumelana okukhulu ne-permethrin (inani le-LD50 = 0.44 ng/mg kwabesifazane) enenani eliphakeme le-LD50 elingu-3.70 uma kuqhathaniswa ne-MCM-S (inani le-LD50 = 0.44 ng/mg kwabesifazane) ng/mg kwabesifazane (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029). Nakuba i-PMD-R ingazweli kakhulu ku-permethrin kune-MCM-S, ukuzwela kwayo ku-PBO kanye ne-C. verum, i-A. galanga, kanye ne-C. rotundus oils kuphakeme kancane kune-MCM-S.
Njengoba kubonwe ekuhlolweni kwe-bioassay yabantu abadala kwenhlanganisela ye-EO-permethrin, izingxube ezimbili ze-permethrin kanye ne-EO (LD25) zibonise ukusebenzisana (inani le-SR > 1.05) noma ukungabi namphumela (inani le-SR = 1 ± 0.05). Imiphumela eyinkimbinkimbi yabantu abadala yengxube ye-EO-permethrin komiyane be-albino abahlolwayo. Izinhlobo ze-Aedes aegypti i-MCM-S kanye ne-PMD-R ziboniswe kuThebula 4 kanye noMfanekiso 3. Ukwengezwa kwamafutha e-C. verum kutholakale kunciphisa kancane i-LD50 ye-permethrin ngokumelene ne-MCM-S futhi kwandise kancane i-LD50 ngokumelene ne-PMD-R ibe ngu-0.44–0 .42 ng/mg kwabesifazane kanye nokusuka ku-3.70 kuya ku-3.85 ng/mg kwabesifazane, ngokulandelana. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukwengezwa kwamafutha e-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga kunciphisa kakhulu i-LD50 ye-permethrin ku-MCM-S kusuka ku-0.44 kuya ku-0.07 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) kanye no-0.11 (U = 0). , Z) = -2.309, P = 0.029) ng/mg kwabesifazane. Ngokusekelwe kumanani e-LD50 e-MCM-S, amanani e-SR engxube ye-EO-permethrin ngemuva kokwengezwa kwamafutha e-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga ayengu-6.28 kanye no-4.00, ngokulandelana. Ngakho-ke, i-LD50 ye-permethrin ngokumelene ne-PMD-R yehle kakhulu kusuka ku-3.70 kuya ku-0.42 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) kanye no-0.003 ngokufakwa kwamafutha e-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga (U = 0). , Z = -2.337, P = 0.029) ng/mg kwabesifazane. Inani le-SR le-permethrin elihlanganiswe ne-C. rotundus ngokumelene ne-PMD-R lalingu-8.81, kanti inani le-SR lengxube ye-galangal-permethrin lalingu-1233.33. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-MCM-S, inani le-LD50 le-PBO yokulawula enhle lehle kusuka ku-0.44 laya ku-0.26 ng/mg (abesifazane) kanye nokusuka ku-3.70 ng/mg (abesifazane) laya ku-0.65 ng/mg (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) kanye ne-PMD-R (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029). Amanani e-SR engxube ye-PBO-permethrin yezinhlobo ze-MCM-S kanye ne-PMD-R ayengu-1.69 kanye no-5.69, ngokulandelana. Le miphumela ikhombisa ukuthi amafutha e-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga kanye ne-PBO athuthukisa ubuthi be-permethrin ngezinga elikhulu kune-C. verum oil yezinhlobo ze-MCM-S kanye ne-PMD-R.
Umsebenzi wabantu abadala (LD50) we-EO, i-PBO, i-permethrin (PE) kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwayo ngokumelene nezinhlobo ze-pyrethroid-sensitive (MCM-S) kanye ne-resistant (PMD-R) zomiyane be-Aedes.
[45]. Ama-pyrethroids okwenziwa asetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke ukulawula cishe zonke izinhlobo ze-arthropod ezibalulekile kwezolimo nakwezokwelapha. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yemiphumela eyingozi yokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokuthuthukiswa kanye nokumelana okubanzi komiyane, kanye nomthelela empilweni yesikhathi eside kanye nemvelo, manje kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa zendabuko nokuthuthukisa ezinye izindlela [35, 46, 47]. Ngaphezu kokuvikela imvelo kanye nempilo yabantu, izinzuzo zezibulala-zinambuzane zezitshalo zifaka phakathi ukukhetha okuphezulu, ukutholakala komhlaba wonke, kanye nokulula kokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa, okwenza zikhange kakhulu ekulawulweni komiyane [32,48, 49]. Lolu cwaningo, ngaphezu kokucacisa izici zamakhemikhali zamafutha abalulekile asebenzayo ngokuhlaziywa kwe-GC-MS, luphinde lwahlola amandla amafutha abalulekile abantu abadala kanye nekhono lawo lokuthuthukisa ubuthi be-permethrin yokwenziwa. aegypti ezinhlotsheni ezizwela i-pyrethroid (MCM-S) kanye nezinhlobo ezimelana nayo (PMD-R).
Ukucaciswa kwe-GC-MS kubonise ukuthi i-cypern (14.04%), i-β-bisabolene (18.27%) kanye ne-cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) kwakuyizinto eziyinhloko zamafutha e-C. rotundus, i-A. galanga kanye ne-C. verum, ngokulandelana. Lawa makhemikhali abonise imisebenzi eyahlukahlukene yebhayoloji. U-Ahn et al. [50] babike ukuthi i-6-acetoxycyperene, ehlukaniswe ne-rhizome ye-C. rotundus, isebenza njengenhlanganisela yokulwa nomdlavuza futhi ingadala i-apoptosis encike ku-caspase kumaseli omdlavuza wesibeletho. I-β-Bisabolene, ekhishwe kumafutha abalulekile esihlahla se-myrrh, ibonisa ubuthi obuthile ngokumelene namaseli esimila sebele somuntu kanye negundane kokubili ku-vitro kanye naku-vivo [51]. I-Cinnamaldehyde, etholakala ezikhishweni zemvelo noma eyenziwe elabhorethri, ibikwe ukuthi inemisebenzi yokubulala izinambuzane, yokulwa namagciwane, i-antifungal, i-anti-inflammatory, i-immunomodulatory, i-anticancer, kanye ne-antiangiogenic [52].
Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-bioassay yomsebenzi womuntu omdala oncike kumthamo ibonise amandla amahle e-EOs evivinyiwe futhi ibonise ukuthi izinhlobo zomiyane ze-Aedes i-MCM-S kanye ne-PMD-R zazinokuthambekela okufanayo ne-EO kanye ne-PBO. I-Aedes aegypti. Ukuqhathaniswa kokusebenza kahle kwe-EO kanye ne-permethrin kubonise ukuthi lokhu kokugcina kunomphumela onamandla wokungezwani komzimba: amanani e-LD50 angu-0.44 kanye no-3.70 ng/mg kwabesifazane bezinhlobo ze-MCM-S kanye ne-PMD-R, ngokulandelana. Lokhu okutholakele kusekelwa yizifundo eziningi ezibonisa ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane ezenzeka ngokwemvelo, ikakhulukazi imikhiqizo ethathwe ezitshalweni, ngokuvamile azisebenzi kahle kunezinto zokwenziwa [31, 34, 35, 53, 54]. Lokhu kungaba ngoba okokuqala kuyinhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi yezithako ezisebenzayo noma ezingasebenzi, kanti lokhu kokugcina kuyinkimbinkimbi eyodwa esebenzayo. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlukahluka kanye nobunzima bezithako ezisebenzayo zemvelo ezinezindlela ezahlukene zokusebenza kungathuthukisa umsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo noma kuvimbele ukuthuthukiswa kokumelana kwabantu abamukelayo [55, 56, 57]. Abacwaningi abaningi babike amandla okulwa nomiyane e-C. verum, A. galanga kanye ne-C. rotundus kanye nezingxenye zawo ezifana ne-β-bisabolene, i-cinnamaldehyde kanye ne-1,8-cineole [22, 36, 58, 59, 60,61, 62,63, 64]. Kodwa-ke, ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi kwembule ukuthi akukaze kube nemibiko yangaphambilini yomphumela wayo wokubambisana ne-permethrin noma ezinye izibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa ngokumelene nomiyane be-Aedes. I-Aedes aegypti.
Kulolu cwaningo, umehluko omkhulu ekuthambekeni kwe-permethrin ubonwe phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili ze-Aedes. I-Aedes aegypti. I-MCM-S ithambekele kakhulu ku-permethrin, kanti i-PMD-R ayithambekele kakhulu kuyo, ngesilinganiso sokumelana esingu-8.41. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuthambekela kwe-MCM-S, i-PMD-R ayithambekele kakhulu ku-permethrin kodwa ithambekele kakhulu ku-EO, okuhlinzeka ngesisekelo sezifundo ezengeziwe ezihlose ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-permethrin ngokuyihlanganisa ne-EO. Ukuhlolwa kwe-bioassay okusekelwe ekuhlanganisweni okuhlangene kwemiphumela yabantu abadala kubonise ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwe-binary ye-EO ne-permethrin kunciphisa noma kwandise ukufa kwe-Aedes yabantu abadala. I-Aedes aegypti. Ukwengezwa kwamafutha e-C. verum kunciphisa kancane i-LD50 ye-permethrin ngokumelene ne-MCM-S kodwa kwakhulisa kancane i-LD50 ngokumelene ne-PMD-R ngamanani e-SR angu-1.05 no-0.96, ngokulandelana. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi uwoyela we-C. verum awunawo umphumela wokubambisana noma wokuphikisa ku-permethrin lapho ihlolwa ku-MCM-S kanye ne-PMD-R. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uwoyela we-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga ubonise umphumela obalulekile wokubambisana ngokunciphisa kakhulu amanani e-LD50 e-permethrin ku-MCM-S noma ku-PMD-R. Lapho i-permethrin ihlanganiswa ne-EO ye-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga, amanani e-SR engxube ye-EO-permethrin ye-MCM-S ayengu-6.28 kanye no-4.00, ngokulandelana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho i-permethrin ihlolwa ngokumelene ne-PMD-R ngokuhlanganiswa ne-C. rotundus (SR = 8.81) noma i-A. galanga (SR = 1233.33), amanani e-SR anda kakhulu. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kokubili i-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga kuthuthukise ubuthi be-permethrin ngokumelene ne-PMD-R Ae. aegypti kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, i-PBO yatholakala ukuthi yandisa ubuthi be-permethrin ngamanani e-SR angu-1.69 no-5.69 ezinhlotsheni ze-MCM-S kanye ne-PMD-R, ngokulandelana. Njengoba i-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga zazinamanani aphezulu e-SR, zazibhekwa njengezisebenzisana kahle kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ubuthi be-permethrin ku-MCM-S kanye ne-PMD-R, ngokulandelana.
Izifundo eziningana zangaphambilini zibike umphumela wokubambisana kokuhlanganiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa kanye neziqeshana zezitshalo ngokumelene nezinhlobo ezahlukene zomiyane. Ukuhlolwa kwe-bioassay ye-larvicidal ngokumelene ne-Anopheles Stephensi okufundwe nguKalayanasundaram noDas [65] kubonise ukuthi i-fenthion, i-organophosphate ene-spectrum ebanzi, yayihlotshaniswa ne-Cleodendron inerme, i-Pedalium murax kanye ne-Parthenium hysterophorus. Kubonwe ukusebenzisana okuphawulekayo phakathi kweziqeshana ezine-synergistic effect (SF) engu-1.31., 1.38, 1.40, 1.48, 1.61 kanye no-2.23, ngokulandelana. Ekuhlolweni kwe-larvicidal kwezinhlobo ezingu-15 ze-mangrove, i-petroleum ether extract yezimpande ze-mangrove eziqoshiwe yatholakala isebenza kahle kakhulu ngokumelene ne-Culex quinquefasciatus enenani le-LC50 elingu-25.7 mg/L [66]. Umphumela wokubambisana kwalesi siqeshana kanye ne-pyrethrum yezinambuzane zezitshalo nakho kubikwe ukuthi kunciphisa i-LC50 ye-pyrethrum ngokumelene nezibungu ze-C. quinquefasciatus kusuka ku-0.132 mg/L kuya ku-0.107 mg/L, ngaphezu kwalokho, kusetshenziswe ukubalwa kwe-SF okungu-1.23 kulolu cwaningo. 34,35,44]. Ukusebenza okuhlangene kwe-Solanum citron root extract kanye ne-synthetic insecticides eziningana (isb., i-fenthion, i-cypermethrin (i-synthetic pyrethroid) kanye ne-timethphos (i-organophosphorus larvicide)) ngokumelene nomiyane be-Anopheles kwahlolwa. Stephensi [54] kanye no-C. quinquefasciatus [34]. Ukusetshenziswa okuhlangene kwe-cypermethrin kanye ne-yellow fruit petroleum ether extract kubonise umphumela wokubambisana ku-cypermethrin kuzo zonke izilinganiso. Isilinganiso esisebenza kahle kakhulu kwakuyinhlanganisela ye-binary engu-1:1 enamanani e-LC50 kanye ne-SF angu-0.0054 ppm kanye no-6.83, ngokulandelana, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-An. Stephen West[54]. Ngenkathi ingxube ye-binary engu-1:1 ye-S. xanthocarpum kanye ne-temephos yayiphikisana (SF = 0.6406), inhlanganisela ye-S. xanthocarpum-fenthion (1:1) ibonise umsebenzi wokubambisana ngokumelene ne-C. quinquefasciatus ene-SF engu-1.3125 [34]]. UTong noBlomquist [35] bafunde imiphumela ye-plant ethylene oxide ebuthi be-carbaryl (i-broad-spectrum carbamate) kanye ne-permethrin kuma-Aedes mosquitoes. I-Aedes aegypti. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi i-ethylene oxide evela ku-agar, upelepele omnyama, i-juniper, i-helichrysum, i-sandalwood kanye ne-sesame yandisa ubuthi be-carbaryl kuma-Aedes mosquitoes. Amanani e-SR ezibungu ze-aegypti ahluka kusuka ku-1.0 kuya ku-7.0. Ngokuphambene nalokho, awekho ama-EO ayenobuthi komiyane abadala be-Aedes. Kulesi sigaba, akukho miphumela yokusebenzisana ebikiwe ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-Aedes aegypti ne-EO-carbaryl. I-PBO yasetshenziswa njengokulawula okuhle ukuthuthukisa ubuthi be-carbaryl ngokumelene nomiyane be-Aedes. Amanani e-SR ezibungu ze-Aedes aegypti kanye nabantu abadala angama-4.9-9.5 kanye no-2.3, ngokulandelana. Izingxube ezimbili kuphela ze-permethrin kanye ne-EO noma i-PBO zahlolwa ukuthi zisebenza kanjani ekubulaleni izibungu. Ingxube ye-EO-permethrin yayinomphumela wokuphikisa, kuyilapho ingxube ye-PBO-permethrin yayinomphumela wokusebenzisana ngokumelene nomiyane be-Aedes. Izibungu ze-Aedes aegypti. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa kokuphendula komthamo kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-SR kwezingxube ze-PBO-permethrin akukakenziwa. Nakuba imiphumela embalwa ifinyelelwe mayelana nemiphumela yokusebenzisana kwenhlanganisela ye-phytosynthetic ngokumelene ne-vectors yomiyane, le datha isekela imiphumela ekhona, evula ithuba lokwengeza ama-synergists hhayi nje kuphela ukunciphisa umthamo osetshenziswayo, kodwa futhi nokwandisa umphumela wokubulala. Ukusebenza kahle kwezinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ibonise okokuqala ukuthi amafutha e-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga asebenza kahle kakhulu ngokumelene nezinhlobo zomiyane ze-Aedes ezithinteka yi-pyrethroid kanye ne-pyrethroid uma kuqhathaniswa ne-PBO lapho zihlanganiswa nobuthi be-permethrin. I-Aedes aegypti. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela engalindelekile evela ekuhlaziyweni kwe-synergistic ibonise ukuthi uwoyela we-C. verum wawunomsebenzi omkhulu wokulwa nabantu abadala ngokumelene nezinhlobo zombili ze-Aedes. Ngokumangazayo, umphumela onobuthi we-permethrin ku-Aedes aegypti wawunganelisi. Ukwehluka kwemiphumela enobuthi kanye nemiphumela yokusebenzisana kungase kubangelwe ngokwengxenye ekuvezweni kwezinhlobo ezahlukene kanye namazinga ezingxenye ezisebenzayo kulawo mafutha.
Naphezu kwemizamo yokuqonda ukuthi ingathuthukiswa kanjani ukusebenza kahle, izindlela zokusebenzisana azicaci. Izizathu ezingaba khona zokusebenza kahle okuhlukile kanye namandla okusebenzisana zingase zihlanganise umehluko ekwakhiweni kwamakhemikhali kwemikhiqizo evivinyiwe kanye nomehluko ekuthambekeni komiyane okuhambisana nesimo sokumelana kanye nentuthuko. Kukhona umehluko phakathi kwezingxenye ezinkulu nezincane ze-ethylene oxide ezivivinywe kulolu cwaningo, futhi ezinye zalezi zinhlanganisela ziboniswe zinemiphumela yokuxosha kanye nobuthi ngokumelene nezinambuzane nezifo ezahlukahlukene [61,62,64,67,68]. Kodwa-ke, izinhlanganisela eziyinhloko ezichazwe ku-C. rotundus, A. galanga kanye ne-C. verum oils, njenge-cypern, β-bisabolene kanye ne-cinnamaldehyde, azizange zihlolwe kuleli phepha ngemisebenzi yazo yokulwa nabantu abadala kanye nokusebenzisana ngokumelene ne-Ae, ngokulandelana. I-Aedes aegypti. Ngakho-ke, izifundo zesikhathi esizayo ziyadingeka ukuze kuhlukaniswe izithako ezisebenzayo ezikhona ku-oyili ngayinye ebalulekile futhi kucaciswe ukusebenza kwazo kokubulala izinambuzane kanye nokusebenzisana okuhambisana nale vector yomiyane. Ngokuvamile, umsebenzi wokubulala izinambuzane uncike esenzweni kanye nokusabela phakathi kobuthi nezicubu zezinambuzane, okungenziwa lula futhi kuhlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu: ukungena esikhumbeni somzimba wezinambuzane kanye nolwelwesi lwezitho eziqondiwe, ukusebenza (= ukusebenzisana nomuntu oqondiwe) kanye nokukhishwa kwezidakamizwa [57, 69]. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenzisana kwezinambuzane okuholela ekusebenzeni kahle okukhulu kwenhlanganisela enobuthi kudinga okungenani eyodwa yalezi zigaba, njengokungena okwandisiwe, ukusebenza okukhulu kwamakhemikhali aqoqiwe, noma ukususwa kwezidakamizwa okuncishisiwe kancane kwesithako esisebenzayo sezinambuzane. Isibonelo, ukubekezelela amandla kubambezela ukungena kwe-cuticle nge-cuticle ejiyile kanye nokumelana kwamakhemikhali, njengokuthuthukiswa kwe-metabolism yezinambuzane okubonwe kwezinye izinhlobo zezinambuzane ezimelana [70, 71]. Ukusebenza okuphawulekayo kwe-EOs ekwandiseni ubuthi be-permethrin, ikakhulukazi ngokumelene ne-PMD-R, kungabonisa ikhambi lenkinga yokumelana nezinambuzane ngokusebenzisana nezindlela zokumelana [57, 69, 70, 71]. UTong noBlomquist [35] basekele imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ngokubonisa ukusebenzisana okuhambisanayo phakathi kwe-EOs kanye nezinambuzane zokwenziwa. e-aegypti, kunobufakazi bomsebenzi wokuvimbela ukulwa nama-enzyme okususa ubuthi, okuhlanganisa ama-monooxygenase e-cytochrome P450 kanye nama-carboxylesterases, ahlobene kakhulu nokuthuthukiswa kokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane zendabuko. I-PBO ayisho nje kuphela ukuthi iyisithiyo se-metabolic se-cytochrome P450 monooxygenase kodwa futhi ithuthukisa ukungena kwezibulala-zinambuzane, njengoba kuboniswe ukusetshenziswa kwayo njengokulawula okuhle ezifundweni zokuvumelanisa [35, 72]. Ngokuthakazelisayo, i-1,8-cineole, enye yezingxenye ezibalulekile ezitholakala ku-galangal oil, yaziwa ngemiphumela yayo enobuthi ezinhlotsheni zezinambuzane [22, 63, 73] futhi kubikwe ukuthi inemiphumela yokuvumelanisa ezindaweni eziningana zocwaningo lomsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo [74]. , , 75,76,77]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-1,8-cineole ehlanganiswe nemithi ehlukahlukene kufaka phakathi i-curcumin [78], i-5-fluorouracil [79], i-mefenamic acid [80] kanye ne-zidovudine [81] nayo inomphumela wokukhuthaza ukungena. in vitro. Ngakho-ke, indima engaba khona ye-1,8-cineole esenzweni sokubulala izinambuzane esisebenzisanayo ayigcini nje ngokuba yisithako esisebenzayo kodwa futhi njengesithuthukisi sokungena. Ngenxa yokusebenzisana okukhulu ne-permethrin, ikakhulukazi ngokumelene ne-PMD-R, imiphumela yokusebenzisana yamafutha e-galangal kanye namafutha e-trichosanthes abonwe kulolu cwaningo ingase ivele ekusebenzisaneni nezindlela zokumelana, okungukuthi ukwanda kokungena kwe-chlorine. Ama-pyrethroids andisa ukusebenza kwamakhemikhali aqoqiwe futhi avimbele ama-enzyme akhipha ubuthi njenge-cytochrome P450 monooxygenases kanye nama-carboxylesterases. Kodwa-ke, lezi zici zidinga ucwaningo olwengeziwe ukuze kucaciswe indima ethile ye-EO kanye namakhemikhali ayo ahlukanisiwe (eyodwa noma ehlanganisiwe) ezindleleni zokusebenzisana.
Ngo-1977, amazinga akhulayo okumelana ne-permethrin abikwa emiphakathini emikhulu ye-vector eThailand, futhi eminyakeni engamashumi alandela, ukusetshenziswa kwe-permethrin kwathathelwa indawo kakhulu ngamanye amakhemikhali e-pyrethroid, ikakhulukazi lawo athathelwa indawo yi-deltamethrin [82]. Kodwa-ke, ukumelana ne-vector ku-deltamethrin nakwezinye izinhlobo zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane kuvame kakhulu kulo lonke izwe ngenxa yokusetshenziswa ngokweqile nangokuqhubekayo [14, 17, 83, 84, 85, 86]. Ukuze kulwiwe nale nkinga, kunconywa ukushintshanisa noma ukusebenzisa kabusha izibulala-zinambuzane ezilahliwe ezazisebenza kahle ngaphambili futhi zingenabo ubuthi ezincelisayo, njenge-permethrin. Njengamanje, yize ukusetshenziswa kwe-permethrin kuncishisiwe ezinhlelweni zakamuva zokulawula omiyane zikahulumeni kazwelonke, ukumelana ne-permethrin kusatholakala emiphakathini yomiyane. Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokuchayeka komiyane emikhiqizweni yokulawula izinambuzane zasekhaya, equkethe kakhulu i-permethrin nezinye i-pyrethroid [14, 17]. Ngakho-ke, ukuphinda kusetshenziswe ngempumelelo i-permethrin kudinga ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kwamasu okunciphisa ukumelana ne-vector. Nakuba kungekho mafutha abalulekile ahlolwe ngawodwa kulolu cwaningo asebenze kahle njenge-permethrin, ukusebenza ndawonye ne-permethrin kuholele emiphumeleni emangalisayo yokusebenzisana. Lokhu kuyisibonakaliso esithembisayo sokuthi ukusebenzisana kwe-EO nezindlela zokumelana kuholela ekuhlanganisweni kwe-permethrin ne-EO okusebenzayo kakhulu kune-insecticide noma i-EO yodwa, ikakhulukazi ngokumelene ne-PMD-R Ae. Aedes aegypti. Izinzuzo zezingxube ze-synergistic ekwandiseni ukusebenza kahle, naphezu kokusetshenziswa kwemithamo ephansi yokulawula i-vector, zingaholela ekuthuthukisweni kokuphathwa kokumelana kanye nezindleko ezincishisiwe [33, 87]. Kusukela kule miphumela, kuyajabulisa ukuqaphela ukuthi ama-A. galanga nama-C. rotundus EO ayesebenza kahle kakhulu kune-PBO ekusebenzisaneni ubuthi be-permethrin kuzo zombili izinhlobo ze-MCM-S kanye ne-PMD-R futhi ayindlela ehlukile engaba khona yezinsiza zendabuko ze-ergogenic.
Ama-EO akhethiwe abe nemiphumela ebalulekile yokusebenzisana ekwandiseni ubuthi kubantu abadala ngokumelene ne-PMD-R Ae. aegypti, ikakhulukazi uwoyela we-galangal, unenani le-SR elifinyelela ku-1233.33, okubonisa ukuthi i-EO inesithembiso esibanzi njenge-synergist ekwandiseni ukusebenza kahle kwe-permethrin. Lokhu kungakhuthaza ukusetshenziswa komkhiqizo wemvelo omusha osebenzayo, okungakhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yokulawula omiyane esebenza kahle kakhulu. Kwembula futhi amandla e-ethylene oxide njenge-synergist ehlukile yokuthuthukisa ngempumelelo izibulala-zinambuzane ezindala noma zendabuko ukubhekana nezinkinga zokumelana ezikhona emiphakathini yomiyane. Ukusebenzisa izitshalo ezitholakala kalula ezinhlelweni zokulawula omiyane akugcini nje ngokunciphisa ukuthembela ezintweni ezingenisiwe nezibizayo, kodwa futhi kukhuthaza imizamo yendawo yokuqinisa izinhlelo zezempilo zomphakathi.
Le miphumela ikhombisa ngokusobala umphumela obalulekile wokubambisana okhiqizwa yinhlanganisela ye-ethylene oxide ne-permethrin. Imiphumela iqokomisa amandla e-ethylene oxide njenge-synergist yezitshalo ekulawuleni omiyane, okwandisa ukusebenza kwe-permethrin ngokumelene nomiyane, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezimelana nokumelana. Intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo kanye nocwaningo kuzodinga ukuhlaziywa kwe-bioalysis okusebenzisana kwamafutha e-galangal kanye ne-alpinia kanye namakhemikhali awo ahlukanisiwe, inhlanganisela yezibulala-zinambuzane zemvelaphi yemvelo noma yokwenziwa ngokumelene nezinhlobo eziningi nezigaba zomiyane, kanye nokuhlolwa kobuthi ngokumelene nezinto eziphilayo ezingezona eziqondiwe. Ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwe-ethylene oxide njenge-synergist ehlukile esebenzayo.
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