Kuphrojekthi yangaphambilini yokuhlola izitshalo zokucubungula ukudla kwendawo omiyane eThailand, amafutha abalulekile (EOs) e-Cyperus rotundus, i-galangal nesinamoni atholakale enomsebenzi omuhle wokulwa nomiyane ngokumelene ne-Aedes aegypti.Emzamweni wokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwendabukoizibulala-zinambuzanefuthi kuthuthukiswe ukulawulwa komiyane abangazweli, lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuhlonza i-synergism engaba khona phakathi kwemiphumela yabantu abadala ye-ethylene oxide kanye nobuthi be-permethrin omiyane be-Aedes.i-aegypti, kuhlanganise nezinhlobo ezizwelayo ezimelana ne-pyrethroid.
Ukuhlola ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali nomsebenzi wokubulala we-EO okhishwe ku-rhizomes ye-C. rotundus ne-A. galanga namagxolo e-C. verum ngokumelene ne-Muang Chiang Mai esengozini (MCM-S) kanye nohlobo olumelana ne-Pang Mai Dang (PMD-R ).) U-Ae omdala osebenzayo.I-Aedes yaseGibhithe.I-bioassay yabantu abadala yengxube ye-EO-permetrin nayo yenziwa kulaba omiyane be-Aedes ukuze kuqondwe umsebenzi wabo we-synergistic.izinhlobo ze-egypti.
I-Chemical characterization isebenzisa indlela yokuhlaziya ye-GC-MS ibonise ukuthi ama-compounds angu-48 ahlonziwe kusukela ku-EOs ye-C. rotundus, A. galanga kanye ne-C. verum, ebalwa ku-80.22%, 86.75% kanye ne-97.24% yezingxenye eziphelele, ngokulandelana.I-Cyperene (14.04%), i-β-bisabolene (18.27%), ne-cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) yizingxenye eziyinhloko zamafutha e-cyperus, i-galangal oil, namafutha e-balsamic, ngokulandelana.Ezivivinyweni zebhayoloji zokubulala abantu abadala, i-C. rotundus, A. galanga kanye ne-C. verum EVs yasebenza ngempumelelo ekubulaleni u-Ae.Amanani e-aegypti, MCM-S kanye ne-PMD-R LD50 ayengu-10.05 kanye no-9.57 μg/mg owesifazane, 7.97 kanye no-7.94 μg/mg owesifazane, kanye no-3.30 kanye no-3.22 μg/mg owesifazane, ngokulandelana.Ukusebenza kahle kwe-MCM-S kanye ne-PMD-R Ae ekubulaleni abantu abadala.I-aegypti kulawa ma-EO yayiseduze ne-piperonyl butoxide (amanani e-PBO, LD50 = 6.30 kanye no-4.79 μg/mg owesifazane, ngokulandelana), kodwa hhayi njengoba kushiwo njenge-permethrin (amanani e-LD50 = 0.44 kanye no-3.70 ng/mg owesifazane ngokulandelanayo).Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa kwe-bioassay okuhlanganisiwe kuthole ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-EO ne-permetrin.I-synergism ebalulekile ne-permetrin ngokumelene nezinhlobo ezimbili zomiyane be-Aedes.I-Aedes aegypti yaphawulwa ku-EM ye-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga.Ukwengezwa kwamafutha e-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga kwehlise kakhulu amanani e-LD50 e-permetrin ku-MCM-S ukusuka ku-0.44 kuya ku-0.07 ng/mg kanye no-0.11 ng/mg kwabesifazane, ngokulandelana, ngamavelu we-synergy ratio (SR) ka-6.28 kanye no-4.00 ngokulandelana.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga EOs baphinde banciphisa kakhulu amanani e-LD50 e-permetrin ku-PMD-R ukusuka ku-3.70 kuya ku-0.42 ng/mg kanye no-0.003 ng/mg kwabesifazane, ngokulandelana, ngamavelu e-SR angu-8.81 kanye 1233.33, ngokulandelana..
Umphumela we-Synergistic wenhlanganisela ye-EO-permetrin yokuthuthukisa ubuthi babantu abadala ngokumelene nezinhlobo ezimbili zomiyane i-Aedes.I-Aedes aegypti ibonisa indima ethembisayo ye-ethylene oxide njenge-synergist ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle kwe-anti-mosquito, ikakhulukazi lapho izinhlanganisela zendabuko zingasebenzi noma zingafaneleki.
Umiyane i-Aedes aegypti (i-Diptera: Culicidae) iwumthombo oyinhloko we-dengue fever nezinye izifo ezithathelwanayo ezibangelwa amagciwane njenge-yellow fever, i-chikungunya kanye negciwane leZika, ezibeka usongo olukhulu futhi oluqhubekayo kubantu[1, 2]..Igciwane lodenga liwumkhuhlane oyingozi kakhulu we-pathogenic hemorrhagic fever othinta abantu, kanti amacala alinganiselwa ezigidini ezi-5-100 ayenzeka minyaka yonke kanye nabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-2.5 emhlabeni wonke abasengozini [3].Ukuqubuka kwalesi sifo esithathelwanayo kubeka umthwalo omkhulu kubantu, izinhlelo zezempilo kanye neminotho yamazwe amaningi ashisayo [1].Ngokusho koMnyango Wezempilo wase-Thai, bekunamacala ayi-142,925 omkhuhlane wodenga nokufa kwe-141 kwabikwa ezweni lonke ngo-2015, okungaphezu kokuphindwe kathathu inani lamacala nokufa kwabantu ngo-2014 [4].Naphezu kobufakazi obungokomlando, imfiva yodenga iye yaqedwa noma yancishiswa kakhulu umiyane i-Aedes.Ngemva kokulawulwa kwe-Aedes aegypti [5], amazinga okutheleleka anda kakhulu futhi isifo sasakazekela emhlabeni wonke, ngenxa yengxenye yamashumi eminyaka okufudumala kwembulunga yonke.Ukuqedwa nokulawulwa kwe-Ae.I-Aedes aegypti inzima uma kuqhathaniswa ngoba iwumkhuhlane womiyane wasekhaya ozalanisa, uphakele, uphumule futhi ubeke amaqanda ezindaweni ezihlala abantu nasezindaweni ezizungezile phakathi nosuku.Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo miyane unamandla okuzivumelanisa nezinguquko zemvelo noma ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa izenzakalo zemvelo (njengesomiso) noma izinyathelo zokulawula abantu, futhi ungabuyela ezinombolweni zawo zangempela [6, 7].Ngenxa yokuthi imithi yokugomela imfiva yodenga isanda kugunyazwa futhi akukho ukwelashwa okuqondile kwemfiva yodenga, ukuvimbela nokunciphisa ingozi yokutheleleka kodenga kuxhomeke ngokuphelele ekulawuleni amagciwane omiyane nasekuqedeni ukuthintana kwabantu nezifo.
Ikakhulukazi, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali okulawula omiyane manje kudlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yomphakathi njengengxenye ebalulekile yokulawula okudidiyelwe kwe-vector.Izindlela zamakhemikhali ezidume kakhulu zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezinobuthi obuphansi ezilwa nezibungu zomiyane (izibulala-zinambuzane) kanye nomiyane abadala (ama-adidocides).Ukulawulwa kwezibungu ngokuncishiswa komthombo kanye nokusetshenziswa njalo kwezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali ezifana nama-organophosphates kanye nezilawuli zokukhula kwezinambuzane kuthathwa njengokubalulekile.Kodwa-ke, imithelela emibi yezemvelo ehlobene nezibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa kanye nokugcinwa kwazo okudinga umsebenzi omkhulu nokuyinkimbinkimbi kusalokhu kuwukukhathazeka okukhulu [8, 9].Ukulawulwa kwama-vector asebenzayo, okufana nokulawula abantu abadala, kuhlala kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokulawula ngesikhathi sokuqubuka kwegciwane ngoba kungaqeda izifo ezithathelwanayo ngokushesha nangesilinganiso esikhulu, kanye nokunciphisa isikhathi sokuphila nokuphila isikhathi eside kwama-vectors wendawo [3]., 10].Izigaba ezine zezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali: ama-organochlorine (okubhekiselwa kuwo kuphela ngokuthi i-DDT), ama-organophosphates, ama-carbamates, nama-pyrethroids akha isisekelo sezinhlelo zokulawula ama-vector, nama-pyrethroids athathwa njengesigaba esiphumelela kakhulu.Zisebenza kakhulu ngokumelene nama-arthropod ahlukahlukene futhi zisebenza kahle kakhulu.ubuthi ezilwaneni ezincelisayo.Njengamanje, ama-synthetic pyrethroids akha iningi lezibulala-zinambuzane ezentengiselwano, ezibalelwa ku-25% wemakethe yomhlaba wonke yezibulala-zinambuzane [11, 12].I-Permethrin ne-deltamethrin yizinambuzane ezibulala izinambuzane ezisetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke amashumi eminyaka ukulawula izinambuzane ezihlukahlukene ezibalulekile kwezolimo nezokwelapha [13, 14].Ngawo-1950, i-DDT yakhethwa njengekhemikhali yokuzikhethela yohlelo lukazwelonke lwaseThailand lokulawula omiyane bezempilo yomphakathi.Ngemva kokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwe-DDT ezindaweni ezigcwele umalaleveva, iThailand yayeka kancane kancane ukusetshenziswa kwe-DDT phakathi kuka-1995 no-2000 futhi esikhundleni sayo yafaka ama-pyrethroids amabili: i-permethrin ne-deltamethrin [15, 16].Lezi zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid zethulwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1990 ukulawula umalaleveva kanye nomkhuhlane wodenga, ikakhulukazi ngokwelashwa kwenetha emibhedeni kanye nokusetshenziswa kwenkungu eshisayo nezifutho ezinobuthi obuphansi kakhulu [14, 17].Kodwa-ke, baye balahlekelwa ukusebenza kahle ngenxa yokumelana nomiyane okuqinile kanye nokuntula ukulandelwa komphakathi ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngempilo yomphakathi kanye nomthelela wemvelo wamakhemikhali okwenziwa.Lokhu kubangela izinselele ezibalulekile empumelelweni yezinhlelo zokulawula i-vector esongelayo [14, 18, 19].Ukwenza isu liphumelele, izinyathelo ezifika ngesikhathi nezifanele ziyadingeka.Izinqubo ezinconyiwe zokuphatha zihlanganisa ukufaka esikhundleni sezinto zemvelo, ukushintshaniswa kwamakhemikhali ezigaba ezahlukene, ukungezwa kwama-synergists, nokuxuba amakhemikhali noma ukusetshenziswa kanyekanye kwamakhemikhali ezigaba ezahlukene [14, 20, 21].Ngakho-ke, kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuthola nokuthuthukisa enye indlela ne-synergist evumelana nemvelo, elula futhi ephumelelayo futhi lolu cwaningo luhlose ukubhekana nalesi sidingo.
Ama-insecticide atholakala ngokwemvelo, ikakhulukazi lawo asekelwe ezingxenyeni zezitshalo, abonise amandla ekuhloleni ezinye izindlela zokulawula umiyane zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo [22, 23, 24].Ucwaningo oluningana lubonise ukuthi kungenzeka ukulawula izithwalambiza ezibalulekile zomiyane ngokusebenzisa imikhiqizo yezitshalo, ikakhulukazi amafutha abalulekile (EOs), njengababulali abadala.Izakhiwo zokudambisa ezimelene nezinhlobo ezithile zomiyane ezibalulekile zitholwe emafutheni amaningi emifino anjengesilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi, ikhumini, i-zedoaria, i-anise, upelepele wepayipi, i-thyme, i-Schinus terebinthifolia, i-Cymbopogon citratus, i-Cymbopogon schoenanthus, i-Cymbopogon giganteus, i-Chenopodium ambrosicorniptus, i-Engleconiloides, i-Econonioisplan ., Eucalyptus citriodora, Cananga odorata kanye Petroselinum Criscum [25,26,27,28,29,30].I-ethylene oxide manje ayisetshenziswanga yodwa kuphela, kodwa futhi ihlanganiswa nezinto zezitshalo ezikhishiwe noma izibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa ezikhona, ezikhiqiza amazinga ahlukene obuthi.Inhlanganisela yezibulala-zinambuzane zendabuko ezifana ne-organophosphates, i-carbamates kanye ne-pyrethroids ene-ethylene oxide/izitshalo ezikhishwe zezitshalo zisebenza ngokubambisana noma ngokuphikisana nemiphumela yazo enobuthi futhi ziboniswe ukuthi zisebenza ngempumelelo ngokumelene nama-vectors wezifo nezinambuzane [31,32,33,34,35].Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo oluningi ngemiphumela enobuthi ehlangene yezinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali e-phytochemicals anamakhemikhali okwenziwa noma ngaphandle kwawo luye lwenziwa kuma-vectors ezinambuzane zezolimo nezinambuzane kunokuba kwenziwe omiyane ababalulekile kwezokwelapha.Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi omningi emiphumeleni ye-synergistic yenhlanganisela yezibulala-zinambuzane ezikhiqizwa izitshalo ngokumelene nama-vector omiyane ugxile kumphumela wokuqeda izibungu.
Ocwaningweni lwangaphambilini olwenziwa ababhali njengengxenye yephrojekthi yocwaningo eqhubekayo yokuhlola ama-intimicides avela ezitshalweni zokudla zendabuko e-Thailand, i-ethylene oxides evela ku-Cyperus rotundus, i-galangal ne-sinamoni itholakale inomsebenzi ongase ube khona ngokumelene no-Aedes omdala.iGibhithe [36].Ngakho-ke, lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwama-EO ahlukanisiwe nalezi zitshalo zokwelapha ngokumelene nomiyane be-Aedes.i-aegypti, kuhlanganise nezinhlobo ezizwelayo ezimelana ne-pyrethroid.Umphumela we-synergistic wezingxube kanambambili ze-ethylene oxide kanye ne-synthetic pyrethroids esebenza kahle kubantu abadala uye wahlaziywa ukuze kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zendabuko kanye nokwandisa ukumelana nama-vector omiyane, ikakhulukazi ngokumelene ne-Aedes.I-Aedes yaseGibhithe.Lesi sihloko sibika ukucaciswa kwamakhemikhali kwamafutha abalulekile asebenzayo namandla awo okuthuthukisa ubuthi be-permetrin yokwenziwa ngokumelene nomiyane be-Aedes.i-aegypti kuma-pyrethroid-sensitive strains (MCM-S) kanye nezinhlobo ezimelana ne-(PMD-R).
Ama-Rhizomes e-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga namagxolo e-C. verum (Umfanekiso 1) asetshenziselwa ukukhipha uwoyela obalulekile athengwa kubahlinzeki bemithi yemithi yesintu esiFundazweni sase-Chiang Mai, e-Thailand.Ukuhlonzwa kwesayensi kwalezi zitshalo kwafinyelelwa ngokubonisana noMnu. James Franklin Maxwell, i-Herbarium Botanist, Department of Biology, College of Science, Chiang Mai University (CMU), Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, kanye nososayensi u-Wannari Charoensap;eMnyangweni Wekhemisi, Ikolishi Lekhemisi, Inyuvesi yaseCarnegie Mellon, uNksz. Izibonelo zevawusha zesitshalo ngasinye zigcinwa eMnyangweni We-Parasitology e-Carnegie Mellon University School of Medicine ukuze zisetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo.
Amasampula ezitshalo omiswa umthunzi ngawodwana izinsuku ezingu-3-5 endaweni evulekile enomoya osebenzayo kanye nezinga lokushisa elicishe libe ngu-30 ± 5 °C ukuze kukhishwe umswakama ngaphambi kokukhipha amafutha abalulekile emvelo (EOs).Isamba esingama-250 g wesitshalo ngasinye esomile sagaywa ngomshini saba impushana eqinile futhi yasetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa uwoyela obalulekile (EOs) ngokuhluzwa ngesitimu.I-distillation yayihlanganisa ingubo yokushisisa kagesi, iflaski elijikelezayo elingu-3000 mL, ikholomu yokukhipha, i-condenser, kanye nedivayisi ye-Cool ace (Eyela Cool Ace CA-1112 CE, Tokyo Rikakikai Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) .Engeza u-1600 ml wamanzi acwengekile kanye nobuhlalu bezingilazi obuyi-10-15 eflaskini bese uyifudumeza ifike cishe ku-100°C usebenzisa i-heater kagesi okungenani amahora angu-3 kuze kuqedwe ukucwiliswa kwe-distillation futhi kungaphinde kukhiqizwe i-EO.Isendlalelo se-EO sahlukaniswa nesigaba samanzi sisebenzisa ifaneli ehlukanisayo, yomiswa phezu kwe-anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) futhi igcinwe ebhodleleni elinsundu elivalwe ngo-4 ° C kuze kuhlolwe ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali nomsebenzi wabantu abadala.
Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali amafutha abalulekile kwenziwa kanyekanye ne-bioassay yento yabantu abadala.Ukuhlaziywa kokufaneleka kwenziwe kusetshenziswa isistimu ye-GC-MS ehlanganisa i-Hewlett-Packard (Wilmington, CA, USA) 7890A gas chromatograph efakwe umtshina owodwa we-quadrupole mass selective (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, CA, USA) kanye ne-MSD 5975C (EI) ).(Agilent Technologies).
Ikholomu ye-Chromatographic – DB-5MS (30 m × ID 0.25 mm × ukujiya kwefilimu 0.25 µm).Isikhathi esiphelele sokusebenza kwe-GC-MS bekuyimizuzu engama-20.Izimo zokuhlaziya ukuthi izinga lokushisa lomjovo nolayini wokudlulisa lingu-250 no-280 °C, ngokulandelana;izinga lokushisa lomlilo lihlelwe ukuthi likhuphuke ukusuka ku-50 ° C kuya ku-250 ° C ngesilinganiso se-10 ° C / min, igesi elithwala i-helium;izinga lokugeleza 1.0 ml / min;umthamo womjovo ngu-0.2 µL (1/10% ngevolumu ku-CH2Cl2, isilinganiso sokuhlukaniswa 100:1);Uhlelo lwe-electron ionization olunamandla e-ionization angu-70 eV lusetshenziselwa ukutholwa kwe-GC-MS.Ibanga lokutholwa lingamayunithi esisindo se-athomu angu-50–550 (amu) futhi isivinini sokuskena singamaskeni angu-2.91 ngomzuzwana.Amaphesenti ahlobene wezingxenye avezwa njengamaphesenti ajwayelekile ngendawo ephakeme kakhulu.Ukuhlonzwa kwezithako ze-EO kusekelwe kunkomba yazo yokugcina (RI).I-RI ibalwe kusetshenziswa isibalo sika-Van den Dool kanye ne-Kratz [37] ochungechungeni lwe-n-alkanes (C8-C40) futhi yaqhathaniswa nezinkomba zokugcinwa ezivela kumibhalo [38] nezizindalwazi zelabhulali (NIST 2008 kanye ne-Wiley 8NO8).Ubunikazi bezinhlanganisela ezibonisiwe, njengesakhiwo kanye nefomula yamangqamuzana, buqinisekiswe ngokuqhathaniswa namasampuli ayiqiniso atholakalayo.
Izindinganiso zokuhlaziya ze-permetrin yokwenziwa kanye ne-piperonyl butoxide (PBO, ukulawula okuhle ezifundweni ze-synergy) zathengwa kwa-Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).I-World Health Organization (WHO) amakhithi okuhlola abantu abadala nemithamo yokuxilonga yephepha elifakwe i-permethrin (0.75%) ithengwe ngokwentengiso ku-WHO Vector Control Center e-Penang, Malaysia.Wonke amanye amakhemikhali nama-reagents asetshenzisiwe ayesezingeni lokuhlaziya futhi athengwa ezikhungweni zendawo eSifundazweni saseChiang Mai, eThailand.
Omiyane abasetshenziswa njengezinto eziphilayo zokuhlola ku-bioassay yabantu abadala kwakuyi-laboratory ekhwelana ngokukhululekile omiyane be-Aedes.i-aegypti, okuhlanganisa uhlobo olusengozini lwe-Muang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) kanye ne-Pang Mai Dang strain (PMD-R) engazweli.I-Strain MCM-S itholwe kumasampula endawo aqoqwe endaweni yase-Muang Chiang Mai, eSifundazweni sase-Chiang Mai, e-Thailand, futhi iye yagcinwa egumbini le-entomology loMnyango We-Parasitology, i-CMU School of Medicine, kusukela ngo-1995 [39].Uhlobo lwe-PMD-R, olwatholakala lukwazi ukumelana ne-permethrin, lwahlukaniswa nomiyane basendle ababeqoqwe e-Ban Pang Mai Dang, esifundeni sase-Mae Tang, esifundazweni saseChiang Mai, eThailand, futhi belugcinwe kulesi sikhungo kusukela ngo-1997 [40]. ].Izinhlobo ze-PMD-R zakhuliswa ngaphansi kwengcindezi ekhethiwe ukuze kugcinwe amazinga okumelana ngokuchayeka ngezikhathi ezithile ku-0.75% permetrin kusetshenziswa ikhithi yokuthola i-WHO enezinguquko ezithile [41].Uhlobo ngalunye lwe-Ae.I-Aedes aegypti yenziwa ikoloni ngayinye elabhorethri engenayo i-pathogen engu-25 ± 2 °C kanye no-80 ± 10% umswakama ohlobene kanye nesikhathi esingu-14:10 h sokukhanya/okumnyama.Cishe izibungu ezingu-200 zazigcinwe emathreyini epulasitiki (ubude obungamasentimitha angu-33, ububanzi obungamasentimitha angu-28 no-9 cm ukuphakama) agcwele amanzi kampompi ngobuningi bezibungu ezingu-150-200 ethreyini futhi zondliwe kabili ngosuku ngamabhisikidi ezinja afakwe inzalo.Izikelemu zabantu abadala zazigcinwa emakhejini anomswakama futhi zihlale ziphakelwa ngesisombululo se-aqueous sucrose esingu-10% kanye nesixazululo sesiraphu ye-multivitamin engu-10%.Omiyane besifazane bavame ukumunca igazi ukuze bazalele amaqanda.Abesifazane abanezinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezinhlanu ubudala abangazange banikezwe igazi bangasetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ekuhlolweni kokuhlolwa kwebhayoloji yabantu abadala.
I-bioassay ye-dose-mortality response ye-EO yenziwa komiyane be-Aedes besifazane abadala.I-aegypti, i-MCM-S kanye ne-PMD-R isebenzisa indlela ye-topical eguquliwe ngokuvumelana ne-WHO standard protocol yokuhlola ukuthambekela [42].I-EO evela esitshalweni ngasinye yayihlanjululwe ngokulandelana ngesithambisi esifanelekile (isb. i-ethanol noma i-acetone) ukuze kutholwe uchungechunge oluphothuliwe lokugxila okungu-4-6.Ngemva kokubulala izinzwa nge-carbon dioxide (CO2), omiyane babekalwa ngamunye ngamunye.Omiyane abalaliswa izinzwa babebe sebegcinwa benganyakazi ephepheni lokuhlunga elomile epuleti elibandayo elingokwezifiso ngaphansi kwe-stereomicroscope ukuvimbela ukuphinda kusebenze phakathi nenqubo.Ekwelapheni ngakunye, isixazululo se-EO esingu-0.1 μl sisetshenziswe engxenyeni engenhla yowesifazane kusetshenziswa i-microdispenser ephathwa ngesandla i-Hamilton (700 Series Microliter™, Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA).Abesifazane abangamashumi amabili nanhlanu belashwa ngokuhlushwa ngakunye, nokufa kwabantu kusuka ku-10% kuya ku-95% okungenani okugxilwe oku-4 okuhlukene.Omiyane abalashwa nge-solvent basebenza njengokulawula.Ukuze uvimbele ukungcoliswa kwamasampula okuhlola, shintsha iphepha lokuhlunga ngephepha elisha lokuhlunga ku-EO ngayinye ehloliwe.Imithamo esetshenziswa kulezi zivivinyo eziphilayo iboniswa ngama-micrograms we-EO ngemiligremu ngayinye yesisindo somzimba wesifazane ophilayo.Umsebenzi we-PBO yabantu abadala nawo wahlolwa ngendlela efanayo neye-EO, ne-PBO esetshenziswa njengokulawula okuhle ekuhloleni kwe-synergistic.Omiyane abelashiwe kuwo wonke amaqembu bafakwa ezinkomishini zepulasitiki futhi banikezwa u-10% we-sucrose kanye no-10% isiraphu yamavithamini amaningi.Wonke ama-bioassay enziwe ku-25 ± 2 °C naku-80 ± 10% umswakama ohlobene futhi aphindwa izikhathi ezine ngezilawuli.Ukufa kwabantu phakathi nenkathi yokukhulisa amahora angu-24 kwahlolwa futhi kwaqinisekiswa ukuntula komiyane ukusabela ekushukunyisweni kwemishini kwase kuqoshwa ngokusekelwe esilinganisweni seziphindaphinda ezine.Ukwelashwa kokuhlola kwaphindwa izikhathi ezine kusampula ngayinye yokuhlola kusetshenziswa amaqoqo ahlukene omiyane.Imiphumela yafingqwa futhi yasetshenziselwa ukubala izinga lokufa kwephesenti, elisetshenziswe ukunquma umthamo obulalayo wamahora angu-24 ngokuhlaziywa kwe-probit.
Umphumela we-synergistic anticidal we-EO ne-permetrin wahlolwa kusetshenziswa inqubo yendawo yokuhlola ubuthi [42] njengoba kuchazwe ngaphambilini.Sebenzisa i-acetone noma i-ethanol njengesixazululi ukuze ulungise i-permetrin ekugxiliseni okufunayo, kanye nengxube kanambambili ye-EO ne-permetrin (i-EO-permethrin: i-permetrin exutshwe ne-EO ekugxilweni kwe-LD25).Amakhithi okuhlola (i-permethrin ne-EO-permethrin) ahlolwe ngokumelene nezinhlobo ze-MCM-S ne-PMD-R ze-Ae.I-Aedes yaseGibhithe.Umiyane wesifazane ngamunye kwabangu-25 wanikezwa imithamo emine ye-permetrin ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza kwayo ekubulaleni abantu abadala, ukwelashwa ngakunye kwaphindwa izikhathi ezine.Ukuze kutholakale ama-synergists e-EO okhethiwe, imithamo emi-4 kuye kweyesi-6 ye-EO-permethrin yanikezwa umiyane wesifazane ngamunye wama-25, isicelo ngasinye siphindwe kane.Ukwelashwa kwe-PBO-permetrin (i-permethrin exutshwe ne-LD25 yokuhlushwa kwe-PBO) nakho kwasebenza njengokulawula okuhle.Imithamo esetshenziswa kulezi zivivinyo zemvelo ivezwa ngama-nanogram esampula yokuhlola ngemiligremu ngayinye yesisindo somzimba wesifazane ophilayo.Ukuhlola okune kokuhlolwa kohlobo ngalunye lomiyane kwenziwa kumaqoqo akhuliswe ngabanye, futhi idatha yokufa yahlanganiswa futhi yahlaziywa kusetshenziswa i-Probit ukuze kutholwe umthamo obulalayo wamahora angu-24.
Izinga lokufa lalungiswa kusetshenziswa ifomula ye-Abbott [43].Idatha elungisiwe yahlaziywa ngokuhlaziywa kokuhlehla kwe-Probit kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwezibalo zekhompyutha i-SPSS (inguqulo 19.0).Amanani abulalayo angu-25%, 50%, 90%, 95% no-99% (LD25, LD50, LD90, LD95 kanye ne-LD99, ngokulandelana) abalwe kusetshenziswa izikhawu zokuzethemba ezingu-95% ezihambisanayo (95% CI).Izilinganiso zokubaluleka kanye nomehluko phakathi kwamasampuli okuhlola kwahlolwa kusetshenziswa ukuhlolwa kwe-chi-square noma ukuhlolwa kwe-Mann-Whitney U ngaphakathi kokuhlolwa kwebhayoloji ngakunye.Imiphumela ithathwe njengebalulekile ngokwezibalo ku-P<0.05.I-resistance coefficient (RR) ilinganiselwa ezingeni le-LD50 kusetshenziswa ifomula elandelayo [12]:
I-RR > i-1 ibonisa ukumelana, futhi i-RR ≤ 1 ibonisa ukuzwela.Inani le-synergy ratio (SR) lekhandidethi ngalinye le-synergist libalwa kanje [34, 35, 44]:
Lesi sici sihlukanisa imiphumela ngezigaba ezintathu: inani le-SR elingu-1±0.05 libhekwa njengelingenawo umthelela osobala, inani le-SR>>1.05 libhekwa njengomphumela we-synergistic, futhi inani le-SR lika-A uwoyela owuketshezi ophuzi okhanyayo ungaba etholwe ngokuchithwa kwe-steam ye-rhizomes ye-C. rotundus ne-A. galanga kanye negxolo le-C. verum.Isivuno esibalwe ngesisindo esomile sibe ngu-0.15%, 0.27% (w/w), kanye no-0.54% (v/v).w) ngokulandelana (Ithebula 1).Ucwaningo lwe-GC-MS lokwakheka kwamakhemikhali amafutha e-C. rotundus, A. galanga kanye ne-C. verum lubonise ukuba khona kwezinhlanganisela ze-19, 17 kanye ne-21, ezibalelwa ku-80.22, 86.75 kanye no-97.24% wazo zonke izingxenye, ngokulandelana (Ithebula 2 ).I-C. lucidum rhizome oil compounds ikakhulukazi iqukethe i-cyperonene (14.04%), ilandelwa i-carralene (9.57%), i-α-capsellan (7.97%), ne-α-capsellan (7.53%).Ingxenye yamakhemikhali eyinhloko yamafutha e-galangal rhizome yi-β-bisabolene (18.27%), ilandelwa i-α-bergamotene (16.28%), i-1,8-cineole (10.17%) ne-pieronol (10.09%).Nakuba i-cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) ibonakala njengengxenye eyinhloko yamafutha e-C. verum bark, i-cinnamic acetate (6.61%), i-α-copaene (5.83%) kanye ne-3-phenylpropionaldehyde (4.09%) yayibhekwa njengezithako ezincane.Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali ze-cyperne, i-β-bisabolene ne-cinnamaldehyde ziyizinhlanganisela eziyinhloko ze-C. rotundus, A. galanga kanye ne-C. verum, ngokulandelana, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 2.
Imiphumela evela kuma-OO amathathu ahlole umsebenzi wabantu abadala ngokumelene nomiyane be-Aedes.omiyane base-aegypti baboniswa kuThebula 3. Wonke ama-EO atholakale enemiphumela ebulalayo komiyane be-MCM-S Aedes ngezinhlobo ezahlukene kanye nemithamo.I-Aedes yaseGibhithe.I-EO ephumelela kakhulu i-C. verum, ilandelwa i-A. galanga ne-C. rotundus enamanani e-LD50 angu-3.30, 7.97 kanye no-10.05 μg/mg MCM-S wesifazane ngokulandelanayo, ephakeme kancane kuno-3.22 (U = 1 ), Z = -0.775, P = 0.667), 7.94 (U = 2, Z = 0, P = 1) no-9.57 (U = 0, Z = -1.549, P = 0.333) μg/mg PMD -R kwabesifazane.Lokhu kuhambisana ne-PBO enomphumela wabantu abadala ophakeme kancane ku-PMD-R kunohlobo lwe-MSM-S, enamanani e-LD50 angu-4.79 kanye no-6.30 μg/mg abesifazane, ngokulandelanayo (U = 0, Z = -2.021, P = 0.057) .).Kungabalwa ukuthi amanani e-LD50 ka-C. verum, A. galanga, C. rotundus kanye ne-PBO ngokumelene ne-PMD-R cishe angaphansi kuka-0.98, 0.99, 0.95 kanye no-0.76 izikhathi eziphansi kunalawo aphikisana ne-MCM-S, ngokulandelanayo.Ngakho-ke, lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi ukuba sengozini kwe-PBO ne-EO kuyafana phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili ze-Aedes.Nakuba i-PMD-R yayisengozini kakhulu kune-MCM-S, ukuzwela kwe-Aedes aegypti kwakungabalulekile.Ngokuphambene, izinhlobo ezimbili ze-Aedes zazihluke kakhulu ekuzweleni kwazo i-permetrin.i-egypti (Ithebula 4).I-PMD-R ibonise ukumelana okubalulekile kwe-permethrin (inani le-LD50 = 0.44 ng/mg kwabesifazane) enenani eliphakeme le-LD50 le-3.70 uma kuqhathaniswa ne-MCM-S (inani le-LD50 = 0.44 ng/mg kwabesifazane) ng/mg kwabesifazane (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029).Nakuba i-PMD-R ingazweli kakhulu ku-permetrin kune-MCM-S, ukuzwela kwayo ku-PBO ne-C. verum, A. galanga, kanye nowoyela we-rotundus we-C. kuphakeme kancane kune-MCM-S.
Njengoba kuphawulwe ku-bioassay yabantu abadala yenhlanganisela ye-EO-permethrin, izingxube kanambambili ze-permethrin ne-EO (LD25) zibonise noma i-synergy (inani le-SR> 1.05) noma akukho mphumela (inani le-SR = 1 ± 0.05).Imiphumela eyinkimbinkimbi yabantu abadala yengxube ye-EO-permethrin komiyane abangama-albino abahlolwayo.Izinhlobo ze-Aedes aegypti i-MCM-S kanye ne-PMD-R ziboniswa kuThebula 4 kanye noMfanekiso 3. Ukwengezwa kwamafutha e-C. verum kutholwe kunciphisa kancane i-LD50 ye-permetrin ngokumelene ne-MCM-S futhi kwandise kancane i-LD50 ngokumelene ne-PMD-R kuya ku-0.44– 0 .42 ng/mg kwabesifazane futhi kusukela ku-3.70 kuya ku-3.85 ng/mg kwabesifazane, ngokulandelana.Ngokuphambene, ukungezwa kwamafutha e-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga kunciphisa kakhulu i-LD50 ye-permetrin ku-MCM-S kusuka ku-0.44 kuya ku-0.07 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) futhi ku-0.11 (U = 0)., Z) = -2.309, P = 0.029) ng/mg abesifazane.Ngokusekelwe kumanani we-LD50 we-MCM-S, amanani we-SR wengxube ye-EO-permetrin ngemva kokwengezwa kwamafutha e-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga ayengu-6.28 no-4.00, ngokulandelana.Ngokuvumelana nalokho, i-LD50 ye-permetrin ngokumelene ne-PMD-R yehle kakhulu isuka ku-3.70 yaya ku-0.42 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) futhi yaya ku-0.003 ngokungezwa kwe-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga amafutha (U = 0) ., Z = -2.337, P = 0.029) ng/mg owesifazane.Inani le-SR le-permetrin lihlanganiswe ne-C. rotundus ngokumelene ne-PMD-R lalingu-8.81, kuyilapho inani le-SR lengxube ye-galangal-permetrin lalingu-1233.33.Ngokuphathelene ne-MCM-S, inani le-LD50 lokulawula okuhle kwe-PBO lehla lisuka ku-0.44 laya ku-0.26 ng/mg (abesifazane) futhi lisuka ku-3.70 ng/mg (abesifazane) laya ku-0.65 ng/mg (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) kanye ne-PMD-R (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029).Amanani e-SR engxube ye-PBO-permetrin yezinhlobo ze-MCM-S ne-PMD-R ayengu-1.69 kanye no-5.69, ngokulandelanayo.Le miphumela ibonisa ukuthi amafutha e-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga kanye ne-PBO athuthukisa ubuthi be-permethrin ngezinga elikhulu kunowoyela we-C. verum wezinhlobo ze-MCM-S ne-PMD-R.
Umsebenzi wabantu abadala (LD50) we-EO, i-PBO, i-permethrin (PE) nezinhlanganisela zawo eziphikisana ne-pyrethroid-sensitive (MCM-S) kanye nezinhlobo ezingazweli (PMD-R) zomiyane i-Aedes.I-Aedes yaseGibhithe
[45].Ama-synthetic pyrethroids asetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke ukulawula cishe wonke ama-arthropods wokubaluleka kwezolimo nezokwelapha.Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yemiphumela eyingozi yokusetshenziswa kwama-insecticides okwenziwa, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokuthuthukiswa nokumelana okubanzi komiyane, kanye nomthelela empilweni yesikhathi eside kanye nemvelo, manje kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa. yezibulala-zinambuzane zendabuko kanye nokuthuthukisa ezinye izindlela [35, 46, 47].Ngaphezu kokuvikela imvelo nempilo yabantu, izinzuzo zezinambuzane ze-botanical zihlanganisa ukukhetha okuphezulu, ukutholakala komhlaba wonke, kanye nokulula kokukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa, okwenza kube lula ukulawulwa komiyane [32,48, 49].Lolu cwaningo, ngaphezu kokucacisa izici zamakhemikhali zamafutha abalulekile asebenzayo ngokuhlaziywa kwe-GC-MS, luphinde lwahlola amandla amafutha abalulekile wabantu abadala kanye nekhono lawo lokuthuthukisa ubuthi be-permethrin yokwenziwa.i-aegypti kuma-pyrethroid-sensitive strains (MCM-S) kanye nezinhlobo ezimelana ne-(PMD-R).
Isici se-GC-MS sibonise ukuthi i-cypern (14.04%), i-β-bisabolene (18.27%) ne-cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) yayiyizingxenye eziyinhloko ze-C. rotundus, A. galanga kanye ne-C. verum amafutha, ngokulandelana.Lawa makhemikhali abonise imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yezinto eziphilayo.Ahn et al.[50] kubika ukuthi i-6-acetoxycyperene, ehlukanisiwe ne-rhizome ye-C. rotundus, isebenza njengenhlanganisela ye-antitumor futhi ingabangela i-apoptosis encike ku-caspase kumaseli omdlavuza we-ovarian.I-β-Bisabolene, ekhishwe emafutheni abalulekile esihlahla semure, ibonisa i-cytotoxicity ethile ngokumelene namaseli e-tumor mammary womuntu kanye negundane kokubili ku-vitro kanye ne-vivo [51].I-Cinnamaldehyde, etholakala ekukhishweni kwemvelo noma ehlanganiswe elabhorethri, kubikwa ukuthi ine-insecticidal, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticancer, kanye nemisebenzi ye-antiangiogenic [52].
Imiphumela ye-bioassay yomsebenzi omdala encike kumthamo ibonise amandla amahle ama-EO ahloliwe futhi yabonisa ukuthi izinhlobo zomiyane ze-Aedes i-MCM-S kanye ne-PMD-R zazinokuthambekela okufanayo ku-EO ne-PBO.I-Aedes yaseGibhithe.Ukuqhathaniswa kokusebenza kwe-EO ne-permetrin kubonise ukuthi lokhu kokugcina kunomphumela onamandla we-allecidal: amanani e-LD50 angu-0.44 no-3.70 ng/mg kwabesifazane ngezinhlobo ze-MCM-S ne-PMD-R, ngokulandelana.Lokhu okutholakele kusekelwa izifundo eziningi ezibonisa ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane ezenzeka ngokwemvelo, ikakhulukazi imikhiqizo etholakala ezitshalweni, ngokuvamile azisebenzi kahle kunezinto zokwenziwa [31, 34, 35, 53, 54].Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokuthi eyokuqala iyinhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi yezithako ezisebenzayo noma ezingasebenzi, kuyilapho lesi sakamuva siyinhlanganisela ehlanziwe eyodwa esebenzayo.Kodwa-ke, ukuhlukahluka nobunkimbinkimbi bezithako ezisebenzayo zemvelo ezinezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokwenza kungathuthukisa umsebenzi webhayoloji noma kuvimbe ukuthuthukiswa kokumelana nenani labantu abasingethe [55, 56, 57].Abacwaningi abaningi baye babika amandla okulwa nomiyane we-C. verum, A. galanga no-C. rotundus kanye nezingxenye zabo ezifana ne-β-bisabolene, i-cinnamaldehyde ne-1,8-cineole [22, 36, 58, 59, 60,61, 62,63 ,64].Kodwa-ke, ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi kwembula ukuthi akuzange kube nemibiko yangaphambilini yomphumela wayo we-synergistic ne-permetrin noma ezinye izibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa ngokumelene nomiyane be-Aedes.I-Aedes yaseGibhithe.
Kulolu cwaningo, umehluko omkhulu ekuthambekeni kwe-permetrin ubonwe phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili ze-Aedes.I-Aedes yaseGibhithe.I-MCM-S izwela i-permetrin, kuyilapho i-PMD-R ingazweli kangako kuyo, ngezinga lokumelana elingu-8.41.Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuzwela kwe-MCM-S, i-PMD-R ayizweli kancane ku-permetrin kodwa izwela kakhulu ku-EO, ihlinzeka ngesisekelo sezifundo ezengeziwe ezihloselwe ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-permetrin ngokuyihlanganisa ne-EO.I-synergistic inhlanganisela-based bioassay yemiphumela yabantu abadala ibonise ukuthi izingxube kanambambili ze-EO ne-permetrin zinciphise noma zanda ukufa kwe-Aedes yabantu abadala.I-Aedes yaseGibhithe.Ukwengezwa kwamafutha e-C. verum kwehlise kancane i-LD50 ye-permethrin ngokumelene ne-MCM-S kodwa kwenyuse kancane i-LD50 iqhathaniswa ne-PMD-R ngamavelu e-SR angu-1.05 kanye no-0.96, ngokulandelana.Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi uwoyela we-C. verum awunawo umthelela we-synergistic noma ophikisayo ku-permetrin uma uhlolwa ku-MCM-S naku-PMD-R.Ngokuphambene, amafutha e-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga abonise umphumela obalulekile we-synergistic ngokunciphisa kakhulu amanani we-LD50 we-permethrin ku-MCM-S noma i-PMD-R.Lapho i-permetrin ihlanganiswa ne-EO ye-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga, amanani e-SR engxube ye-EO-permetrin ye-MCM-S ayengu-6.28 kanye no-4.00, ngokulandelana.Ukwengeza, lapho i-permetrin ihlolwa ngokumelene ne-PMD-R ngokuhlanganiswa ne-C. rotundus (SR = 8.81) noma i-A. galanga (SR = 1233.33), amanani e-SR akhuphuke kakhulu.Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kokubili i-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga ithuthukise ubuthi be-permetrin ngokumelene ne-PMD-R Ae.egypti kakhulu.Ngokufanayo, i-PBO yatholwa inyusa ubuthi be-permethrin ngamavelu e-SR angu-1.69 no-5.69 ezinkingeni ze-MCM-S ne-PMD-R, ngokulandelana.Njengoba u-C. rotundus kanye no-A. galanga babenamanani aphezulu kakhulu e-SR, babhekwa njengama-synergists angcono kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ubuthi be-permetrin ku-MCM-S kanye ne-PMD-R, ngokulandelanayo.
Ucwaningo oluningi lwangaphambilini lubike umthelela we-synergistic wezinhlanganisela zama-synthetic insecticides kanye nezitshalo ezikhishwe ngokumelene nezinhlobo ezahlukene zomiyane.Ucwaningo lwe-larvicidal bioassay ngokumelene no-Anopheles Stephensi olwenziwa nguKalayanasundaram noDas [65] lubonise ukuthi i-fenthion, i-organophosphate ebanzi, yayihlotshaniswa ne-Cleodendron inerme, i-Pedalium murax ne-Parthenium hysterophorus.Ukubambisana okubalulekile kubonwe phakathi kokukhishiwe okunomphumela we-synergistic (SF) we-1.31., 1.38, 1.40, 1.48, 1.61 kanye no-2.23, ngokulandelana.Ekuhlolweni kwe-larvicidal yezinhlobo ze-15 zomhlume, i-petroleum ether ekhishwe yezimpande zomhlume itholwe iphumelela kakhulu ngokumelene ne-Culex quinquefasciatus enenani le-LC50 lika-25.7 mg/L [66].Umphumela we-synergistic walokhu kukhishwa kanye ne-botanical insecticide pyrethrum nayo yabikwa ukunciphisa i-LC50 ye-pyrethrum ngokumelene nezibungu ze-C. quinquefasciatus kusuka ku-0.132 mg / L kuya ku-0.107 mg / L, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubalwa kwe-SF kwe-1.23 kusetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo.34,35,44].Ukusebenza okuhlangene kwe-Solanum citron root extract kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane eziningana zokwenziwa (isb, i-fenthion, i-cypermethrin (i-synthetic pyrethroid) ne-timethphos (i-organophosphorus larvicide)) ngokumelene nomiyane be-Anopheles kwahlolwa.Stephensi [54] kanye C. quinquefasciatus [34].Ukusetshenziswa okuhlangene kwe-cypermethrin ne-yellow fruit petroleum ether extract kubonise umphumela we-synergistic ku-cypermethrin kuzo zonke izilinganiso.Isilinganiso esisebenza kahle kakhulu kwakuyinhlanganisela kanambambili engu-1:1 ne-LC50 kanye namanani e-SF angu-0.0054 ppm no-6.83, ngokulandelanayo, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-An.UStephen West[54].Ngenkathi ingxube kanambambili ye-1: 1 ye-S. xanthocarpum ne-temephos yayiphikisana (SF = 0.6406), inhlanganisela ye-S. xanthocarpum-fenthion (1: 1) ibonise umsebenzi we-synergistic ngokumelene no-C. quinquefasciatus nge-SF ye-1.3125 [34]].U-Tong no-Blomquist [35] bafunde imiphumela yesitshalo se-ethylene oxide kubuthi be-carbaryl (i-broad-spectrum carbamate) kanye ne-permethrin kuya omiyane be-Aedes.I-Aedes yaseGibhithe.Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi i-ethylene oxide evela ku-agar, upelepele omnyama, umjunipha, i-helichrysum, i-sandalwood nesesame yandisa ubuthi be-carbaryl omiyane be-Aedes.I-aegypti larvae SR amanani ayahluka ukusuka ku-1.0 kuye ku-7.0.Ngokuphambene, akukho neyodwa yama-EO eyayinobuthi omiyane abadala be-Aedes.Kulesi sigaba, ayikho imiphumela ye-synergistic ebikiwe ngenhlanganisela ye-Aedes aegypti ne-EO-carbaryl.I-PBO yasetshenziswa njengokulawula okuhle ukuthuthukisa ubuthi be-carbaryl ngokumelene nomiyane be-Aedes.Amanani e-SR e-Aedes aegypti izibungu nabantu abadala angu-4.9-9.5 kanye no-2.3, ngokulandelana.Izingxube kanambambili kuphela ze-permethrin ne-EO noma i-PBO zahlolelwa umsebenzi wokuqeda izibungu.Ingxube ye-EO-permetrin ibe nomthelela ophikisayo, kuyilapho ingxube ye-PBO-permethrin ibe nomthelela wokusebenzisana ngokumelene nomiyane be-Aedes.Izibungu ze-Aedes aegypti.Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa kokuphendula umthamo kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-SR kwezingxube ze-PBO-permetrin akukenziwa.Nakuba imiphumela embalwa ezuziwe mayelana nemiphumela ye-synergistic yezinhlanganisela ze-phytosynthetic ngokumelene nama-vector omiyane, le datha isekela imiphumela ekhona, evula ithemba lokwengeza ama-synergists hhayi nje ukunciphisa umthamo osetshenzisiwe, kodwa futhi ukwandisa umphumela wokubulala.Ukusebenza kahle kwezinambuzane.Ukwengeza, imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ibonise ngokokuqala ngqa ukuthi amafutha e-C. rotundus kanye ne-A. galanga asebenza ngokubambisana ngokuphawulekayo ngokumelene nezinhlobo ze-pyrethroid-susceptible kanye ne-pyrethroid-resistant ye-Aedes uma kuqhathaniswa ne-PBO uma ihlanganiswe nobuthi be-permethrin.I-Aedes yaseGibhithe.Kodwa-ke, imiphumela engalindelekile evela ekuhlaziyweni kwe-synergistic ibonise ukuthi uwoyela we-C. verum wawunomsebenzi omkhulu wokulwa nabantu abadala ngokumelene nezinhlobo ezimbili ze-Aedes.Ngokumangalisayo, umphumela onobuthi we-permetrin ku-Aedes aegypti wawungagculisi.Ukwehluka emiphumeleni ewushevu kanye nemiphumela ye-synergistic kungase kubangelwe ngokwengxenye ukuchayeka ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene namazinga ezingxenye ze-bioactive kulawa mafutha.
Ngaphandle kwemizamo yokuqonda ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani ngcono ukusebenza kahle, izindlela ze-synergistic zihlala zingacacile.Izizathu ezingaba khona zokuphumelela okuhlukile namandla e-synergistic zingabandakanya umehluko ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali emikhiqizo ehloliwe kanye nomehluko ekuthathekeni komiyane okuhambisana nesimo sokungazweli nokuthuthuka.Kunomehluko phakathi kwezingxenye ezinkulu nezincane ze-ethylene oxide ezihlolwe kulolu cwaningo, futhi ezinye zalezi zinhlanganisela ziye zaboniswa ukuthi zinemiphumela exosha futhi enobuthi ngokumelene nezinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane nezifo zezifo [61,62,64,67,68].Kodwa-ke, izinhlanganisela eziyinhloko ezikhonjiswe ku-C. rotundus, A. galanga kanye ne-C. amafutha e-verum, njenge-cypern, i-β-bisabolene ne-cinnamaldehyde, ayizange ihlolwe kuleli phepha ngenxa yemisebenzi yabo yokulwa nabantu abadala kanye ne-synergistic ngokumelene ne-Ae, ngokulandelana.I-Aedes yaseGibhithe.Ngakho-ke, izifundo zesikhathi esizayo ziyadingeka ukuze kuhlukaniswe izithako ezisebenzayo ezikhona kuwoyela ngamunye obalulekile futhi kucaciswe ukusebenza kahle kwazo kokubulala izinambuzane kanye nokusebenzisana kwe-synergistic ngokumelene nale vector yomiyane.Ngokuvamile, umsebenzi wokubulala izinambuzane uncike esenzweni nasekuphenduleni phakathi kobuthi nezicubu zezinambuzane, ezingenziwa lula futhi zihlukaniswe zibe izigaba ezintathu: ukungena esikhumbeni somzimba wezinambuzane kanye nolwelwesi lwesitho esiqondiwe, ukwenza kusebenze (= ukusebenzisana nokuhlosiwe) kanye nokuqeda ubuthi.izinto ezinobuthi [57, 69].Ngakho-ke, ukusebenzisana kwezibulala-zinambuzane okuholela ekusebenzeni okuthuthukile kwezinhlanganisela ezinobuthi kudinga okungenani esisodwa salezi zigaba, njengokunyuka kokungena, ukwenziwa kusebenze okukhulu kwezinhlanganisela eziqoqiwe, noma ukunciphisa ukuncishiswa kokukhishwa ubuthi kwesithako esisebenzayo sesibulala-zinambuzane.Isibonelo, ukubekezelelana kwamandla kubambezela ukungena kwe-cuticle ngokusebenzisa i-cuticle eqinile kanye nokumelana ne-biochemical, njengokuthuthukiswa kwe-insecticide metabolism ebonwa kwezinye izinhlobo zezinambuzane ezimelana [70, 71].Ukusebenza okuphawulekayo kwama-EOs ekwandiseni ubuthi be-permetrin, ikakhulukazi ngokumelene ne-PMD-R, kungase kubonise isisombululo senkinga yokuphikiswa kwezinambuzane ngokusebenzisana nezindlela zokumelana [57, 69, 70, 71].U-Tong no-Blomquist [35] basekele imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ngokubonisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwama-EO nezibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa.i-aegypti, kunobufakazi bomsebenzi ovimbelayo ngokumelene nama-enzyme e-detoxifying, okuhlanganisa i-cytochrome P450 monooxygenases nama-carboxylesterases, ahlobene eduze nokuthuthukiswa kokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane zendabuko.I-PBO akushiwo nje kuphela ukuthi iyi-inhibitor ye-metabolic ye-cytochrome P450 monooxygenase kodwa futhi ithuthukisa ukungena kwama-insecticides, njengoba kuboniswa ukusetshenziswa kwayo njengokulawula okuhle ezifundweni ze-synergistic [35, 72].Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-1,8-cineole, enye yezingxenye ezibalulekile ezitholakala kuwoyela we-galangal, yaziwa ngemiphumela yayo enobuthi ezinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane [22, 63, 73] futhi kubikwe ukuthi inemiphumela ye-synergistic ezindaweni eziningana zocwaningo lwezinto eziphilayo [ 74]..,75,76,77].Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-1,8-cineole ihlanganiswe nezidakamizwa ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa i-curcumin [78], i-5-fluorouracil [79], i-mefenamic acid [80] ne-zidovudine [81] nayo inomphumela wokukhuthaza ukuvuthwa.ku-vitro.Ngakho-ke, indima engenzeka ye-1,8-cineole esenzweni se-synergistic insecticidal akuyona nje isithako esisebenzayo kodwa futhi njengesithuthukisi sokungena.Ngenxa ye-synergism enkulu ne-permethrin, ikakhulukazi ngokumelene ne-PMD-R, imiphumela ye-synergistic yamafutha e-galangal namafutha e-trichosanthes abonwe kulolu cwaningo ingase ibe umphumela wokusebenzelana nezindlela zokumelana, okungukuthi ukwanda kokungena ku-chlorine.Ama-pyrethroids akhulisa ukusebenza kwezinhlanganisela eziqoqiwe futhi avimbele ama-enzyme akhipha ubuthi njenge-cytochrome P450 monooxygenases kanye ne-carboxylesterases.Kodwa-ke, lezi zici zidinga ukucwaninga okwengeziwe ukuze kucaciswe indima ethile ye-EO nezinhlanganisela zayo ezihlukanisiwe (zodwa noma zihlangene) ezindleleni ze-synergistic.
Ngo-1977, amazinga akhulayo okumelana ne-permetrin abikwa emiphakathini emikhulu ye-vector e-Thailand, futhi emashumini eminyaka alandelayo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-permetrin kwathathelwa indawo kakhulu amanye amakhemikhali e-pyrethroid, ikakhulukazi lawo athathelwa indawo yi-deltamethrin [82].Kodwa-ke, ukumelana ne-vector ku-deltamethrin nezinye izigaba zama-insecticide kuvame kakhulu ezweni lonke ngenxa yokusetshenziswa ngokweqile nokuphikelelayo [14, 17, 83, 84, 85, 86].Ukuze ulwe nale nkinga, kutuswa ukushintshanisa noma ukuphinda usebenzise izibulala-zinambuzane elahliwe ezazisebenza ngaphambili futhi zingenabuthi obuncane ezilwaneni ezincelisayo, njenge-permethrin.Njengamanje, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwe-permethrin kuye kwancishiswa ezinhlelweni zakamuva zikahulumeni kazwelonke zokulawula omiyane, ukumelana ne-permetrin kusengatholakala emiphakathini yomiyane.Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokuchayeka komiyane emikhiqizweni yokulawula izinambuzane yasendlini, ikakhulukazi ehlanganisa i-permetrin namanye ama-pyrethroids [14, 17].Ngakho-ke, ukuphinda kusetshenziswe ngempumelelo kwe-permetrin kudinga ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuqaliswa kwamasu okunciphisa ukumelana ne-vector.Nakuba engekho amafutha abalulekile ahlolwe ngawodwana kulolu cwaningo ayesebenza njenge-permethrin, ukusebenza ndawonye ne-permetrin kubangele imiphumela emangalisayo ye-synergistic.Lokhu kuyinkomba ethembisayo yokuthi ukusebenzisana kwe-EO nezindlela zokumelana kuphumela ekuhlanganisweni kwe-permetrin ne-EO kuphumelela kakhulu kunesibulala-zinambuzane noma i-EO iyodwa, ikakhulukazi ngokumelene ne-PMD-R Ae.I-Aedes yaseGibhithe.Izinzuzo zezingxube ze-synergistic ekwandiseni ukusebenza kahle, naphezu kokusetshenziswa kwemithamo ephansi yokulawula i-vector, kungase kuholele ekuphathweni kokumelana okuthuthukisiwe kanye nezindleko ezincishisiwe [33, 87].Kusukela kule miphumela, kuyajabulisa ukuqaphela ukuthi i-A. galanga kanye ne-C. rotundus EOs yayisebenza ngokuphawulekayo kune-PBO ekuhlanganiseni ubuthi be-permethrin kuzo zombili izinhlobo ze-MCM-S kanye ne-PMD-R futhi ziyindlela engase ibe enye yezinsiza zendabuko ze-ergogenic.
Ama-EO akhethiwe abe nemiphumela ephawulekayo ye-synergistic ekuthuthukiseni ubuthi babantu abadala ngokumelene ne-PMD-R Ae.I-aegypti, ikakhulukazi i-galangal oil, inenani le-SR elifika ku-1233.33, okubonisa ukuthi i-EO inesithembiso esibanzi njenge-synergist ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwe-permetrin.Lokhu kungase kushukumise ukusetshenziswa komkhiqizo omusha wemvelo osebenzayo, ongase ukhulise ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo esebenza ngempumelelo kakhulu yokulawula omiyane.Iphinde iveze amandla e-ethylene oxide njengenye i-synergist yokuthuthukisa ngempumelelo izibulala-zinambuzane ezindala noma zendabuko ukubhekana nezinkinga ezikhona zokumelana nomiyane.Ukusebenzisa izitshalo ezitholakala kalula ezinhlelweni zokulawula omiyane akunciphisi nje kuphela ukuncika ezintweni ezivela kwamanye amazwe nezimba eqolo, kodwa futhi kugqugquzela imizamo yendawo yokuqinisa izinhlelo zezempilo zomphakathi.
Le miphumela ibonisa ngokucacile umphumela obalulekile we-synergistic okhiqizwa inhlanganisela ye-ethylene oxide ne-permetrin.Imiphumela iqokomisa amandla e-ethylene oxide njenge-synergist yezitshalo ekulawuleni omiyane, okwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-permetrin ngokumelene nomiyane, ikakhulukazi kubantu abangazweli.Intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo kanye nocwaningo kuzodinga i-synergistic bioanalysis yamafutha e-galangal kanye ne-alpinia nezinhlanganisela zawo ezingazodwa, inhlanganisela yezibulala-zinambuzane zemvelaphi yemvelo noma yokwenziwa ngokumelene nezinhlobo eziningi nezigaba zomiyane, kanye nokuhlolwa kobuthi ngokumelene nezilwanyana ezingahlosiwe.Ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwe-ethylene oxide njenge-synergist esebenzayo esebenzayo.
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-08-2024