Abantu bazohamba ibanga elide ukuze bagweme ukulunywa omiyane. Bashisa ubulongwe benkomo, amagobolondo kakhukhunathi, noma ikhofi. Baphuza i-gin nama-tonics. Badla ubhanana. Bazifutha ngomuthi wokuwasha umlomo noma bazihlanganise nekhambi le-clove/alcohol. Baphinde bazisule ngeBounce. “Uyazi, lawo mashidi anephunga elimnandi uwafake okokomisa,” kusho u-Immo Hansen, PhD, uprofesa e-Institute of Applied Biosciences eNew Mexico State University.
Azikho kulezi zindlela ezihloliwe ukuze kubonakale ukuthi ziyabaxosha ngempela yini omiyane. Kodwa lokho akubavimbanga abantu ukuthi bazame, ngokocwaningo oluzoshicilelwa kuleli hlobo nguHansen nozakwabo u-Stacy Rodriguez, ophethe ilebhu kaHansen eNew Mexico State University. U-Stacy Rodriguez ufunda izindlela zokuvimbela izifo ezithwalwa omiyane. Yena nozakwabo benza inhlolovo kubantu abangu-5 000 mayelana nendlela abazivikela ngayo ekulunyweni omiyane. Abantu abaningi bebesebenzisa imithi yesintu yokuxosha omiyane.
Abacwaningi babe sebebabuza ngamakhambi esintu asekhaya. Yilapho kungena khona ubulongwe benkomo nephepha lokomisa. Engxoxweni, uHansen noRodriguez bahlanganyele ezinye zezimpendulo abazithola. Iphepha labo lashicilelwa kujenali ebuyekezwe ngontanga iPeerJ.
Ngaphandle kwamakhambi esintu kanye nokuzivikela kwendabuko, kunezinye izindlela ezifakazelwe zokuzivikela omiyane nasezifweni abaziphethe. I-NPR ikhulume nabacwaningi, abaningi babo abachitha isikhathi esiningi emahlathini agcwele omiyane, emaxhaphozini nasezindaweni ezishisayo.
Imikhiqizo equkethe i-DEET iboniswe iphephile futhi isebenza ngempumelelo. I-DEET isifinyezo sekhemikhali i-N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide, eyisithako esisebenzayo emithini eminingi exosha izinambuzane. Iphepha lango-2015 elishicilelwe ku-Journal of Insect Science libheke ukusebenza kwezinambuzane ezihlukahlukene zezentengiselwano futhi lathola ukuthi imikhiqizo equkethe i-DEET yayisebenza kahle futhi ihlala isikhathi eside. URodriguez noHansen babengababhali bocwaningo lwango-2015, abaluphindaphinda ephepheni lango-2017 kujenali efanayo.
I-DEET yashaya amashalofu esitolo ngo-1957. Kwakukhona ukukhathazeka kokuqala mayelana nokuphepha kwayo, abanye bephakamisa ukuthi kungabangela izinkinga zezinzwa. Kodwa-ke, ukubuyekezwa kwakamuva, njengocwaningo lukaJuni 2014 olwanyatheliswa kumagazini i-Parasites and Vectors, phawula ukuthi "ukuhlolwa kwezilwane, izifundo zokubheka, kanye nezilingo zokungenelela akutholanga ubufakazi bemiphumela emibi kakhulu ehambisana nokusetshenziswa okunconyiwe kwe-DEET."
I-DEET akusona ukuphela kwesikhali. Imikhiqizo equkethe izithako ezisebenzayo i-picaridin kanye ne-IR 3535 isebenza ngokulinganayo, kusho uDkt. Dan Strickman we-Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's Global Health Programme (umxhasi we-NPR) kanye nombhali wencwadi ethi Preventing Insect Bites, Stings, and Disease.
I-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ibika ukuthi izixosha eziqukethe noma yiziphi zalezi zithako ezisebenzayo ziphephile futhi ziyasebenza. Lezi zixosha zisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele.
“I-Picaridiniyasebenza kakhulu kuneI-DEETfuthi kubonakala sengathi kuxosha omiyane.” Uma abantu besebenzisa i-DEET, omiyane bangase bahlale kubo kodwa bangalumi.Uma besebenzisa imikhiqizo equkethe i-picaridin, omiyane babe mancane kakhulu amathuba okuba bahlale.Izinto ezixoshayo ezine-IR 3535 zisebenza kancane kancane, kusho uStrickman, kodwa azinalo iphunga elinamandla leminye imikhiqizo.
Kukhona futhi i-petrolatum lemon eucalyptus (PMD), amafutha emvelo atholakala emaqabunga anephunga likalamula kanye namagatsha esihlahla sikagamthilini, nawo atuswa yi-CDC. I-PMD iyingxenye yamafutha axosha izinambuzane. Abacwaningi baseNew Mexico State University bathole ukuthi imikhiqizo equkethe amafutha kalamula kagamthilini yayisebenza kahle njengaleyo equkethe i-DEET, futhi imiphumela yahlala isikhathi eside. "Abanye abantu banenhlamba ngokusebenzisa amakhemikhali esikhumbeni sabo. Bakhetha imikhiqizo yemvelo eminingi," kusho uRodriguez.
Ngo-2015, kwatholakala okumangazayo: Iphunga le-Victoria's Secret's Bombshell lalisebenza kahle kakhulu ekuxosheni omiyane. U-Hansen noRodriguez bathi bayengeza emikhiqizweni yabo yokuhlola njengendlela yokulawula okuhle ngoba bacabanga ukuthi iphunga layo lezimbali lizoheha omiyane. Kuvele ukuthi omiyane bayalizonda iphunga.
Ucwaningo lwabo lwakamuva, lwango-2017, luphinde lwaveza izimanga. Umkhiqizo, obizwa nge-Off Clip-On, unamathela ezingutsheni futhi uqukethe i-metofluthrin exosha izinambuzane, nayo etuswa yi-CDC. Idivayisi egqokekayo yakhelwe abantu abahlezi endaweni eyodwa, njengabazali ababukele umdlalo we-softball. Ogqokile imaski uvula ifeni encane esebenza ngebhethri ephephezela ifu elincane lenkungu exosha emoyeni elizungeze oyifakile. “Empeleni iyasebenza,” kusho u-Hansen, wengeza ngokuthi iphumelela kakhulu ekuxosheni izinambuzane njenge-DEET noma uwoyela we-lemon eucalyptus.
Akuyona yonke imikhiqizo eletha imiphumela eyithembisayo. Ucwaningo lwango-2015 lwathola ukuthi ama-patches kavithamini B1 ayengasebenzi ekuxosheni omiyane. Ucwaningo lwango-2017 lwaluhlanganisa amakhandlela e-citronella phakathi kwemikhiqizo engazange ixoshe omiyane.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonise ukuthi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi amasongo axosha omiyane namabhande awaxoshi omiyane. Le mikhiqizo iqukethe amafutha ahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise ne-citronella ne-lemongrass.
“Ngike ngalunywa omiyane kumasongo engiwahlolile,” kusho uRodriguez. “Bakhangisa la masongo namabhandeshi njengesivikelo kuZika [igciwane elithwalwa omiyane elingabangela ukukhubazeka okungathi sína kwabesifazane abakhulelwe], kodwa la masongo awasebenzi nhlobo.”
Imishini ye-Ultrasonic, ekhipha amathoni abantu abangawezwa kodwa abathengisi abathi omiyane bayazonda, nawo awasebenzi. “Izisetshenziswa ze-sonic esizihlolile azibanga namphumela,” kusho uHansen. “Sike sahlola eminye imishini ngaphambilini, ibingasebenzi, abukho ubufakazi besayensi bokuthi omiyane baxosha umsindo.
Ochwepheshe bathi ngokuvamile kuhlakaniphe kakhulu ukulandela imiyalelo yomkhiqizi. Uma abantu bezobe bengaphandle ihora noma amabili, kufanele basebenzise imikhiqizo equkethe ukugxila okuphansi kwe-DEET (ilebula ithi cishe amaphesenti angu-10) ukuze bavikeleke. UDkt. Jorge Rey, umqondisi obambile weFlorida Medical Entomology Laboratory eVero Beach, wathi uma abantu bezoba semigwaqweni enezihlahla, emahlathini, noma emaxhaphozini, kufanele basebenzise i-DEET eningi kakhulu—amaphesenti angu-20 kuya kwangu-25—futhi bayishintshe cishe njalo ngemva kwamahora amane. "Lapho i-concentration iphezulu, ihlala isikhathi eside," kusho uRey.
Nakulokhu, landela iziqondiso zokudosa zomkhiqizi. “Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi uma inhle ngamanani amancane, iba ngcono nakakhulu ngamanani amakhulu,” kusho uDkt. William Reisen, uprofesa osewabasha e-University of California, eDavis School of Veterinary Medicine. “Akudingeki ugeze ngempahla.”
Lapho uRay engena ezindaweni ezigcwele izinambuzane, njenge-Everglades National Park yaseFlorida, ukuze enze ucwaningo, ugqoka amagiya okuzivikela. “Sizogqoka amabhulukwe amade namahembe anemikhono emide,” kusho yena. “Uma kukubi ngempela, sizofaka izigqoko ezinamanetha ebusweni bethu. Lokho kungasho izandla, intamo, nobuso. Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe bayeluleka ngokumelene nokuwafafaza ebusweni bakho. Ukuze ugweme ukucasuka kwamehlo, sebenzisa okokuxosha ezandleni zakho, bese uwugcoba ebusweni bakho.
Ungakhohlwa ngezinyawo zakho. Omiyane banezintandokazi ezihlukile zokuhogela. Omiyane abaningi, ikakhulukazi omiyane i-Aedes abathwala igciwane leZika, njengephunga lezinyawo.
“Ukugqoka izimbadada akuwona umqondo omuhle,” kusho uRodriguez. Izicathulo namasokisi kubalulekile, futhi ukufaka amabhulukwe emasokisini noma ezicathulweni kuzosiza ukuvimbela omiyane ukuthi bangangeni ezingutsheni zakho. Ezindaweni ezigcwele omiyane, ugqoka ibhulukwe elide futhi aligqoki neze ibhulukwe le-yoga. "I-Spandex ayihambisani nomiyane. Baluma kuyo. Ngigqoka ibhulukwe elinemikhono emide futhi ngigqoke i-DEET."
Omiyane bangaluma nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sosuku, kodwa umiyane i-Aedes aegypti ethwala igciwane leZika ukhetha amahora asekuseni nakusihlwa, kusho uStrickman. Uma kungenzeka, hlala endlini enezikrini zamafasitela noma isiphephetha-moya ngalezi zikhathi.
Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zimiyane zizalela emanzini amile ezitsheni ezifana nezimbiza zezimbali, amathayi amadala, amabhakede nemigqomo kadoti, abantu kufanele basuse noma yiziphi izindawo ezinamanzi amile eduze kwabo. “Amadamu okubhukuda amukelekile inqobo nje uma engalahliwe,” kusho uRay. Amakhemikhali asetshenziselwa ukwenza amachibi aphephile nawo angaxosha omiyane. Ukuqapha kuyadingeka ukuze kutholwe zonke izindawo zokuzalanisa omiyane. “Ngike ngabona omiyane bezalela efilimini yamanzi eduze kosinki noma ngaphansi kwengilazi abantu abayisebenzisa ukuxubha amazinyo,” kusho uStrickman. Ukuhlanza izindawo ezinamanzi amile kunganciphisa kakhulu inani lomiyane.
Lapho abantu abaningi abenza lokhu kuhlanza okuyisisekelo, omiyane bayoba mbalwa. "Kungase kungabi okuphelele, kodwa inani lomiyane lizoncipha kakhulu," kusho uStrickman.
U-Hansen uthe ilebhu yakhe isebenza ngobuchwepheshe bokubulala omiyane besilisa ngemisebe bese ibadedela endaweni. Umiyane wesilisa uhlangana nensikazi, kanti insikazi izalela amaqanda, kodwa amaqanda awachanyuseli. Ubuchwepheshe buzoqondisa izinhlobo ezithile, njengomiyane i-Aedes aegypti, esakaza iZika, i-dengue fever nezinye izifo.
Ithimba lososayensi baseMassachusetts lisebenzela umuthi oxosha omiyane ozohlala esikhumbeni futhi uhlale amahora noma izinsuku, kusho uDkt Abrar Karan, udokotela waseBrigham and Women's Hospital. Ungomunye wabasunguli be-Hour72+, umuthi wokuxosha athi awungeni esikhunjeni noma ungena egazini, kodwa wenziwa ungasebenzi kuphela ngenxa yokuchitheka kwemvelo kwesikhumba.
Kulo nyaka, i-Hour72+ iwine umklomelo omkhulu we-Dubilier ongu-$75,000 emqhudelwaneni wokuqala waminyaka yonke we-Harvard Business School. U-Karan uhlela ukwenza ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kwe-prototype, okungakatholakali ngokwentengiso, ukuze abone ukuthi ingasebenza isikhathi esingakanani ngempumelelo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-17-2025