Abantu bazokwenza konke okusemandleni abo ukuze bagweme ukulunywa omiyane. Bashisa ubulongwe bezinkomo, amagobolondo kakhukhunathi, noma ikhofi. Baphuza i-gin kanye ne-tonics. Badla ubhanana. Bazifutha nge-mouthwash noma bazigcobe ngesisombululo se-clove/alcohol. Bazomisa futhi nge-Bounce. “Uyazi, lawo mashidi anephunga elimnandi owafaka emshinini wokomisa,” kusho u-Immo Hansen, PhD, uprofesa e-Institute of Applied Biosciences eNew Mexico State University.
Azikho kulezi zindlela eziye zahlolwa ukuze kubonakale ukuthi ziyabaxosha ngempela omiyane. Kodwa lokho akuzange kuvimbele abantu ukuthi bazame, ngokusho kocwaningo oluzoshicilelwa kuleli hlobo nguHansen nozakwabo uStacy Rodriguez, ophethe ilebhu kaHansen eNew Mexico State University. UStacy Rodriguez uhlola izindlela zokuvimbela izifo ezithwalwa omiyane. Yena nozakwabo bahlole abantu abangu-5,000 mayelana nendlela abazivikela ngayo ekulunyweni omiyane. Iningi labantu lisebenzise imithi yendabuko yokuxosha omiyane.
Abacwaningi base bebabuza ngemithi yasekhaya yendabuko. Yilapho-ke kuvela khona ubulongwe benkomo kanye nephepha lokomisa. Engxoxweni, uHansen noRodriguez babelane ngezinye zezimpendulo abazitholile. Iphepha labo lanyatheliswa ephephabhukwini elibukezwe ontanga iPeerJ.
Ngaphandle kwemithi yesintu kanye nezindlela zokuzivikela zendabuko, kunezinye izindlela ezifakazelwe zokuzivikela komiyane nezifo abazithwalayo. I-NPR ikhulume nabacwaningi, abaningi babo abachitha isikhathi esiningi emahlathini agcwele omiyane, emaxhaphozini nasezindaweni ezishisayo.
Imikhiqizo equkethe i-DEET iboniswe iphephile futhi isebenza kahle. I-DEET isifinyezo se-N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide yekhemikhali, eyisithako esisebenzayo emithini eminingi yokuxosha izinambuzane. Iphepha lika-2015 elanyatheliswa kuyi-Journal of Insect Science labheka ukusebenza kahle kwemithi yokubulala izinambuzane eyahlukahlukene yezentengiselwano futhi lathola ukuthi imikhiqizo equkethe i-DEET yayisebenza kahle futhi ihlala isikhathi eside. URodriguez noHansen babengababhali bocwaningo luka-2015, abalukopishe ephepheni lika-2017 kumagazini ofanayo.
I-DEET yafika ezitolo ngo-1957. Kwakukhona ukukhathazeka kokuqala ngokuphepha kwayo, kanti abanye basikisela ukuthi ingabangela izinkinga zezinzwa. Kodwa-ke, ukubuyekezwa kwamuva nje, njengocwaningo lwangoJuni 2014 olwanyatheliswa kuyi-Parasites and Vectors, kuphawula ukuthi “ukuhlolwa kwezilwane, izifundo zokuhlola, kanye nokuhlolwa kokungenelela akutholanga bufakazi bemiphumela emibi engathi sína ehlobene nokusetshenziswa okunconywayo kwe-DEET.”
I-DEET akuyona yodwa isikhali. Imikhiqizo equkethe izithako ezisebenzayo i-picaridin kanye ne-IR 3535 isebenza kahle ngokulinganayo, kusho uDkt. Dan Strickman we-Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's Global Health Program (umxhasi we-NPR) kanye nombhali wencwadi ethi Preventing Insect Bites, Stings, and Disease.
I-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ibika ukuthi izixoshi eziqukethe noma yiziphi zalezi zithako ezisebenzayo ziphephile futhi ziyasebenza. Lezi zixoshi zisetshenziswa kabanzi emhlabeni jikelele.
"I-Picaridinkusebenza kangcono kuneI-DEETfuthi kubonakala sengathi kuyabaxosha omiyane,” kusho yena. Uma abantu besebenzisa i-DEET, omiyane bangase bafike kubo kodwa bangakulumi. Uma besebenzisa imikhiqizo equkethe i-picaridin, omiyane babenamathuba amancane okufika. Izinto ezixoshayo eziqukethe i-IR 3535 azisebenzi kahle kangako, kusho uStrickman, kodwa azinalo iphunga elinamandla leminye imikhiqizo.
Kukhona futhi i-petrolatum lemon eucalyptus (PMD), uwoyela wemvelo otholakala emaqabungeni nasemagatsheni esihlahla se-eucalyptus anephunga likalamula, okunconywa yi-CDC. I-PMD iyisakhi samafutha esixosha izinambuzane. Abacwaningi e-New Mexico State University bathole ukuthi imikhiqizo equkethe uwoyela we-eucalyptus kalamula yayisebenza kahle njengaleyo equkethe i-DEET, futhi imiphumela yahlala isikhathi eside. “Abanye abantu banenhlamba yokusebenzisa amakhemikhali esikhumbeni sabo. Bakhetha imikhiqizo yemvelo eminingi,” kusho uRodriguez.
Ngo-2015, kwatholakala into emangalisayo: Iphunga likaVictoria's Secret's Bombshell empeleni lalisebenza kahle ekuxosheni omiyane. UHansen noRodriguez bathi balifake emikhiqizweni yabo yokuhlola njengendlela yokulawula enhle ngoba babecabanga ukuthi iphunga lalo lezimbali lizoheha omiyane. Kwavela ukuthi omiyane bayalizonda iphunga.
Ucwaningo lwabo lwakamuva, oluvela ngo-2017, nalo luveze izimanga. Lo mkhiqizo, obizwa ngokuthi i-Off Clip-On, unamathela ezingutsheni futhi uqukethe i-metofluthrin yesigodlo sezinambuzane, ephinde inconywe yi-CDC. Idivayisi egqokwayo yenzelwe abantu abahlala endaweni eyodwa, njengabazali ababukele umdlalo we-softball. Umuntu ogqoka imaski uvula ifeni encane esebenza ngebhethri evuthela ifu elincane lenkungu exoshayo emoyeni ezungeze umuntu ogqokile. “Empeleni iyasebenza,” kusho uHansen, enezela ngokuthi iyasebenza ekuxosheni izinambuzane njenge-DEET noma uwoyela we-lemon eucalyptus.
Akuyona yonke imikhiqizo eletha imiphumela eyithembisayo. Ucwaningo lwango-2015 luthole ukuthi ama-patches e-vitamin B1 awazange aphumelele ekuxosheni omiyane. Ucwaningo lwango-2017 lwaluhlanganisa amakhandlela e-citronella phakathi kwemikhiqizo engazange ixoshe omiyane.
Ucwaningo lwamuva nje lubonise ukuthi amasongo namabhande okuthiwa ama-mind remotellant awaxoshi omiyane. Le mikhiqizo iqukethe amafutha ahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa i-citronella kanye ne-lemongrass.
“Ngike ngalunywa omiyane emabhengeleni engiwahlolile,” kusho uRodriguez. “Bakhangisa la mabhengele namabhandishi njengesivikelo kuZika [igciwane elithwalwa omiyane elingabangela ukukhubazeka okukhulu kokuzalwa kwabesifazane abakhulelwe], kodwa la mabhengele awasebenzi nhlobo.”
Amadivayisi e-Ultrasonic, akhipha amathoni abantu abangakwazi ukuwazwa kodwa abathengisi bathi omiyane bayawazonda, nawo awasebenzi. “Amadivayisi e-sonic esiwahlolile awazange abe nomthelela,” kusho uHansen. “Sike sahlola amanye amadivayisi ngaphambili. Ayengasebenzi. Abukho ubufakazi besayensi bokuthi omiyane bayaxoshwa umsindo.
Ochwepheshe bathi ngokuvamile kuhlakaniphile ukulandela imiyalelo yomkhiqizi. Uma abantu bezohlala ngaphandle ihora elilodwa noma amabili, kufanele basebenzise imikhiqizo equkethe amazinga aphansi e-DEET (ilebula ithi cishe amaphesenti ayi-10) ukuze bavikeleke. UDkt. Jorge Rey, umqondisi ophethe we-Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory eVero Beach, uthe uma abantu bezoba sezindaweni ezinehlathi, emahlathini, noma emaxhaphozini, kufanele basebenzise amazinga aphezulu e-DEET — amaphesenti angama-20 kuya kwangu-25 — futhi bashintshe cishe njalo emahoreni amane. “Uma amazinga aphezulu, kulapho ehlala khona isikhathi eside,” kusho uRey.
Futhi, landela imiyalelo yokulinganisa yomenzi. “Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi uma ilungile ngobuningi obuncane, ingcono nakakhulu ngobuningi,” kusho uDkt. William Reisen, uprofesa osethathe umhlalaphansi e-University of California, eDavis School of Veterinary Medicine. “Akudingeki ugeze ngalezi zinto.”
Lapho uRay eya ezindaweni ezigcwele izinambuzane, njenge-Everglades National Park yaseFlorida, ukuyokwenza ucwaningo, ugqoka izingubo zokuzivikela. “Sizogqoka amabhulukwe amade kanye namahembe anemikhono emide,” esho. “Uma kubi ngempela, sizofaka izigqoko ezinenethi ebusweni bethu. Sithembele ezingxenyeni zomzimba wethu eziveziwe ukuze sixoshe omiyane.” Lokho kungasho izandla zethu, intamo, nobuso. Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe bayeluleka ukuthi ungayifuthi ebusweni bakho. Ukuze ugweme ukucasuka kwamehlo, faka umuthi wokuxosha ezandleni zakho, bese uwugcoba ebusweni bakho.
Ungakhohlwa ngezinyawo zakho. Omiyane banokukhetha okuhlukile kokunuka. Omiyane abaningi, ikakhulukazi omiyane be-Aedes abathwala igciwane le-Zika, bathanda iphunga lezinyawo.
“Ukugqoka izimbadada akuwona umqondo omuhle,” kusho uRodriguez. Izicathulo namasokisi kubalulekile, futhi ukufaka amabhulukwe emasokisini noma ezicathulweni kuzosiza ekuvimbeleni omiyane ukuthi bangangeni ezingutsheni zakho. Ezindaweni ezigcwele omiyane, ugqoka amabhulukwe amade futhi akagqoki ibhulukwe le-yoga. “I-Spandex ilungele omiyane. Bayaluma kuyo. Ngigqoka amabhulukwe amakhulu kanye namahembe anemikhono emide bese ngigqoka i-DEET.”
Omiyane bangaluma nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sosuku, kodwa umiyane i-Aedes aegypti othwala igciwane leZika ukhetha amahora asekuseni nakusihlwa, kusho uStrickman. Uma kungenzeka, hlala endlini enezikrini zamafasitela noma umoya opholile phakathi nalezi zikhathi.
Ngenxa yokuthi lawa ma-mouse azalela emanzini amile ezitsheni ezifana nezimbiza zezimbali, amathayi amadala, amabhakede kanye namathini kadoti, abantu kufanele basuse noma yiziphi izindawo zamanzi amile ezizungezile. “Amachibi okubhukuda ayamukeleka uma nje engashiywa,” kusho uRay. Amakhemikhali asetshenziselwa ukwenza amachibi aphephe nawo angaxosha omiyane. Kudingeka ukuqapha eduze ukuthola zonke izindawo zokuzalela omiyane. “Ngibone omiyane bezalela emanzini eduze kwezinki noma phansi kwengilazi abantu abawasebenzisa ukuxubha amazinyo abo,” kusho uStrickman. Ukuhlanza izindawo zamanzi amile kunganciphisa kakhulu inani lomiyane.
Uma abantu abaningi benza lokhu kuhlanza okuyisisekelo, kuzoba nomiyane abambalwa. “Kungase kungabi okuphelele, kodwa inani lomiyane lizoncipha kakhulu,” kusho uStrickman.
UHansen uthe ilabhorethri yakhe isebenza ngobuchwepheshe bokubulala omiyane besilisa ngemisebe bese bebadedela endaweni ezungezile. Umiyane wesilisa uhlangana nowesifazane, bese owesifazane ebeka amaqanda, kodwa amaqanda awachanyuselwa. Lobu buchwepheshe buzogxila ezinhlotsheni ezithile, njengomiyane i-Aedes aegypti, osakaza iZika, umkhuhlane we-dengue nezinye izifo.
Ithimba lososayensi baseMassachusetts lisebenza ngomuthi wokuxosha omiyane ozohlala esikhumbeni futhi uhlale amahora noma ngisho nezinsuku, kusho uDkt. Abrar Karan, udokotela eBrigham and Women's Hospital. Ungomunye wabasunguli be-Hour72+, umuthi wokuxosha othi awungeni esikhumbeni noma ungene egazini, kodwa ungasebenzi kuphela ngenxa yokuphuma kwesikhumba ngokwemvelo.
Kulo nyaka, i-Hour72+ iwine umklomelo omkhulu we-Dubilier ongu-$75,000 emncintiswaneni waminyaka yonke we-Harvard Business School. UKaran uhlela ukwenza ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kwale prototype, engakatholakali kwezentengiselwano, ukuze abone ukuthi ingasebenza isikhathi esingakanani ngempumelelo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Mashi-17-2025