Ukuphathwa kwezinambuzane nezifo kubalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo, kuvikela izitshalo ezinambuzaneni nasezifweni eziyingozi. Izinhlelo zokulawula ezisekelwe emkhawulweni, ezisebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane kuphela lapho ubuningi bezinambuzane nezifo budlula umkhawulo onqunyiwe, zinganciphisaisibulala-zinambuzaneukusetshenziswa. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kahle kwalezi zinhlelo akucaci futhi kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ukuze sihlole umthelela obanzi wezinhlelo zokulawula ezisekelwe emkhawulweni ezilokazaneni zezolimo ze-arthropod, senze ukuhlaziywa kwezifundo ezingu-126, okuhlanganisa izivivinyo ezingu-466 ezitshalweni ezingu-34, siqhathanisa izinhlelo ezisekelwe emkhawulweni nezisekelwe ekhalendeni (okungukuthi, zamasonto onke noma ezingezona izinhlobo ezithile)ukulawulwa kwezibulala-zinambuzaneizinhlelo kanye/noma izilawuli ezingalashwanga. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezisekelwe ekhalendeni, izinhlelo ezisekelwe emkhawulweni zinciphise ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngo-44% kanye nezindleko ezihambisana nazo ngo-40%, ngaphandle kokuthinta ukusebenza kahle kokulawulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo noma isivuno sesivuno sisonke. Izinhlelo ezisekelwe emkhawulweni nazo zandise inani lezinambuzane ezizuzisayo futhi zafinyelela amazinga afanayo okulawula izifo ezithwalwa yi-arthropod njengezinhlelo ezisekelwe ekhalendeni. Njengoba kunikezwe ububanzi nokuvumelana kwalezi zinzuzo, kudingeka ukwesekwa okwengeziwe kwezepolitiki kanye nezezimali ukukhuthaza ukwamukelwa kwale ndlela yokulawula kwezolimo.
Amakhemikhali ezolimo alawula ukuphathwa kwezinambuzane nezifo kwanamuhla. Ikakhulukazi, izibulala-zinambuzane ziphakathi kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo, ezibalelwa cishe ingxenye yesine yokuthengiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane emhlabeni jikelele.1Ngenxa yokuthi kulula ukuyisebenzisa kanye nemiphumela yayo ebalulekile, izibulala-zinambuzane zivame ukuthandwa ngabaphathi bamapulazi. Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngawo-1960, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuye kwagxekwa kakhulu (izikhombo 2, 3). Izilinganiso zamanje zibonisa ukuthi ama-65% ezindawo zezitshalo emhlabeni wonke asengozini yokungcoliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane.4Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuhlotshaniswa nemiphumela emibi eminingi, eminingi yayo edlula indawo yokusetshenziswa; isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane okwandisiwe kuye kwahlotshaniswa nokwehla kwenani lezinhlobo zezilwane eziningi.5, 6, 7Ikakhulukazi, izinambuzane ezithulula impova ziye zabhekana nokwehla okukhulu ngokusetshenziswa okwandayo kwezibulala-zinambuzane.8,9Ezinye izinhlobo, okuhlanganisa nezinyoni ezidla izinambuzane, zibonise ukuthambekela okufanayo, kanti izinombolo zehla ngo-3-4% minyaka yonke ngenxa yokusetshenziswa okwandayo kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid.10Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezibulala-zinambuzane okuqhubekayo, ikakhulukazi i-neonicotinoids, kubikezelwa ukuthi kuzoholela ekuqothulweni kwezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-200 ezisengozini.11Akumangazi ukuthi le miphumela iholele ekulahlekelweni kwemisebenzi ezinhlelweni zezolimo. Imiphumela emibi ebhalwe phansi kakhulu ifaka phakathi ukwehla kwezinto eziphilayo.ukulawula12,13futhiukupolisha impova14,15,16. Le miphumela ishukumisele ohulumeni nabathengisi ukuthi basebenzise izindlela zokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane (isb., uMthethonqubo Wokusetshenziswa Okusimeme Kwemikhiqizo Yokuvikela Izitshalo we-EU).
Imiphumela emibi yezibulala-zinambuzane ingancishiswa ngokubeka imingcele yobuningi bezinambuzane. Izinhlelo zokufaka izibulala-zinambuzane ezisekelwe emkhawulweni zibalulekile ekuphathweni kwezinambuzane okuhlanganisiwe (i-IPM). Umqondo we-IPM wahlongozwa okokuqala nguStern et al. ku195917futhi yaziwa ngokuthi “umqondo ohlanganisiwe.” I-IPM icabanga ukuthi ukuphathwa kwezinambuzane kusekelwe ekusebenzeni kahle kwezomnotho: izindleko zokulawulwa kwezinambuzane kufanele zinciphise ukulahlekelwa okubangelwa yizinambuzane. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinambuzane kufanele kubeukulinganiselangesivuno esitholwe ngokulawula izinambuzane.18 Ngakho-ke, uma isivuno sezentengiselwano singathinteki, isivunoukulahlekelwangenxa yezinambuzane kuyamukeleka. Le mibono yezomnotho isekelwe amamodeli ezibalo kuiminyaka yama-1980.19,20Empeleni, lo mqondo usetshenziswa ngendlela yemingcele yezomnotho, okungukuthi, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuyadingeka kuphela lapho kufinyelelwa khona inani elithile lezinambuzane noma izinga lomonakalo.21 Abacwaningi kanye nochwepheshe bokuphathwa kwezinambuzane bahlala bebheka imingcele yezomnotho njengesisekelo sokusetshenziswa kwe-IPM. Izinhlelo zokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezisekelwe emkhawulweni zinikeza izinzuzo eziningi: ukwanda kwesivuno, izindleko zokukhiqiza ezincishisiwe, kanyekuncishisiweimiphumela engaqondile.22,23 Kodwa-ke, ubukhulu balokhu kunciphisakuyahlukahlukakuye ngokuthi yiziphi izinto eziguquguqukayo ezifana nohlobo lwezinambuzane, uhlelo lokutshala, kanye nendawo yokukhiqiza.24 Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane okusekelwe kumkhawulo kwakha isisekelo sokuphathwa kwezinambuzane okuhlanganisiwe (i-IPM), ikhono laso lokuthuthukisa ukuqina kwezinhlelo zezolimo emhlabeni wonke lisaqondakala kahle. Ngenkathi izifundo zangaphambilini ziqinisekisile ngokuvamile ukuthi izinhlelo ezisekelwe kumkhawulo zinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezisekelwe kukhalenda, lokhu kukodwa akwanele ukuqonda ngokujulile umthelela wazo obanzi ekuqineni. Kulolu cwaningo, sihlole izinhlelo zokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezisekelwe kumkhawulo sisebenzisa ukuhlaziywa okuphelele, silinganisa ngokuhlelekile ukuncipha kokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukusimama kwayo ekugcineni isivuno sezitshalo nokukhuthaza impilo yezinhlobo eziwusizo ze-arthropod kanye nezinhlelo zezolimo kuzo zonke izinhlelo ezahlukene zokulima. Ngokuxhumanisa ngqo imikhawulo nezinkomba eziningana zokusimama, imiphumela yethu ithuthukisa inkolelo-mbono kanye nomkhuba we-IPM ngale kokuqonda kwendabuko, iwuveza njengesu eliqinile lokufeza ibhalansi phakathi kokukhiqiza kwezolimo nokuphathwa kwemvelo.
Amarekhodi ahlonzwe ngokusebenzisa ukusesha kwesizindalwazi kanye neminye imithombo, ahlolwa ukuthi ayasebenza yini, ahlolwa ukuthi ayafaneleka yini, futhi ekugcineni ancishiselwa ezifundweni ezingu-126, ezafakwa ekuhlaziyweni kokugcina kwe-quantitative meta.
Ezifundweni ezineziphambeko ezijwayelekile ezaziwayo, amafomula alandelayo 1 no-2 asetshenziswa ukulinganisa isilinganiso selogi kanye nokuphambuka okujwayelekile okuhambisanayo 25.
Imingcele yezomnotho idlala indima ebalulekile emqondweni wokuphathwa kwezinambuzane okuhlanganisiwe (i-IPM), futhi abacwaningi sebebike isikhathi eside ngezinzuzo ezinhle zezinhlelo zokufaka izibulala-zinambuzane ezisekelwe ku-threshold. Ucwaningo lwethu lukhombisile ukuthi ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane ze-arthropod kubalulekile ezinhlelweni eziningi, njengoba izifundo ezingama-94% zibonisa ukwehla kwesivuno sezitshalo ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngokuhlakanipha kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni intuthuko yezolimo eqhubekayo yesikhathi eside. Sithole ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okusekelwe ku-threshold kulawula ngempumelelo umonakalo we-arthropod ngaphandle kokunciphisa isivuno sezitshalo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo zokufaka izibulala-zinambuzane ezisekelwe kukhalenda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa okusekelwe ku-threshold kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngaphezu kwama-40%.OkunyeUkuhlolwa okukhulu kwamaphethini okusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane emapulazini aseFrance kanye nokuhlolwa kokulawulwa kwezifo zezitshalo kubonise nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kungancishiswa ngokuthi40-50% ngaphandle kokuthinta isivuno. Le miphumela igcizelela isidingo sokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwemingcele emisha yokuphathwa kwezinambuzane kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwezinsiza zokukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwazo kabanzi. Njengoba ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wezolimo kukhuphuka, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuzoqhubeka nokusongela izinhlelo zemvelo, okuhlanganisa nokuzwela kakhulu futhi okuwusizo.izindawo zokuhlalaKodwa-ke, ukwamukelwa kabanzi kanye nokuqaliswa kwezinhlelo zokuvimbela izibulala-zinambuzane kunganciphisa le miphumela, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise ukusimama kanye nobungane bezolimo emvelweni.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-25-2025