Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo kubalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo, ukuvikela izitshalo ezinambuzaneni nasezifweni eziyingozi. Izinhlelo zokulawula ezisekelwe e-Threshold, ezisebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane kuphela lapho ukuminyana kwezinambuzane nezifo kudlula isilinganiso esinqunyiwe, zinganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane. Nokho, ukusebenza kwalezi zinhlelo akucacile futhi kuyehluka kakhulu. Ukuhlola umthelela obanzi wezinhlelo zokulawula ezisekelwe emngceleni kuzinambuzane zezolimo ze-arthropod, senze ukuhlaziywa kwemeta kwezifundo ezingu-126, okuhlanganisa ukuhlola okungu-466 ezitshalweni ezingu-34, siqhathanisa izinhlelo ezisekelwe emngceleni nekhalenda esekelwe (okungukuthi, ngeviki noma okungezona uhlobo oluthile) izinhlelo zokulawula izibulala-zinambuzane kanye/noma izinhlelo zokulawula izibulala-zinambuzane. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezisekelwe ekhalendeni, izinhlelo ezisekelwe emikhawulweni zinciphise ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngo-44% kanye nezindleko ezihambisanayo ngo-40%, ngaphandle kokuthikameze ukusebenza kokulawula izinambuzane nezifo noma isivuno sesitshalo sonke. Izinhlelo ezisekelwe e-Threshold nazo zandisa izinambuzane ezinenzuzo futhi zazuza amazinga afanayo okulawula izifo ezithwalwa yi-arthropod njengezinhlelo ezisekelwe ekhalendeni. Uma kubhekwa ububanzi kanye nokungaguquguquki kwalezi zinzuzo, ukusekelwa okwengeziwe kwezombusazwe kanye nezezimali kuyadingeka ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukwamukelwa kwale ndlela yokulawula kwezolimo.
Amarekhodi akhonjwe ngedathabheyisi nokunye ukusesha kwemithombo, ahlolelwa ukuhambisana, ahlolelwa ukufaneleka, futhi ekugcineni ancishiswa abe yizifundo eziyi-126, ezifakwe ekuhlaziyweni kokugcina kwe-meta-quantitative.
Akuzona zonke izifundo ezibikiwe ngezindlela nokuhluka; ngakho-ke, sibale i-coefficient emaphakathi yokuhluka ukuze silinganisele ukuhluka kweloguisilinganiso.25Ocwaningweni olunokuchezuka okujwayelekile okungaziwa, sisebenzise i-Equation 4 ukuze silinganisele isilinganiso selogi ne-Equation 5 ukuze silinganise ukuchezuka okujwayelekile okuhambisanayo. Inzuzo yale ndlela ukuthi noma ngabe ukuchezuka okujwayelekile okulinganiselwe kwe-lnRR kushoda, kusengafakwa kuhlaziyo lwe-meta ngokubala ukuchezuka okujwayelekile okungekho kusetshenziswa i-coefficient enesisindo yokuhluka okuvela ezifundweni ezibika ngokuchezuka okujwayelekile.
Ocwaningweni olunokuchezuka okujwayelekile okwaziwayo, amafomula alandelayo 1 no-2 asetshenziselwa ukulinganisa isilinganiso selogi kanye nokuchezuka okujwayelekile okuhambisanayo okungu-25.
Ocwaningweni olunokuchezuka okujwayelekile okungaziwa, amafomula alandelayo 3 no-4 asetshenziselwa ukulinganisa isilinganiso selogi kanye nokuchezuka okujwayelekile okuhambisanayo okungu-25.
Ithebula 1 lethula izilinganiso zamaphoyinti ezilinganiso, amaphutha ajwayelekile ahlotshaniswayo, izikhawu zokuzethemba, namavelu we-p wesilinganiso ngasinye nokuqhathanisa. Iziqephu zamafaneli zakhiwa ukuze kunqunywe ukuba khona kwe-asymmetry yezinyathelo okukhulunywa ngazo (Umfanekiso Owengeziwe 1). Amanani Okwengeza 2–7 aveza izilinganiso zezinyathelo okukhulunywa ngazo ocwaningweni ngalunye.
Imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana nomklamo wocwaningo ingatholakala kusifinyezo sombiko Wephothifoliyo Yemvelo exhunywe kulesi sihloko.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi asitholanga neze umehluko obalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezisekelwe emngceleni phakathi kwezitshalo ezikhethekile nezivamile zamamethrikhi angukhiye afana nokulawula izinambuzane nezifo, isivuno, izinzuzo zezomnotho, nomthelela ezinambuzaneni ezinenzuzo. Lo mphumela awumangalisi uma kubhekwa ukuthi, ngokombono webhayoloji, izinhlelo zokufaka izibulala-zinambuzane ezisekelwe emngceleni azihlukani kakhulu phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zezitshalo. Umehluko phakathi kwezitshalo ezijwayelekile nezikhethekile usukela ezicini zezomnotho kanye/noma ezilawulayo, kunezemvelo. Lo mehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo zezitshalo kungenzeka ukuthi ube nomthelela emikhubeni yokulawulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo kunemiphumela yebhayoloji yokufakwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezisekelwe emngceleni. Isibonelo, izitshalo eziyisipesheli ngokuvamile zinezindleko eziphakeme zeyunithi ngehektha ngalinye futhi ngenxa yalokho zidinga izindinganiso zekhwalithi eziqinile, ezingase zikhuthaze abalimi ukuthi basebenzise izibulala-zinambuzane ngokuvimbela ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngezinambuzane nezifo ezingandile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-acreage amakhulu ezilimo ezivamile enza ukuqapha izinambuzane nezifo kuthathe kakhulu abasebenzi, kunciphise ukuba nokwenzeka kokuqaliswa kwezinhlelo zokufaka izibulala-zinambuzane ezisekelwe emngceleni. Ngakho-ke, zombili lezi zinhlelo zibhekana nokucindezela okuyingqayizivele okungahle kube lula noma kuvimbele ukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo zokufaka izibulala-zinambuzane ezisekelwe emngceleni. Njengoba cishe zonke izifundo ekuhlaziyweni kwethu kwe-meta zenziwe kuzilungiselelo lapho imikhawulo yezibulala-zinambuzane yayisusiwe, akumangazi ukuthi sibone amanani aqinile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo.
Ukuhlaziya kwethu kubonisa ukuthi izinhlelo zokulawula izibulala-zinambuzane ezisekelwe emikhawulweni zinganciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nezindleko ezihambisanayo, kodwa akukacaci ukuthi abakhiqizi bezolimo bayazuza ngempela yini kuzo. Izifundo ezifakwe ekuhlaziyweni kwethu kwemeta zihluke kakhulu ezincazelweni zazo zezinhlelo “ezijwayelekile” zokulawula izibulala-zinambuzane, kusukela kuzinqubo zesifunda kuya ezinhlelweni zekhalenda ezenziwe lula. Ngakho-ke, imiphumela emihle esiyibikayo lapha ingase ingabonisi ngokugcwele okuhlangenwe nakho kwangempela kwabakhiqizi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nakuba sibhale phansi ukonga kwezindleko okuphawulekayo ngenxa yokuncipha kokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, izifundo zokuqala ngokuvamile azizange zicabangele izindleko zokuhlola insimu. Ngakho-ke, izinzuzo zezomnotho zizonke zezinhlelo zokuphatha ezisekelwe kumkhawulo zingase zibe ngaphansi kancane kunemiphumela yokuhlaziya kwethu. Nokho, zonke izifundo ezibike izindleko zokuhlolwa kwenkambu zibhale phansi izindleko zokukhiqiza ezincishisiwe ngenxa yokuncipha kwezindleko zezibulala-zinambuzane. Ukuqapha okujwayelekile kanye nokuhlolwa kwenkundla kungaba inselele kubakhiqizi abamatasa nabaphathi bamapulazi (I-US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004).
Imikhawulo yezomnotho idlala indima ebalulekile kumqondo wokulawulwa kwezinambuzane okudidiyelwe (IPM), futhi abacwaningi sekuyisikhathi eside babika izinzuzo ezinhle zezinhlelo zokufaka izibulala-zinambuzane ezisekelwe emngceleni. Ucwaningo lwethu lubonise ukuthi ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane ze-arthropod kubalulekile kumasistimu amaningi, njengoba u-94% wocwaningo lubonisa ukuncipha kwesivuno ngaphandle kokufaka isibulala-zinambuzane. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngobuhlakani kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni intuthuko yezolimo esimeme isikhathi eside. Sithole ukuthi uhlelo lokusebenza olusekelwe emngceleni lulawula ngempumelelo ukulimala kwe-arthropod ngaphandle kokudela isivuno sezitshalo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo zokufaka izibulala-zinambuzane ezisekelwe ekhalendeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa okusekelwe emikhawulweni kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngaphezu kwama-40%.Okunyeukuhlolwa okukhulu kwamaphethini okusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane emapulazini aseFrance nasezivivinyweni zokulawula izifo zezitshalo nakho kubonise ukuthi ukufakwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kungancishiswa40-50% ngaphandle kokuthinta isivuno. Le miphumela igqamisa isidingo sokuqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa kwemikhawulo emisha yokulawulwa kwezinambuzane kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwezinsiza ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwazo kabanzi. Njengoba ukwanda kokusetshenziswa komhlaba wezolimo, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuzoqhubeka nokusongela izinhlelo zemvelo, okuhlanganisa nokuzwela kakhulu nokubalulekileizindawo zokuhlala. Kodwa-ke, ukwamukelwa okubanzi kanye nokuqaliswa kwezinhlelo zokuvimbela izibulala-zinambuzane kunganciphisa le mithelela, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise ukusimama kanye nobungane bemvelo kwezolimo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-04-2025