Ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kokudla kuyadingeka ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zabantu bomhlaba. Mayelana nalokhu, izibulala-zinambuzane ziyingxenye ebalulekile yezinqubo zesimanje zokulima okuhloswe ngazo ukwandisa isivuno sezitshalo. Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa kwezolimo kukhonjiswe ukuthi kubangela ukungcoliswa kwemvelo okukhulu kanye nezinkinga zempilo yabantu. Izibulala-zinambuzane zinganqwabelana kulwelwesi lwamangqamuzana omuntu futhi ziphazamise ukusebenza komuntu ngokuthintana ngokuqondile noma ngokudla ukudla okungcolile, okuyimbangela ebalulekile yezinkinga zempilo.
Imingcele ye-cytogenetic esetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo ibonise iphethini engaguquki ebonisa ukuthi i-omethoate inemiphumela ye-genotoxic kanye ne-cytotoxic ku-onion meristems. Nakuba kungekho bufakazi obucacile bemiphumela ye-genotoxic ye-omethoate ku-anyanisi ezincwadini ezikhona, inani elikhulu lezifundo liye laphenya imiphumela ye-genotoxic ye-omethoate kwezinye izinto eziphilayo zokuhlola. UDolara et al. ibonise ukuthi i-omethoate yenze ukwanda okuncike kumthamo enanini lokuhwebelana kwe-chromatid kadadewabo kuma-lymphocyte abantu ku-vitro. Ngokufanayo, u-Arteaga-Gómez et al. ibonise ukuthi i-omethoate inciphise ukusebenza kwamaseli kuma-keratinocyte e-HaCaT namaseli e-bronchial e-NL-20, futhi umonakalo we-genotoxic wahlolwa kusetshenziswa i-comet assay. Ngokufanayo, uWang et al. ibone ukwanda kwe-telomere ubude kanye nokwanda kokungenwa komdlavuza kubasebenzi abavezwe yi-omethoate. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekusekeleni ucwaningo lwamanje, u-Ekong et al. ibonise ukuthi i-omethoate (i-oxygen analogue ye-omethoate) ibangele ukwehla kwe-MI ku-A. cepa futhi yabangela ukuguqulwa kweseli, ukugcinwa kwe-chromosome, ukuhlukana kwe-chromosome, ukunwetshwa kwe-nuclear, ukuguguleka kwe-nuclear, ukuvuthwa kwe-chromosome ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ukuhlangana kwe-metaphase, ukufiphala kwe-nuclear, i-anaphase-stick kanye ne-anaphase amabhuloho anaphase. Ukwehla kwamanani e-MI ngemva kokwelashwa kwe-omethoate kungase kube ngenxa yokuncipha kokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli noma ukwehluleka kwamaseli ukuqedela umjikelezo we-mitotic. Ngokuphambene, ukwanda kokungajwayelekile kwe-MN ne-chromosomal kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwe-DNA kubonise ukuthi ukwehla kwamanani e-MI kuhlobene ngqo nomonakalo we-DNA. Phakathi kokungajwayelekile kwe-chromosomal okutholwe ocwaningweni lwamanje, ama-chromosome anamathelayo ayevame kakhulu. Lokhu kungavamile, okunobuthi obukhulu futhi obungenakuhlehliswa, kubangelwa ukunamathela ngokomzimba kwamaprotheni e-chromosomal noma ukuphazamiseka kwe-nucleic acid metabolism engqamuzaneni. Kungenjalo, kungase kubangelwe ukuhlakazeka kwamaprotheni afaka i-chromosomal DNA, okungase ekugcineni kuholele ekufeni kweseli42. Ama-chromosome amahhala aphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka kube ne-aneuploidy43. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhuloho e-chromosomal akhiwa ukuphuka nokuhlanganiswa kwama-chromosome nama-chromatids. Ukwakhiwa kwezingcezu ngokuqondile kuholela ekwakhiweni kwe-MN, ehambisana nemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-comet esifundweni samanje. Ukusabalalisa okungalingani kwe-chromatin kungenxa yokwehluleka kokuhlukaniswa kwe-chromatid esigabeni se-mitotic sekwephuzile, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwama-chromosomes amahhala44. Indlela eqondile ye-omethoate genotoxicity ayicacile; noma kunjalo, njenge-pesticide ye-organophosphorus, ingase ihlanganyele nezingxenye zeselula ezifana ne-nucleobases noma ibangele ukulimala kwe-DNA ngokukhiqiza izinhlobo ze-oxygen esebenzayo (ROS)45. Ngakho-ke, izibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus zingabangela ukunqwabelana kwama-radicals mahhala asebenzayo ahlanganisa i-O2-, i-H2O2, ne-OH-, engasabela ngezisekelo ze-DNA ezintweni eziphilayo, ngaleyo ndlela ibangele ukulimala kwe-DNA ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile. Lezi zi-ROS nazo ziboniswe ukuthi zonakalisa ama-enzyme nezakhiwo ezihilelekile ekuphindaphindeni nasekulungiseni i-DNA. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus zithola inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ye-metabolic ngemva kokungenwa ngabantu, zixhumana nama-enzyme amaningi. Baphakamisa ukuthi lokhu kusebenzisana kuholela ekubandakanyekeni kwama-enzyme ahlukahlukene kanye nezakhi zofuzo ezifaka ama-enzymes emiphumeleni ye-genotoxic ye-omethoate40. UDing et al.46 babike ukuthi izisebenzi ezivezwe i-omethoate zandise ubude be-telomere, obuhlotshaniswa nomsebenzi we-telomerase kanye ne-polymorphism yofuzo. Nokho, nakuba ukuhlobana phakathi kwe-omethoate DNA yokulungisa ama-enzyme kanye ne-polymorphism yofuzo kuye kwacaciswa kubantu, lo mbuzo uhlala ungaxazululiwe ezitshalweni.
Izindlela zokuvikela amaselula ngokumelene nezinhlobo ze-oxygen esebenzayo (ROS) zithuthukiswa hhayi kuphela ngezinqubo ze-enzymatic antioxidant kodwa futhi nezinqubo ze-antioxidant ezingezona ze-enzymatic, lapho i-proline yamahhala iyi-antioxidant ebalulekile engeyona i-enzymatic ezitshalweni. Amazinga e-proline afika izikhathi eziyi-100 ephakeme kunamanani avamile abonwa ezitshalweni ezicindezelekile56. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ihambisana nemiphumela33 ebike amazinga aphezulu e-proline ezitshalweni zikakolweni ezifakwe i-omethoate. Ngokufanayo, u-Srivastava no-Singh57 baphinde babona ukuthi i-organophosphate insecticide malathion yandisa amazinga e-proline ku-anyanisi (A. cepa) futhi yandisa imisebenzi ye-superoxide dismutase (SOD) kanye ne-catalase (CAT), inciphisa ubuqotho be-membrane futhi ibangele ukulimala kwe-DNA. I-Proline iyi-amino acid engabalulekile ebandakanyeka ezindleleni ezihlukahlukene ze-physiological ezihlanganisa ukwakheka kwesakhiwo samaprotheni, ukuzimisela ukusebenza kwamaprotheni, ukugcinwa kwe-cell redox homeostasis, i-singlet oxygen kanye ne-hydroxyl radical scavenging, ukugcinwa kwebhalansi ye-osmotic, kanye nokubonakaliswa kwamaseli57. Ukwengeza, i-proline ivikela ama-enzyme e-antioxidant, ngaleyo ndlela igcine ubuqotho besakhiwo solwelwesi lwamaseli58. Ukwanda kwamazinga e-proline ku-anyanisi ngemva kokuchayeka kwe-omethoate kuphakamisa ukuthi umzimba usebenzisa i-proline njenge-superoxide dismutase (SOD) ne-catalase (CAT) ukuvikela ubuthi obubangelwa yizinambuzane. Kodwa-ke, ngokufanayo nesistimu ye-antioxidant ye-enzymatic, i-proline iboniswe ukuthi ayenele ukuvikela amangqamuzana ezimpande zika-anyanisi ekulimaleni kwezinambuzane.
Ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi kubonise ukuthi azikho izifundo ngomonakalo we-anatomical wezimpande zezitshalo ezibangelwa ama-insecticide e-omethoate. Nokho, imiphumela yocwaningo lwangaphambilini kwamanye ama-insecticide ihambisana nemiphumela yalolu cwaningo. I-Çavuşoğlu et al.67 ibike ukuthi ama-insecticide e-thiamethoxam ebanzi abangela ukulimala kwe-anatomical ezimpandeni zika-anyanisi ezifana ne-cell necrosis, izicubu ze-vascular ezingacacile, ukuguqulwa kwamaseli, ungqimba lwe-epidermal olungacacile, nokuma okungavamile kwe-meristem nuclei. U-Tütüncü et al.68 ubonise ukuthi imithamo emithathu ehlukene yezibulala-zinambuzane ze-methiocarb ibangele i-necrosis, ukulimala kwamangqamuzana e-epidermal, nokuqina kodonga lwe-cortical cell ezimpandeni zika-anyanisi. Kolunye ucwaningo, u-Kalefetoglu Makar36 wathola ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-avermectin ngemithamo engu-0.025 ml/L, 0.050 ml/L kanye no-0.100 ml/L kubangele izicubu zokuziphatha ezingachazwanga, ukuwohloka kwamangqamuzana e-epidermal kanye nomonakalo wenuzi owenziwe isicaba ezimpandeni zika-anyanisi. Impande iyindawo yokungena yamakhemikhali ayingozi ukuthi angene esitshalweni futhi iyindawo eyinhloko esengozini kakhulu emiphumeleni enobuthi. Ngokwemiphumela ye-MDA yocwaningo lwethu, ukucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative kungaholela ekulimaleni kolwelwesi lwamaseli. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi uhlelo lwempande luphinde lube indlela yokuqala yokuzivikela ezingozini ezinjalo69. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi umonakalo obonwe kumaseli ezimpande ze-meristem ungase ube ngenxa yendlela yokuzivikela yalawa maseli evimbela ukutholwa kwesibulala-zinambuzane. Ukwanda kwamaseli e-epidermal kanye ne-cortical okubonwe kulolu cwaningo kungenzeka kube umphumela wesitshalo sokunciphisa ukumuncwa kwamakhemikhali. Lokhu kwanda kungase kubangele ukucindezelwa ngokomzimba kanye nokuguqulwa kwamaseli nama-nuclei. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-70 kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi izitshalo zingase ziqongelele amakhemikhali athile ukuze anciphise ukungena kwezibulala-zinambuzane emangqamuzaneni. Lesi senzakalo singachazwa njengoshintsho oluguquguqukayo kumangqamuzana ezicubu ze-cortical kanye ne-vascular, lapho amangqamuzana eqinisa izindonga zawo zamangqamuzana ngezinto ezifana ne-cellulose ne-suberin ukuze avimbele i-omethoate ukuthi ingangeni ezimpandeni.71 Ngaphezu kwalokho, umonakalo wenuzi owenziwe isicaba ungase ube umphumela wokucindezelwa ngokomzimba kwamangqamuzana noma ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative okuthinta ulwelwesi lwe-nuclear ngenxa yokulimala okubangelwa ukuchithwa kwe-omethoate.
I-Omethoate iyisibulala-zinambuzane esisebenza kahle kakhulu esisetshenziswa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka. Kodwa-ke, njengezinye izibulala-zinambuzane eziningi ze-organophosphate, ukukhathazeka kusasele mayelana nomthelela wayo endaweni ezungezile nempilo yabantu. Lolu cwaningo beluhlose ukugcwalisa lesi sikhala solwazi ngokuhlola kabanzi imiphumela eyingozi yezibulala-zinambuzane ze-omethoate esitshalweni esivame ukuvivinywa, i-A. cepa. Ku-A. cepa, ukuchayeka kwe-omethoate kubangele ukukhubazeka kokukhula, imiphumela ye-genotoxic, ukulahlekelwa ubuqotho be-DNA, ukucindezelwa kwe-oxidative, kanye nokulimala kweseli kumsuka we-meristem. Imiphumela yagqamisa imithelela engemihle yezibulala-zinambuzane ze-omethoate ezintweni ezingahlosiwe. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombisa isidingo sokuqapha okukhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-omethoate, ukulinganisa okunembe kakhudlwana, ukwanda kokuqwashisa phakathi kwabalimi, kanye nemithetho eqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le miphumela izonikeza isiqalo esibalulekile socwaningo oluphenya imiphumela yezinambuzane ze-omethoate ezinhlotsheni ezingahlosiwe.
Izifundo zokuhlola kanye nezifundo zensimu zezitshalo nezingxenye zazo (ama-anyanisi ama-bulb), okuhlanganisa ukuqoqwa kwezinto zezitshalo, zenziwa ngokuhambisana nemithetho nemithethonqubo efanelekile yesikhungo, kazwelonke kanye neyamazwe ngamazwe.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-04-2025