Ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kokudla kuyadingeka ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zabantu emhlabeni. Kulokhu, izibulala-zinambuzane ziyingxenye ebalulekile yemikhuba yezolimo yesimanje ehlose ukwandisa isivuno sezitshalo. Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa kwezolimo kuye kwabonakala kubangela ukungcola okukhulu kwemvelo nezinkinga zempilo yabantu. Izibulala-zinambuzane zinganqwabelana emzimbeni womuntu futhi ziphazamise imisebenzi yabantu ngokuxhumana ngqo noma ukudla ukudla okungcolile, okuyimbangela ebalulekile yezinkinga zempilo.
Amapharamitha e-cytogenetic asetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo abonise iphethini ehambisanayo ekhombisa ukuthi i-omethoate inemiphumela ye-genotoxic kanye ne-cytotoxic kuma-onion meristems. Nakuba kungekho bufakazi obucacile bemiphumela ye-genotoxic ye-omethoate ku-anyanisi ezincwadini ezikhona, inani elikhulu lezifundo liphenye imiphumela ye-genotoxic ye-omethoate kwezinye izinto eziphilayo ezivivinywayo. UDolara et al. babonise ukuthi i-omethoate ibangele ukwanda okuncike kumthamo enanini lokushintshana kwe-chromatid odade kuma-lymphocyte abantu ku-vitro. Ngokufanayo, u-Arteaga-Gómez et al. babonise ukuthi i-omethoate yehlisa ukusebenza kwamaseli kuma-keratinocyte e-HaCaT namaseli e-bronchial abantu e-NL-20, kanye nomonakalo we-genotoxic wahlolwa kusetshenziswa i-comet assay. Ngokufanayo, u-Wang et al. babonile ubude be-telomere obukhuphukile kanye nokwanda kokuthambekela komdlavuza kubasebenzi abavezwe yi-omethoate. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekusekeleni lolu cwaningo, u-Ekong et al. kubonise ukuthi i-omethoate (i-oxygen analogue ye-omethoate) ibangele ukwehla kwe-MI ku-A. cepa futhi yabangela ukubola kweseli, ukugcinwa kwe-chromosome, ukuhlukana kwe-chromosome, ukunwebeka kwe-nucleus, ukuguguleka kwe-nucleus, ukuvuthwa kwe-chromosome ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-metaphase, ukuminyana kwe-nuclear, ukunamathela kwe-anaphase, kanye nokungajwayelekile kwamabhuloho e-c-metaphase kanye ne-anaphase. Ukwehla kwamanani e-MI ngemuva kokwelashwa kwe-omethoate kungase kubangelwe ukwehla kokuhlukaniswa kweseli noma ukwehluleka kwamaseli ukuqedela umjikelezo we-mitotic. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukwanda kokungajwayelekile kwe-MN kanye ne-chromosome kanye nokuhlukana kwe-DNA kubonise ukuthi ukwehla kwamanani e-MI kwakuhlobene ngqo nomonakalo we-DNA. Phakathi kokungajwayelekile kwe-chromosome okutholakale kulesi sifundo, ama-chromosome anamathelayo ayevame kakhulu. Lokhu kungajwayelekile, okunobuthi obukhulu futhi okungenakuguqulwa, kubangelwa ukunamathela ngokomzimba kwamaprotheni e-chromosome noma ukuphazamiseka kwe-metabolism ye-nucleic acid esitokisini. Ngaphandle kwalokho, kungabangelwa ukuqedwa kwamaprotheni ahlanganisa i-DNA ye-chromosome, okungagcina kuholele ekufeni kweseli42. Ama-chromosome amahhala asikisela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kube ne-aneuploidy43. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhuloho e-chromosome akhiwa ukuphuka nokuhlanganiswa kwama-chromosome nama-chromatids. Ukwakheka kwezingcezu kuholela ngqo ekwakhekeni kwe-MN, okuhambisana nemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-comet kulolu cwaningo. Ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani kwe-chromatin kungenxa yokwehluleka kokuhlukaniswa kwe-chromatid esigabeni se-mitotic sekwephuzile, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwama-chromosome amahhala44. Indlela eqondile yokutholakala kwe-genotoxicity ye-omethoate ayicaci; noma kunjalo, njengesibulala-zinambuzane se-organophosphorus, singase sixhumane nezingxenye zamaseli njenge-nucleobases noma sibangele umonakalo we-DNA ngokukhiqiza izinhlobo ze-oxygen ezisebenzayo (ROS)45. Ngakho-ke, izibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus zingabangela ukuqongelela kwama-free radicals asabela kakhulu kufaka phakathi i-O2−, i-H2O2, kanye ne-OH−, angasabela nezisekelo ze-DNA ezintweni eziphilayo, ngaleyo ndlela abangele umonakalo we-DNA ngqo noma ngokungaqondile. Lawa ma-ROS nawo abonakaliswe ukuthi alimaze ama-enzyme nezakhiwo ezihilelekile ekuphindaphindweni nasekulungisweni kwe-DNA. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus zidlula enkambisweni eyinkimbinkimbi ye-metabolic ngemva kokugwinywa ngabantu, zisebenzisana nama-enzyme amaningi. Baphakamisa ukuthi lokhu kusebenzisana kuphumela ekubandakanyekeni kwama-enzyme ahlukahlukene kanye nezakhi zofuzo ezifaka la ma-enzyme emiphumeleni enobuthi be-genothoate40. UDing et al.46 babike ukuthi abasebenzi abavezwe yi-omethoate babe nobude obukhuphukile be-telomere, obuhlotshaniswa nomsebenzi we-telomerase kanye ne-polymorphism yezakhi zofuzo. Kodwa-ke, yize ubudlelwano phakathi kwama-enzyme okulungisa i-DNA ye-omethoate kanye ne-polymorphism yezakhi zofuzo bucacisiwe kubantu, lo mbuzo awukaxazululwa ezitshalweni.
Izindlela zokuzivikela zamaseli ngokumelene nezinhlobo ze-oxygen ezisabelayo (i-ROS) azithuthukiswanga nje kuphela yizinqubo ze-enzyme antioxidant kodwa futhi nezinqubo ze-non-enzyme antioxidant, lapho i-proline yamahhala iyi-antioxidant ebalulekile engeyona i-enzyme ezitshalweni. Amazinga e-proline afinyelela ku-100 kunamanani ajwayelekile abonwe ezitshalweni ezicindezelekile56. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo iyahambisana nemiphumela33 ebike amazinga aphezulu e-proline ezitshalweni zikakolweni eziphathwe nge-omethoate. Ngokufanayo, uSrivastava noSingh57 baphinde baphawula ukuthi i-organophosphate insecticide malathion yandisa amazinga e-proline ku-anyanisi (A. cepa) futhi yandisa nemisebenzi ye-superoxide dismutase (SOD) kanye ne-catalase (CAT), kunciphisa ubuqotho be-membrane futhi kubangele ukulimala kwe-DNA. I-Proline iyi-amino acid engabalulekile ehilelekile ezindleleni ezahlukahlukene zomzimba okuhlanganisa ukwakheka kwesakhiwo seprotheni, ukunqunywa komsebenzi weprotheni, ukugcinwa kwe-homeostasis ye-redox yeselula, i-singlet oxygen kanye ne-hydroxyl radical scavenging, ukugcinwa kwebhalansi ye-osmotic, kanye nokubonisana kwamaseli57. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-proline ivikela ama-enzyme e-antioxidant, ngaleyo ndlela igcina ubuqotho besakhiwo se-membrane yamaseli58. Ukwanda kwamazinga e-proline ku-anyanisi ngemva kokuchayeka ku-omethoate kusikisela ukuthi umzimba usebenzisa i-proline njenge-superoxide dismutase (SOD) kanye ne-catalase (CAT) ukuvikela ubuthi obubangelwa yizinambuzane. Kodwa-ke, njengohlelo lwe-enzyme antioxidant, i-proline iboniswe ukuthi ayanele ukuvikela amaseli ezimpande ze-anyanisi ekulimaleni kwezinambuzane.
Ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi kukhombisile ukuthi azikho izifundo ngomonakalo we-anatomical wezimpande zezitshalo obangelwa yizibulala-zinambuzane ze-omethoate. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela yezifundo zangaphambilini kwezinye izibulala-zinambuzane iyahambisana nemiphumela yalolu cwaningo. U-Çavuşoğlu et al.67 babike ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane ze-thiamethoxam ezibanzi zibangele umonakalo we-anatomical ezimpandeni zika-anyanisi njenge-cell necrosis, izicubu zemithambo yegazi ezingacacile, ukuguquka kweseli, ungqimba lwe-epidermal olungacacile, kanye nesimo esingavamile se-meristem nuclei. UTütüncü et al.68 babonise ukuthi izilinganiso ezintathu ezahlukene zezibulala-zinambuzane ze-methiocarb zibangele i-necrosis, umonakalo weseli le-epidermal, kanye nokuqina kodonga lweseli le-cortical ezimpandeni zika-anyanisi. Kolunye ucwaningo, uKalefetoglu Makar36 uthole ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-avermectin kuzilinganiso ezingu-0.025 ml/L, 0.050 ml/L kanye no-0.100 ml/L kubangele izicubu eziqhubayo ezingachazwanga, ukuguquka kweseli le-epidermal kanye nomonakalo we-nuclear ophansi ezimpandeni zika-anyanisi. Impande iyindawo yokungena kwamakhemikhali ayingozi esitshalweni futhi iyindawo eyinhloko esengozini kakhulu yemiphumela enobuthi. Ngokusho kwemiphumela ye-MDA yocwaningo lwethu, ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative kungaholela ekulimaleni kwe-membrane yeseli. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi uhlelo lwempande luyindlela yokuqala yokuzivikela ezingozini ezinjalo69. Izifundo zibonise ukuthi umonakalo obonwe kumaseli e-root meristem ungase ubangelwe yindlela yokuzivikela yala maseli evimbela ukumuncwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane. Ukwanda kwamaseli e-epidermal kanye ne-cortical okubonwe kulolu cwaningo kungenzeka ukuthi kuwumphumela wokunciphisa ukumuncwa kwamakhemikhali kwesitshalo. Lokhu kwanda kungabangela ukucindezelwa ngokomzimba kanye nokuguqulwa kwamaseli kanye nama-nuclei. Ngaphezu kwalokho,70 kuphakanyiswe ukuthi izitshalo zingase ziqoqe amakhemikhali athile ukuze zinciphise ukungena kwezibulala-zinambuzane emaseli. Lesi simo singachazwa njengoshintsho oluguquguqukayo kumaseli ezicubu ze-cortical kanye nemithambo yegazi, lapho amaseli eqinisa izindonga zamaseli awo ngezinto ezifana ne-cellulose kanye ne-suberin ukuvimbela i-omethoate ukuthi ingangeni ezimpandeni.71 Ngaphezu kwalokho, umonakalo wenuzi oyisicaba ungase ube umphumela wokucindezelwa ngokomzimba kwamaseli noma ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative okuthinta ulwelwesi lwenuzi, noma kungase kube ngenxa yomonakalo wezinto zofuzo ezibangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwe-omethoate.
I-Omethoate iyisibulala-zinambuzane esisebenza kahle kakhulu esisetshenziswa kabanzi, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka. Kodwa-ke, njengakwezinye izibulala-zinambuzane eziningi ze-organophosphate, kusalokhu kukhathazekile mayelana nomthelela wayo emvelweni nasempilweni yabantu. Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukugcwalisa lesi sikhala solwazi ngokuhlola ngokuphelele imiphumela emibi yezibulala-zinambuzane ze-omethoate esitshalweni esivame ukuhlolwa, i-A. cepa. Ku-A. cepa, ukuchayeka kwe-omethoate kuholele ekubambezelekeni kokukhula, imiphumela enobuthi be-geno, ukulahlekelwa ubuqotho be-DNA, ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative, kanye nomonakalo wamaseli ezimpandeni ze-meristem. Imiphumela iqokomise imiphumela emibi yezibulala-zinambuzane ze-omethoate ezintweni eziphilayo ezingezona ezihlosiwe. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombisa isidingo sokuqapha okukhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-omethoate, umthamo oqondile, ulwazi olwandisiwe phakathi kwabalimi, kanye nemithetho eqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le miphumela izohlinzeka ngesiqalo esibalulekile socwaningo oluphenya imiphumela yezibulala-zinambuzane ze-omethoate ezinhlotsheni ezingezona ezihlosiwe.
Izifundo zokuhlola kanye nezifundo zasensimini zezitshalo nezingxenye zazo (ama-bulb ka-anyanisi), okuhlanganisa nokuqoqwa kwezinto zezitshalo, zenziwe ngokuhambisana nemigomo nemigomo efanele yezikhungo, kazwelonke kanye neyamazwe ngamazwe.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-04-2025