Iyini imiphumela ezinkampanini ezingena emakethe yaseBrazil ngemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo kanye nemikhuba emisha yokusekela izinqubomgomo

Imakethe yezinto ezifakwayo zezolimo zaseBrazil iqhubeke nokukhula okusheshayo eminyakeni yamuva nje. Ngenxa yokwanda kokuqwashisa ngokuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukuthandwa kwemibono yokulima esimeme, kanye nokusekelwa okuqinile kwenqubomgomo kahulumeni, iBrazil kancane kancane iba yisikhungo esibalulekile semakethe kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha zezinto ezifakwayo zezolimo ze-bio emhlabeni jikelele, iheha izinkampani ze-bio-global ukuthi ziqalise imisebenzi ezweni.

Isimo samanje semakethe yezibulala-zinambuzane eBrazil

Ngo-2023, indawo yokutshala izitshalo zaseBrazil yafinyelela kumahektha ayizigidi ezingu-81.82, lapho isivuno esikhulu kunazo zonke kuyisoya, esibalelwa ku-52% wendawo yonke etshaliwe, kulandele ummbila wasebusika, umoba kanye nommbila wasehlobo. Ezweni layo elikhulu elimekayo, iBrazilisibulala-zinambuzaneImakethe ifinyelele cishe ku-$20 billion (ukusetshenziswa kwezolimo kuphela) ngo-2023, kanti izibulala-zinambuzane zesoya zibalwa njengesabelo esikhulu kunazo zonke senani lemakethe (58%) kanye nemakethe ekhula ngokushesha eminyakeni emithathu edlule.

Isabelo semithi yokubulala izinambuzane eBrazil sisephansi kakhulu, kodwa sikhula ngokushesha okukhulu, sikhula kusuka ku-1% ngo-2018 saya ku-4% ngo-2023 eminyakeni emihlanu nje kuphela, ngesilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka esihlanganisiwe esingu-38%, sidlula kakhulu izinga lokukhula elingu-12% lemithi yokubulala izinambuzane yamakhemikhali.

Ngo-2023, imakethe ye-biopesticide yezwe yafinyelela inani lemakethe lamaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-800 ekupheleni komlimi. Phakathi kwazo, ngokwesigaba, ama-nematocide e-biological ayisigaba esikhulu somkhiqizo (esisetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-soybean kanye nomoba); Isigaba sesibili ngobukhulu yilesiizibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo, kulandelwe ama-microbial agents kanye nama-biocides; I-CAGR ephezulu kakhulu enanini lemakethe esikhathini sika-2018-2023 ingeyama-nematocides ezinto eziphilayo, afinyelela ku-52%. Ngokuphathelene nezitshalo ezisetshenziswayo, isabelo sama-soybean biopesticides kulo lonke inani lemakethe siphezulu kakhulu, sifinyelela ku-55% ngo-2023; Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-soybean nawo ayisitshalo esinezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokusetshenziswa kwama-biopesticides, lapho u-88% wendawo yaso etshaliwe esebenzisa imikhiqizo enjalo ngo-2023. Ummbila wasebusika kanye nomoba kuyisitshalo sesibili nesesithathu ngobukhulu enanini lemakethe ngokulandelana. Inani lemakethe lalezi zitshalo likhuphukile eminyakeni emithathu edlule.

Kukhona umehluko ezigabeni eziyinhloko zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane yalezi zitshalo ezibalulekile. Inani elikhulu kakhulu emakethe yemithi yokubulala izinambuzane yesoya yimithi yokubulala izinambuzane yebhayoloji, ebalelwa ku-43% ngo-2023. Izigaba ezibaluleke kakhulu ezisetshenziswa kummbila wasebusika kanye nommbila wasehlobo yimithi yokubulala izinambuzane yebhayoloji, ebalelwa ku-66% kanye no-75% wenani lemakethe yemithi yokubulala izinambuzane yebhayoloji ezinhlotsheni ezimbili zezitshalo, ngokulandelana (ikakhulukazi ukulawula izinambuzane ezilumayo). Isigaba esikhulu somkhiqizo womoba yimithi yokubulala izinambuzane yebhayoloji, ebalelwa ngaphezu kwengxenye yesabelo semakethe semithi yokubulala izinambuzane yebhayoloji yebhayoloji.

Ngokuphathelene nendawo yokusetshenziswa, ishadi elilandelayo libonisa izithako ezisebenzayo eziyisishiyagalolunye ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, isilinganiso sendawo ephathwayo ezitshalweni ezahlukene, kanye nendawo ehlanganisiwe yokusetshenziswa ngonyaka owodwa. Phakathi kwazo, iTrichoderma iyisakhi esisebenzayo esikhulu kunazo zonke, esisetshenziswa kumahektha ayizigidi ezingu-8.87 zezitshalo ngonyaka, ikakhulukazi ekulimeni ubhontshisi. Lokhu kwalandelwa yiBeauveria bassiana (amahektha ayizigidi ezingu-6.845), eyayisetshenziswa kakhulu kummbila wasebusika. Izithako eziyisishiyagalombili kweziyisishiyagalolunye ezisebenzayo eziyinhloko azimelani nemithi, kanti ama-parasitoid yizona kuphela izinambuzane zemvelo eziyizitha (zonke ezisetshenziswa ekulimeni umoba). Kunezizathu eziningana zokuthi kungani lezi zithako ezisebenzayo zithengiswa kahle:

I-Trichoderma, i-Beauveria bassiana kanye ne-Bacillus amylus: amabhizinisi okukhiqiza angaphezu kuka-50, ahlinzeka ngemakethe enhle kanye nokuhlinzekwa okuhle;

I-Rhodospore: ukwanda okukhulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokwanda kokuvela kwe-corn leafhopper, indawo yokwelashwa komkhiqizo engamahektha ayizigidi eziyi-11 ngo-2021, kanye namahektha ayizigidi ezingama-30 ngo-2024 emmbileni wasebusika;

Izinambuzane ezidla izimpethu: zimi endaweni eqinile isikhathi eside kumoba, ikakhulukazi ezisetshenziswa ekulawuleni izinambuzane ezidla izimpethu;

I-Metarhizium anisopliae: Ukukhula okusheshayo, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokwanda kwezakhi zomuthi kanye nokukhanselwa kokubhaliswa kwe-carbofuran (ikhemikhali eyinhloko yokulawula imithi yomuthi).