Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuhlola ukusebenza kahle okusele kokufuthwa okukhulu kwe-pirimiphos-methyl endlini, inhlanganisela yei-deltamethrinkanye ne-clothianidin, kanye ne-clothianidin e-Alibori naseTonga, izindawo ezivame ukuba khona umalaleveva enyakatho yeBenin.
Phakathi nesikhathi socwaningo lweminyaka emithathu, ukumelana ne-deltamethrin kwabonakala kuyo yonke imiphakathi. Ukumelana noma ukuvela okungenzeka kokumelana kwabonakala ku-benzodiazepine. Ukuthambekela okugcwele kwe-pirimiphos-methyl kwabonakala ngo-2019 nango-2020, kuyilapho ukumelana okungenzeka nomuthi ofanayo kwabonakala ku-Djugu, Gogonu, naseKandy ngo-2021. Ukuthambekela okugcwele kwe-clothianidin kwabonakala ezinsukwini ezingu-4-6 ngemva kokuchayeka. Umsebenzi osele we-pirimiphos-methyl waqhubeka izinyanga ezingu-4-5, kuyilapho umsebenzi osele we-clothianidin kanye nengxube ye-deltamethrin ne-clothianidin kwaqhubeka izinyanga ezingu-8-10. Ukusebenza kahle kwemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene evivinyiwe kwakuphakeme kancane ezindongeni zesimende kunasezindongeni zobumba.
Sekukonke, i-Anopheles gambiae SL yayisengozini enkulu ye-clothianidin kodwa yabonisa ukumelana/ukumelana okungenzeka kwezinye izibulala-zinambuzane kuhlolwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi osele wezibulala-zinambuzane ezisekelwe ku-clothianidin wawungcono kunowe-pirimiphos-methyl, okubonisa ikhono lawo lokulawula ngempumelelo nangokuqhubekayo izibulala-zinambuzane ezimelana ne-pyrethroid.
Ekuhlolweni kokuzwela kwe-WHO ngamapayipi kanye nama-cone, kwasetshenziswa izinhlobo zendawo ze-Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (sl) kanye nohlobo oluzwela lwe-Anophoeles gambiae (Kisumu) ezivela emiphakathini ehlukene ye-IRS, ngokulandelana.
I-Pyrifos-methyl capsule suspension iyisibulala-zinambuzane esiqinisekiswe yi-World Health Organisation ukuze sisetshenziswe ezindleleni zokufutha zangaphakathi. I-Pyrifos-methyl 300 CS iyisibulala-zinambuzane se-organophosphorus esinesilinganiso esinconywayo sesithako esisebenzayo esingu-1.0 g (AI)/m² sokulawula i-malaria vectors. I-Pyrifos-methyl isebenza ku-acetylcholinesterase, ibangela ukuqongelela kwe-acetylcholine ku-synaptic cleft lapho ama-acetylcholine receptors evulekile, ngaleyo ndlela ivimbele ukudluliselwa kwemizwa yemizwa futhi ibangele ukukhubazeka nokufa kwezinambuzane.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezinezindlela ezintsha zokusebenza, njenge-clothianidin, kungasiza ekulawuleni okuphumelelayo nokuqhubekayo kwezimila ezimelana ne-pyrethroid. Lezi zibulala-zinambuzane zingasiza futhi ekulawuleni ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane, kugweme ukuthembela ngokweqile ezibulala-zinambuzane ezine zendabuko ezinobuthi be-neurotoxic ezivame ukusetshenziswa empilweni yomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganisa lezi zibulala-zinambuzane nezibulala-zinambuzane nezinye izindlela zokusebenza nakho kunganciphisa ukuthuthukiswa kokumelana nezimila.
Ukuthambekela kwe-Anopheles gambiae complex ku-clothianidin kwahlolwa kuphela ngo-2021, ngaphambi kokushicilelwa kweziqondiso ze-WHO, kusetshenziswa inqubo eyenziwe ngcono yi-Sumitomo Chemical (SCC). Iziqondiso ze-WHO ngezinqubo zokuhlola ukuthambekela kwezinambuzane ngayinye efanelekile zanyatheliswa, okuvumela isikhungo esibambisene ne-WHO i-Universiti Sains Malaysia eMalaysia ukuthi silungiselele amaphepha afakwe izinambuzane ngemithamo ehlukahlukene futhi siwenze atholakale ezikhungweni zocwaningo.[31] Kungo-2021 kuphela lapho i-WHO yashicilela khona iziqondiso zokuhlola ukuthambekela kwezinambuzane ku-clothianidin.
Iphepha le-Whatman lanqunywa laba yizicucu ezingama-12 cm ububanzi kanye nama-15 cm ubude, lafakwa i-13.2 mg yesithako esisebenzayo i-clothianidin futhi lasetshenziswa ukuhlola zingakapheli amahora angama-24 kusukela ekufakweni.
Isimo sokuzwela kwenani lomiyane ocwaningwe sanqunywa ngokuhambisana nezindinganiso ze-WHO:
Kwafundwa imingcele emine: izinga lokuzwela kwenani labantu bendawo i-Anopheles gambiae ku-insecticide, umphumela wokuwa noma ukufa ngokushesha zingakapheli imizuzu engama-30, ukufa okulibazisekile kanye nokusebenza kahle okusele.
Imininingwane esetshenzisiwe kanye/noma ehlaziyiwe phakathi nalolu cwaningo iyatholakala kumbhali ofanele uma kucelwa ngokufanele.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-22-2025