I. Uhlolojikelele lohwebo lwezolimo phakathi kwamazwe aseShayina namazwe e-LAC kusukela angena ku-WTO
Kusukela ngo-2001 kuya ku-2023, inani lohwebo eliphelele lemikhiqizo yezolimo phakathi kwamazwe aseShayina kanye ne-LAC libonise ukukhula okuqhubekayo, kusukela ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.58 zamadola aseMelika kuya ku-81.03 wamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-81.03, ngesilinganiso sokukhula konyaka esingu-17.0%. Phakathi kwazo, inani lokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe lenyuka lisuka ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2,40 zamaRandi aseMelika laya ku-77,63 wamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-31; Ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kukhuphuke ngokuphindwe ka-19 kusuka ku-$170 million kuya ku-$3.40 billion. Izwe lethu lisesimweni sokushoda ekuhwebeni kwemikhiqizo yezolimo namazwe aseLatin America, kanti okushodayo kuyaqhubeka nokukhula. Imakethe enkulu yokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo ezweni lethu inikeze amathuba amahle okuthuthukiswa kwezolimo eLatin America. Eminyakeni yakamuva, imikhiqizo yezolimo esezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu evela eLatin America, efana necherry yaseChile kanye nezimfanzi ezimhlophe zase-Ecuadorian, ingenile emakethe yethu.
Sekukonke, isabelo samazwe aseLatin America ekuhwebeni kwezolimo eShayina siye sakhula kancane kancane, kodwa ukusatshalaliswa kwezinto eziphuma kwamanye amazwe nezithunyelwa ngaphandle akulingani. Kusukela ngo-2001 kuya ku-2023, ingxenye yohwebo lwezolimo lwaseChina neLatin America ekuhwebeni okuphelele kwezolimo lwaseShayina inyuke isuka ku-9.3% yaya kuma-24.3%. Phakathi kwazo, ukuthengwa kwezolimo kweChina okuvela emazweni aseLatin America kubalele isilinganiso sesamba sempahla ethengwayo evela ku-20.3% kuya ku-33.2%, ukuthengiswa kwezolimo kwaseChina emazweni aseLatin America kubalele ingxenye yesamba sempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle sisuka ku-1.1% saya ku-3.4%.
2. Izici zohwebo lwezolimo phakathi kwamazwe aseShayina namazwe e-LAC
(1) Abalingani bokuhweba abagxile kakhulu
Ngo-2001, i-Argentina, Brazil kanye nePeru kwakuyimithombo emithathu ephezulu yokungeniswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo evela eLatin America, enenani eliphelele lokungenisa lama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.13, okubalelwa ku-88.8% wesamba esiphelele semikhiqizo yezolimo evela eLatin America ngalowo nyaka. Ngokudlondlobala kokubambisana kwezohwebo kwezolimo namazwe aseLatin America, eminyakeni yamuva nje, iChile iye yadlula iPeru ukuze ibe umthombo wesithathu ngobukhulu wokuthengwa kwezolimo kwamanye amazwe eLatin America, futhi iBrazil iye yadlula i-Argentina yaba umthombo wokuqala omkhulu kakhulu wokuthengwa kwezolimo kwamanye amazwe. Ngo-2023, ukuthengwa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo yaseChina evela eBrazil, Argentina naseChile kwafinyelela kumadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-58.93, okubalelwa ku-88.8% yenani eliphelele lokungeniswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo evela emazweni aseLatin America ngalowo nyaka. Phakathi kwabo, i-China yangenisa ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-58.58 wemikhiqizo yezolimo evela eBrazil, okulinganiselwa ku-75.1% yenani eliphelele lokungeniswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo evela emazweni aseLatin America, ebalelwa ku-25.0% yenani eliphelele lemikhiqizo yezolimo eChina. I-Brazil ayiwona nje kuphela umthombo omkhulu kakhulu wemikhiqizo yezolimo eLatin America, kodwa futhi ingumthombo omkhulu kakhulu wokuthengiswa kwezolimo emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngo-2001, iCuba, iMexico kanye neBrazil bekuyizimakethe ezintathu ezihamba phambili zezolimo zokuthekelisa eChina emazweni e-LAC, ezinenani eliphelele lokuthumela ngaphandle eliyizigidi eziyi-110 zamadola aseMelika, okubalelwa ku-64.4% wesamba esiphelele semikhiqizo yezolimo yaseChina emazweni e-LAC ngalowo nyaka. Ngo-2023, iMexico, iChile kanye neBrazil yizimakethe ezintathu ezihamba phambili zezolimo zokuthekelisa eChina emazweni aseLatin America, ezinenani eliphelele lokuthumela ngaphandle elingama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-2.15, okubalelwa ku-63.2% wesamba esiphelele sokuthengiswa kwezolimo kwalowo nyaka.
(3) Ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kulawulwa yimbewu yamafutha kanye nemikhiqizo yemfuyo, futhi ukungeniswa okusanhlamvu kwamanye amazwe kuye kwanda kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva.
I-China yizwe elingenisa kakhulu imikhiqizo yezolimo kwamanye amazwe, futhi inesidingo esikhulu semikhiqizo yezolimo efana nobhontshisi wesoya, inyama yenkomo nezithelo ezivela emazweni aseLatin America. Kusukela iChina yangena ku-WTO, ukungeniswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo emazweni aseLatin America ikakhulukazi yimbewu kawoyela nemikhiqizo yemfuyo, kanti ukuthengwa kwezinhlamvu okusanhlamvu kwamanye amazwe kukhule kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje.
Ngo-2023, i-China yangenisa imbewu kawoyela eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-42.29 emazweni aseLatin America, okuwukunyuka ngo-3.3%, okubalelwa ku-57.1% yenani eliphelele lokungeniswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo evela emazweni aseLatin America. Ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwemikhiqizo yemfuyo, imikhiqizo yasemanzini kanye nokusanhlamvu bekungamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-13.67, amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-7.15 kanye namaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-5.13, ngokulandelana. Phakathi kwazo, ukungeniswa kwemikhiqizo yommbila bekungamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-4.05, okuwukunyuka izikhathi eziyi-137,671, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi ummbila waseBrazil uthunyelwe ekuhlolweni kwaseChina nasekufinyeleleni abantu bodwa. Inani elikhulu lokungeniswa kommbila wase-Brazil libhale kabusha iphethini yokungeniswa kommbila obuswa yi-Ukraine ne-United States esikhathini esidlule.
(4) Khipha imikhiqizo yasemanzini ikakhulukazi nemifino
Kusukela iChina yangena ku-WTO, ukuthunyelwa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo emazweni e-LAC ikakhulukazi kube yimikhiqizo nemifino yasemanzini, eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukuthunyelwa kwemikhiqizo yokusanhlamvu nezithelo kwamanye amazwe kuye kwanda kancane kancane. Ngo-2023, ukuthunyelwa kwe-China kwemikhiqizo yasemanzini nemifino emazweni aseLatin America kwaba ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.19 kanye nama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-6.0 ngokulandelana, okubalelwa ku-35.0% kanye no-17.6% wesamba sokuthunyelwa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo emazweni aseLatin America, ngokulandelana.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-30-2024