I. Ukubuka konke kokuhweba kwezolimo phakathi kweShayina namazwe e-LAC selokhu angena kwi-WTO
Kusukela ngo-2001 kuya ku-2023, inani eliphelele lokuhweba ngemikhiqizo yezolimo phakathi kwamazwe aseShayina namazwe ase-LAC libonise ukukhula okuqhubekayo, kusukela kumadola aseMelika ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.58 kuya kumadola aseMelika ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-81.03, ngesilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka esingu-17.0%. Phakathi kwazo, inani lokungeniswa kwempahla likhuphuke lisuka kumadola aseMelika ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.40 laya kumadola aseMelika ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-77.63, ukwanda okuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-31; Ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kukhuphuke ngokuphindwe ka-19 kusuka kumadola ayizigidi ezingu-170 kuya kumadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3.40. Izwe lethu lisesimweni sokuntuleka kwemikhiqizo yezolimo ekuhwebeni namazwe aseLatin America, futhi ukuntuleka kuyaqhubeka nokukhula. Imakethe enkulu yokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo ezweni lethu inikeze amathuba amahle okuthuthukiswa kwezolimo eLatin America. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, imikhiqizo yezolimo esezingeni eliphezulu evela eLatin America, njenge-Chilean cherry kanye ne-Ecuadorian white shrimp, ingene emakethe yethu.
Sekukonke, isabelo samazwe aseLatin America ekuhwebeni kwezolimo eShayina siye sanda kancane kancane, kodwa ukusatshalaliswa kokungeniswa nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe akungalingani. Kusukela ngo-2001 kuya ku-2023, isilinganiso sokuhweba kwezolimo eShayina-Latin America ekuhwebeni kwezolimo okuphelele eShayina sanda kusukela ku-9.3% saya ku-24.3%. Phakathi kwazo, ukungeniswa kwezolimo eShayina okuvela emazweni aseLatin America kwabalelwa engxenyeni yokungeniswa okuphelele kusukela ku-20.3% kuya ku-33.2%, ukuthunyelwa kwezolimo eShayina emazweni aseLatin America kwabalelwa engxenyeni yokuthunyelwa okuphelele kusukela ku-1.1% kuya ku-3.4%.
2. Izici zokuhweba kwezolimo phakathi kweShayina namazwe e-LAC
(1) Abalingani bokuhweba abagxile kakhulu
Ngo-2001, i-Argentina, iBrazil kanye nePeru kwakuyimithombo emithathu ephezulu yokungenisa imikhiqizo yezolimo evela eLatin America, enenani eliphelele lokungenisa elingamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.13, okwenza u-88.8% wenani eliphelele lokungenisa imikhiqizo yezolimo evela eLatin America ngalowo nyaka. Ngokukhula kokubambisana kwezohwebo kwezolimo namazwe aseLatin America, eminyakeni yamuva nje, iChile idlule iPeru yaba umthombo wesithathu ngobukhulu wokungenisa kwezolimo eLatin America, kanti iBrazil idlule iArgentina yaba umthombo wokuqala omkhulu wokungenisa kwezolimo. Ngo-2023, ukungeniswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo eShayina evela eBrazil, e-Argentina naseChile kwaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-58.93 zamaRandi aseMelika, okwenza u-88.8% wenani eliphelele lokungeniswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo evela emazweni aseLatin America ngalowo nyaka. Phakathi kwazo, iShayina ingenise imikhiqizo yezolimo engamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-58.58 evela eBrazil, okwenza u-75.1% wenani eliphelele lokungeniswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo evela emazweni aseLatin America, okwenza u-25.0% wenani eliphelele lokungeniswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo eShayina. IBrazil akuyona nje kuphela umthombo omkhulu wokungenisa kwezolimo eLatin America, kodwa futhi ingumthombo omkhulu wokungenisa kwezolimo emhlabeni.
Ngo-2001, iCuba, iMexico neBrazil kwakuyizimakethe ezintathu eziphezulu zokuthumela ngaphandle kwezolimo eShayina emazweni e-LAC, ngenani eliphelele lokuthumela ngaphandle elingamadola ayizigidi eziyi-110 aseMelika, okubalwa u-64.4% wenani eliphelele lokuthumela ngaphandle kwezolimo eShayina emazweni e-LAC ngalowo nyaka. Ngo-2023, iMexico, iChile neBrazil yizimakethe ezintathu eziphezulu zokuthumela ngaphandle kwezolimo eShayina emazweni aseLatin America, ngenani eliphelele lokuthumela ngaphandle elingamadola ayizigidigidi eziyi-2.15 aseMelika, okubalwa u-63.2% wenani eliphelele lokuthumela ngaphandle kwezolimo ngalowo nyaka.
(3) Ukungenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe kubusa imbewu kawoyela nemikhiqizo yezilwane, kanti ukungenisa okusanhlamvu kukhuphuke kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje.
IShayina iyizwe elingenisa imikhiqizo yezolimo kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi inesidingo esikhulu semikhiqizo yezolimo efana nobhontshisi, inyama yenkomo nezithelo ezivela emazweni aseLatin America. Selokhu iShayina yangena kwi-WTO, ukungeniswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo evela emazweni aseLatin America ikakhulukazi imbewu kawoyela nemikhiqizo yezilwane, futhi ukungeniswa kokusanhlamvu kukhuphuke kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva.
Ngo-2023, iShayina yangenisa imbewu kawoyela engu-42.29 billion US dollar evela emazweni aseLatin America, okuwukwenyuka ngo-3.3%, okubalwa u-57.1% wenani lonke lokungeniswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo evela emazweni aseLatin America. Ukungeniswa kwemikhiqizo yezilwane, imikhiqizo yasemanzini kanye nokusanhlamvu kwakungamadola ayizigidigidi ezingu-13.67 US dollars, amadola ayizigidigidi ezingu-7.15 US dollars kanye namadola ayizigidigidi ezingu-5.13 US dollars, ngokulandelana. Phakathi kwazo, ukungeniswa kwemikhiqizo yommbila kwakungamadola ayizigidigidi ezingu-4.05 US dollars, ukwenyuka okuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-137,671, ikakhulukazi ngoba ummbila waseBrazil wathunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ukuze kuhlolwe futhi kuhlukaniswe yiShayina. Inani elikhulu lokungeniswa kommbila waseBrazil liguqule indlela yokungeniswa kommbila okwakubuswa yi-Ukraine ne-United States esikhathini esidlule.
(4) Thumela ngaphandle imikhiqizo nemifino yasemanzini ikakhulukazi
Kusukela iShayina yangena kwi-WTO, ukuthunyelwa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo emazweni e-LAC bekuyimikhiqizo nemifino yasemanzini ikakhulukazi, eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukuthunyelwa kwemikhiqizo yokusanhlamvu nezithelo kuye kwanda kancane kancane. Ngo-2023, ukuthunyelwa kwemikhiqizo nemifino yasemanzini eShayina emazweni aseLatin America kwakungamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.19 kanye namaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-6.0 ngokulandelana, okubalwa u-35.0% kanye no-17.6% wemikhiqizo yezolimo iyonke ethunyelwa emazweni aseLatin America, ngokulandelana.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-30-2024