Ngokombono, akukho lutho olungavimbela ukusetshenziswa kwe-RL okuhleliwe kwezentengiselwanoisikhuntaPhela, ihambisana nayo yonke imithetho. Kodwa kunesizathu esisodwa esibalulekile sokuthi kungani lokhu kungeke kubonise umkhuba webhizinisi: izindleko.
Uma sithatha uhlelo lwe-fungicide esivivinyweni sikakolweni sasebusika se-RL njengesibonelo, izindleko ezimaphakathi zazicishe zibe yi-£260 ngehektha. Uma kuqhathaniswa, izindleko ezimaphakathi zohlelo lwe-fungicide lukakolweni ku-John Nix Farm Management Guide zingaphansi kwengxenye yalokho (£116 ngehektha ngo-2024).
Kusobala ukuthi isivuno sokuhlola esivela ekwelashweni nge-fungicide ye-RL sasiphezulu kunesivuno esijwayelekile sezentengiselwano. Isibonelo, isivuno esijwayelekile sokulawula (2020-2024) sikakolweni wasebusika ophathwe nge-fungicide ezivivinyweni ze-RL sasingu-10.8t/ha, okuphakeme kakhulu kunesivuno seminyaka emihlanu sikakolweni wezentengiselwano esingu-7.3t/ha (ngokusekelwe kudatha yakamuva ye-Defra).
RL: Kunezizathu eziningi zokuthi izitshalo eziphathwe nge-fungicide zikhiqiza isivuno esiphezulu, futhi izinhlelo ze-fungicide zingenye yazo. Isibonelo:
Kulula ukukhathazeka kakhulu ngomphumela, kodwa ingabe leyo yindlela engcono kakhulu yokukala impumelelo? Ngokuqinisekile, impendulo yakamuva kunhlolovo ye-RL ikhombisa ukuthi abalimi bakhathazeka kakhulu ngezinye izindlela zokulinganisa, ikakhulukazi inzuzo yesivuno.
Izinkathi eziningana ezedlule (2019-2021), i-AHDB/ADAS Wheat Fungicide Profit Challenge yayihlose ukufeza lo mgomo. Ukuze kufezwe inzuzo enkulu yesivuno endaweni ngayinye yokuhlola yesifunda, abalimi ababambe iqhaza bathuthukise izinhlelo zokubulala amagciwane zohlobo olulodwa (olufanele endaweni) futhi bazilungisa phakathi nesizini kuye ngokusabalala kwezifo zendawo. Zonke ezinye izinto ezifakiwe zalinganiswa.
Lezi zinqubo zifanelekela izifundo ezingahleliwe ngokuphelele, ezisekelwe kusakhiwo (izilinganiso ezintathu). Zonke izikhathi zokufafaza zazifana (T0, T1, T2 kanye ne-T3) kanti umkhiqizo kanye nomthamo kuphela kwakungafani ezinhlelweni ezincintisanayo; Akubona bonke abahlanganyeli abafafaza njalo (abanye baphuthelwa yi-T0).
Lezi zindawo zihlanganisa nezindawo 'ezingenazo izibulali-zinambuzane' kanye nezindawo 'ezisindayo', okuwukuphela kwazo okusekelwe ohlelweni lwe-RL fungicide ukuze kutholakale amandla okukhiqiza.
Uhlelo lokufafaza lwe-RL luveze u-10.73t/ha, u-1.83t/ha ophakeme kunensimu engakaphathwa. Lokhu kujwayelekile kuhlobo olukhuliswe (i-Graham), olunezinga eliphakathi lokumelana nezifo. Isivuno esimaphakathi sohlelo lokuhweba sasingu-10.30t/ha, kanti izindleko ezimaphakathi zesikhunta sokubulala isikhunta zazingu-£82.04.
Kodwa-ke, inzuzo ephezulu kakhulu yatholakala ngezindleko ezingama-£79.54 kanye nesivuno esingama-t angu-10.62/ha – u-0.11t/ha kuphela ongaphansi kokwelashwa kwe-RL.
Uhlelo lokufafaza lwe-RL lukhiqize u-10.98t/ha, u-3.86t/ha ophakeme kunensimu engakaphathwa, okuyilokho obekulindeleke ngokuvamile lapho kutshalwa uhlobo oluphuzi olusengozini yokugqwala (i-Skyfall). Isivuno esimaphakathi sohlelo lokuhweba besingu-10.01t/ha kanti izindleko ezimaphakathi zokubulala isikhunta bezingu-£79.68.
Kodwa-ke, inzuzo ephezulu kakhulu yatholakala ngezindleko ezingama-£114.70 kanye nesivuno esingama-10.76t/ha – ama-0.22t/ha kuphela aphansi kunokwelashwa kwe-RL.
Uhlelo lokufafaza lwe-RL lukhiqize u-12.07t/ha, u-3.63t/ha ophakeme kunensimu engakaphathwa. Lokhu kuyinto evamile kuhlobo lwesitshalo olukhuliswayo (KWS Parkin). Isivuno esimaphakathi sohlelo lokuhweba sasingu-10.76t/ha kanti izindleko ezimaphakathi zokubulala isikhunta zazingu-£97.10.
Kodwa-ke, inzuzo ephezulu kakhulu yatholakala ngezindleko ezingama-£115.15 kanye nesivuno esingu-12.04t/ha – u-0.03t/ha kuphela ongaphansi kokwelashwa kwe-RL.
Ngokwesilinganiso (kuzo zonke izindawo ezintathu okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla), isivuno sezitshalo ezinenzuzo kakhulu sasingaphansi ngama-t/ha angu-0.12 kuphela kunesivuno esitholwe ngaphansi kohlelo lwe-RL fungicide.
Ngokusekelwe kulezi zivivinyo, singaphetha ngokuthi uhlelo lwe-RL fungicide luveza isivuno esifana nemikhuba emihle yezolimo.
Isibalo 1 sibonisa ukuthi isivuno esincintisanayo sisondele kangakanani esivunweni esitholwe ngokwelashwa nge-fungicide ye-RL nokuthi isivuno esincintisanayo sidlule kangakanani esivunweni esitholwe ngokwelashwa nge-fungicide ye-RL.
Isithombe 1. Ukuqhathaniswa kokukhiqizwa kukakolweni wasebusika okuthengiswayo okuphelele nezindleko zesikhunta (kufaka phakathi izindleko zokufaka isicelo) ku-2021 Harvest Fungicide Margin Challenge (amachashazi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka). Ukubuyiselwa emuva uma kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa kwesikhunta se-RL kusethelwe ku-100% (umugqa oluhlaza oqondile). Umkhuba jikelele wedatha nawo uyaboniswa (ijika elimpunga).
Ezimweni zokuncintisana ngesikhathi sokuvuna sika-2020, amazinga esifo ayephansi futhi izindawo ezimbili kwezintathu azizange zibone impendulo yesikhunta. Ngo-2020, izinhlobo eziningi zesikhunta zezentengiselwano zaveza imiphumela ephezulu kunezinhlobo ze-RL.
Izindlela eziningi ezisetshenzisiwe ziqokomisa ukuthi kungani kunzima ukukhetha uhlobo lwe-fungicide olumelela "izinga labalimi" ezivivinyweni ze-RL. Ngisho nokukhetha intengo eyodwa kungabangela umehluko omkhulu ezivunweni - futhi lokho kungenxa yezinhlobo ezimbalwa nje. Ezivivinyweni ze-RL, sibhekene nezinhlobo eziningi, ngayinye inezinzuzo zayo kanye nokungalungi kwayo.
Ngaphandle kwenkinga yenzuzo yesikhunta, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi isivuno sikakolweni esirekhodiwe emhlabeni wonke singama-t angu-17.96/ha, okuphakeme kakhulu kunesivuno esijwayelekile se-RL (irekhodi labekwa eLincolnshire ngo-2022 kusetshenziswa uhlelo olusekelwe kumandla okukhiqiza isivuno).
Okungcono kakhulu, singathanda ukugcina izinga lokwenzeka kwezifo ezifundweni ze-RL liphansi ngangokunokwenzeka. Yiqiniso, izinga lokutheleleka kufanele libe ngaphansi kuka-10% kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane nakuzo zonke izifundo (nakuba lokhu kuya kuba nzima ukukufeza).
Silandela lesi simiso 'sokuqeda izifo' ukuze siveze amandla okukhiqiza azo zonke izinhlobo ezimweni ezahlukene zemvelo kusukela eCornwall kuya e-Aberdeenshire, ngaphandle kwemiphumela ethinta izifo.
Ukuze uhlelo lwe-fungicide lunikeze ukulawula okuphezulu kwazo zonke izifo kuzo zonke izifunda, kumele lube luphelele (futhi lubize kakhulu).
Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile (izinhlobo ezithile, izindawo kanye nezikhathi zonyaka) izinto ezithile zohlelo lokubulala isikhunta azidingeki.
Ukuze sibonise leli phuzu, ake sibheke imikhiqizo esetshenziswa ohlelweni oluyinhloko lwe-fungicide ezivivinyweni zokwelapha ukolweni wasebusika ze-RL (isitshalo sika-2024).
Amazwana: I-Cyflamid isetshenziselwa ukulawula isikhunta. Izithibi zesikhunta ziyabiza kakhulu futhi ezimweni eziningi kungenzeka zibe nomthelela omncane ekuvuneni. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izivivinyo isikhunta singadala izinkinga ngemva kweminyaka embalwa, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukusifaka ukuze kuvikelwe izinhlobo ezisengozini kakhulu. I-Tebucur ne-Comet 200 zisetshenziselwa ukulawula ukugqwala. Ngokuphathelene nokuvikela isikhunta, ukwengeza kwazo ngeke kuthuthukise isivuno sezinhlobo ezinamanani aphezulu okumelana nokugqwala.
Okudingekayo: I-Revistar XE (i-fluopyram ne-fluconazole) + i-Arizona + i-Talius/Justice (i-proquinazine)
Amazwana: Lokhu kufana ne-T0 nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sokufafaza. Nakuba ingxube ye-T1 ijwayelekile, iqukethe umuthi wokuvimbela isikhunta - futhi, okwandisa izindleko, kodwa hhayi ngobuningi obukhulu (ezimweni eziningi).
Lesi isifutho esengeziwe esingasetshenziswa ngabahloli. Nakuba singasebenzi kahle, singasiza ekususeni isikhunta esigqwalile (kusetshenziswa i-Sunorg Pro) kanye nesikhunta esinamabala (kusetshenziswa imikhiqizo ye-prothioconazole). I-Arizona nayo iyindlela (kodwa ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezintathu ekwelashweni okukodwa).
Amazwana: Izidingo ze-T2 zifaka phakathi imikhiqizo eqinile (njengoba kulindelekile kuma-flag leaf sprays). Kodwa-ke, ukwengezwa kwe-Arizona akunakwenzeka ukuthi kuholele ekwandeni okukhulu komkhiqizo.
Amazwana: Isikhathi se-T3 sihlose izinhlobo ze-Fusarium (hhayi amabala amaqabunga kakolweni). Sisebenzisa i-Prosaro, nayo ebiza kakhulu. Siphinde sengeze i-Comet 200 ukuze sisuse ukugqwala ezinhlotsheni ezisengozini. Ezindaweni lapho ingcindezi yokugqwala iphansi khona, njengasenyakatho yeScotland, ukwengeza ukugqwala kungase kungabi nomthelela omkhulu.
Ukunciphisa ubukhali bohlelo lwe-RL fungicide kuzoshintsha ucwaningo kusukela ekuhloleni uhlobo oluhlanzekile kuya ekuhloleni uhlobo x fungicide, okuzodida idatha futhi kwenze ukuhumusha kube nzima futhi kubize kakhulu.
Indlela yesimanje isisiza futhi ukuthi sincome izinhlobo ezisengozini yezifo ezithile. Kunezibonelo eziningi zezinhlobo eziye zaphumelela kwezentengiselwano naphezu kokuba nokumelana okungekuhle kwezifo (uma ziphathwa kahle) kodwa zinezinye izici ezibalulekile.
Isimiso sokukhipha izifo sisho nokuthi sisebenzisa imithamo ephezulu. Lokhu kwandisa izindleko kodwa ezifundweni eziningi kuphumela ekuvuneni okuphansi. Umphumela wemithamo ubonakala ngokucacile emigqeni yokulawula izifo etholwe kuphrojekthi yethu yokusebenza kahle kwe-fungicide.
Umfanekiso 2. Ukulawulwa kwamabala eqabunga ngezinto ezivikelayo (kuhlanganiswe imiphumela ka-2022-2024), okubonisa ezinye zezikhunta ezisetshenziswe ezivivinyweni ze-RL. Lokhu kugqamisa ukuthuthuka okuncane kakhulu ekulawulweni kwezifo okuhambisana nokusuka kumithamo ejwayelekile yeshejuli yezentengiselwano (umthamo wesigamu kuya kwezintathu kwezine) kuya kumithamo yeshejuli ye-RL (eduze komthamo ogcwele).
Ukubuyekezwa kwakamuva okuxhaswe yi-AHDB kubheke uhlelo lwe-RL fungicide. Esinye seziphetho zomsebenzi oholwa yi-ADAS ukuthi, kuhlanganiswe nezilinganiso zokukhiqiza kanye nokumelana nezifo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ama-fungicide, uhlelo lwamanje luhlala luyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuqondisa ukukhethwa nokuphathwa kwezinhlobo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 23-2024