Ngokombono, akukho okungavimba ukusetshenziswa okuhleliwe kwe-RLisikhunta. Phela, ihambisana nayo yonke imithetho. Kodwa kunesizathu esisodwa esibalulekile sokuthi kungani lokhu kungasoze kwabonisa umkhuba webhizinisi: izindleko.
Uma sithatha uhlelo lokubulala isikhunta esivivinyweni sikakolweni wasebusika se-RL njengesibonelo, izindleko ezimaphakathi zazilinganiselwa ku-£260 ihektha ngalinye. Ngokuqhathanisa, izindleko ezimaphakathi zohlelo lokubulala isikhunta zikakolweni ku-John Nix Farm Management Guide zingaphansi kwesigamu salokho (£116 ihektha ngalinye ngo-2024).
Kuyacaca ukuthi izivuno zokuhlola ezivela ekwelashweni kwesikhunta se-RL bezingaphezulu kunezivuno ezijwayelekile zokuhweba. Isibonelo, isivuno esimaphakathi sokulawula (2020-2024) sikakolweni wasebusika ofakwe isibulali sikhunta ekuhlolweni kwe-RL sasingu-10.8t/ha, ephakeme kakhulu kunesilinganiso seminyaka emihlanu sikakolweni wentengiso ongu-7.3t/ha (ngokusekelwe kudatha yakamuva ye-Defra).
RL: Kunezizathu eziningi zesivuno esiphezulu sezitshalo ezifakelwe isikhutha, futhi izinhlelo zokubulala isikhunta zingenye yazo. Ngokwesibonelo:
Kulula ukuthatheka ngomphumela, kodwa ingabe leyo yindlela engcono kakhulu yokukala impumelelo? Impela, impendulo yakamuva kuhlolo lwe-RL ikhombisa ukuthi abalimi bakhathazeka kakhulu ngamanye amamethrikhi, ikakhulukazi inzuzo yezitshalo.
Amasizini ambalwa adlule (2019-2021), i-AHDB/ADAS Wheat Fungicide Profit Challenge yayihlose ukufeza lo mgomo. Ukuze kuzuzwe inzuzo enkulu yesivuno endaweni ngayinye yocwaningo lwesifunda, abalimi ababambiqhaza bakha izinhlelo zokubulala isikhunta zohlobo olulodwa (ezifanele endaweni) futhi bazilungisa isizini yonke kuye ngokudlanga kwezifo zendawo. Wonke amanye ama-input afaniswa.
Lawa maphrothokholi alungele izifundo ezingahleliwe ngokuphelele, ezisekelwe kusakhiwo (izimpinda ezintathu). Zonke izikhathi zokufutha zazifana (T0, T1, T2 kanye ne-T3) ngomkhiqizo kuphela kanye nesilinganiso esihlukile ezinhlelweni eziqhudelanayo; Akubona bonke ababambiqhaza abafutha ngaso sonke isikhathi (abanye bageje i-T0).
Lezi zindawo futhi zihlanganisa iziza 'ezingekho isikhuthazi' kanye neziza 'ezisindayo', ezokugcina ezisekelwe ohlelweni lwe-RL lokubulala isikhunta ukuze kunqunywe amandla esivuno.
Uhlelo lwesifutho se-RL lukhiqize ngo-10.73t/ha, 1.83t/ha ngaphezulu kwesakhiwo esingalashiwe. Lokhu kuvamile ezinhlobonhlobo ezikhulile (i-Graham), ezinezinga elilinganiselwe lokumelana nezifo. Isilinganiso sesivuno sohlelo lwezentengiso sasingu-10.30t/ha, kanti izindleko ezimaphakathi zomuthi wokukhunta wawungu-£82.04.
Kodwa-ke, inzuzo ephakeme kakhulu yatholwa ngezindleko ezingu-£79.54 kanye nesivuno esingu-10.62t/ha – ngaphansi ngo-0.11t/ha kuphela kunokwelashwa kwe-RL.
Uhlelo lwesifutho se-RL lukhiqize ngo-10.98t/ha, 3.86t/ha ngaphezulu kwesakhiwo esingalashiwe, okuyilokho ngokuvamile obekungalindelwa uma kutshalwa uhlobo oluvamise ukugqwala oluphuzi (Skyfall). Isilinganiso sesivuno sohlelo lwezentengiselwano sasingu-10.01t/ha futhi izindleko ezimaphakathi zomuthi wokukhunta zibe ngu-£79.68.
Kodwa-ke, inzuzo ephezulu yatholwa ngezindleko zika-£114.70 kanye nesivuno esingu-10.76t/ha - kuphela ngo-0.22t/ha ngaphansi kunokwelashwa kwe-RL.
Uhlelo lwesifutho se-RL lukhiqize u-12.07t/ha, 3.63t/ha ngaphezulu kwesakhiwo esingalashiwe. Lokhu kuvamile ku-cultivar etshalwayo (KWS Parkin). Isilinganiso sesivuno sohlelo lwezentengiselwano sasingu-10.76t/ha futhi izindleko ezimaphakathi zomuthi wokukhunta zibe ngu-£97.10.
Kodwa-ke, inzuzo ephakeme kakhulu yatholwa ngezindleko ezingu-£115.15 kanye nesivuno esingu-12.04t/ha - kuphela ngo-0.03t/ha ngaphansi kokwelashwa kwe-RL.
Ngokwesilinganiso (kuzo zonke izizinda ezintathu ezishiwo ngenhla), izivuno zezitshalo ezinenzuzo kakhulu zazingaphansi ngo-0.12 t/ha kunezivuno ezitholakala ngaphansi kohlelo lwe-RL fungicide.
Ngokusekelwe kulezi zivivinyo, singaphetha ngokuthi uhlelo lwe-RL fungicide lukhiqiza isivuno esifana nokusebenza okuhle kwezolimo.
Umfanekiso 1 ubonisa ukuthi zingakanani izivuno ezincintisana nazo ezaziseduze nesivuno esitholwe ngokwelashwa kwesikhunta se-RL kanye nokuthi ingakanani isivuno esincintisana nayo esidlule isivuno esitholwe ngokwelashwa kwesibulala-sikhunta se-RL.
Umfanekiso 1. Ukuqhathaniswa kwenani eliphelele lokukhiqizwa kukakolweni wasebusika nezindleko zokubulala isikhunta (okuhlanganisa nezindleko zokufaka isicelo) ku-2021 Harvest Fungicide Margin Challenge (amachashazi aluhlaza). Ukululama okuhlobene nokwelashwa kwesikhunta se-RL kusethelwe ku-100% (umugqa oluhlaza oqondile). Ithrendi iyonke yedatha iyaboniswa (grey curve).
Ezimweni ezincintisanayo ngesikhathi sokuvuna sika-2020, amazinga ezifo ayephansi futhi izindawo ezimbili kwezintathu azizange zikwazi ukusabela ngokubulala isikhunta. Ngo-2020, izinhlobo eziningi zemithi yokubulala isikhunta zathela ngaphezu kwemithi ye-RL.
Izinhlobonhlobo zezindlela ezisetshenziswayo zigqamisa ukuthi kungani kunzima ukukhetha uhlobo lwemithi yokubulala isikhunta emele “izinga lomlimi” ezinhlolweni ze-RL. Ngisho nokukhetha intengo eyodwa kungase kubangele umehluko omkhulu ezivunweni - futhi lokho okwezinhlobo ezimbalwa nje. Ezivivinyweni ze-RL, sibhekene nenqwaba yezinhlobonhlobo, ngayinye inezinzuzo zayo kanye nokubi.
Ngaphandle kodaba lwenzuzo ye-fungicide, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi irekhodi lamanje likakolweni werekhodi lomhlaba liyi-17.96t/ha, eliphakeme kakhulu kunesilinganiso sesivuno se-RL (irekhodi labekwa e-Lincolnshire ngo-2022 kusetshenziswa uhlelo olusekelwe ekuvuneni).
Ngokufanelekile, singathanda ukugcina izinga lezehlakalo ezifundweni ze-RL liphansi ngangokunokwenzeka. Yebo, izinga lokutheleleka kufanele libe ngaphansi kuka-10% kuzo zonke izinhlobo nakuzo zonke izifundo (nakuba lokhu kuya ngokuya kuba nzima ukukufeza).
Silandela lesi simiso 'sokuqedwa kwezifo' ukuze siveze amandla esivuno azo zonke izinhlobo ezinhlobonhlobo zezimo zemvelo kusukela e-Cornwall kuya e-Aberdeenshire, ngaphandle kwemiphumela ethinta izifo.
Ukuze uhlelo lokubulala isikhunta lunikeze ukulawula okuphezulu kwazo zonke izifo kuzo zonke izifunda, kufanele luphelele (futhi lubize kakhulu).
Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile (izinhlobo ezithile, izindawo kanye nezikhathi zonyaka) izici ezithile zohlelo lokubulala isikhunta azidingeki.
Ukukhombisa leli phuzu, ake sibheke imikhiqizo esetshenziswa ohlelweni oluyinhloko lwesibulala-sikhunta ocwaningweni lwe-RL yokwelapha ukolweni wasebusika (isivuno sika-2024).
Amazwana: I-Cyflamid isetshenziselwa ukulawula isikhutha. Ama-mildew inhibitors ayabiza futhi ezikhathini eziningi kungenzeka abe nomthelela omncane esivunoni. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izivivinyo isikhutha singabangela izinkinga ngemva kweminyaka embalwa, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuyifaka ukuze kuvikelwe izinhlobo ezisengozini kakhulu. I-Tebucur ne-Comet 200 isetshenziselwa ukulawula ukugqwala. Ngokuqondene nokuvikela isikhutha, ukungezwa kwabo ngeke kuthuthukise isivuno sezinhlobonhlobo ezinamanani aphezulu okumelana nokugqwala.
Okudingekayo: I-Revistar XE (i-fluopyram ne-fluconazole) + i-Arizona + Talius/Justice (proquinazine)
Ukuphawula: Lokhu kufana ne-T0 nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sokufutha. Nakuba ingxube ye-T1 isezingeni elilinganiselwe, iqukethe i-mold inhibitor - futhi, ukwandisa izindleko, kodwa hhayi ngobuningi obukhulu (ezimweni eziningi).
Lesi isifutho esengeziwe esingasetshenziswa abaqhubi bokuhlola. Nakuba kungasebenzi kahle, kungasiza ukususa isikhunta sokugqwala (usebenzisa i-Sunorg Pro) kanye nesikhunta samabala (usebenzisa imikhiqizo ye-prothioconazole). I-Arizona nayo iyinketho (kodwa ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezintathu ekwelashweni okukodwa).
Ukuphawula: Izidingo ze-T2 zifaka imikhiqizo eqinile (njengoba kulindelekile ezifuthoni zamaqabunga efulegi). Kodwa-ke, ukungezwa kwe-Arizona akunakwenzeka ukuthi kubangele ukwanda okukhulu kokukhiqizwa.
Ukuphawula: Isikhathi se-T3 siqondise izinhlobo ze-Fusarium (hhayi indawo yamaqabunga akolweni). Sisebenzisa i-Prosaro, nayo ebiza kakhulu. Siphinde sengeze i-Comet 200 ukuze sisuse ukugqwala ezinhlobonhlobo ezithintekayo. Ezindaweni lapho umfutho wokugqwala uphansi, njengasenyakatho yeScotland, ukwengeza ukugqwala kungase kungabi nomthelela omkhulu.
Ukunciphisa ukushuba kohlelo lwe-RL lokubulala isikhunta kuzoshintsha ucwaningo lusuke ekuhloleni uhlobo oluthile luye ekuhloleni uhlobo lwesibulala-sikhunta esingu-x, okungadida idatha futhi kwenze ukuhumusha kube nzima kakhulu futhi kubize kakhulu.
Indlela yesimanje futhi iyasisiza ukuthi sincome izinhlobo ezingenwa izifo ezithile. Kunezibonelo eziningi zezinhlobo eziye zazuza impumelelo yezentengiselwano naphezu kokungazweli kahle kwezifo (uma ziphethwe kahle) kodwa zinezinye izici ezibalulekile.
Isimiso sokukhishwa kwezifo siphinde sisho ukuthi sisebenzisa imithamo ephezulu. Lokhu kwandisa izindleko kodwa ezifundweni eziningi kubangela isivuno esincane. Umphumela wethamo uboniswa ngokucacile kumajika okulawula isifo atholakala kuphrojekthi yethu esebenza kahle yesibulala-sikhunta.
Umfanekiso 2. Ukulawulwa kwamachashaza amaqabunga ngezivikeli (okuhlanganisiwe kwemiphumela ka-2022–2024), okubonisa ezinye zemithi yokubulala isikhunta esetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwe-RL. Lokhu kugqamisa ukuthuthuka okuncane uma kuqhathaniswa ekulawuleni izifo okuhlobene nokusuka kumithamo yeshejuli yezentengiselwano ejwayelekile (uhhafu ukuya kumthamo wekota emithathu) ukuya kumithamo yeshejuli ye-RL (eduze kudosi ogcwele).
Ukubuyekezwa kwakamuva okuxhaswe yi-AHDB kubheke uhlelo lwe-RL fungicide. Esinye seziphetho zomsebenzi oholwa yi-ADAS ukuthi, kuhlanganiswe nesivuno kanye nezilinganiso zokumelana nezifo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ama-fungicides, uhlelo lwamanje luhlala luyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuqondisa ukukhethwa nokuphathwa kwezinhlobonhlobo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-23-2024