Amanani Angcono Kakhulu Plant Hormone Indole-3-Acetic Acid Iaa

Nature

I-Indoleacetic acid iyinto ephilayo. Imikhiqizo ehlanzekile amakristalu amaqabunga angenambala noma ama-crystalline powders. Iphenduka ibe yinhle uma ibekwe ekukhanyeni. Iphoyinti lokuncibilika 165-166 ℃(168-170 ℃). Incibilika ku-ethanol anhydrous, i-ethyl acetate, i-dichloroethane, i-ether ne-acetone. Ayincibiliki ku-benzene, toluene, uphethiloli kanye ne-chloroform. Ayincibiliki emanzini, isisombululo sayo esinamanzi singachithwa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, kodwa izinzile ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo. Usawoti we-sodium kanye nosawoti we-potassium uzinzile kune-asidi ngokwayo futhi uncibilika kalula emanzini. I-decarboxylated kalula ibe yi-3-methylindole (skatine). Inobubili ekukhuleni kwezitshalo, futhi izingxenye ezihlukene zesitshalo zinokuzwela okuhlukile kuyo, ngokuvamile impande inkulu kunehlumela elikhulu kunesiqu. Izitshalo ezehlukene zinokuzwela okuhlukene kukho.

Indlela yokulungiselela

I-3-indole acetonitrile yakhiwa ukusabela kwe-indole, i-formaldehyde ne-potassium cyanide ku-150 ℃, 0.9 ~ 1MPa, bese i-hydrolyzed nge-potassium hydroxide. Noma ngokusabela kwe-indole nge-glycolic acid. Ku-3L yensimbi engagqwali autoclave, 270g(4.1mol)85% potassium hydroxide, 351g(3mol) indole kwengezwa, bese 360g(3.3mol)70% hydroxy acetic acid aqueous solution yengezwe kancane kancane. Kuvalwe ukushisisa ku-250 ℃, kukhuthaza u-18h. Phola ube ngaphansi kuka-50℃, engeza amanzi angama-500ml, bese ugoqoza ku-100℃ imizuzu engama-30 ukuncibilikisa i-potassium indole-3-acetate. Pholisa ku-25℃, uthele i-autoclave material emanzini, bese wengeza amanzi kuze kube yilapho isamba sevolumu sibe ngu-3L. Ungqimba olunamanzi lukhishwe nge-500ml ethyl ether, lwafakwa i-asidi nge-hydrochloric acid ku-20-30 ℃, futhi lwehliselwa nge-indole-3-acetic acid. Hlunga, geza ngamanzi abandayo, wome kude nokukhanya, umkhiqizo 455-490g.

Ukubaluleka kwe-biochemical

Impahla

Ibola kalula ekukhanyeni nasemoyeni, hhayi isitoreji esihlala isikhathi eside. Iphephile kubantu nasezilwaneni. Incibilika emanzini ashisayo, i-ethanol, i-acetone, i-ether ne-ethyl acetate, inyibilika kancane emanzini, i-benzene, i-chloroform; Iqinile kusisombululo se-alkaline futhi iqala incibilika ngenani elincane le-95% yotshwala bese ihlakazwa emanzini ibe yinani elifanele uma ilungiselelwe nge-crystallization yomkhiqizo ohlanzekile.

Sebenzisa

Isetshenziswa njenge-stimulant yokukhula kwesitshalo kanye ne-reagent yokuhlaziya. I-3-indole acetic acid nezinye izinto ze-auxin ezifana ne-3-indole acetaldehyde, i-3-indole acetonitrile ne-ascorbic acid zikhona ngokwemvelo emvelweni. Isandulela se-3-indole acetic acid biosynthesis ezitshalweni yi-tryptophan. Indima eyisisekelo ye-auxin ukulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo, hhayi nje ukukhuthaza ukukhula, kodwa futhi ukuvimbela ukukhula nokwakhiwa kwezitho. I-Auxin ayitholakali kuphela esimweni esikhululekile kumaseli ezitshalo, kodwa futhi ikhona ku-auxin eboshiwe eboshwe ngokuqinile ku-biopolymeric acid, njll. I-Auxin iphinde yakha ama-conjugations ngezinto ezikhethekile, njenge-indole-acetyl asparagine, i-apentose indole-acetyl glucose, njll. Lokhu kungase kube indlela yokugcina i-auxin isusa i-auxin kuseli, futhi iphinde isuse ubuthi obungaphezu kweseli.

Umphumela

Isitshalo se-auxin. I-hormone yokukhula yemvelo evamile ezitshalweni i-indoleacetic acid. I-Indoleacetic acid ingakhuthaza ukwakheka kokuphela kwehlumela eliphezulu lamahlumela ezitshalo, amahlumela, izithombo, njll. Isandulela saso yi-tryptophan. I-Indoleacetic acid iyi-ai-hormone yokukhula yezitshalo. I-Somatin inemiphumela eminingi yomzimba, ehlobene nokugxila kwayo. Ukugxila okuphansi kungakhuthaza ukukhula, ukugxila okuphezulu kuzovimbela ukukhula ngisho nokwenza isitshalo sife, lokhu kuvimbela kuhlobene nokuthi kungabangela ukwakheka kwe-ethylene. Imiphumela ye-physiological ye-auxin ibonakala emazingeni amabili. Ezingeni lamaselula, i-auxin ingashukumisa ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli e-cambium; Ukugqugquzela ukwelulwa kwamaseli egatsha futhi kuvimbele ukukhula kwamaseli ezimpande; Khuthaza ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli e-xylem ne-phloem, khuthaza izimpande zokugunda izinwele futhi ulawule i-callus morphogenesis. Esithweni sesitho kanye nezinga lesitshalo sonke, i-auxin isebenza kusukela kusithombo kuya ekuvuthweni kwezithelo. I-Auxin elawulwa yizithombo ze-mesocotyl elongation enezithiyo zokukhanya okubomvu okubuyisela emuva; Lapho i-indoleacetic acid idluliselwa ohlangothini olungezansi lwegatsha, igatsha lizokhiqiza i-geotropism. I-Phototropism yenzeka lapho i-indoleacetic acid idluliselwa ohlangothini olukhanyisiwe lwamagatsha. I-Indoleacetic acid ibangele ukubusa okuphezulu. Ukubambezeleka kwamaqabunga; I-Auxin isetshenziswa emaqabunga avinjiwe ukuhushulwa, kuyilapho i-auxin isetshenziswa ekugcineni kwe-abscission ikhuthaza ukuhushulwa. I-Auxin ikhuthaza ukuqhakaza, ikhuthaza ukukhula kwe-parthenocarpy, futhi ibambezele ukuvuthwa kwezithelo.

Faka isicelo

I-Indoleacetic acid ine-spectrum ebanzi futhi isetshenziswa kaningi, kodwa ayivamisile ukusetshenziswa ngoba kulula ukucekela phansi ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwezitshalo. Ekuqaleni, yayisetshenziselwa ukuheha i-parthenocarpous ne-fruit-setting of utamatisi. Esigabeni sokuqhakaza, izimbali zazicwiliswe ngoketshezi oluyi-3000 mg/l ukwenza isithelo sikatamatisi esingenambewu futhi sithuthukise izinga lokumiswa kwezithelo. Enye yezinto ezasetshenziswa ekuqaleni kwakuwukukhuthaza ukuqunjelwa kwama-cuttings. Ukucwilisa isisekelo sokusikwa ngo-100 kuya ku-1000 mg/l wesisombululo somuthi kungakhuthaza ukwakheka kwezimpande ezizayo zesihlahla setiye, isihlahla somuthi, isihlahla se-oki, i-metasequoia, upelepele nezinye izitshalo, futhi kusheshise izinga lokuzala okunomsoco. I-1 ~ 10 mg/l i-indoleacetic acid kanye ne-oxamyline engu-10 mg/L yasetshenziswa ukukhuthaza ukumila kwezimpande zezithombo zelayisi. I-25 kuya ku-400 mg/l ye-chrysanthemum ye-spray ye-liquid kanye (emahoreni angu-9 we-photoperiod), ingavimbela ukuvela kwezimbali zezimbali, ibambezele ukuqhakaza. Ukukhula ekukhanyeni kwelanga okude kuya ku-10 -5 mol/l ukugxila okufafazwe kanye, kungandisa izimbali zesifazane. Ukwelapha imbewu ye-beet kukhuthaza ukuhluma futhi kwandisa isivuno se-tuber yezimpande kanye nokuqukethwe ushukela.

Isingeniso se-auxin
Isingeniso

I-Auxin (auxin) ikilasi lamahomoni e-endo native aqukethe indandatho enephunga elimnandi engagcwalisiwe kanye neketango lecele le-acetic acid, isifinyezo sesiNgisi i-IAA, esivamile samazwe ngamazwe, sithi i-indole acetic acid (IAA). Ngo-1934, uGuo Ge et al. ihlonze njenge-indole acetic acid, ngakho-ke kuwumkhuba ukusebenzisa i-indole acetic acid njengegama elifanayo le-auxin. I-Auxin ihlanganiswa emaqabunga amancane anwetshiwe kanye ne-apical meristem, futhi inqwabelana ukusuka phezulu kuya phansi ngokuthuthwa okude kwe-phloem. Izimpande nazo zikhiqiza i-auxin, ehanjiswa ukusuka phansi kuya phezulu. I-Auxin ezitshalweni yakhiwa kusuka ku-tryptophan ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwezinto eziphakathi. Umzila oyinhloko udlula i-indoleacetaldehyde. I-Indole acetaldehyde ingakhiwa yi-oxidation kanye ne-deamination ye-tryptophan ukuze i-indole pyruvate bese i-decarboxylated, noma ingakhiwa i-oxidation kanye ne-deamination ye-tryptophan ku-tryptamine. I-acetaldehyde ye-indole bese iphinda ifakwe ku-indole acetic acid. Omunye umzila wokwenziwa okungenzeka ukuguqulwa kwe-tryptophan isuka ku-indole acetonitrile iye kwi-indole acetic acid. I-Indoleacetic acid ingenziwa ingasebenzi ngokubopha nge-aspartic acid ku-indoleacetylaspartic acid, inositol ku-indoleacetic acid ku-inositol, i-glucose ku-glucoside, kanye namaprotheni ku-indoleacetic acid-protein complex ezitshalweni. I-bound indoleacetic acid ngokuvamile ihlanganisa u-50-90% we-indoleacetic acid ezitshalweni, okungenzeka kube uhlobo lokugcina lwe-auxin ezicutshini zezitshalo. I-Indoleacetic acid ingabola nge-oxidation ye-indoleacetic acid, evamile ezicutshini zezitshalo. Ama-Auxin anemiphumela eminingi yomzimba, ehlobene nokugxila kwawo. Ukugxila okuphansi kungakhuthaza ukukhula, ukugxila okuphezulu kuzovimbela ukukhula ngisho nokwenza isitshalo sife, lokhu kuvimbela kuhlobene nokuthi kungabangela ukwakheka kwe-ethylene. Imiphumela ye-physiological ye-auxin ibonakala emazingeni amabili. Ezingeni lamaselula, i-auxin ingashukumisa ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli e-cambium; Ukugqugquzela ukwelulwa kwamaseli egatsha futhi kuvimbele ukukhula kwamaseli ezimpande; Khuthaza ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli e-xylem ne-phloem, khuthaza izimpande zokugunda izinwele futhi ulawule i-callus morphogenesis. Esithweni sesitho kanye nezinga lesitshalo sonke, i-auxin isebenza kusukela kusithombo kuya ekuvuthweni kwezithelo. I-Auxin elawulwa yizithombo ze-mesocotyl elongation enezithiyo zokukhanya okubomvu okubuyisela emuva; Lapho i-indoleacetic acid idluliselwa ohlangothini olungezansi lwegatsha, igatsha lizokhiqiza i-geotropism. I-Phototropism yenzeka lapho i-indoleacetic acid idluliselwa ohlangothini olukhanyisiwe lwamagatsha. I-Indoleacetic acid ibangele ukubusa okuphezulu. Ukubambezeleka kwamaqabunga; I-Auxin isetshenziswa emaqabunga avinjiwe ukuhushulwa, kuyilapho i-auxin isetshenziswa ekugcineni kwe-abscission ikhuthaza ukuhushulwa. I-Auxin ikhuthaza ukuqhakaza, ikhuthaza ukukhula kwe-parthenocarpy, futhi ibambezele ukuvuthwa kwezithelo. Omunye uqhamuke nomqondo wama-hormone receptors. I-hormone receptor iyingxenye yengqamuzana enkulu yengqamuzana ebophezela ngokuqondile kuhomoni ehambisanayo bese iqala uchungechunge lokusabela. Inkimbinkimbi ye-indoleacetic acid ne-receptor inemiphumela emibili: okokuqala, isebenza kumaprotheni e-membrane, ithinta i-acidification ephakathi, ukuthuthwa kwepompo ye-ion kanye nokushintsha kwengcindezi, okuwukusabela okusheshayo (

Isizukulwane, ezokuthutha kanye nokusabalalisa

Izingxenye eziyinhloko ze-auxin synthesis yizicubu ezithandekayo, ikakhulukazi amaqabunga amancane, amaqabunga, nembewu ekhulayo. I-Auxin isatshalaliswa kuzo zonke izitho zomzimba wesitshalo, kepha igxile kakhulu ezingxenyeni zokukhula okunamandla, njenge-coleopedia, ama-buds, izimpande ze-apex meristem, i-cambium, ukukhula kwembewu nezithelo. Kunezindlela ezintathu zokuthutha i-auxin ezitshalweni: ezokuthutha ezisemaceleni, ezokuthutha ezitholakala ezindaweni ezimaphakathi nendawo kanye nezokuthutha okungezona ezincanyana. Ukuthuthwa kwe-Lateral (ukuthuthwa kwe-auxin nge-backlight esiqongweni se-coleoptile okubangelwa ukukhanya okuhlangene, ukuthuthwa kwe-auxin eseduze nephansi ezimpandeni neziqu zezitshalo lapho kuphambana). Ukuthuthwa kwe-polar (kusuka ekugcineni kwe-morphology kuya ekugcineni okuphansi kwe-morphology). Ukuthutha okungeyona indawo ye-polar (ezicutshini ezivuthiwe, i-auxin ingahanjiswa nge-phloem engeyona indawo epholile).

Ububili besenzo sokuphila

Ukugxila okuphansi kukhuthaza ukukhula, ukugxila okuphezulu kuvimbela ukukhula. Izitho ezihlukene zezitshalo zinezidingo ezihlukene zokuhlangana kahle kwe-auxin. Ukugxiliswa okuhle kakhulu kwakucishe kube ngu-10E-10mol/L ezimpandeni, 10E-8mol/L kuma-buds kanye no-10E-5mol/L weziqu. Ama-auxin analogue (afana ne-naphthalene acetic acid, 2, 4-D, njll.) avame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ukulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo. Isibonelo, lapho amahlumela kabhontshisi ekhiqizwa, ukugxila okufanele ukukhula kwesiqu kusetshenziselwa ukwelapha amahlumela kabhontshisi. Ngenxa yalokho, izimpande kanye nama-buds kuvinjelwe, futhi iziqu ezakhiwe kusuka ku-hypocotyl zithuthukiswa kakhulu. Inzuzo ephezulu yokukhula kwesiqu sesitshalo inqunywa izici zokuthutha zezitshalo ze-auxin kanye nobunye bemiphumela ye-auxin yomzimba. I-apex bud yesiqu sesitshalo iyingxenye esebenza kakhulu yokukhiqizwa kwe-auxin, kodwa ukugxila kwe-auxin ekhiqizwa ku-apex bud ihlale ithuthelwa esiqwini ngokuthuthwa okusebenzayo, ngakho-ke ukugxila kwe-auxin ku-apex bud ngokwayo akuphezulu, kuyilapho ukugxila esiqwini esincane kuphezulu. Ifaneleka kakhulu ekukhuleni kwesiqu, kodwa inomphumela ovimbelayo kuma-buds. Ukuphakama kwe-auxin endaweni eseduze nehlumela eliphezulu, kunamandla umphumela ovimbelayo kuhlumela oluseceleni, yingakho izitshalo eziningi ezinde zakha umumo we-pagoda. Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke izitshalo ezinokubusa okunamandla kwe-apex, futhi ezinye izihlahla ziqala ukuwohloka noma ngisho nokuncipha ngemva kokuthuthukiswa kwe-apex bud isikhathi esithile, zilahlekelwa ukubusa kwe-apex yasekuqaleni, ngakho-ke ukwakheka kwesihlahla se-shrub akuyona i-pagoda. Ngenxa yokuthi ukugcwala okuphezulu kwe-auxin kunomphumela wokuvimbela ukukhula kwesitshalo, ukukhiqizwa kokugxila okuphezulu kwama-auxin analogue nakho kungasetshenziswa njengemithi yokubulala ukhula, ikakhulukazi ukhula lwe-dicotyledonous.

Ama-analogue e-Auxin: NAA, 2, 4-D. Ngoba i-auxin ikhona ngamanani amancane ezitshalweni, futhi akulula ukuyigcina. Ukuze kulawulwe ukukhula kwezitshalo, ngokusebenzisa ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali, abantu bathole ama-auxin analogues, anemiphumela efanayo futhi angakhiqizwa ngobuningi, futhi asetshenziswe kabanzi ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo. Umthelela wamandla adonsela phansi emhlabeni ekusabalaliseni i-auxin: ukukhula kwangemuva kweziqu kanye nokukhula komhlabathi kwezimpande kubangelwa amandla adonsela phansi omhlaba, isizathu siwukuthi amandla adonsela phansi abangela ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani kwe-auxin, okusatshalaliswa kakhulu ohlangothini oluseduze lwesiqu futhi kusatshalaliswe kancane ohlangothini olungemuva. Ngenxa yokuthi izinga eliphezulu le-auxin esiqwini laliphezulu, i-auxin eningi engxenyeni eseduze yesiqu yayiyikhuthaza, ngakho uhlangothi oluseduze lwesiqu lwakhula ngokushesha kunohlangothi olungemuva, futhi lwagcina ukukhula phezulu kwesiqu. Ezimpandeni, ngenxa yokuthi i-auxin eningi ezimpandeni iphansi kakhulu, i-auxin eningi eduze nohlangothi oluphansi inomphumela ovimbela ukukhula kwamaseli ezimpande, ngakho ukukhula eduze nohlangothi lomhlabathi kuhamba kancane kunohlangothi olungemuva, futhi ukukhula kwe-geotropic kwezimpande kuyagcinwa. Ngaphandle kwamandla adonsela phansi, izimpande azikhuli phansi. Umthelela wokungabi nesisindo ekukhuleni kwezitshalo: ukukhula kwezimpande kuye phansi kanye nokukhula kwesiqu kude nomhlabathi kubangelwa amandla adonsela phansi omhlaba, okubangelwa ukusakazwa ngokungalingani kwe-auxin ngaphansi kokungeniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi omhlaba. Esimweni esingenasisindo sesikhala, ngenxa yokulahlekelwa amandla adonsela phansi, ukukhula kwesiqu kuzolahlekelwa ukubuyela emuva, futhi izimpande nazo zizolahlekelwa izici zokukhula komhlabathi. Kodwa-ke, inzuzo ephezulu yokukhula kwesiqu isekhona, futhi ukuthuthwa kwe-polar kwe-auxin akuthintwa amandla adonsela phansi.