Amanani Angcono Kakhulu Plant Hormone Indole-3-Acetic Acid Iaa

Nature

I-Indoleacetic acid iyinto ephilayo.Imikhiqizo ehlanzekile amakristalu amaqabunga angenambala noma ama-crystalline powders.Iphenduka ibe yinhle uma ibekwe ekukhanyeni.Iphoyinti lokuncibilika 165-166 ℃(168-170 ℃).Incibilika ku-ethanol anhydrous, i-ethyl acetate, i-dichloroethane, i-ether ne-acetone.Ayincibiliki ku-benzene, toluene, uphethiloli kanye ne-chloroform.Ayincibiliki emanzini, isisombululo sayo esinamanzi singachithwa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, kodwa izinzile ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo.Usawoti we-sodium kanye nosawoti we-potassium uzinzile kune-asidi ngokwayo futhi uncibilika kalula emanzini.I-decarboxylated kalula ibe yi-3-methylindole (skatine).Inobubili ekukhuleni kwezitshalo, futhi izingxenye ezihlukene zesitshalo zinokuzwela okuhlukile kuyo, ngokuvamile impande inkulu kunehlumela elikhulu kunesiqu.Izitshalo ezehlukene zinokuzwela okuhlukene kukho.

Indlela yokulungiselela

I-3-indole acetonitrile yakhiwa ukusabela kwe-indole, i-formaldehyde ne-potassium cyanide ku-150 ℃, 0.9 ~ 1MPa, bese i-hydrolyzed nge-potassium hydroxide.Noma ngokusabela kwe-indole nge-glycolic acid.Ku-3L yensimbi engagqwali autoclave, 270g(4.1mol)85% potassium hydroxide, 351g(3mol) indole kwengezwa, bese 360g(3.3mol)70% hydroxy acetic acid aqueous solution yengezwe kancane kancane.Kuvalwe ukushisisa ku-250 ℃, kukhuthaza u-18h.Phola ube ngaphansi kuka-50℃, engeza amanzi angama-500ml, bese ugoqoza ku-100℃ imizuzu engama-30 ukuncibilikisa i-potassium indole-3-acetate.Pholisa ku-25℃, uthele i-autoclave material emanzini, bese wengeza amanzi kuze kube yilapho isamba sevolumu sibe ngu-3L.Ungqimba olunamanzi lukhishwe nge-500ml ethyl ether, lwafakwa i-asidi nge-hydrochloric acid ku-20-30 ℃, futhi lwehliselwa nge-indole-3-acetic acid.Hlunga, geza ngamanzi abandayo, wome kude nokukhanya, umkhiqizo 455-490g.

Ukubaluleka kwamakhemikhali

Impahla

Ibola kalula ekukhanyeni nasemoyeni, hhayi isitoreji esihlala isikhathi eside.Iphephile kubantu nasezilwaneni.Incibilika emanzini ashisayo, i-ethanol, i-acetone, i-ether ne-ethyl acetate, inyibilika kancane emanzini, i-benzene, i-chloroform;Iqinile kusisombululo se-alkaline futhi iqala incibilika ngenani elincane le-95% yotshwala bese ihlakazwa emanzini ibe yinani elifanele uma ilungiselelwe nge-crystallization yomkhiqizo ohlanzekile.

Sebenzisa

Isetshenziswa njenge-stimulant yokukhula kwesitshalo kanye ne-reagent yokuhlaziya.I-3-indole acetic acid nezinye izinto ze-auxin ezifana ne-3-indole acetaldehyde, i-3-indole acetonitrile ne-ascorbic acid zikhona ngokwemvelo emvelweni.Isandulela se-3-indole acetic acid biosynthesis ezitshalweni yi-tryptophan.Indima eyisisekelo ye-auxin ukulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo, hhayi nje ukukhuthaza ukukhula, kodwa futhi ukuvimbela ukukhula nokwakhiwa kwezitho.I-Auxin ayitholakali kuphela esimweni esikhululekile kumaseli ezitshalo, kodwa futhi ikhona ku-auxin eboshiwe eboshwe ngokuqinile ku-biopolymeric acid, njll. I-Auxin iphinde yakha ama-conjugations ngezinto ezikhethekile, njenge-indole-acetyl asparagine, i-apentose indole-acetyl glucose, njll. Lokhu kungase kube indlela yokugcina i-auxin kuseli, kanye nendlela yokukhipha ubuthi ukuze kususwe ubuthi be-auxin eyeqile.

Umphumela

Isitshalo se-auxin.I-hormone yokukhula yemvelo evamile ezitshalweni i-indoleacetic acid.I-Indoleacetic acid ingakhuthaza ukwakheka kokuphela kwehlumela eliphezulu lamahlumela ezitshalo, amahlumela, izithombo, njll. Isandulela saso yi-tryptophan.I-Indoleacetic acid iyi-ai-hormone yokukhula yezitshalo.I-Somatin inemiphumela eminingi yomzimba, ehlobene nokugxila kwayo.Ukugxila okuphansi kungakhuthaza ukukhula, ukugxila okuphezulu kuzovimbela ukukhula ngisho nokwenza isitshalo sife, lokhu kuvimbela kuhlobene nokuthi kungabangela ukwakheka kwe-ethylene.Imiphumela ye-physiological ye-auxin ibonakala emazingeni amabili.Ezingeni lamaselula, i-auxin ingashukumisa ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli e-cambium;Ukugqugquzela ukwelulwa kwamaseli egatsha futhi kuvimbele ukukhula kwamaseli ezimpande;Khuthaza ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli e-xylem ne-phloem, khuthaza izimpande zokugunda izinwele futhi ulawule i-callus morphogenesis.Esithweni sesitho kanye nezinga lesitshalo sonke, i-auxin isebenza kusukela kusithombo kuya ekuvuthweni kwezithelo.I-Auxin elawulwa yizithombo ze-mesocotyl elongation enezithiyo zokukhanya okubomvu okubuyisela emuva;Lapho i-indoleacetic acid idluliselwa ohlangothini olungezansi lwegatsha, igatsha lizokhiqiza i-geotropism.I-Phototropism yenzeka lapho i-indoleacetic acid idluliselwa ohlangothini olukhanyisiwe lwamagatsha.I-Indoleacetic acid ibangele ukubusa okuphezulu.Ukubambezeleka kwe-leaf senescence;I-Auxin isetshenziswa emaqabunga avinjiwe ukuhushulwa, kuyilapho i-auxin isetshenziswa ekugcineni kwe-abscission ikhuthaza ukuhushulwa.I-Auxin ikhuthaza ukuqhakaza, ikhuthaza ukukhula kwe-parthenocarpy, futhi ibambezele ukuvuthwa kwezithelo.

Faka isicelo

I-Indoleacetic acid ine-spectrum ebanzi futhi isetshenziswa kaningi, kodwa ayivamisile ukusetshenziswa ngoba kulula ukucekela phansi ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwezitshalo.Ekuqaleni, yayisetshenziselwa ukuheha i-parthenocarpous ne-fruit-setting of utamatisi.Esigabeni sokuqhakaza, izimbali zazicwiliswe ngoketshezi oluyi-3000 mg/l ukwenza isithelo sikatamatisi esingenambewu futhi sithuthukise izinga lokumiswa kwezithelo.Enye yezinto ezasetshenziswa ekuqaleni kwakuwukukhuthaza ukuqunjelwa kwama-cuttings.Ukucwilisa isisekelo sokusikwa ngo-100 kuya ku-1000 mg/l wesisombululo somuthi kungakhuthaza ukwakheka kwezimpande ezizayo zesihlahla setiye, isihlahla somuthi, isihlahla se-oki, i-metasequoia, upelepele nezinye izitshalo, futhi kusheshise izinga lokuzala okunomsoco.I-1 ~ 10 mg/l i-indoleacetic acid kanye ne-oxamyline engu-10 mg/L yasetshenziswa ukukhuthaza ukumila kwezimpande zezithombo zelayisi.I-25 kuya ku-400 mg/l ye-chrysanthemum ye-spray ye-liquid kanye (emahoreni angu-9 we-photoperiod), ingavimbela ukuvela kwezimbali zezimbali, ibambezele ukuqhakaza.Ukukhula ekukhanyeni kwelanga okude kuya ku-10 -5 mol/l ukugxila okufafazwe kanye, kungandisa izimbali zesifazane.Ukwelapha imbewu ye-beet kukhuthaza ukuhluma futhi kwandisa isivuno se-tuber yezimpande kanye nokuqukethwe ushukela.

Isingeniso se-auxin
Isingeniso

I-Auxin (auxin) ikilasi lamahomoni e-endo native aqukethe indandatho enephunga elimnandi engagcwalisiwe kanye neketango lecele le-acetic acid, isifinyezo sesiNgisi i-IAA, esivamile samazwe ngamazwe, sithi i-indole acetic acid (IAA).Ngo-1934, uGuo Ge et al.ihlonze njenge-indole acetic acid, ngakho-ke kuwumkhuba ukusebenzisa i-indole acetic acid njengegama elifanayo le-auxin.I-Auxin ihlanganiswa emaqabunga amancane anwetshiwe kanye ne-apical meristem, futhi inqwabelana ukusuka phezulu kuya phansi ngokuthuthwa okude kwe-phloem.Izimpande nazo zikhiqiza i-auxin, ehanjiswa ukusuka phansi kuya phezulu.I-Auxin ezitshalweni yakhiwa kusuka ku-tryptophan ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwezinto eziphakathi.Umzila oyinhloko udlula i-indoleacetaldehyde.I-Indole acetaldehyde ingakhiwa yi-oxidation kanye ne-deamination ye-tryptophan ukuze i-indole pyruvate bese i-decarboxylated, noma ingakhiwa i-oxidation kanye ne-deamination ye-tryptophan ku-tryptamine.I-acetaldehyde ye-indole bese iphinda ifakwe ku-indole acetic acid.Omunye umzila wokwenziwa okungenzeka ukuguqulwa kwe-tryptophan isuka ku-indole acetonitrile iye kwi-indole acetic acid.I-Indoleacetic acid ingenziwa ingasebenzi ngokubopha nge-aspartic acid ku-indoleacetylaspartic acid, inositol ku-indoleacetic acid ku-inositol, i-glucose ku-glucoside, kanye namaprotheni ku-indoleacetic acid-protein complex ezitshalweni.I-bound indoleacetic acid ngokuvamile ihlanganisa u-50-90% we-indoleacetic acid ezitshalweni, okungenzeka kube uhlobo lokugcina lwe-auxin ezicutshini zezitshalo.I-Indoleacetic acid ingabola nge-oxidation ye-indoleacetic acid, evamile ezicutshini zezitshalo.Ama-Auxin anemiphumela eminingi yomzimba, ehlobene nokugxila kwawo.Ukugxila okuphansi kungakhuthaza ukukhula, ukugxila okuphezulu kuzovimbela ukukhula ngisho nokwenza isitshalo sife, lokhu kuvimbela kuhlobene nokuthi kungabangela ukwakheka kwe-ethylene.Imiphumela ye-physiological ye-auxin ibonakala emazingeni amabili.Ezingeni lamaselula, i-auxin ingashukumisa ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli e-cambium;Ukugqugquzela ukwelulwa kwamaseli egatsha futhi kuvimbele ukukhula kwamaseli ezimpande;Khuthaza ukuhlukaniswa kwe-xylem ne-phloem cell, khuthaza izimpande zokugunda izinwele futhi ulawule i-callus morphogenesis.Esithweni sesitho kanye nezinga lesitshalo sonke, i-auxin isebenza kusukela kusithombo kuya ekuvuthweni kwezithelo.I-Auxin elawulwa yizithombo ze-mesocotyl elongation enezithiyo zokukhanya okubomvu okubuyisela emuva;Lapho i-indoleacetic acid idluliselwa ohlangothini olungezansi lwegatsha, igatsha lizokhiqiza i-geotropism.I-Phototropism yenzeka lapho i-indoleacetic acid idluliselwa ohlangothini olukhanyisiwe lwamagatsha.I-Indoleacetic acid ibangele ukubusa okuphezulu.Ukubambezeleka kwe-leaf senescence;I-Auxin isetshenziswa emaqabunga avinjiwe ukuhushulwa, kuyilapho i-auxin isetshenziswa ekugcineni kwe-abscission ikhuthaza ukuhushulwa.I-Auxin ikhuthaza ukuqhakaza, ikhuthaza ukukhula kwe-parthenocarpy, futhi ibambezele ukuvuthwa kwezithelo.Othile weza nomqondo wama-hormone receptors.I-hormone receptor iyingxenye yengqamuzana enkulu yengqamuzana ebophezela ngokuqondile kuhomoni ehambisanayo bese iqala uchungechunge lokusabela.Inkimbinkimbi ye-indoleacetic acid ne-receptor inemiphumela emibili: okokuqala, isebenza kumaprotheni e-membrane, ithinta i-acidification ephakathi, ukuthuthwa kwepompo ye-ion kanye nokushintsha kwengcindezi, okuwukusabela okusheshayo (

Isizukulwane, ezokuthutha kanye nokusabalalisa

Izingxenye eziyinhloko ze-auxin synthesis yizicubu ezithandekayo, ikakhulukazi amaqabunga amancane, amaqabunga, nembewu ekhulayo.I-Auxin isatshalaliswa kuzo zonke izitho zomzimba wesitshalo, kepha igxile kakhulu ezingxenyeni zokukhula okunamandla, njenge-coleopedia, ama-buds, izimpande ze-apex meristem, i-cambium, ukukhula kwembewu nezithelo.Kunezindlela ezintathu zokuthutha i-auxin ezitshalweni: ezokuthutha ezisemaceleni, ezokuthutha ezitholakala ezindaweni ezimaphakathi nendawo kanye nezokuthutha okungezona ezincanyana.Ukuthuthwa kwe-Lateral (ukuthuthwa kwe-auxin nge-backlight esiqongweni se-coleoptile okubangelwa ukukhanya okuhlangene, ukuthuthwa kwe-auxin eseduze nephansi ezimpandeni neziqu zezitshalo lapho kuphambana).Ukuthuthwa kwe-polar (kusuka ekugcineni kwe-morphology kuya ekugcineni okuphansi kwe-morphology).Ukuthutha okungeyona indawo ye-polar (ezicutshini ezivuthiwe, i-auxin ingahanjiswa nge-phloem engeyona indawo epholile).

Ububili besenzo sokuphila

Ukugxila okuphansi kukhuthaza ukukhula, ukugxila okuphezulu kuvimbela ukukhula.Izitho ezihlukene zezitshalo zinezidingo ezihlukene zokuhlangana kahle kwe-auxin.Ukugxiliswa okuhle kakhulu kwakucishe kube ngu-10E-10mol/L ezimpandeni, 10E-8mol/L kuma-buds kanye no-10E-5mol/L weziqu.Ama-auxin analogue (afana ne-naphthalene acetic acid, 2, 4-D, njll.) avame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ukulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo.Isibonelo, lapho amahlumela kabhontshisi ekhiqizwa, ukugxila okufanele ukukhula kwesiqu kusetshenziselwa ukwelapha amahlumela kabhontshisi.Ngenxa yalokho, izimpande kanye nama-buds kuvinjelwe, futhi iziqu ezakhiwe kusuka ku-hypocotyl zithuthukiswa kakhulu.Inzuzo ephezulu yokukhula kwesiqu sesitshalo inqunywa izici zokuthutha zezitshalo ze-auxin kanye nobunye bemiphumela ye-auxin yomzimba.I-apex bud yesiqu sesitshalo iyingxenye esebenza kakhulu yokukhiqizwa kwe-auxin, kepha ukugcwala kwe-auxin ekhiqizwa ku-apex bud kuhlala kuhanjiswa esiqwini ngokuthuthwa okusebenzayo, ngakho-ke ukugcwala kwe-auxin ku-apex bud uqobo akuphezulu, kuyilapho ukugxila esiqwini esincane kuphakeme.Ifaneleka kakhulu ekukhuleni kwesiqu, kodwa inomphumela ovimbelayo kuma-buds.Ukuphakama kwe-auxin endaweni eseduze nehlumela eliphezulu, kunamandla umphumela ovimbelayo kuhlumela oluseceleni, yingakho izitshalo eziningi ezinde zakha umumo we-pagoda.Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke izitshalo ezinokubusa okuqinile kwe-apex, futhi ezinye izihlahla ziqala ukuwohloka noma ngisho nokuncipha ngemva kokuthuthukiswa kwe-apex bud isikhathi esithile, zilahlekelwa ukubusa kwe-apex yasekuqaleni, ngakho-ke ukwakheka kwesihlahla se-shrub akuyona i-pagoda. .Ngenxa yokuthi ukugcwala okuphezulu kwe-auxin kunomphumela wokuvimbela ukukhula kwesitshalo, ukukhiqizwa kokugxila okuphezulu kwama-auxin analogue nakho kungasetshenziswa njengemithi yokubulala ukhula, ikakhulukazi ukhula lwe-dicotyledonous.

Ama-analogue e-Auxin: NAA, 2, 4-D.Ngoba i-auxin ikhona ngamanani amancane ezitshalweni, futhi akulula ukuyigcina.Ukuze kulawulwe ukukhula kwezitshalo, ngokusebenzisa ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali, abantu bathole ama-auxin analogues, anemiphumela efanayo futhi angakhiqizwa ngobuningi, futhi asetshenziswe kabanzi ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo.Umthelela we-earth gravity ekusabalaliseni i-auxin: ukukhula kwesizinda seziqu kanye nokukhula kwezimpande zomhlaba kubangelwa amandla adonsela phansi omhlaba, isizathu siwukuthi amandla adonsela phansi abangela ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani kwe-auxin, esabalaliswa kakhulu ohlangothini oluseduze isiqu futhi kancane basakaza ohlangothini emuva.Ngenxa yokuthi izinga eliphezulu le-auxin esiqwini laliphezulu, i-auxin eningi engxenyeni eseduze yesiqu yayiyikhuthaza, ngakho uhlangothi oluseduze lwesiqu lwakhula ngokushesha kunohlangothi olungemuva, futhi lwagcina ukukhula phezulu kwesiqu.Ezimpandeni, ngenxa yokuthi ukugcwala kwe-auxin ezimpandeni kuphansi kakhulu, i-auxin eningi eduze nohlangothi olungaphansi inomphumela ovimbela ukukhula kwamaseli ezimpande, ngakho ukukhula kwe-auxin eduze nohlangothi lwaphansi kuhamba kancane kunohlangothi olungemuva, futhi ukukhula kwe-geotropic kwezimpande kuyagcinwa.Ngaphandle kwamandla adonsela phansi, izimpande azikhuli phansi.Umthelela wokungabi nesisindo ekukhuleni kwezitshalo: ukukhula kwezimpande kuye phansi kanye nokukhula kwesiqu kude nomhlabathi kubangelwa amandla adonsela phansi omhlaba, okubangelwa ukusakazwa ngokungalingani kwe-auxin ngaphansi kokungeniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi omhlaba.Esimweni esingenasisindo sesikhala, ngenxa yokulahlekelwa amandla adonsela phansi, ukukhula kwesiqu kuzolahlekelwa ukubuyela emuva, futhi izimpande nazo zizolahlekelwa izici zokukhula komhlabathi.Kodwa-ke, inzuzo ephezulu yokukhula kwesiqu isekhona, futhi ukuthuthwa kwe-polar kwe-auxin akuthintwa amandla adonsela phansi.