Amanani Angcono Kakhulu I-Plant Hormone Indole-3-Acetic Acid Iaa

Nature

I-Indoleacetic acid iyisithako sezinto eziphilayo. Imikhiqizo emsulwa iyizikristalu zamaqabunga ezingenambala noma izimpushana zekristalu. Iba rosy uma ivezwa ekukhanyeni. Iphuzu lokuncibilika 165-166℃ (168-170℃). Incibilika ku-ethanol engamanzi, i-ethyl acetate, i-dichloroethane, incibilika ku-ether kanye ne-acetone. Ayincibiliki ku-benzene, i-toluene, uphethiloli kanye ne-chloroform. Uma ingancibiliki emanzini, isixazululo sayo samanzi singancibilika ngokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, kodwa izinzile ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo. Usawoti we-sodium kanye nosawoti we-potassium kuzinzile kakhulu kune-asidi uqobo futhi kuncibilika kalula emanzini. Isuswa kalula ku-carboxy ku-3-methylindole (skatine). Inobubili ekukhuleni kwezitshalo, futhi izingxenye ezahlukene zesitshalo zinomuzwa ohlukile kuyo, ngokuvamile impande inkulu kunehlumela elikhulu kunesiqu. Izitshalo ezahlukene zinomuzwa ohlukile kuyo.

Indlela yokulungiselela

I-acetonitrile ye-3-indole yakhiwa ukusabela kwe-indole, i-formaldehyde kanye ne-potassium cyanide ku-150℃, 0.9~1MPa, bese i-hydrolyzed yi-potassium hydroxide. Noma ukusabela kwe-indole ne-glycolic acid. Ku-autoclave yensimbi engagqwali engu-3L, kwanezelwa i-270g(4.1mol)85% ye-potassium hydroxide, i-351g(3mol) i-indole, kwabe sekufakwa isixazululo samanzi esingu-360g(3.3mol)70% se-hydroxyacetic acid kancane kancane. Kuvaliwe ukushisa kufinyelele ku-250℃, kuvunguza amahora angu-18. Kuphole kufinyelele ngaphansi kwama-50℃, engeza amanzi angu-500ml, bese uvunguza ku-100℃ imizuzu engama-30 ukuze kuncibilikiswe i-potassium indole-3-acetate. Kuphole kufinyelele ku-25℃, thela izinto ze-autoclave emanzini, bese ufaka amanzi kuze kube yilapho ivolumu iyonke ingu-3L. Ingqimba yamanzi ikhishwe nge-ethyl ether engu-500ml, yafakwa i-asidi nge-hydrochloric acid ku-20-30℃, yabe isifakwa i-indole-3-acetic acid. Hlunga, ugeze ngamanzi abandayo, womise kude nokukhanya, umkhiqizo ongu-455-490g.

Ukubaluleka kwe-biochemical

Impahla

Ibola kalula ekukhanyeni nasemoyeni, ayigcini isikhathi eside. Iphephile kubantu nasezilwaneni. Incibilika emanzini ashisayo, i-ethanol, i-acetone, i-ether kanye ne-ethyl acetate, incibilika kancane emanzini, i-benzene, i-chloroform; Izinzile esixazululweni se-alkaline futhi iqale incibilike ngenani elincane lika-95% utshwala bese incibilika emanzini ngenani elifanele uma ilungiswa nge-crystallization yomkhiqizo omsulwa.

Sebenzisa

Isetshenziswa njengesikhuthazi sokukhula kwezitshalo kanye nesihlaziyi. I-3-indole acetic acid kanye nezinye izinto ze-auxin ezifana ne-3-indole acetaldehyde, i-3-indole acetonitrile kanye ne-ascorbic acid zikhona ngokwemvelo ngokwemvelo. Isandulela se-3-indole acetic acid biosynthesis ezitshalweni yi-tryptophan. Indima eyisisekelo ye-auxin ukulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo, hhayi nje ukukhuthaza ukukhula, kodwa futhi nokuvimbela ukukhula kanye nokwakhiwa kwezitho. I-Auxin ayikho nje kuphela esimweni samahhala kumaseli ezitshalo, kodwa futhi ikhona ku-bound auxin eboshiwe kakhulu ku-biopolymeric acid, njll. I-Auxin iphinde yakhe ukuhlangana nezinto ezikhethekile, njenge-indole-acetyl asparagine, i-apentose indole-acetyl glucose, njll. Lokhu kungaba yindlela yokugcina i-auxin esitokisini, kanye nendlela yokususa ubuthi be-auxin eningi.

Umphumela

I-Plant auxin. I-hormone yokukhula yemvelo evame kakhulu ezitshalweni yi-indoleacetic acid. I-indoleacetic acid ingakhuthaza ukwakheka kwengxenye ephezulu yehlumela lezitshalo, amahlumela, izithombo, njll. Isandulela sayo yi-tryptophan. I-indoleacetic acid iyi-hormone yokukhula yemvelo evame kakhulu ezitshalweni.i-hormone yokukhula kwezitshalo. I-Somatin inemiphumela eminingi yomzimba, ehlobene nokuhlushwa kwayo. Ukuhlushwa okuphansi kungakhuthaza ukukhula, ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kuzovimbela ukukhula futhi kwenze ngisho nesitshalo sife, lokhu kuvinjelwa kuhlobene nokuthi kungabangela yini ukwakheka kwe-ethylene. Imiphumela yomzimba ye-auxin ibonakala emazingeni amabili. Ezingeni lamaseli, i-auxin ingakhuthaza ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli e-cambium; Ivuselela ukunwebeka kwamaseli egatsha futhi ivimbele ukukhula kwamaseli ezimpande; Ikhuthaza ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli e-xylem ne-phloem, ikhuthaza izimpande ezisikwa izinwele futhi ilawule i-callus morphogenesis. Ezingeni lesitho kanye nesitshalo sonke, i-auxin isebenza kusukela ekuvuthweni kwesithombo kuya ekuvuthweni kwesithelo. I-Auxin ilawula ukunwebeka kwe-mesocotyl yesithombo ngokuvimbela ukukhanya okubomvu okuguqukayo; Lapho i-indoleacetic acid idluliselwa ohlangothini olungezansi lwegatsha, igatsha lizokhiqiza i-geotropism. I-Phototropism yenzeka lapho i-indoleacetic acid idluliselwa ohlangothini olukhanyayo lwamagatsha. I-indoleacetic acid ibangele ukubuswa kwe-apex. Ukulibazisa ukuguga kwamaqabunga; I-Auxin efakwe emaqabungeni yavimbela ukuqunjelwa, kuyilapho i-auxin efakwe ekugcineni kwe-abscission yakhuthaza ukuqunjelwa. I-Auxin ikhuthaza ukuqhakaza kwezimbali, ikhuthaza ukukhula kwe-parthenocarpy, futhi ibambezela ukuvuthwa kwezithelo.

Faka isicelo

I-Indoleacetic acid inezinhlobo eziningi zokusetshenziswa, kodwa ayisetshenziswa kakhulu ngoba kulula ukubola ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwezitshalo. Esigabeni sokuqala, yayisetshenziselwa ukuvusa utamatisi onama-parthenocarpous kanye nokubeka izithelo. Esigabeni sokuqhakaza, izimbali zazicwiliswa ngoketshezi oluyi-3000 mg/l ukuze kwakhiwe izithelo zikatamatisi ezingenambewu futhi kuthuthukiswe izinga lokubeka izithelo. Enye yezindlela zokuqala zokusebenzisa kwakuwukukhuthaza izimpande zezicucu. Ukucwilisa isisekelo sezicucu ngesisombululo semithi esingu-100 kuya ku-1000 mg/l kungakhuthaza ukwakheka kwezimpande ezikhulayo zesihlahla setiye, isihlahla se-gum, isihlahla se-oki, i-metasequoia, i-pepper nezinye izitshalo, futhi kusheshise izinga lokuzala okunempilo. I-1 ~ 10 mg/l indoleacetic acid kanye ne-10 mg/L i-oxamyline kwasetshenziswa ukukhuthaza izimpande zezithombo zerayisi. I-25 kuya ku-400 mg/l ye-chrysanthemum efafazwa ngoketshezi kanye (emahoreni angu-9 e-photoperiod), kungavimbela ukuvela kwamahlumela ezimbali, kubambezele ukuqhakaza. Ukukhula elangeni elide kuze kufike ku-10 -5 mol/l okufuthwe kanye, kungandisa izimbali zesifazane. Ukwelapha imbewu yebhitrudi kukhuthaza ukuhluma futhi kwandisa isivuno sezimpande kanye nokuqukethwe ushukela.

Isingeniso ku-auxin
Isingeniso

I-Auxin (auxin) iyisigaba sama-hormone endogenous aqukethe indandatho enuka kamnandi engagcwalisiwe kanye nochungechunge lwe-acetic acid, isifinyezo sesiNgisi i-IAA, esivamile emhlabeni wonke, yi-indole acetic acid (IAA). Ngo-1934, uGuo Ge nabanye bayibona njenge-indole acetic acid, ngakho-ke kuyinto evamile ukusebenzisa i-indole acetic acid njengegama elifanayo ne-auxin. I-Auxin yenziwa emaqabungeni amancane anwetshiwe kanye ne-apical meristem, futhi iqongelelwa kusukela phezulu kuya phansi ngokuthuthwa kwe-phloem ibanga elide. Izimpande nazo zikhiqiza i-auxin, ethuthwa kusukela phansi kuya phezulu. I-Auxin ezitshalweni yakhiwa kusuka ku-tryptophan ngochungechunge lwezingxube. Indlela eyinhloko idlula i-indoleacetaldehyde. I-Indole acetaldehyde ingakhiwa ngokushiswa kanye nokushiswa kwe-tryptophan kuya ku-indole pyruvate bese i-decarboxylated, noma ingakhiwa ngokushiswa kanye nokushiswa kwe-tryptophan kuya ku-tryptamine. I-indole acetaldehyde ibe isiphinde i-oxidized ibe yi-indole acetic acid. Enye indlela yokwenziwa engenzeka ukuguqulwa kwe-tryptophan kusuka ku-indole acetonitrile ibe yi-indole acetic acid. I-indoleacetic acid ingasetshenziswa ngokubopha ne-aspartic acid ibe yi-indoleacetylaspartic acid, i-inositol ibe yi-indoleacetic acid ibe yi-inositol, i-glucose ibe yi-glucoside, kanye ne-protein ibe yi-indoleacetic acid-protein complex ezitshalweni. I-bound indoleacetic acid ivame ukubala u-50-90% we-indoleacetic acid ezitshalweni, okungaba uhlobo lokugcina lwe-auxin ezicutshini zezitshalo. I-indoleacetic acid ingabola ngokubola kwe-indoleacetic acid, okuvamile ezicutshini zezitshalo. Ama-Auxin anemiphumela eminingi yomzimba, ehlobene nokuhlushwa kwawo. Ukuhlushwa okuphansi kungakhuthaza ukukhula, ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kuzovimbela ukukhula futhi kwenze ngisho nesitshalo sife, lokhu kuvinjelwa kuhlobene nokuthi kungadala yini ukwakheka kwe-ethylene. Imiphumela yomzimba ye-auxin ibonakala emazingeni amabili. Ezingeni leseli, i-auxin ingakhuthaza ukuhlukana kwamaseli e-cambium; Ikhuthaza ukunwebeka kwamaseli egatsha futhi ivimbele ukukhula kwamaseli ezimpande; Ikhuthaza ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli e-xylem kanye ne-phloem, ikhuthaze izimpande ezisikwa izinwele futhi ilawule i-callus morphogenesis. Ezingeni lesitho kanye nesitshalo sonke, i-auxin isebenza kusukela esithonjeni kuya ekuvuthweni kwezithelo. I-Auxin ilawula ukunwebeka kwe-mesocotyl yezithombo ngokuvimbela ukukhanya okubomvu okuguqukayo; Lapho i-indoleacetic acid idluliselwa ohlangothini olungezansi lwegatsha, igatsha lizokhiqiza i-geotropism. I-Phototropism yenzeka lapho i-indoleacetic acid idluliselwa ohlangothini olukhanyayo lwamagatsha. I-indoleacetic acid ibangele ukubuswa kwe-apex. Ukulibazisa ukuguga kwamaqabunga; I-Auxin esetshenziswa emaqabungeni ivimbele ukunwebeka, kuyilapho i-auxin isetshenziswa ekugcineni kwe-abscission ikhuthaza ukunwebeka. I-Auxin ikhuthaza ukuqhakaza, ikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwe-parthenocarpy, futhi ilibazise ukuvuthwa kwezithelo. Othile weza nomqondo wama-hormone receptors. I-hormone receptor iyisakhi esikhulu samaseli esinama-molecule esibopha ngqo i-hormone ehambisanayo bese siqala uchungechunge lwezimpendulo. Inhlanganisela ye-indoleacetic acid kanye ne-receptor inemiphumela emibili: okokuqala, isebenza kumaprotheni e-membrane, ithinta i-acidification ephakathi nendawo, ukuthuthwa kwephampu ye-ion kanye noshintsho lokucindezeleka, okuyimpendulo esheshayo (< imizuzu eyi-10); Okwesibili ukusebenza kuma-nucleic acid, okubangela izinguquko odongeni lweseli kanye nokwakheka kwamaprotheni, okuyimpendulo ehamba kancane (imizuzu eyi-10). I-acidification ephakathi nendawo iyisimo esibalulekile sokukhula kwamangqamuzana. I-indoleacetic acid ingenza kusebenze i-enzyme ye-ATP(adenosine triphosphate) olwelwesini lwe-plasma, ivuselele ama-ion e-hydrogen ukuthi aphume esitokisini, inciphise inani le-pH le-medium, ukuze i-enzyme isebenze, i-hydrolyze i-polysaccharide yodonga lweseli, ukuze udonga lweseli luthambe futhi iseli lande. Ukuphathwa kwe-indoleacetic acid kuholele ekuveleni kwe-messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences ethile, eyashintsha ukwakheka kwamaprotheni. Ukwelashwa kwe-indoleacetic acid kushintshe nokuqina kodonga lweseli, okuvumela ukukhula kweseli ukuthi kuqhubeke. Umphumela wokukhuthaza ukukhula kwe-auxin ikakhulukazi ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwamangqamuzana, ikakhulukazi ukwanda kwamangqamuzana, futhi awunawo umthelela ekuhlukanisweni kwamaseli. Ingxenye yesitshalo ezwa ukukhuthazwa kokukhanya isesiqongweni sesiqu, kodwa ingxenye egobile isesiqongweni esingezansi sesihloko, okubangelwa ukuthi amaseli angaphansi kwesihloko ayakhula futhi ayanda, futhi yisikhathi esibucayi kakhulu ku-auxin, ngakho-ke i-auxin inethonya elikhulu ekukhuleni kwayo. I-hormone yokukhula kwezicubu ezigugile ayisebenzi. Isizathu sokuthi i-auxin ingakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezithelo kanye nokuhluma kwezimpande zezicucu ukuthi i-auxin ingashintsha ukusatshalaliswa kwezakhamzimba esitshalweni, futhi izakhamzimba ezengeziwe zitholakala engxenyeni ngokusatshalaliswa kwe-auxin okucebile, okwakha isikhungo sokusabalalisa. I-Auxin ingadala ukwakheka kwamatamatisi angenambewu ngoba ngemuva kokwelapha amahlumela katamatisi angavundiswanga nge-auxin, isibeletho sehlumela likatamatisi siba yisikhungo sokusabalalisa izakhamzimba, futhi izakhamzimba ezikhiqizwa yi-photosynthesis yamaqabunga zithuthwa njalo ziye esibelethweni, futhi isibeletho siyakhula.

Ukukhiqizwa, ukuthuthwa kanye nokusatshalaliswa

Izingxenye eziyinhloko zokwenziwa kwe-auxin yizicubu ze-meristant, ikakhulukazi amahlumela amancane, amaqabunga, kanye nembewu ekhulayo. I-Auxin isatshalaliswa kuzo zonke izitho zomzimba wesitshalo, kodwa igxile kakhulu ezingxenyeni zokukhula okunamandla, njenge-coleopedia, amahlumela, i-root apex meristem, i-cambium, imbewu ekhulayo kanye nezithelo. Kunezindlela ezintathu zokuthutha i-auxin ezitshalweni: ukuthutha ohlangothini, ukuthutha kwe-polar kanye nokuthutha okungeyona i-polar. Ukuthutha ohlangothini (ukuthutha kwe-auxin ngemuva kwesibani esisekugcineni kwe-coleoptile okubangelwa ukukhanya ohlangothini olulodwa, ukuthutha ohlangothini oluseduze nomhlaba we-auxin ezimpandeni naseziqwini zezitshalo lapho kudlula). Ukuthutha kwe-polar (kusukela ekugcineni okuphezulu kwe-morphology kuya ekugcineni okuphansi kwe-morphology). Ukuthutha okungeyona i-polar (ezicutshini ezivuthiwe, i-auxin ingathuthwa ngokungeyona i-polar nge-phloem).

Ububanzi besenzo somzimba

Ukuhlushwa okuphansi kukhuthaza ukukhula, ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kuvimbela ukukhula. Izitho zezitshalo ezahlukene zinezidingo ezahlukene zokuhlushwa okungcono kakhulu kwe-auxin. Ukuhlushwa okuhle kakhulu bekungaba ngu-10E-10mol/L ezimpandeni, u-10E-8mol/L wamahlumela kanye no-10E-5mol/L weziqu. Ama-analogue e-Auxin (njenge-naphthalene acetic acid, 2, 4-D, njll.) avame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ukulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo. Isibonelo, lapho kukhiqizwa amahlumela ebhontshisi, ukuhlushwa okufanele ukukhula kwesiqu kusetshenziselwa ukwelapha amahlumela ebhontshisi. Ngenxa yalokho, izimpande namahlumela kuyavinjelwa, futhi iziqu ezikhiqizwe yi-hypocotyl ziyathuthuka kakhulu. Inzuzo ephezulu yokukhula kwesiqu sesitshalo inqunywa izici zokuthutha zezitshalo ze-auxin kanye nobukhulu bemiphumela ye-auxin physiological. Ihlumela eliqoshwe phezulu lesiqu sesitshalo liyingxenye esebenzayo kakhulu yokukhiqizwa kwe-auxin, kodwa ukugcwala kwe-auxin okukhiqizwa kuhlumela eliqoshwe phezulu kuhlala kuthuthwa esiqwini ngokuhamba okusebenzayo, ngakho ukugcwala kwe-auxin kuhlumela eliqoshwe phezulu ngokwalo akuphakeme, kuyilapho ukugcwala esiqwini esincane kuphakeme. Kufaneleka kakhulu ekukhuleni kwesiqu, kodwa kunomphumela wokuvimbela amahlumela. Uma ukugcwala kwe-auxin kuphakeme endaweni eseduze nehlumela eliphezulu, kulapho umphumela wokuvimbela uqine khona kuhlumela oluseceleni, yingakho izitshalo eziningi ezinde zakha isimo se-pagoda. Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke izitshalo ezinamandla amakhulu okugqama, futhi ezinye izihlahla ziqala ukonakala noma ngisho nokuncipha ngemva kokukhula kwehlumela eliqoshwe phezulu isikhathi esithile, zilahlekelwa amandla okuqala okugqama, ngakho-ke isimo somuthi sesihlahla akuyona i-pagoda. Ngenxa yokuthi ukugcwala okuphezulu kwe-auxin kunomphumela wokuvimbela ukukhula kwesitshalo, ukukhiqizwa kokugcwala okuphezulu kwama-analogue e-auxin nakho kungasetshenziswa njengemithi yokubulala ukhula, ikakhulukazi kokhula olune-dicotyledonous.

Ama-analogue e-Auxin: NAA, 2, 4-D. Ngenxa yokuthi i-auxin ikhona ngobuningi obuncane ezitshalweni, futhi akulula ukuyilondoloza. Ukuze kulawulwe ukukhula kwezitshalo, ngokusebenzisa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, abantu bathole ama-analogue e-auxin, anemiphumela efanayo futhi angakhiqizwa ngobuningi, futhi asetshenziswe kabanzi ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo. Umphumela wamandla adonsela phansi emhlabeni ekusatshalalisweni kwe-auxin: ukukhula kwangemuva kweziqu kanye nokukhula komhlabathi kwezimpande kubangelwa amandla adonsela phansi, isizathu siwukuthi amandla adonsela phansi emhlabeni abangela ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani kwe-auxin, okusatshalaliswa kakhulu ohlangothini oluseduze lwesiqu futhi okungasatshalaliswa kakhulu ohlangothini olungemuva. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-auxin esiqwini kwakuphezulu, i-auxin eningi ohlangothini oluseduze lwesiqu yayikhuthaza, ngakho uhlangothi oluseduze lwesiqu lwakhula ngokushesha kunohlangothi olungemuva, futhi lwagcina ukukhula okuphezulu kwesiqu. Ezimpandeni, ngoba ukuhlushwa okuhle kwe-auxin ezimpandeni kuphansi kakhulu, i-auxin eningi eduze kohlangothi lomhlabathi inomphumela wokuvimbela ekukhuleni kwamaseli ezimpande, ngakho-ke ukukhula eduze kohlangothi lomhlabathi kuhamba kancane kunokwengxenye engemuva, futhi ukukhula kwezimpande ngokwe-geotropic kuyagcinwa. Ngaphandle kwamandla adonsela phansi, izimpande azikhuli phansi ngempela. Umphumela wokungabi nesisindo ekukhuleni kwezitshalo: ukukhula kwezimpande kuya phansi kanye nokukhula kwesiqu kude nomhlabathi kubangelwa amandla adonsela phansi omhlaba, okubangelwa ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani kwe-auxin ngaphansi kokufakwa kwamandla adonsela phansi omhlaba. Esimweni esingenasisindo sesikhala, ngenxa yokulahlekelwa amandla adonsela phansi, ukukhula kwesiqu kuzolahlekelwa ukubuyela emuva, kanti nezimpande zizolahlekelwa nezici zokukhula komhlabathi. Kodwa-ke, inzuzo ephezulu yokukhula kwesiqu isekhona, futhi ukuthuthwa kwe-auxin okuphansi akuthinteki amandla adonsela phansi.