Njengesiqinisekiso esibalulekile sezitshalo ezizinzile nezichumayo, izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali zidlala indima engenakuphikwa ekulawulweni kwezinambuzane. Ama-Neonicotinoids yizibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni. Zibhaliswe ukusetshenziswa eShayina nakwamanye amazwe angaphezu kwe-120 kufaka phakathi i-European Union, i-United States, ne-Canada. Isabelo semakethe singaphezu kwama-25% omhlaba. Ilawula ngokukhetha ama-receptor e-nicotinic acetylcholinesterase (ama-nAChR) ohlelweni lwezinzwa lwezinambuzane, ikhubaza uhlelo lwezinzwa oluphakathi futhi ibangele ukufa kwezinambuzane, futhi inemiphumela emihle kakhulu yokulawula ku-Homoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, ngisho nasezilokazaneni ezimelene nazo. Kusukela ngoSepthemba 2021, kunezinhlobo eziyi-12 zezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid ezibhalisiwe ezweni lakithi, okuyi-imidacloprid, i-thiamethoxam, i-acetamiprid, i-clothianidin, i-dinotefuran, i-nitenpyram, i-thiacloprid, i-sflufenamid Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-3,400 zemikhiqizo yokulungiselela okuhlanganisa i-nitrile, i-piperazine, i-chlorothiline, i-cycloploprid kanye ne-fluoropyranone, phakathi kwazo amalungiselelo ahlanganisiwe angaphezulu kuka-31%. I-Amine, i-dinotefuran, i-nitenpyram njalo njalo.
Ngokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu okuqhubekayo kwezinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid endaweni yezolimo yemvelo, uchungechunge lwezinkinga zesayensi ezifana nokumelana nokuhlosiwe, izingozi zemvelo, kanye nempilo yabantu nakho kuye kwavela. Ngo-2018, inani lensimu ye-cotton aphid esifundeni saseXinjiang lathuthukisa amazinga aphakathi naphezulu okumelana nezinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid, phakathi kwazo ukumelana ne-imidacloprid, i-acetamiprid kanye ne-thiamethoxam kwanda ngezikhathi ezingu-85.2-412 kanye nezikhathi ezingu-221-777, ngokulandelana kanye nezikhathi ezingu-122 kuya ku-1,095. Izifundo zomhlaba wonke mayelana nokumelana nemithi yezibalo ze-Bemisia tabaci nazo zikhombisile ukuthi kusukela ngo-2007 kuya ku-2010, i-Bemisia tabaci ibonise ukumelana okuphezulu nezinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid, ikakhulukazi i-imidacloprid kanye ne-thiacloprid. Okwesibili, izinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid azithinti nje kuphela inani labantu, ukuziphatha kokudla, ukuguquguquka kwendawo kanye nokuguqulwa kokushisa kwezinyosi, kodwa futhi zinomthelela omubi kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni nasekuzaleni kwezibungu zomhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela ngo-1994 kuya ku-2011, izinga lokutholakala kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid emchameni womuntu landa kakhulu, okubonisa ukuthi ukungena ngokungaqondile kanye nokuqongelela komzimba kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kwanda unyaka nonyaka. Ngokusebenzisa i-microdialysis ebuchosheni begundane, kwatholakala ukuthi ukucindezeleka kwe-clothianidin kanye ne-thiamethoxam kungadala ukukhishwa kwe-dopamine kumagundane, kanti i-thiacloprid ingadala ukwanda kwamazinga e-thyroid hormone ku-plasma yamagundane. Kucatshangwa ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid zingathinta ukuncelisa Ukulimala kwezinhlelo zezinzwa neze-endocrine zezilwane. Ucwaningo lwemodeli ye-in vitro lwamaseli e-mesenchymal stem e-bone marrow yomuntu luqinisekisile ukuthi i-nitenpyram ingabangela umonakalo we-DNA kanye nokuphambuka kwe-chromosomal, okuholela ekwandeni kwezinhlobo ze-oxygen ezisebenzayo ngaphakathi kweseli, okubuye kuthinte ukuhlukaniswa kwe-osteogenic. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, i-Canadian Pest Management Agency (PMRA) yaqala inqubo yokuhlola kabusha ezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid, kanti i-European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) nayo yavimbela futhi yavimbela i-imidacloprid, i-thiamethoxam kanye ne-clothianidin.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezahlukene akugcini nje ngokulibazisa ukumelana kwenhloso eyodwa yezibulala-zinambuzane futhi kuthuthukise umsebenzi wezibulala-zinambuzane, kodwa futhi kunciphise inani lezibulala-zinambuzane futhi kunciphise ingozi yokuchayeka emvelweni, kuhlinzeke ngamathuba abanzi okunciphisa izinkinga zesayensi ezingenhla kanye nokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwezibulala-zinambuzane. Ngakho-ke, leli phepha lihlose ukuchaza ucwaningo mayelana nokuhlanganiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kanye nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo kwangempela, okumboza izibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus, izibulala-zinambuzane ze-carbamate, ama-pyrethroids Ukuze kunikezwe ireferensi yesayensi yokusetshenziswa okunengqondo kanye nokuphathwa okuphumelelayo kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid.
1 Intuthuko ekuhlanganisweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus
Izibulala-zinambuzane ze-Organophosphorus ziyizibulala-zinambuzane ezivamile ekulawulweni kwezinambuzane kwasekuqaleni ezweni lakithi. Zivimbela umsebenzi we-acetylcholinesterase futhi zithinta ukudluliswa kwemizwa okuvamile, okuholela ekufeni kwezinambuzane. Izibulala-zinambuzane ze-Organophosphorus zinesikhathi eside esisele, futhi izinkinga zobuthi bemvelo kanye nokuphepha kwabantu nezilwane ziyabonakala. Ukuzihlanganisa nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kunganciphisa ngempumelelo izinkinga zesayensi ezingenhla. Lapho isilinganiso se-compound se-imidacloprid kanye ne-norganophosphorus pesticides ejwayelekile i-malathion, i-chlorpyrifos kanye ne-phoxim singu-1:40-1:5, umphumela wokulawula kuma-leek peggots ungcono, futhi i-co-toxicity coefficient ingafinyelela ku-122.6-338.6 (bheka Ithebula 1). . Phakathi kwazo, umphumela wokulawula insimu we-imidacloprid kanye ne-phoxim kuma-rape aphid uphakeme njengo-90.7% kuya ku-95.3%, kanti isikhathi esisebenzayo singaphezu kwezinyanga ezi-7. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukulungiswa kwenhlanganisela ye-imidacloprid ne-phoxim (igama lokuhweba le-Diphimide) kwasetshenziswa ku-900 g/hm2, kanti umphumela wokulawula kuma-rape aphid esikhathini sonke sokukhula wawungaphezu kuka-90%. Ukulungiswa kwenhlanganisela ye-thiamethoxam, i-acephate ne-chlorpyrifos kunomsebenzi omuhle wokubulala izinambuzane ngokumelene neklabishi, kanti i-co-toxicity coefficient ifinyelela ku-131.1 kuya ku-459.0. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho isilinganiso se-thiamethoxam ne-chlorpyrifos sasingu-1:16, ukuhlushwa okubulalayo okuyingxenye (inani le-LC50) le-S. striatellus kwakungu-8.0 mg/L, kanti i-co-toxicity coefficient yayingu-201.12; Umphumela omuhle kakhulu. Lapho isilinganiso senhlanganisela ye-nitenpyram ne-chlorpyrifos sasingu-1∶30, saba nomthelela omuhle wokubambisana ekulawulweni kwe-white-backed planthopper, kanti inani le-LC50 lalingu-1.3 mg/L kuphela. Inhlanganisela ye-cyclopentapyr, i-chlorpyrifos, i-triazophos, kanye ne-dichlorvos inomphumela omuhle wokubambisana ekulawulweni kwe-wheat aphids, i-cotton bollworm kanye ne-flea beetle, kanti i-co-toxicity coefficient ingu-134.0-280.0. Lapho i-fluoropyranone ne-phoxim zixutshwe ngesilinganiso esingu-1:4, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayingu-176.8, okwabonisa umphumela ocacile wokubambisana ekulawulweni kwezinambuzane ze-leek ezineminyaka engu-4 ubudala.
Ngamafuphi, izibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid zivame ukuhlanganiswa nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus ezifana ne-malathion, i-chlorpyrifos, i-phoxim, i-acephate, i-triazophos, i-dichlorvos, njll. Ukusebenza kahle kokulawula kuyathuthukiswa, futhi umthelela endaweni yemvelo uyancishiswa ngempumelelo. Kunconywa ukuthuthukisa ukulungiswa kwenhlanganisela yezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid, i-phoxim kanye ne-malathion, futhi kusetshenziswe izinzuzo zokulawula zokulungiswa kwenhlanganisela.
2 Intuthuko ekuhlanganisweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-carbamate
Izibulala-zinambuzane ze-Carbamate zisetshenziswa kabanzi kwezolimo, emahlathini, kanye nasekufuyweni kwezilwane ngokuvimbela imisebenzi ye-acetylcholinease yezinambuzane kanye ne-carboxylesterase, okuholela ekuqongeleleni kwe-acetylcholine kanye ne-carboxylesterase kanye nokubulala izinambuzane. Isikhathi sifushane, futhi inkinga yokumelana nezinambuzane inzima. Isikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-carbamate singandiswa ngokuhlanganisa nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid. Lapho i-imidacloprid kanye ne-isoprocarb kusetshenziswa ekulawuleni i-white-backed planthopper ngesilinganiso esingu-7:400, i-co-toxicity coefficient yafinyelela phezulu kakhulu, okwakungu-638.1 (bheka Ithebula 1). Lapho isilinganiso se-imidacloprid kanye ne-iprocarb sasingu-1∶16, umphumela wokulawula i-rice planthopper wawusobala kakhulu, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayingu-178.1, kanti isikhathi somphumela sasiside kunesomthamo owodwa. Ucwaningo luphinde lwabonisa ukuthi ukumiswa kwe-thiamethoxam ne-carbosulfan okungu-13% okufakwe i-microcapsulated kube nomphumela omuhle wokulawula nokuphepha kuma-aphid kakolweni ensimini. d kwanda kusuka ku-97.7% kuya ku-98.6%. Ngemva kokusetshenziswa kokumiswa kwe-acetamiprid kanye ne-carbosulfan okusabalala okungu-48% ku-36 ~ 60 g ai / hm2, umphumela wokulawula kuma-aphid kakotini wawungu-87.1% ~ 96.9%, futhi isikhathi esisebenzayo singafinyelela ezinsukwini ezingu-14, futhi izitha zemvelo ze-Aphid kakotini ziphephile.
Ngamafuphi, izibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid zivame ukuhlanganiswa ne-isoprocarb, i-carbosulfan, njll., okungabambezela ukumelana kwezinambuzane eziqondiwe njenge-Bemisia tabaci nama-aphid, futhi kungandisa isikhathi sezibulala-zinambuzane ngempumelelo. , umphumela wokulawula wokulungiswa kwenhlanganisela ungcono kakhulu kunowe-ejenti eyodwa, futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo kwangempela. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela i-carbosulfur, umkhiqizo wokonakala we-carbosulfan, enobuthi obukhulu futhi evinjelwe ekulimeni imifino.
3 Intuthuko ekuhlanganisweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid
Ama-insecticide e-pyrethroid abangela ukuphazamiseka kwe-neurotransmission ngokuthinta iziteshi ze-sodium ion ezithweni zemizwa, okuholela ekufeni kwezinambuzane. Ngenxa yokutshalwa kwezimali ngokweqile, ikhono lokususa ubuthi kanye ne-metabolism yezinambuzane liyakhuliswa, ukuzwela okuqondiwe kuyancipha, futhi ukumelana nemithi kukhiqizwa kalula. Ithebula 1 likhomba ukuthi inhlanganisela ye-imidacloprid ne-fenvalerate inomphumela wokulawula kangcono kuma-aphid amazambane, kanti i-co-toxicity coefficient yesilinganiso esingu-2:3 ifinyelela ku-276.8. Ukulungiswa kwe-compound ye-imidacloprid, i-thiamethoxam ne-etherethrin kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokuvimbela ukugcwala kwenani le-brown planthopper, lapho i-imidacloprid ne-etherethrin zixutshwa kangcono ngesilinganiso esingu-5:1, i-thiamethoxam ne-etherethrin ngesilinganiso esingu-7:1 Ukuxubana kungcono kakhulu, kanti i-co-toxicity coefficient ingu-174.3-188.7. I-microcapsule suspension compound engu-13% thiamethoxam kanye ne-9% beta-cyhalothrin inomphumela obalulekile wokubambisana, kanti i-co-toxicity coefficient ingu-232, esezingeni lika-123.6- Ngaphakathi kwebanga lika-169.5 g/hm2, umphumela wokulawula kuma-aphid kagwayi ungafinyelela ku-90%, futhi iyi-compound pesticide eyinhloko yokulawula izinambuzane zikagwayi. Lapho i-clothianidin kanye ne-beta-cyhalothrin kuhlanganiswa ngesilinganiso esingu-1:9, i-co-toxicity coefficient ye-flea beetle yayiphakeme kakhulu (210.5), okwabambezela ukuvela kokumelana ne-clothianidin. Lapho izilinganiso ze-acetamiprid ku-bifenthrin, i-beta-cypermethrin kanye ne-fenvalerate zazingu-1:2, 1:4 kanye no-1:4, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayiphakeme kakhulu, kusukela ku-409.0 kuya ku-630.6. Lapho izilinganiso ze-thiamethoxam:bifenthrin, nitenpyram:beta-cyhalothrin zonke zingu-5:1, ama-coefficients obuthi obuhlangene ayengu-414.0 no-706.0, ngokulandelana, futhi umphumela wokulawula ohlangene kuma-aphid wawubaluleke kakhulu. Umphumela wokulawula wengxube ye-clothianidin ne-beta-cyhalothrin (inani le-LC50 1.4-4.1 mg/L) kuma-aphid e-melon wawuphakeme kakhulu kunowe-agent eyodwa (inani le-LC50 42.7 mg/L), kanti umphumela wokulawula ezinsukwini eziyi-7 ngemuva kokwelashwa wawuphakeme kuno-92%.
Njengamanje, ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisiwe bezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid sebuvuthiwe, futhi busetshenziswa kabanzi ekuvimbeleni nasekulawuleni izifo nezinambuzane ezinambuzaneni ezweni lakithi, okubambezela ukumelana okuhlosiwe kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid futhi kunciphisa ubuthi obungaphelele kanye nobuthi obungahlosiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa okuhlangene kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid nge-deltamethrin, i-butoxide, njll. kungalawula i-Aedes aegypti kanye ne-Anopheles gambiae, ezingamelana nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid, futhi kunikeze isiqondiso sokuvimbela nokulawula izinambuzane ezihlanzekile emhlabeni jikelele.
4 Intuthuko ekuhlanganiseni izibulala-zinambuzane ze-amide
Ama-insecticide e-Amide avimbela kakhulu ama-receptor e-nitin yezinhlanzi ezinambuzane, okwenza izinambuzane ziqhubeke nokufinyela futhi ziqinise imisipha yazo bese zifa. Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-insecticide e-neonicotinoid kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwawo kunganciphisa ukumelana nezinambuzane futhi kwandise umjikelezo wazo wokuphila. Ukuze kulawulwe izinambuzane eziqondiwe, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayingu-121.0 kuya ku-183.0 (bheka Ithebula 2). Lapho i-thiamethoxam kanye ne-chlorantraniliprole kuxutshwa no-15∶11 ukulawula izibungu ze-B. citricarpa, i-co-toxicity coefficient ephezulu kakhulu yayingu-157.9; i-thiamethoxam, i-clothianidin kanye ne-nitenpyram kuxutshwe ne-snainamide Lapho isilinganiso sasingu-10:1, i-co-toxicity coefficient yafinyelela ku-170.2-194.1, futhi lapho isilinganiso se-dinotefuran kanye ne-spirulina sasingu-1:1, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayiphakeme kakhulu, futhi umphumela wokulawula ku-N. lugens wawumangalisa. Lapho izilinganiso ze-imidacloprid, i-clothianidin, i-dinotefuran kanye ne-sflufenamid ziyi-5:1, 5:1, 1:5 kanye ne-10:1, ngokulandelana, umphumela wokulawula wawungcono kakhulu, kanti i-co-toxicity coefficient yayingcono kakhulu. Zaziyi-245.5, 697.8, 198.6 kanye ne-403.8, ngokulandelana. Umphumela wokulawula ngokumelene ne-cotton aphid (izinsuku eziyi-7) ungafinyelela ku-92.4% kuya ku-98.1%, kanti umphumela wokulawula ngokumelene ne-diamondback moth (izinsuku eziyi-7) ungafinyelela ku-91.9% kuya ku-96.8%, futhi amandla okusebenzisa ayemakhulu kakhulu.
Ngamafuphi, ukuhlanganiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kanye ne-amide akugcini nje ngokunciphisa ukumelana nemithi yezinambuzane eziqondiwe, kodwa futhi kunciphisa inani lokusetshenziswa kwemithi, kunciphisa izindleko zomnotho, futhi kukhuthaza intuthuko ehambisanayo nendawo ezungezile imvelo. Izibulala-zinambuzane ze-Amide zivelele ekulawuleni izinambuzane eziqondiwe ezimelene nemithi, futhi zinomphumela omuhle wokufaka esikhundleni sezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ezinobuthi obukhulu kanye nesikhathi eside esisele. Isabelo semakethe siyakhula kancane kancane, futhi zinamathuba amaningi entuthuko ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo kwangempela.
5 Intuthuko ekuhlanganisweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-benzoylurea
Ama-insecticide e-Benzoylurea ayizithibi zokwenziwa kwe-chitinase, ezibhubhisa izinambuzane ngokuthinta intuthuko yazo evamile. Akulula ukukhiqiza ukumelana nezinye izinhlobo zezibulala-zinambuzane, futhi kungalawula ngempumelelo izinambuzane eziqondiwe ezimelana nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus kanye ne-pyrethroid. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekwakhiweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid. Kungabonakala kuThebula 2: inhlanganisela ye-imidacloprid, i-thiamethoxam kanye ne-diflubenzuron inomphumela omuhle wokubambisana ekulawulweni kwezibungu zama-leek, futhi umphumela uba ngcono kakhulu uma i-thiamethoxam kanye ne-diflubenzuron kuhlanganiswa ku-5:1. Isici sobuthi siphezulu njengo-207.4. Lapho isilinganiso sokuxuba se-clothianidin kanye ne-flufenoxuron sasingu-2:1, i-co-toxicity coefficient ngokumelene nezibungu zama-leek larvae yayingu-176.5, kanti umphumela wokulawula ensimini wafinyelela ku-94.4%. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-cyclofenapyr kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ezahlukahlukene ze-benzoylurea ezifana ne-polyflubenzuron kanye ne-flufenoxuron kunomphumela omuhle wokulawula ku-diamondback moth kanye ne-rice leaf roller, nge-co-toxicity coefficient engu-100.7 kuya ku-228.9, okunganciphisa ngempumelelo ukutshalwa kwezimali kwenani lezibulala-zinambuzane.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus kanye ne-pyrethroid, ukusetshenziswa okuhlangene kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-benzoylurea kuhambisana kakhulu nomqondo wokuthuthukiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane eziluhlaza, ezingakhulisa ngempumelelo ububanzi bokulawula futhi zinciphise ukungena kwezibulala-zinambuzane. Indawo ezungezile nayo iphephile.
6 Intuthuko ekuhlanganisweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-necrotoxin
Izinambuzane ze-Neretoxin ziyi-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor inhibitors, ezingabangela ubuthi bezinambuzane nokufa ngokuvimbela ukudluliselwa okuvamile kwama-neurotransmitters. Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwayo okubanzi, akukho ukumuncwa nokukhishwa kwe-fumigation, kulula ukuthuthukisa ukumelana. Umphumela wokulawula we-rice stem borer kanye ne-tri stem borer eziye zathuthukisa ukumelana ngokuhlanganisa ne-neonicotinoid insecticide muhle. Ithebula 2 likhomba: lapho i-imidacloprid kanye ne-insecticidal single zihlanganiswa ngesilinganiso esingu-2:68, umphumela wokulawula ezinambuzaneni ze-Diploxin ungcono kakhulu, kanti i-co-toxicity coefficient ingu-146.7. Uma isilinganiso se-thiamethoxam kanye ne-insecticidal single agent ingu-1:1, kuba nomphumela obalulekile wokubambisana kuma-aphid ommbila, kanti i-co-toxicity coefficient ingu-214.2. Umphumela wokulawula we-40% thiamethoxam·insecticide single suspension agent usaphakeme njengosuku lwe-15 93.0%～97.0%, umphumela ohlala isikhathi eside, futhi uphephile ekukhuleni kommbila. Impuphu encibilikayo yendandatho ye-imidacloprid·insecticide engu-50% inomphumela omuhle kakhulu wokulawula ku-apple golden stripe moth, futhi umphumela wokulawula uphakeme njengo-79.8% kuya ku-91.7% ezinsukwini ezingu-15 ngemuva kokuba inkathazo isiqhakazile ngokugcwele.
Njengesibulala-zinambuzane esakhiwe ngokuzimela yizwe lakithi, isibulala-zinambuzane sinozwela otshanini, okunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwaso ngezinga elithile. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-necrotoxin kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kunikeza izixazululo zokulawula ezengeziwe zokulawula izinambuzane eziqondiwe ekukhiqizweni kwangempela, futhi kuyisibonelo esihle sokusetshenziswa ohambweni lokuthuthukiswa kokuhlanganiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane.
7 Intuthuko ekuhlanganisweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezibulala izinambuzane ezisebenzisa i-heterocyclic
Izibulala-zinambuzane ze-Heterocyclic ziyizibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa kakhulu futhi eziningi kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo, futhi iningi lazo linesikhathi eside esisele endaweni futhi kunzima ukulibhubhisa. Ukuhlanganiswa nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kunganciphisa ngempumelelo umthamo wezibulala-zinambuzane ze-heterocyclic futhi kunciphise ubuthi be-phytotoxicity, kanti ukuhlanganiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-dose ephansi kungadlala umphumela wokubambisana. Kungabonakala kuThebula 3: lapho isilinganiso se-compound se-imidacloprid ne-pymetrozine singu-1:3, i-co-toxicity coefficient ifinyelela ku-616.2 ephezulu; Ukulawulwa kwe-Planthopper kusebenza ngokushesha futhi kuhlala isikhathi eside. I-Imidacloprid, i-dinotefuran ne-thiacloprid zahlanganiswa ne-mesylconazole ngokulandelana ukulawula izibungu ze-giant black gill beetle, izibungu ze-small cutworm, kanye ne-ditch beetle. I-Thiacloprid, i-nitenpyram kanye ne-chlorothiline zahlanganiswa ngokulandelana. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-mesylconazole kunomphumela omuhle kakhulu wokulawula kuma-psyllids e-citrus. Ukuhlanganiswa kwemithi yokubulala izinambuzane engu-7 ye-neonicotinoid efana ne-imidacloprid, i-thiamethoxam kanye ne-chlorfenapyr kwaba nomthelela wokubambisana ekulawulweni kwezimpethu zama-leek. Lapho isilinganiso sokubambisana se-thiamethoxam kanye ne-fipronil singu-2:1-71:1, isilinganiso sokubambisana sokubambisana singu-152.2-519.2, isilinganiso sokubambisana se-thiamethoxam kanye ne-chlorfenapyr singu-217:1, kanye nesilinganiso sokubambisana sokubambisana sokubambisana singu-857.4, sinomphumela ocacile wokulawula ezintuthwaneni. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-thiamethoxam kanye ne-fipronil njenge-ejenti yokwelapha imbewu kunganciphisa ngempumelelo ubuningi bezinambuzane zikakolweni ensimini futhi kuvikele imbewu yezitshalo kanye nezithombo ezihlume. Lapho isilinganiso esixubile se-acetamiprid kanye ne-fipronil singu-1:10, ukulawulwa kokubambisana kwezinambuzane zasendlini ezingamelana nemithi kwaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu.
Ngamafuphi, amalungiselelo enhlanganisela yezibulala-zinambuzane ezi-heterocyclic ikakhulukazi ama-fungicide, okuhlanganisa ama-pyridines, ama-pyrroles nama-pyrazoles. Ivame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo ukunakekela imbewu, ukuthuthukisa izinga lokuhluma, nokunciphisa izinambuzane nezifo. Iphephile kakhulu ezitshalweni nasezintweni eziphilayo ezingahlosiwe. Izibulala-zinambuzane ezi-heterocyclic, njengamalungiselelo ahlanganisiwe okuvimbela nokulawula izinambuzane nezifo, zinendima enhle ekukhuthazeni intuthuko yezolimo eziluhlaza, okubonisa izinzuzo zokonga isikhathi, abasebenzi, umnotho kanye nokwandisa umkhiqizo.
8 Intuthuko ekuhlanganisweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo kanye nama-antibiotic ezolimo
Izibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo kanye nama-antibiotic ezolimo aphuza ukusebenza, anesikhathi esifushane somphumela, futhi athintwa kakhulu yimvelo. Ngokuhlangana nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid, zingadlala umphumela omuhle wokubambisana, zandise ububanzi bokulawula, futhi zandise ukusebenza kahle futhi zithuthukise ukuzinza. Kungabonakala kuThebula 3 ukuthi inhlanganisela ye-imidacloprid kanye ne-Beauveria bassiana noma i-Metarhizium anisopliae yandise umsebenzi wokubulala izinambuzane ngo-60.0% kanye no-50.6% ngokulandelana ngemva kwamahora angu-96 uma kuqhathaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwe-Beauveria bassiana kanye ne-Metarhizium anisopliae yodwa. Inhlanganisela ye-thiamethoxam kanye ne-Metarhizium anisopliae ingakhuphula ngempumelelo ukufa okuphelele kanye nezinga lokutheleleka kwesikhunta sezimbungulu. Okwesibili, inhlanganisela ye-imidacloprid kanye ne-Metarhizium anisopliae ibe nomthelela omkhulu wokubambisana ekulawulweni kwezimbungulu ezinezimpondo ezinde, yize inani le-fungi conidia lancishisiwe. Ukusetshenziswa okuxubile kwe-imidacloprid kanye ne-nematode kungandisa izinga lokutheleleka kwezimpukane zesihlabathi, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukuphikelela kwazo ensimini kanye namandla okulawula izinto eziphilayo. Ukusetshenziswa okuhlangene kwezinambuzane eziyi-7 ze-neonicotinoid kanye ne-oxymatrine kube nomphumela omuhle wokulawula i-rice planthopper, kanti i-co-toxicity coefficient yayingu-123.2-173.0. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-co-toxicity coefficient ye-clothianidin kanye ne-abamectin engxubeni engu-4:1 ku-Bemisia tabaci yayingu-171.3, futhi ukusebenzisana kwakubalulekile. Lapho isilinganiso se-compound se-nitenpyram kanye ne-abamectin sasingu-1:4, umphumela wokulawula ku-N. lugens izinsuku eziyi-7 wawungafinyelela ku-93.1%. Lapho isilinganiso se-clothianidin ne-spinosad sasingu-5∶44, umphumela wokulawula wawungcono kakhulu ngokumelene nabantu abadala be-B. citricarpa, nge-co-toxicity coefficient engu-169.8, futhi akukho ukuwela phakathi kwe-spinosad kanye ne-neonicotinoids eminingi kwaboniswa Kumelana, kuhlanganiswe nomphumela omuhle wokulawula.
Ukulawulwa ngokubambisana kwezibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo kuyindawo eshisayo ekuthuthukisweni kwezolimo eziluhlaza. I-Common Beauveria bassiana kanye ne-Metarhizium anisopliae zinemiphumela emihle yokulawula ngokubambisana nama-agent amakhemikhali. I-agent eyodwa yezinto eziphilayo ithintwa kalula yisimo sezulu, futhi ukusebenza kwayo akuzinzile. Ukuhlanganiswa nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kunqoba lokhu kushiyeka. Ngenkathi kunciphisa inani lama-agent amakhemikhali, kuqinisekisa umphumela osebenza ngokushesha futhi ohlala njalo wamalungiselelo ahlanganisiwe. Ububanzi bokuvimbela nokulawula buye bandiswa, futhi umthwalo wezemvelo uncishisiwe. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali kunikeza umbono omusha wokuthuthukiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane eziluhlaza, futhi amathuba okusetshenziswa makhulu.
9 Intuthuko ekuhlanganisweni nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kanye nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane nakho kubonise imiphumela emihle kakhulu yokulawula. Kungabonakala kuThebula 3 ukuthi lapho i-imidacloprid kanye ne-thiamethoxam zihlanganiswa ne-tebuconazole njengezinto zokwelapha imbewu, imiphumela yokulawula kuma-aphid kakolweni yayimihle kakhulu, futhi ayiyona i-target Biosafety ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa izinga lokuhluma kwembewu. Ukulungiswa kwenhlanganisela ye-imidacloprid, i-triazolone kanye ne-dinconazole kubonise umphumela omuhle ekulawuleni izifo zikakolweni kanye nezinambuzane eziwuhlupho. %～99.1%. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kanye ne-syringostrobin (1∶20～20∶1) kunomphumela ocacile wokubambisana kuma-aphid kakotini. Lapho isilinganiso sobuningi be-thiamethoxam, i-dinotefuran, i-nitenpyram kanye ne-penpyramid singu-50:1-1:50, i-co-toxicity coefficient ingu-129.0-186.0, engavimbela futhi ilawule ngempumelelo izinambuzane ezimunca umlomo ezibhoboza-zimunca. Lapho isilinganiso se-epoxifen ne-phenoxycarb sasingu-1:4, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayingu-250.0, kanti umphumela wokulawula kwi-rice planthopper wawungcono kakhulu. Inhlanganisela ye-imidacloprid ne-amitimidine yayinomphumela ocacile wokuvimbela i-cotton aphid, kanti izinga lokubambisana laliphezulu kakhulu lapho i-imidacloprid yayiyisilinganiso esiphansi kakhulu se-LC10. Lapho isilinganiso sobuningi be-thiamethoxam ne-spirotetramat sasingu-10:30-30:10, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayingu-109.8-246.5, futhi kwakungekho mphumela we-phytotoxic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibulala-zinambuzane zamafutha amaminerali i-greengrass, i-diatomaceous earth kanye nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane noma izithasiselo ezihlanganiswe nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid nazo zingathuthukisa umphumela wokulawula ezinambuzaneni ezihlosiwe.
Ukusetshenziswa okuhlanganisiwe kwezinye izibulala-zinambuzane kuhlanganisa kakhulu ama-triazoles, ama-methoxyacrylates, ama-nitro-aminoguanidine, ama-amitraz, ama-quaternary keto acid, amafutha amaminerali kanye nomhlaba we-diatomaceous, njll. Lapho sihlola izibulala-zinambuzane, kufanele siqaphele inkinga yobuthi be-phyto futhi sithole ngempumelelo ukusabela phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezibulala-zinambuzane. Izibonelo ezihlanganisiwe zikhombisa nokuthi izinhlobo eziningi zezibulala-zinambuzane zingahlanganiswa nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid, okuhlinzeka ngezinketho eziningi zokulawula izinambuzane.
10 Isiphetho kanye Nombono
Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kuholele ekwandeni okukhulu kokumelana kwezinambuzane eziqondiwe, futhi ukungalungi kwazo kwemvelo kanye nezingozi zokuchayeka empilweni kube yizindawo ezishisayo zocwaningo kanye nobunzima bokusetshenziswa. Ukuhlanganiswa okunengqondo kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezahlukene noma ukuthuthukiswa kwama-synergistic agents abulala izinambuzane kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile sokulibazisa ukumelana nemithi, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kanye nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle, kanye nesu elikhulu lokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezinjalo ekukhiqizweni kwangempela kwezolimo. Leli phepha libuyekeza inqubekela phambili yokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezivamile ze-neonicotinoid ngokuhlanganiswa nezinye izinhlobo zezibulala-zinambuzane, futhi licacisa izinzuzo zokuhlanganiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane: ① ukubambezela ukumelana nemithi; ② ukuthuthukisa umphumela wokulawula; ③ ukwandisa ububanzi bokulawula; ④ ukuthuthukisa ubude bomphumela; ⑤ ukuthuthukisa umphumela osheshayo ⑥ Ukulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo; ⑦ Nciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane; ⑧ Thuthukisa izingozi zemvelo; ⑨ Nciphisa izindleko zomnotho; ⑩ Thuthukisa izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele kuqashelwe kakhulu ukuchayeka okuhlangene kwezakhi zemvelo, ikakhulukazi ukuphepha kwezinto eziphilayo ezingahlosiwe (isibonelo, izitha zemvelo zezinambuzane) kanye nezitshalo ezizwelayo ezigabeni ezahlukene zokukhula, kanye nezinkinga zesayensi ezifana nomehluko emiphumeleni yokulawula ebangelwa izinguquko ezicini zamakhemikhali zezinambuzane. Ukudalwa kwezinambuzane zendabuko kudla isikhathi futhi kudinga umsebenzi omningi, ngezindleko eziphakeme kanye nomjikelezo omude wocwaningo nentuthuko. Njengendlela ehlukile esebenzayo, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinambuzane, ukusetshenziswa kwayo okunengqondo, kwesayensi kanye nokujwayelekile akugcini nje ngokwandisa umjikelezo wokusetshenziswa kwezinambuzane, kodwa futhi kukhuthaza umjikelezo omuhle wokulawulwa kwezinambuzane. Intuthuko eqhubekayo yemvelo inikeza ukwesekwa okuqinile.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-23-2022