Njengesiqinisekiso esibalulekile sezitshalo ezizinzile nezinkulu, izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali zidlala indima engenakuthathelwa indawo ekulawuleni izinambuzane.I-Neonicotinoids yizibulala-zinambuzane ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni.Zibhaliselwe ukusetshenziswa e-China nasemazweni angaphezu kuka-120 okuhlanganisa i-European Union, i-United States, ne-Canada.Isabelo semakethe singaphezu kwama-25% omhlaba.Ilawula ngokukhetha i-nicotinic acetylcholinesterase receptors (nAChRs) ohlelweni lwezinzwa zesinambuzane, ikhubaze isimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi futhi ibangele ukufa kwezinambuzane, futhi inemiphumela emihle kakhulu yokulawula ku-Homoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, ngisho nezilokazane ezihlosiwe ezingazweli.Kusukela ngo-September 2021, kunezibulala-zinambuzane eziyi-12 ze-neonicotinoid ezibhalisiwe ezweni lami, okuyi-imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, sflufenamid Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezi-3,400 zezinhlobo ze-chloroprodcycloprile, i-fluorothiline, imikhiqizo yokulungiselela, i-fluorothiline, i-flufenamide, i-flufenamide, i-flufenamide, i-flufenamide, i-clothianidin. ranone , phakathi kwazo amalungiselelo ekhompiyutha ebalelwa ngaphezu kwama-31%.I-Amine, i-dinotefuran, i-nitenpyram njalonjalo.
Ngokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu okuqhubekayo kwezinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid endaweni yemvelo yezolimo, uchungechunge lwezinkinga zesayensi ezinjengokumelana okuhlosiwe, ubungozi bemvelo, kanye nempilo yabantu nakho sekugqame.Ngo-2018, inani labantu basensimini ye-aphid kakotini esifundeni i-Xinjiang laba namazinga amaphakathi futhi aphezulu okumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid, phakathi kwazo ukumelana ne-imidacloprid, i-acetamiprid ne-thiamethoxam kukhuphuke izikhathi ezingama-85.2-412 kanye nezikhathi ezingama-221-777, ngokulandelana kanye nezikhathi eziyi-1,095 zaya kweziyi-1295. .Ucwaningo lwamazwe ngamazwe mayelana nokumelana nezidakamizwa kwe-Bemisia tabaci populations luphinde lwaveza ukuthi kusukela ngo-2007 kuya ku-2010, i-Bemisia tabaci yabonisa ukumelana okuphezulu nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid, ikakhulukazi imidacloprid kanye ne-thiacloprid.Okwesibili, ama-insecticide e-neonicotinoid awathinti nje kuphela ukuminyana kwabantu, ukuziphatha kokudla, ukuguquguquka kwendawo kanye ne-thermoregulation yezinyosi, kodwa futhi abe nomthelela omubi obalulekile ekuthuthukiseni nasekukhiqizeni izikelemu zomhlaba.Ukwengeza, kusukela ku-1994 kuya ku-2011, izinga lokutholwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid emchameni womuntu landa kakhulu, okubonisa ukuthi ukungenisa okungaqondile kanye nokuqoqwa komzimba kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kwanda unyaka nonyaka.Ngokusebenzisa i-microdialysis ebuchosheni begundane, kwatholakala ukuthi ukucindezeleka kwe-clothianidin ne-thiamethoxam kungabangela ukukhululwa kwe-dopamine kumagundane, futhi i-thiacloprid ingabangela ukwanda kwamazinga e-hormone yegilo ku-plasma yegundane.Kucatshangwa ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid zingathinta ukuncelisa Umonakalo ohlelweni lwezinzwa nolwe-endocrine lwezilwane.Ucwaningo lwemodeli ye-in vitro lwamaseli we-mesenchymal stem womnkantsha womuntu luqinisekisile ukuthi i-nitenpyram ingabangela ukulimala kwe-DNA kanye nokushintshashintsha kwe-chromosomal, okuholela ekwandeni kwezinhlobo ze-oxygen esebenzayo ye-intracellular, okubuye kuthinte ukuhlukaniswa kwe-osteogenic.Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, i-Canadian Pest Management Agency (PMRA) iqale inqubo yokuhlola kabusha ezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid, futhi i-European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) nayo yavala futhi yabekela imingcele imidacloprid, thiamethoxam ne-clothianidin.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezehlukene akukwazi nje ukubambezela ukumelana nesibulala-zinambuzane okuhloswe ngaso kuphela futhi kuthuthukise umsebenzi wezibulala-zinambuzane, kodwa futhi kunciphisa inani lezibulala-zinambuzane futhi kunciphise nengozi yokuchayeka kwemvelo, kunikeze amathemba abanzi okunciphisa lezi zinkinga zesayensi ezingenhla kanye nezinkinga zesayensi. ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwezibulala-zinambuzane.Ngakho-ke, leli phepha lihlose ukuchaza ucwaningo mayelana nokuhlanganiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhiqizeni kwezolimo kwangempela, okuhlanganisa izibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus, izibulala-zinambuzane ze-carbamate, i-pyrethroids Ukuze kuhlinzekwe inkomba yesayensi yokusetshenziswa okunengqondo kanye nokuphathwa ngempumelelo kwe-neonicotinoid. izibulala-zinambuzane.
1 Inqubekelaphambili ekuhlanganiseni nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus
Izibulala-zinambuzane ze-Organophosphorus ziyizibulala-zinambuzane ezivamile ekulawuleni izinambuzane zakuqala ezweni lami.Zivimbela umsebenzi we-acetylcholinesterase futhi zithinte i-neurotransmission evamile, okuholela ekufeni kwezinambuzane.Izibulala-zinambuzane ze-Organophosphorus zinesikhathi eside sokusala, futhi izinkinga zobuthi bemvelo nokuphepha kwabantu nezilwane zivelele.Ukuzihlanganisa nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kungadambisa ngempumelelo izinkinga zesayensi ezingenhla.Uma isilinganiso esiyinhlanganisela ye-imidacloprid kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ezivamile ze-organophosphorus i-malathion, i-chlorpyrifos ne-phoxim ingu-1:40-1:5, umphumela wokulawula ezimpethuni ze-leek ungcono, futhi i-co-toxicity coefficient ingafinyelela ku-122.6-338.6 (bona Ithebula 1)..Phakathi kwazo, umphumela wokulawula insimu we-imidacloprid ne-phoxim kuma-aphid okudlwengulwa uphezulu njengo-90.7% kuya ku-95.3%, futhi isikhathi esisebenzayo singaphezu kwezinyanga ezingu-7.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukulungiswa okuhlanganisiwe kwe-imidacloprid ne-phoxim (igama lokuhweba le-Diphimide) kwasetshenziswa ku-900 g/hm2, futhi umphumela wokulawula kuma-aphid okudlwengulwa kuso sonke isikhathi sokukhula wawungaphezu kwama-90%.Ukulungiswa okuhlanganisiwe kwe-thiamethoxam, i-acephalte ne-chlorpyrifos kunomsebenzi omuhle wokubulala izinambuzane ngokumelene neklabishi, futhi i-co-toxicity coefficient ifinyelela ku-131.1 kuya ku-459.0.Ukwengeza, lapho isilinganiso se-thiamethoxam ne-chlorpyrifos singu-1: 16, ukuhlushwa kwesigamu-ebulalayo (inani le-LC50) le-S. striatellus laliyi-8.0 mg / L, futhi i-co-toxicity coefficient yayingu-201.12;Umphumela omuhle kakhulu.Lapho isilinganiso esiyinhlanganisela ye-nitenpyram ne-chlorpyrifos ingu-1∶30, ibe nomthelela omuhle we-synergistic ekulawulweni kwe-planthopper esekelwe emhlophe, futhi inani le-LC50 lalingu-1.3 mg/L kuphela.Inhlanganisela ye-cyclopentapyr, i-chlorpyrifos, i-triazophos, ne-dichlorvos inomphumela omuhle we-synergistic ekulawuleni ama-aphid kakolweni, i-cotton bollworm ne-flea beetle, futhi i-co-toxicity coefficient ingu-134.0-280.0.Lapho i-fluoropyranone ne-phoxim kuhlanganiswa isilinganiso esingu-1:4, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayingu-176.8, ebonisa umthelela osobala we-synergistic ekulawuleni izimpethu ze-leek ezineminyaka engu-4 ubudala.
Ukufingqa, izibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid zivame ukuhlanganiswa nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus ezifana ne-malathion, i-chlorpyrifos, i-phoxim, i-acephate, i-triazophos, i-dichlorvos, njll. Ukusebenza kahle kokulawula kuyathuthukiswa, futhi umthelela endaweni ezungezile uyancipha ngokuphumelelayo.Kunconywa ukuthi kuthuthukiswe ukulungiswa okuhlanganisiwe kwezinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid, i-phoxim ne-malathion, futhi usebenzise izinzuzo zokulawula zamalungiselelo ahlanganisiwe.
2 Inqubekelaphambili ekuhlanganiseni nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-carbamate
Izibulala-zinambuzane ze-Carbamate zisetshenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo, emahlathini, kanye nokufuywa kwezilwane ngokuvimbela imisebenzi yezinambuzane i-acetylcholinease ne-carboxylesterase, okuholela ekuqongeleleni kwe-acetylcholine ne-carboxylesterase nokubulala izinambuzane.Isikhathi sifushane, futhi inkinga yokumelana nezinambuzane ibucayi.Isikhathi sokusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane ze-carbamate singanwetshwa ngokuhlanganisa nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid.Lapho i-imidacloprid ne-isoprocarb zisetshenziswa ekulawuleni i-planthopper ene-white-backed planthopper ngesilinganiso esingu-7:400, i-co-toxicity coefficient yafinyelela phezulu kakhulu, okwakungu-638.1 (bona Ithebula 1).Lapho isilinganiso se-imidacloprid ne-iprocarb singu-1∶16, umthelela wokulawula i-planthopper yerayisi wawusobala kakhulu, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayingu-178.1, futhi ubude bomphumela babubude kunaleso somthamo owodwa.Ucwaningo luphinde lwabonisa ukuthi ukumiswa kwe-microencapsulated okungu-13% kwe-thiamethoxam ne-carbosulfan kube nomthelela omuhle wokulawula nokuphepha kuma-aphid kakolweni ensimini.d inyuke isuka ku-97.7% yaya kuma-98.6%.Ngemuva kokuthi u-48% we-acetamiprid ne-carbosulfan dispersible uwoyela umiswe ku-36～60 g ai/hm2, umphumela wokulawula kuma-aphid kakotini waba ngu-87.1% ~96.9%, futhi isikhathi esisebenzayo singafinyelela izinsuku eziyi-14, futhi izitha zemvelo ze-cotton Aphid ziphephile. .
Ukufingqa, izibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid zivame ukuhlanganiswa ne-isoprocarb, i-carbosulfan, njll., ezingabambezela ukumelana kwezinambuzane ezihlosiwe ezifana ne-Bemisia tabaci nama-aphid, futhi zingandisa ngempumelelo isikhathi sezibulala-zinambuzane., umphumela wokulawula wokulungiswa kwenhlanganisela ungcono kakhulu kune-ejenti eyodwa, futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo kwangempela.Kodwa-ke, kuyadingeka ukuqaphela i-carbosulfur, umkhiqizo wokuwohloka we-carbosulfan, onobuthi obukhulu futhi uvinjelwe ekutshalweni kwemifino.
3 Inqubekelaphambili ekuhlanganiseni nezibulala-zinambuzane zepyrethroid
Ama-insecticide e-pyrethroid adala ukuphazamiseka kwe-neurotransmission ngokuthinta iziteshi ze-sodium ion kulwelwesi lwezinzwa, okuholela ekufeni kwezinambuzane.Ngenxa yokutshalwa kwezimali ngokweqile, ikhono lokuqeda ubuthi kanye nekhono le-metabolism lezinambuzane liyathuthukiswa, ukuzwela okuhlosiwe kuyehla, futhi ukumelana nomuthi kwenzeka kalula.Ithebula 1 libonisa ukuthi inhlanganisela ye-imidacloprid ne-fenvalerate inomphumela ongcono wokulawula ku-aphid yamazambane, futhi i-co-toxicity coefficient ye-2:3 ratio ifinyelela ku-276.8.Ukulungiswa okuhlanganisiwe kwe-imidacloprid, i-thiamethoxam ne-etherethrin kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokuvimbela ukugcwala kwe-planthopper ensundu, lapho i-imidacloprid ne-etherethrin zixutshwa kangcono ngesilinganiso esingu-5:1, i-thiamethoxam ne-ethethrin ngesilinganiso esingu-7:1 Ukuxuba okungcono kakhulu, futhi i-co-toxicity coefficient ingu-174.3-188.7.Inhlanganisela yokumiswa kwe-microcapsule engu-13% ye-thiamethoxam kanye ne-9% ye-beta-cyhalothrin inomphumela obalulekile we-synergistic, futhi i-co-toxicity coefficient ingu-232, esebangeni elingu-123.6- Ngaphakathi kwebanga elingu-169.5 g/hm2, umphumela wokulawula ku- Izintwala zikagwayi zingafinyelela ku-90%, futhi iyisibulala-zinambuzane esiyinhlanganisela esikhulu sokulawula izinambuzane zikagwayi.Lapho i-clothianidin ne-beta-cyhalothrin kuhlanganiswa ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 9, i-co-toxicity coefficient ye-flea beetle yayiphakeme kakhulu (210.5), eyabambezela ukuvela kokumelana ne-clothianidin.Lapho izilinganiso ze-acetamiprid ku-bifenthrin, i-beta-cypermethrin ne-fenvalerate zingu-1:2, 1:4 kanye no-1:4, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayiphezulu kakhulu, isuka ku-409.0 ukuya ku-630.6.Lapho izilinganiso ze-thiamethoxam:bifenthrin, nitenpyram:beta-cyhalothrin zonke zingu-5:1, ama-co-toxicity coefficients ayengu-414.0 kanye no-706.0, ngokulandelana, futhi umphumela wokulawula ohlanganisiwe kuma-aphid wawubaluleke kakhulu.Umphumela wokulawula wengxube ye-clothianidin ne-beta-cyhalothrin (i-LC50 value 1.4-4.1 mg/L) ku-aphid ye-melon wawuphezulu kakhulu kunalowo we-ejenti eyodwa (i-LC50 value 42.7 mg/L), kanye nomphumela wokulawula ezinsukwini ezingu-7 ngemva kokwelashwa. ngaphezu kwama-92%.
Njengamanje, ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisiwe be-neonicotinoid pesticides kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid sebuvuthiwe, futhi busetshenziswa kabanzi ekuvimbeleni nasekulawuleni izifo nezinambuzane ezweni lami, okubambezela ukumelana okuhlosiwe kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid futhi kunciphisa izibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid.ubuthi obuyinsalela obuphezulu nobungahlosiwe.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa okuhlangene kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid ezine-deltamethrin, i-butoxide, njll. kungalawula i-Aedes aegypti ne-Anopheles gambiae, ekwazi ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid, futhi inikeze isiqondiso sokuvimbela nokulawula izinambuzane ezihlanzekile emhlabeni wonke.ukubaluleka.
4 Inqubekelaphambili ekuhlanganiseni nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-amide
Ama-insecticide e-amide avimbela ikakhulukazi ama-fish nitin receptors ezinambuzane, okwenza izinambuzane ziqhubeke zifinyela futhi ziqinise imisipha yazo futhi zife.Inhlanganisela yama-neonicotinoid insecticide kanye nenhlanganisela yawo ingadambisa ukumelana nezinambuzane futhi andise umjikelezo wempilo yazo.Ukuze kulawulwe izinambuzane eziqondiwe, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayingu-121.0 kuya ku-183.0 (bona Ithebula 2).Lapho i-thiamethoxam ne-chlorantraniliprole kuhlanganiswa no-15∶11 ukulawula izibungu ze-B. citricarpa, i-coefficient ye-co-toxicity ephakeme kakhulu yayingu-157.9;I-thiamethoxam, i-clothianidin ne-nitenpyram zixutshwe ne-snailamide Lapho isilinganiso singu-10:1, i-co-toxicity coefficient yafinyelela ku-170.2-194.1, futhi lapho isilinganiso se-dinotefuran ne-spirulina singu-1:1, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayiphakeme kakhulu, futhi umphumela wokulawula ku-N. lugens wawumangalisa.Lapho izilinganiso ze-imidacloprid, i-clothianidin, i-dinotefuran ne-sflufenamid zingu-5:1, 5:1, 1:5 kanye no-10:1, ngokulandelana, umphumela wokulawula ubungcono kakhulu, futhi i-co-toxicity coefficient yayihamba phambili.Ayengama-245.5, 697.8, 198.6 kanye nama-403.8, ngokulandelana.Umphumela wokulawula ngokumelene ne-cotton aphid (izinsuku ezingu-7) ungafinyelela ku-92.4% kuya ku-98.1%, futhi umphumela wokulawula ngokumelene nebhu le-diamondback (izinsuku ezingu-7) ungafinyelela ku-91.9% kuya ku-96.8%, futhi amandla okufaka isicelo ayemakhulu.
Ukufingqa, ukuhlanganiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kanye ne-amide akugcini nje ngokudambisa ukumelana nemithi yezinambuzane ezihlosiwe, kodwa futhi kunciphisa inani lokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, kunciphisa izindleko zezomnotho, futhi kukhuthaze intuthuko ehambisanayo nemvelo ye-ecosystem.Izibulala-zinambuzane ze-amide zivelele ekulawuleni izinambuzane eziqondiswe ukumelana, futhi zinomthelela omuhle esikhundleni sezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ezinobuthi obuphezulu kanye nesikhathi eside esisele.Isabelo semakethe siyakhula kancane kancane, futhi banamathuba abanzi entuthuko ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo kwangempela.
5 Inqubekelaphambili ekuhlanganiseni nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-benzoylurea
Ama-insecticide e-Benzoylurea ama-chitinase synthesis inhibitors, abhubhisa izinambuzane ngokuthinta ukukhula kwazo okuvamile.Akulula ukukhiqiza ukumelana nezinye izinhlobo zezibulala-zinambuzane, futhi kungalawula ngempumelelo izinambuzane ezihlosiwe ezimelana ne-organophosphorus kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane zepyrethroid.Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekwenziweni kwe-neonicotinoid pesticide.Ingabonwa kuThebula lesi-2: inhlanganisela ye-imidacloprid, i-thiamethoxam ne-diflubenzuron inomphumela omuhle we-synergistic ekulawuleni izibungu ze-leek, futhi umphumela ungcono kakhulu uma i-thiamethoxam ne-diflubenzuron kuhlanganiswa ku-5:1.Isici soshevu siphezulu njenge-207.4.Lapho isilinganiso sokuxuba se-clothianidin ne-flufenoxuron singu-2:1, i-co-toxicity coefficient ngokumelene nezibungu ze-leek yayingu-176.5, futhi umphumela wokulawula ensimini ufinyelele ku-94.4%.Inhlanganisela ye-cyclofenapyr nezibulala-zinambuzane ezihlukahlukene ze-benzoylurea ezifana ne-polyflubenzuron ne-flufenoxuron inomthelela omuhle wokulawula inundu ye-diamondback ne-rice leaf roller, ene-co-toxicity coefficient engu-100.7 kuya ku-228.9, enganciphisa ngempumelelo ukutshalwa kwezimali kobuningi bezibulala-zinambuzane.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus kanye ne-pyrethroid, ukusetshenziswa okuhlangene kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-benzoylurea kuhambisana kakhulu nomqondo wokuthuthukiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane eziluhlaza, ezingakhulisa ngempumelelo i-spectrum yokulawula nokunciphisa okokufaka kwezibulala-zinambuzane.Imvelo yemvelo nayo iphephe kakhudlwana.
6 Inqubekelaphambili ekuhlanganiseni nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-necrotoxin
Ama-Neretoxin insecticide ama-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor inhibitors, angabangela ubuthi bezinambuzane nokufa ngokuvimbela ukudluliselwa okuvamile kwama-neurotransmitters.Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwayo okubanzi, akukho ukumuncwa kwe-systemic kanye nokufuthwa, kulula ukuthuthukisa ukumelana.Umphumela wokulawula we-rice stem borer kanye ne-tri stem borer labantu abaye bahlakulela ukumelana ngokuhlanganisa nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid muhle.Ithebula 2 libonisa: lapho i-imidacloprid kanye ne-insecticidal single kuhlanganiswa ngesilinganiso esingu-2:68, umphumela wokulawula ezinambuzaneni ze-Diploxin uhamba phambili, futhi i-co-toxicity coefficient ingu-146.7.Uma isilinganiso se-thiamethoxam kanye ne-ejenti eyodwa ebulala izinambuzane ingu-1:1, kuba nomthelela obalulekile we-synergistic kuma-aphid ommbila, futhi i-co-toxicity coefficient ingu-214.2.Umthelela wokulawula we-thiamethoxam·insecticide single suspension agent usephezulu njengosuku lwe-15 93.0%～97.0%, umphumela ohlala isikhathi eside, futhi uphephile ekukhuleni kommbila.I-50% imidacloprid·insecticide ring soluble powder inomphumela omuhle kakhulu wokulawula ku-apula golden stripe moth, futhi umphumela wokulawula uphezulu njengo-79.8% kuya ku-91.7% ezinsukwini ezingu-15 ngemva kokuba izinambuzane seziqhakaze ngokugcwele.
Njengesibulala-zinambuzane esithuthukiswe izwe lami ngokuzimela, isibulala-zinambuzane sizwela utshani, esinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngezinga elithile.Inhlanganisela yezibulala-zinambuzane ze-necrotoxin kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid inikeza izixazululo ezengeziwe zokulawula izinambuzane ezihlosiwe ekukhiqizweni kwangempela, futhi futhi kuyicala elihle lokusebenza ohambweni lokuthuthukiswa lokuhlanganisa izibulala-zinambuzane.
7 Inqubekelaphambili ekuhlanganiseni nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-heterocyclic
I-Heterocyclic pesticides yizona ezisetshenziswa kakhulu futhi ziyinani elikhulu kunazo zonke lezibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo ekukhiqizeni kwezolimo, futhi eziningi zazo zinesikhathi eside sokuhlala endaweni ezungezile futhi kunzima ukululaza.Ukuhlanganiswa nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kunganciphisa ngempumelelo umthamo wezibulala-zinambuzane ze-heterocyclic futhi kunciphise i-phytotoxicity, futhi ukuhlanganiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezinedosi ephansi kungadlala umphumela wokusebenzisana.Kungabonakala kuThebula lesi-3: lapho isilinganiso se-compound ye-imidacloprid ne-pymetrozine siyi-1: 3, i-co-toxicity coefficient ifinyelela ku-616.2 ephakeme kakhulu;Ukulawula i-Planthopper kokubili kusebenza ngokushesha futhi kuhlala njalo.I-Imidacloprid, i-dinotefuran ne-thiacloprid zahlanganiswa ne-mesylconazole ngokulandelana ukuze kulawuleke izibungu zebhungane elikhulu elimnyama, izibungu ze-cutworm encane, kanye nebhungane lomsele.I-Thiacloprid, i-nitenpyram ne-chlorothiline ngokulandelana kwahlanganiswa ne-Mesylconazole inomphumela omuhle kakhulu wokulawula kuma-citrus psyllids.Inhlanganisela yezibulala-zinambuzane eziyisi-7 ze-neonicotinoid ezifana ne-imidacloprid, i-thiamethoxam ne-chlorfenapyr ibe nomthelela we-synergistic ekulawuleni izimpethu ze-leek.Lapho isilinganiso sokuhlanganisa se-thiamethoxam ne-fipronil singu-2:1-71:1, i-co-toxicity coefficient ingu-152.2-519.2, isilinganiso esihlanganisiwe se-thiamethoxam ne-chlorfenapyr singu-217:1, futhi i-co-toxicity coefficient isobala engu-857.4, lawula umphumela kumuhlwa.Inhlanganisela ye-thiamethoxam ne-fipronil njenge-ejenti yokwelapha imbewu inganciphisa ngempumelelo ukuminyana kwezinambuzane zikakolweni ensimini futhi ivikele imbewu yezitshalo kanye nezithombo ezimile.Lapho isilinganiso esixubile se-acetamiprid ne-fipronil singu-1:10, ukulawulwa kwe-synergistic kwempukane yasendlini emelana nomuthi kwakubaluleke kakhulu.
Ngamafuphi, amalungiselelo e-heterocyclic pesticide compounds ikakhulukazi ama-fungicides, kufaka phakathi i-pyridines, i-pyrroles ne-pyrazoles.Ivamise ukusetjenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo ukugqoka imbewu, ukuthuthukisa izinga lokuhluma, nokunciphisa izinambuzane nezifo.Iphephile kakhulu ezitshalweni nasezilwanyaneni okungahlosiwe.Ama-pesticides e-Heterocyclic, njengamalungiselelo ahlangene okuvimbela nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo, anendima enhle ekukhuthazeni ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo eziluhlaza, okubonisa izinzuzo zokulondoloza isikhathi, umsebenzi, umnotho kanye nokukhiqiza okwandayo.
8 Inqubekelaphambili ekuhlanganiseni nezibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo kanye nama-antibiotic ezolimo
Izibulala-zinambuzane zemvelo kanye nama-antibiotic ezolimo aphuza ukusebenza, anomphumela wesikhathi esifushane, futhi athintwa kakhulu indawo ezungezile.Ngokuhlanganiswa nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid, zingadlala umphumela omuhle we-synergistic, zandise i-spectrum yokulawula, futhi zikhulise ukusebenza kahle futhi zithuthukise ukuzinza.Kungabonakala kuThebula lesi-3 ukuthi inhlanganisela ye-imidacloprid ne-Beauveria bassiana noma i-Metarhizium anisopliae inyuse umsebenzi wokubulala izinambuzane ngo-60.0% no-50.6% ngokulandelana ngemva kwamahora angu-96 uma kuqhathaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwe-Beauveria bassiana ne-Metarhizium anisopliae iyodwa.Inhlanganisela ye-thiamethoxam ne-Metarhizium anisopliae ingakhuphula ngempumelelo inani lokufa kanye nezinga lokutheleleka kwefungal lezimbungulu.Okwesibili, inhlanganisela ye-imidacloprid kanye ne-Metarhizium anisopliae yaba nomthelela omkhulu we-synergistic ekulawuleni amabhungane anezimpondo ezinde, nakuba inani le-fungal conidia lancishiswa.Ukusetshenziswa okuxubile kwe-imidacloprid ne-nematodes kungakhuphula izinga lokutheleleka kwezimpukane, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukise ukuphikelela kwazo ensimini kanye namandla okulawula izinto eziphilayo.Ukusetshenziswa okuhlangene kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezingu-7 ze-neonicotinoid kanye ne-oxymatrine kube nomthelela omuhle wokulawula ku-planthopper yerayisi, futhi i-co-toxicity coefficient yayingu-123.2-173.0.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-co-toxicity coefficient ye-clothianidin ne-abamectin kungxube engu-4:1 ku-Bemisia tabaci yayingu-171.3, futhi ukusebenzisana kwakubalulekile.Lapho isilinganiso esiyinhlanganisela ye-nitenpyram ne-abamectin ingu-1:4, umphumela wokulawula kuma-N. lugens izinsuku ezingu-7 wawungafinyelela ku-93.1%.Lapho isilinganiso se-clothianidin ne-spinosad sasingu-5∶44, umphumela wokulawula ubungcono kakhulu ngokumelene nabantu abadala be-B. citricarpa, ene-coefficient ye-co-toxicity engu-169.8, futhi akukho crossover phakathi kwe-spinosad nama-neonicotinoids amaningi abonisiwe Ukungazweli, kuhlanganiswe nomphumela omuhle wokulawula. .
Ukulawulwa ngokuhlanganyela kwezibulala-zinambuzane zemvelo kuyindawo eshisayo ekuthuthukisweni kwezolimo eziluhlaza.I-Common Beauveria bassiana ne-Metarhizium anisopliae inemiphumela emihle yokulawula ukusebenzisana ngama-chemical agents.I-ejenti eyodwa yezinto eziphilayo ithintwa kalula isimo sezulu, futhi ukusebenza kwayo akuzinzile.Ukuhlanganiswa nama-neonicotinoid insecticides kuyakunqoba lokhu kushiyeka.Nakuba kunciphisa inani lama-agent amakhemikhali, kuqinisekisa umphumela osheshayo futhi ohlala njalo wamalungiselelo ahlanganisiwe.I-spectrum yokuvimbela nokulawula yandisiwe, futhi umthwalo wemvelo wehlisiwe.Ukuhlanganiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zemvelo kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali kunikeza umbono omusha wokuthuthukiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane eziluhlaza, futhi ithemba lokufaka isicelo likhulu.
9 Inqubekelaphambili ekuhlanganiseni nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane
Inhlanganisela yezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane nazo zabonisa imiphumela emihle kakhulu yokulawula.Kungabonakala kuThebula lesi-3 ukuthi lapho i-imidacloprid ne-thiamethoxam zihlanganiswa ne-tebuconazole njengama-ejenti okwelapha imbewu, imiphumela yokulawula ku-wheat aphid yayimihle kakhulu, futhi i-Biosafety engahlosiwe ngenkathi ithuthukisa izinga lokuhluma kwembewu.Ukulungiswa okuhlanganisiwe kwe-imidacloprid, i-triazolone ne-dinconazole kubonise umphumela omuhle ekulawuleni izifo zikakolweni nezinambuzane.%～99.1%.Inhlanganisela yezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid ne-syringostrobin (1∶20～20∶1) inomphumela osobala we-synergistic ku-cotton aphid.Uma isilinganiso sesisindo se-thiamethoxam, i-dinotefuran, i-nitenpyram ne-penpyramid singu-50:1-1:50, i-co-toxicity coefficient ingu-129.0-186.0, engavimbela ngempumelelo futhi ilawule izinambuzane ezihlabayo ezihlabayo.Lapho isilinganiso se-epoxifen ne-phenoxycarb singu-1:4, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayingu-250.0, futhi umphumela wokulawula ku-planthopper yerayisi wawungcono kakhulu.Inhlanganisela ye-imidacloprid ne-amitimidine ibe nomthelela osobala wokuvinjelwa kwe-aphid kakotini, futhi izinga le-synergy laliphezulu kakhulu lapho i-imidacloprid yayiwumthamo ophansi we-LC10.Lapho isilinganiso sesisindo se-thiamethoxam ne-spirotetramat singu-10:30-30:10, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayingu-109.8-246.5, futhi wawungekho umphumela we-phytotoxic.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibulala-zinambuzane zamafutha amaminerali otshani obuluhlaza, umhlaba we-diatomaceous kanye nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane noma ama-adjuvants ahlanganiswe nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid nazo zingathuthukisa umphumela wokulawula ezinambuzaneni ezihlosiwe.
Ukusetshenziswa okuhlanganisiwe kwezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ikakhulukazi kuhlanganisa i-triazoles, i-methoxyacrylates, i-nitro-aminoguanidines, i-amitraz, i-quaternary keto acids, amafutha amaminerali nomhlaba we-diatomaceous, njll. Lapho sihlola izibulala-zinambuzane, kufanele siyiqaphele inkinga ye-phytotoxicity futhi sikhombe ngokuphumelelayo ukusabela phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene. izinhlobo zezibulala-zinambuzane.Izibonelo ezihlanganisayo futhi zibonisa ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi zezibulala-zinambuzane zingahlanganiswa nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid, zinikeze izinketho ezengeziwe zokulawula izinambuzane.
10 Isiphetho kanye ne-Outlook
Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kuye kwaholela ekwenyukeni okukhulu kokumelana nezinambuzane ezihlosiwe, futhi ukonakala kwazo kwezemvelo kanye nobungozi bokuchayeka kwezempilo sekuphenduke izindawo ezithandwa kakhulu zocwaningo kanye nobunzima bokusebenzisa.Ukuhlanganiswa okunengqondo kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezihlukene noma ukuthuthukiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile sokubambezeleka ukumelana nemithi, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kanye nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle, kanye nesu elikhulu lokusebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo kwalezo zibulala-zinambuzane emkhiqizweni wezolimo wangempela.Leli phepha libuyekeza inqubekelaphambili yokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezivamile ze-neonicotinoid zihlanganiswe nezinye izinhlobo zezibulala-zinambuzane, futhi licacisa izinzuzo zokuhlanganisa izibulala-zinambuzane: ① ukubambezeleka ukumelana nemithi;② ukuthuthukisa umphumela wokulawula;③ ukwandisa i-spectrum yokulawula;④ ukuthuthukisa ubude besikhathi somphumela;⑤ ukuthuthukisa umphumela osheshayo ⑥ Lawula ukukhula kwezitshalo;⑦ Yehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane;⑧ Ukwenza ngcono ubungozi bemvelo;⑨ Yehlisa izindleko zezomnotho;⑩ Thuthukisa izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukunakekelwa okuphezulu kufanele kukhokhwe ekuvezweni kwemvelo okuhlangene kokwakheka, ikakhulukazi ukuphepha kwezilwane ezingahlosiwe (isibonelo, izitha zemvelo zezinambuzane) kanye nezitshalo ezibucayi ezigabeni ezahlukene zokukhula, kanye nezindaba zesayensi ezifana njengomehluko emiphumeleni yokulawula ebangelwa izinguquko ezicini zamakhemikhali zezibulala-zinambuzane.Ukwakhiwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zendabuko kudla isikhathi futhi kudinga abasebenzi abaningi, nezindleko eziphezulu kanye nomjikelezo omude wocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa.Njengenye indlela ephumelelayo, ukuhlanganiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, ukusetshenziswa kwayo okunengqondo, kwesayensi nokujwayelekile akugcini nje ukwandisa umjikelezo wokufakwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, kodwa futhi kukhuthaza umjikelezo omuhle wokulawula izinambuzane.Ukuthuthukiswa okusimeme kwendawo ezungezile kunikeza ukwesekwa okuqinile.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-23-2022