Isingeniso:
ISIHLAHLA-ZILWANE SE-BIOLOGICALiyisisombululo esishintshashintshayo esingagcini nje ngokuqinisekisa ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane okuphumelelayo kodwa futhi sinciphisa umthelela omubi emvelweni. Le ndlela yokuphathwa kwezinambuzane ethuthukisiwe ihilela ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zemvelo ezithathwe ezintweni eziphilayo ezifana nezitshalo, amabhaktheriya kanye nesikhunta. Kulesi sihloko esibanzi, sizohlola ukusetshenziswa okujulile, izinzuzo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kweizibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo, okunikeza ukuqonda okuningiliziwe kwalolu khetho olunobungani nemvelo.
1. Ukuqonda Izibulala-zinambuzane Zebhayoloji:
1.1 Incazelo: Izibulala-zinambuzane zebhayoloji, ezaziwa nangokuthi ama-biopesticides, ziyizinto ezithathwe ezintweni eziphilayo noma emikhiqizweni yazo, ezihlose izinambuzane ngenkathi zibeka izingozi ezincane emvelweni nasezintweni eziphilayo ezingahloselwe.
1.2 Ukuguquguquka Kokusetshenziswa: Izibulala-zinambuzane zezinto eziphilayo zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni ezahlukene zezolimo, zezitshalo, kanye nezasekhaya. Zingalwa nezinambuzane eziningi, okuhlanganisa izinambuzane, ukhula, isikhunta, kanye nezifo zezitshalo.
1.3 Izingxenye Eziyinhloko: Izingxenye eziyinhloko zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane yezinto eziphilayo zifaka phakathi ama-microbial agents (amabhaktheriya, amagciwane, kanye nesikhunta), ama-biochemicals (ama-pheromone kanye neziqephu zezitshalo), kanye nama-macroorganisms (izilwane ezidla ezinye kanye nama-parasitoid).
2. Izinzuzo Zemithi Yokubulala Izinambuzane Ephilayo:
2.1 Ukunciphisa Umthelela Wezemvelo: Ngokungafani nezibulala-zinambuzane ezivamile zamakhemikhali, ezinye izindlela zemvelo zivame ukuba nemiphumela emincane kakhulu, kunciphisa ingozi yokungcoliswa kwamanzi, inhlabathi, nomoya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, azilimazi izinambuzane eziwusizo, izinyoni, noma izilwane, okulondoloza ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
2.2 Ukucaciswa Okuthuthukisiwe Kwenhloso: Izibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo zibonisa isenzo sokukhetha izinambuzane eziqondiwe, zinciphisa ingozi yokulimaza izinto eziphilayo ezizuzisayo. Lokhu kucaciswa kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto eziphilayo ezingezona eziqondiwe ezibalulekile ebhalansini lemvelo zihlala zingalimele.
2.3 Ukuthuthukiswa Okuncane Kokumelana: Izinambuzane zivame ukuqina ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okwenza zingaphumeleli kahle. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo zisebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene zokwenza, okwenza kube nzima ngezinambuzane ukuqina ukumelana.
3. Izinhlobo Zezibulala-zinambuzane Zebhayoloji:
3.1 Izibulala-zinambuzane ezibulala amagciwane: Lezi zisebenzisa ama-microorganism afana namabhaktheriya, amagciwane, kanye nesikhunta ekwakhiweni. I-Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) iyisibulala-zinambuzane esisetshenziswa kabanzi esisebenza kahle ekulweni nezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene.
3.2 Izibulala-zinambuzane ze-Biochemical: Ezitholakala emithonjeni yemvelo njengezitshalo, izibulala-zinambuzane ze-biochemical zakhiwa ama-pheromone, izithasiselo zezitshalo, ama-enzyme, noma ama-hormone ezinambuzane. Lokhu kuphazamisa ukuziphatha kwezinambuzane, amaphethini okuhlangana, noma ukukhula.
3.3 Izibulala-zinambuzane ze-Macrobial: Ngokusebenzisa izinto ezincane ezifana nezinambuzane ezidla ezinye, ama-nematode, noma ama-parasitoid, lezi zitha zezinambuzane eziphila ngokwemvelo zisiza ukugcina ibhalansi yemvelo ngokuqondisa izinambuzane ezithile.
4. Ukusetshenziswa kweIzibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo:
4.1 Umkhakha Wezolimo: Izibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo zidlala indima ebalulekile emikhubeni yezolimo eqhubekayo njengoba zinegalelo emasu okuphathwa kwezinambuzane okuhlanganisiwe (i-IPM). Ukusetshenziswa kwazo kunganciphisa ukuthembela ezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali futhi kukhuthaze impilo yezemvelo yesikhathi eside.
4.2 Ukutshala Nokulima: Ama-ejenti okulawula izinto eziphilayo alwa ngempumelelo nezinambuzane ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo, ezindaweni zokukhulisa izitshalo kanye nasezingadini zangaphandle, elondoloza impilo yezitshalo futhi enciphisa izinsalela zamakhemikhali emikhiqizweni.
4.3 Ukuphathwa Kwezinambuzane Zasekhaya: Emakhaya nasezindaweni zokuhlala, izibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo zingalawula ngokuphephile izinambuzane ezifana nezintuthwane, omiyane, nezimpukane ngaphandle kokubeka izingozi empilweni yabantu abahlala kuzo, izilwane ezifuywayo kanye nendawo ezungezile.
5. Ukukhuthaza Ukwamukelwa Kwezibulala-zinambuzane Eziphilayo:
5.1 Ucwaningo Nentuthuko: Ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqhubekayo ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kanye nobubanzi bezinketho zezibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo. Ohulumeni nezinhlangano kufanele babele izinsiza zokusekela intuthuko yesayensi kulo mkhakha.
5.2 Ukuqwashisa Umphakathi: Ukufundisa abalimi, abalimi bezitshalo, kanye nomphakathi jikelele ngezinzuzo kanye nokusetshenziswa okufanele kwezibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo kubalulekile. Ukugqamisa izindaba zempumelelo kanye nezifundo zamacala kuzosiza ekukhuthazeni ukwamukelwa okwengeziwe kwale ndlela eqhubekayo.
5.3 Ukusekelwa Kwemithetho: Ohulumeni kufanele bamise imithetho ecacile kanye nezinqubo zokuqinisekisa izibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi, ukuphepha, kanye nokusebenza kahle. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwezentengiselwano kanye nokutholakala kwemikhiqizo yokulawula izinambuzane eziphilayo ethembekile.
Isiphetho:
Izibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo zinikeza indlela ejulile neqhubekayo yokuphathwa kwezinambuzane, zinikeza ukulawula okuphumelelayo ngenkathi zinciphisa izingozi zemvelo. Ukusetshenziswa kwazo okuguquguqukayo, umthelela oncishisiwe ezintweni eziphilayo ezingahlosiwe, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokumelana okulinganiselwe kuzenza zibe ithuluzi eliwusizo kwezolimo, ukulima, kanye nezindawo zasekhaya. Ngokukhuthaza ucwaningo, ukuqwashisa, kanye nokusekelwa kwemithetho, singakhuthaza ukwamukelwa kabanzi kwezibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo, siqaphele amandla azo amakhulu ekudaleni ibhalansi evumelanayo phakathi kwemisebenzi yabantu kanye nemvelo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Okthoba-24-2023